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UNIVERSITY    OF    ILLINOIS    LIBRARY    AT    URBANA-CHAMPAIGN 


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In  Memory  of 

Gerard  C.  Berthold 

1910-1992 


University  of  Illinois  Library  at  Urbana-Champaign 


History 


The  Great  Northwest 


HEN  OF  PROGRESS. 


A  Select  List  of  Biographical  Sketches  and  Portraits  of 

The  Leaders  in  Business,  Professional,  and 

Official  Life. 


Published  under  the  Personal  Supervision  of 
HUGH  J.  McGRATH   and  WILLIAM  STODDARD. 


EDITED  BY    C.  W.  G.  HYDE  AND  WM.  STODDARD. 


minneapolis. 
The  Minneapolis  Journal. 

1901. 


COPYRIGHTED    1901 


NEAPOLIS  JOURNAL. 


NOTICE 

\FTER  CAREFUL  EXAMINATION  OF  THE 
NNER  MARGIN  AND  TYPE  OF  MATERIAL 
VE  HAVE  SEWN  THIS  VOLUME  BY  HAND 
;0  IT  CAN  BE  MORE  EASILY  OPENED 
\ND  READ. 

HERTZBERG-NEW  METCHD.INC. 


HISTORY 


OF 


THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


I  1 49928 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


ByC.  W.G.HYDE. 


THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST  DEFINED. 


HE  expressions  "The  North- 
west,'" and  "The  Northwest- 
ern States,"  convey  to  the 
minds  of  most  people  an  idea 
that  is  vague,  undefined,  and 
therefore  unsatisfactory.  Be- 
fore attempting  to  enter  upon  the  history 
of  this  region,  it  will  be  well  to  get  our  bear- 
ings and  to  know  delinitely  what  territory 
is  included  in  the  great  Northwest  whose 
history  is  here  set  forth. 

The  Northwest  Territory,  as  the  term 
was  understood  at  the  close  of  the  eight- 
eenth century,  included  the  northern  por- 
tion of  the  territory  ceded  to  the  United 
States  by  Great  Britain  in  1783  not  forming 
part  of  the  thirteen  original  states.  This 
territory  was  bounded  on  the  north  by  the 
Great  Lakes,  on  the  south  by  the  Ohio  river, 
and  on  the  west  by  the  Mississippi.  It  em- 
braced the  present  states  of  Ohio,  Michigan, 
Indiana,  Wisconsin  and  Illinois,  as  well  as 
that  part  of  Minnesota  lying  east  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi river.  The  Northwest  Territory 
was  at  that  time  an  appropriate  designation 
for  the  country  to  which  it  was  applied,  for 
it  was  the  most  northerly  and  westerly  por- 
tion of  the  domain  of  the  United  States,  and 
was,  moreover,  set  off  by  a  natural  bound- 
ary— the  Ohio  river — from  the  eastern  and 
southern  parts  of  the  new  nation.  The  pop- 
ular conception  of  the  Northwest  was  recog- 
nized by  congress  in  the  enactment  of  the 
famous  ordinance  of  1787  or — to  quote  the 
text — "Ordinance  for  the  Government  of  the 
Territory  of  the  United  States  Northwest  of 
the  River  Ohio."  In  this  ordinance  our  fa- 
thers struck  the  keynote  of  liberty  whose  vi- 
brations awakened  a  responsive  chord  in  ev- 
ery American  heart — a  chord  that  was  for 
seventy  years   turned   into   discord   by  the 


hum  of  the  cotton-gin,  but  which  has  devel- 
oped into  a  song  whose  harmonies  compel 
the  world  to  stop  and  listen. 

It  is  quite  pertinent  to  our  topic  to  dwell 
for  a  moment  upon  this  remarkable  docu- 
ment, for  it  laid  down  those  fundamental 
principles  on  which  the  government  of  the 
later  Northwest  has  been  built.  "In  truth," 
says  Theodore  Roosevelt,  in  "The  Winning 
of  the  West,"  "the  ordinance  of  1787  was  so 
wide-reaching  in  its  effects,  was  drawn  in 
accordance  with  so  lofty  a  morality  and 
such  far-seeing  statesmanship,  and  was 
fraught  with  such  weal  for  the  nation,  that 
it  will  ever  rank  among  the  foreAost  of 
American  state  papers,  coming  in  that  little 
group  which  includes  the  Declaration  of  In- 
dependence, the  Constitution,  Washington's 
Farewell  Address,  and  Lincoln's  Emancipa- 
tion Proclamation  and  Second  Inaugural.  It 
marked  out  a  definite  line  of  orderly  free- 
dom along  which  the  new  states  were  to  ad- 
^  ance.  It  laid  deep  the  foundation  for  that 
system  of  widespread  public  education  so 
characteristic  of  the  republic  and  so  essen- 
tial to  its  healthy  growth.  It  provided  that 
complete  religious  freedom  and  equality 
which  we  now  accept  as  part  of  the  order  of 
nature,  but  which  were  then  unknown  in 
any  important  European  nation.  It  guar- 
anteed the  civil  liberty  of  all  citizens.  It 
provided  for  an  indissoluble  union,  a  union 
which  should  grow  until  it  could  relentless- 
ly crush  nullification  and  secession;  for  the 
states  founded  under  it  were  the  creatures 
of  the  nation,  and  were  by  the  compact  de- 
clared forevei-  inseparable  from  it." 

The  great  Northwest,  as  the  phrase  is 
now  understood,  comprises  the  two  north- 
ernmost tiers  of  states  lying  west  of  lakes 
Michigan  and  Superior.     These  states  are 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  Iowa,  North  Dakota, 
South  Daliota,  Montana,  Wyoming,  Idaho, 
Washington  and  Oregon. 

OUR  TITLE  TO  THE  NORTHWEST. 

Wisconsin  and  that  part  of  Minnesota 
lying  east  of  the  Mississippi  were  acquired 
from  Great  Britain  by  the  Treaty  of  Paris, 
September  3,  1783.  This  is  the  treaty  by 
which  the  Revolutionary  War  was  formally 
terminated.  In  1803,  the  United  States  pur- 
chased the  Province  of  Louisiana  from 
France,  paying  her  $15,000,000.  The  north- 
western states  since  formed  from  the  terri- 
tory thus  purchased  are  Minnesota  west  of 
the  Mississippi,  Iowa,  North  Dakota,  South 
Dakota,  and  the  portions  of  Montana  and 
Wyoming  drained  by  the  Missouri  and  its 
tributaries.  Washington,  Oregon,  Idaho  and 
the  western  portions  of  Montana  and  Wyo- 
ming— the  portions  lying  west  of  the  main 
range  of  the  Rocky  Mountains — originally 
formed  part  of  the  vast  territory  known 
as  Oregon.  The  title  of  the  United  States 
to  this  territory  is  seven-fold:  First — It  was 
discovered  in  1792  by  Robert  Gray,  captain 
of  a  Boston  ship,  the  Columbia.  He  sailed 
several  miles  up  a  magnificent  river  never 
before  navigated  by  white  men,  and,  naming 
it  after  his  ship,  landed  and  took  possession 
of  the  country  it  drained,  in  the  name  of  the 
United  States;  second,  the  territory  of  Lou- 
isiana, whose  boundaries  were  very  loosely 
defined  in  the  treaty  of  1803,  was  held  by 
some  to  extend  to  the  Pacific.  Assuming 
this  view  to  be  correct,  the  country  became 
ours  by  purchase;  third,  the  exploration  of 
tlie  Columbia  river  and  its  tributaries  in 
1805-6  by  Captains  Lewis  and  Clarke; 
fourth,  the  actual  settlement  of  Astoria,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  river,  in  1811,  by 
the  Astor  Fur  company.  The  seal  of  nation- 
ality was  placed  upon  this  enterprise  by  the 
presence  of  a  I'nited  States  naval  officer  who 
commanded  the  leading  vessel  in  the  enter- 
prise; fifth  and  sixth,  the  title  of  the  United 
States  to  the  Oregon  country  was  further 
strengthened  by  treaties  with  Spain  (1818) 
and  Mexico  (1828),  which  were  somewhat  in 
the   nature  of  quit-claim   deeds.     In   these 


treaties  the  two  countries  expressly  relin- 
quished their  claims  to  the  territory  in  ques- 
tion, leaving  Great  Britain  as  the  only  ad- 
verse claimant;  seventh,  on  July  17,  1846,  a 
treaty  was  signed  by  which  the  parallel  of 
forty-nine  degrees  north  latitude  was  fixed 
as  the  boundary  between  the  British  posses- 
sions on  the  north  and  the  United  States  on 
the  south.  It  is  from  the  territory  thus  ac- 
quired that  the  states  of  Washington,  Ore- 
gon, and  Idaho  and  portions  of  Montana  and 
^Vyoming  were  formed. 

THE  ABORIGINES. 

V\hen,  in  1492,  Christopher  Columbus 
landed  on  the  island  of  Guanahani,  he  sup- 
posed he  had  reached  the  "land  where  the 
spices  grow,"  or  the  Indies.  He  therefore, 
in  all  his  accounts  of  his  voyages,  spoke  of 
the  dusky  natives  as  Indians,  that  is,  na- 
1i^■es  of  the  Indies.  When  the  error  made 
by  Columbus  was  discovered,  it  was  too  late 
to  change  the  name  either  of  the  locality  or 
of  the  people.  The  former  was  therefore 
called  the  West  Indies,  a  name  which  ap- 
plied collectively  to  the  various  islands  and 
groups  of  islands  which  separate  the  Carib- 
bean sea  from  the  Atlantic  ocean  and  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico.  This  name  distinguished  it 
from  the  spice  regions  in  southeastern  Asia, 
the  discovery  of  a  western  sea-route  to 
which  had  been  the  object  of  Columbus'  voy- 
age, and  which  were  thereafter  known  as 
the  East  Indies. 

The  investigations  of  ethnologists  point 
to  an  Asiatic  origin  of  the  Indians  of  Amer- 
ica. A  very  high  authority  reaches  the  con- 
clusion that  the  aborigines  in  the  extreme 
north  reached  this  continent  by  crossing 
Bering  strait,  while  others  came  to  our  east- 
ern shores  by  an  overland  route  which  ex- 
isted in  the  Pleistocene  epoch.  The  theory  of 
Asiatic  origin  is  based  upon  resemblances 
of  color,  skull  measurements,  and  other 
physical  characteristics  which  appear  to 
identify  the  Indians  with  the  great  Mon- 
golian division  of  the  human  race.  On  the 
other  hand,  the  philological  argument  leads 
to  the  conclusion  that  the  aboriginal  inhabi- 
tants of  America  were  of  American  origin. 
••Philologists    have    agreed,"    says     Terry, 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


"that  the  Aiiierif-an  languages  are  unique 
and  cannot  be  traced  to  an  oriental  source; 
that,  further,  they  bear  evidence  of  aborig- 
inal antiquity — are  primitive  in  character 
and  differ  radically  from  all  others." 

As  to  the  antiquity  of  the  race  to  which 
the  North  American  Indian  belongs,  no  pre- 
cise date  can  be  assigned  as  that  of  his  first 
appearance  upon  the  continent.  We  are  not, 
however,  left  to  mere  conjecture  upon  this 
point.  The  investigations  of  geologists  en- 
able them  to  fix  upon  a  minimum  period  ino 
attempt  is  made  to  limit  the  maximum  peri- 
od) within  which  our  aborigines  made  their 
advent  in  America.  John  Fiske  gives  a 
most  interesting  discussion  of  this  question 
in  the  first  chapter  of  "The  Discovery  of 
America."  He  says:  "It  is  altogether  prob- 
able tliat  the  people  whom  the  Spaniards 
found  in  America  came  by  migration  from 
the  Old  ^^'orld.  But  it  is  by  no  means  prob- 
able that  their  migration  occurred  within  so 
short  a  period  as  five  or  six  thousand  years. 
A  series  of  observations  and  discoveries 
kept  up  for  the  last  half-century  seem  to 
show  that  North  America  has  been  continu- 
ously inhabited  by  human  beings  since  the 
earliest  Pleistocene  times,  if  not  earlier. 
*  *  *  Concerning  the  antiquity  of  the 
Pleistocene  epoch,  *  *  *  if  -^^^  adopt  thf 
magnificent  argument  of  Dr.  Croll  *  *  * 
we  obtain  a  result  that  is  moderate  and 
probable.  The  Glacial  epoch  began  about 
240,000  years  ago  and  came  to  an  end  about 
80,000  years  ago.  »  *  *  Xow  the  traces 
of  the  existence  of  man  in  North  America 
during  the  Glacial  epoch  have  in  recent 
years  been  discoA'ered  in  abundance,  as,  for 
example,  the  palaeolithic  quartzite  imple- 
ments found  in  the  drift  near  the  city  of  St. 
Paul,  which  date  from  toward  the  close  of 
the  Glacial  epoch;  [and]  the  fragment  of  a 
human  jaw  found  in  the  red  clay  deposited 
in  ilinnesota  during  an  earlier  part  of  that 
epoch.  *  *  *  In  July,  18S7,  *  *  *  in 
a  deep  cut  of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  rail- 
road, in  a  stratum  of  Philadelphia  red  grav- 
el and  brick  clay,  Mr.  Cresson  obtained  an 
unquestionable  palaeolith.  *  *  *  If  we 
accept  Dr.  CroH's  method  of  reckoning,  we 


can  hardly  assign  to  it  an  antiquity  less 
than  150,000  years." 

According  to  a  map  published  by  George 
Catlin,  in  IS'i'.i,  the  great  Northwest  was  at 
that  time  inhabited  by  the  following  tribes 
of  Indians:  In  Wisconsin,  the  Chippeways, 
the  Menomonies,  and  the  Winnebagoes;  in 
ilinnesota,  the  Chippeways  and  the  Sionx; 
in  Iowa,  the  Sioux,  the  Sacs  and  the  Foxes; 
in  Dakota,  the  Assinneboins,  the  Minata- 
lees,  the  Mandans,  the  Riccarees,  and  the 
Sioux;  in  Montana,  the  Blaekfeet  and  the 
('rows;  in  Wyoming,  the  Crows  and  the 
( 'heyennes ;  in  Idaho,  the  Shoshones  and  the 
Flatheads;  in  Washington  and  Oregon,  the 
('hilts,  the  Chinooks,  the  Flatheads,  the 
Snakes,  and  the  Nez  T'erces. 

There  are  at  present  in  the  Northwest 
some  82,000  Indians,  about  70,000  being  col- 
lected in  a  hundred  different  reservations. 
The  remaining  12,000  are  self-supporting 
and  are  taxed  like  the  whites.  The  distri- 
l)utiou  of  the  Indians  in  the  several  states  is 
approximately  as  follows:  In  South  Dakota, 
20.000  Brules,  (I'heyennes,  Blaekfeet,*  Sioux, 
etc.;  in  Washington,  11,000,  belonging  to 
nearly  eighty  tribes — Cceur  d'Alenes,  Kute- 
uays,  Nez  Perces,  Okanagans,  Olympias, 
Pend  d'Oreilles,  Piutes,  Puyallups,  Spokanes, 
etc.;  in  Montana,  11,000  Assinneboins, 
Blaekfeet,  C'heyennes,  Crows  and  Flat- 
heads;  in  Wisconsin,  10,000  Menomonies, 
Oneidas,  etc;  in  Minnesota,  10,000  Chippe- 
ways, etc.;  in  North  Dakota,  8,000  Arikaras, 
Assinneboins,  Blaekfeet,  Sioux,  Gros  Ven- 
tres, ilandans,  Unkpapapas,  Wahpetons  and 
Yanktonnai;  in  Oregon,  5,000  Cayuses,  Pi- 
utes, Shastis,  Snakes,  etc.;  in  Idaho,  4,500 
Bannaks,  C(r>ur  d'Alenes.  Nez  Perces,  Sho- 
shones, etc.;  in  \A'yoming  2,000  Shoshones, 
Arapahoes,  etc;  and  in  Iowa,  500  Sacs  and 
Foxes. 

As  the  tide  of  white  exploration  and  set- 
tlement moved  westward  across  the  conti- 
nent, various  types  of  the  Indian  were  en- 
countered. Indians  living  upon  cultivated 
maize,  small  grain  and  vegetables,  wild 
grains,  fruits  and  roots;  flesh  eaters,  root 
diggers,  and  fish  eaters.  Everywhere  the 
Indian  was  found  conforming  through  ne- 
cessitv  to   his   environment,    taking   advan- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


tage  of  the  situation,  and  ingenious  with  the 
elements  around  him.  The  highest  intelli- 
gence was  found  among  the  Indians  of  the 
Atlantic  coast  and  east  of  the  Ohio  river, 
this  intelligence  gradually  decreasing,  until 
the  most  sciualid  Indian  was  found  west  of 
the  Rocky  ^Mountains,  on  the  Pacific  coast 
and  northward,  and  in  regions  where  the 
natural  resources  were  limited. 

Peaceful  at  the  advent  of  the  whites, 
then  hostile,  the  Indians  became  more  wild 
and  savage  as  our  ancestors  proceeded 
westward,  this  fierceness  being  again  aggra- 
vated by  the  advancing  lines  of  Anglo-Sax- 
on civilization.  In  a  very  instructive  mono- 
graph on  "The  Aborigines  of  the  North- 
west" (Parkman  Club  Publications  No.  4, 
]81>6),  Frank  Taylor  Terry  speaks  thus  of 
the  change  in  Indian  character  in  the  past 
300  years: 

"The  American  Indians  were,  300  years 
ago,  superior  to  the  better  known  Indians 
of  our  modern  frontier.  Explorers  of  the 
sixteenth  century  found  them  an  agricultur- 
al race,  living  in  settled  villages,  planned 
often  with  an  eye  to  comfori  and  beauty; 
the  houses  interspersed  with  trees,  grass 
plats  and  groves  for  tame  deer;  and,  in  their 
proper  place,  were  regularly  laid  out  corn- 
fields and  gardens  of  potatoes,  beans,  mel- 
ons and  tobacco.  Each  town  had  its  public 
houses,  one  for  worship,  one  for  council,  and 
one  for  storing  grain. 

'•They  seem  also  to  have  been  a  hospita- 
ble race.  When  Raleigh's  men,  in  1584, 
landed  on  Roanoake  Island,  the  native  vil 
lagers  took  them  into  the  large  five-room 
house  of  their  chief's  brother,  warmed  them 
before  the  fire,  washed  and  dried  their 
clothes,  and  hastened  meanwhile  to  dress 
and  cook  some  meat  for  them,  and  the  nar- 
rative says  'their  vessels  are  earthen  pots, 
very  large,  white  and  sweet;  their  dishes  are 
wooden  platters  of  sweet  timber.'  It  is 
these  and  other  Indians  living  in  fixed  vil- 
lages in  comfort  and  peace  that  in  all  prob- 
ability erected  the  mounds  and  made  the 
mound  pottery  and  implements.  Found  in 
the  midst  of  plenty,  a  simple  and  friendly 
race  living  in  Arcadian  simplicity  and  rustic 
happiness,  they  were  slowly  crowded  west- 


ward by  the  whites  until  they  became  a 
ti'eacherous  and  deadly  foe.  •  ♦  •  They 
are  the  last  vestiges  of  a  social  condition 
That  may  have  been  happier  than  civiliza- 
tion; and  even  our  nomadic  hunting  Indians 
of  Wisconsin,  who  wept  with  joy  on  the  ar- 
rival of  Perrot.  Radisson,  and  Grosseilliers, 
might  perhaps  have  wept  with  grief  for  the 
future  of  their  tribes,  had  they  known  that 
a  foreign  and  distasteful  civilization  would 
appropriate  their  hunting  grounds  and  de- 
stroy their  ancient  means  of  livelihood." 

Before  the  coming  of  white  men,  the 
principal  means  of  conveyance  along  the 
lakes  and  rivers  of  the  Northwest  was  the 
dugout  canoe.  When  the  Spaniards  brought 
horses,  some  of  them  escaped  and  in  time 
bands  of  wild  horses  were  roaming  over  the 
western  plains.  The  Indians  captured  and 
lamed  them,  and  substituted  them  for  the 
canoe.  These  were  the  ancestors  of  the  In- 
dian ponies  variously  designated  as  bron- 
c  OS,  mustangs  and  cayuses.  The  plains 
where  the  horse  was  found  running  wild  be- 
came valuable  as  horse  producing  grounds, 
and  almost  incessant  war  was  the  result; 
but,  if  tradition  is  to  be  believed,  war  was 
the  normal  condition  of  the  Indian  tribes  of 
North  America.  The  horse,  enabling  the 
Indian  to  follow  the  buffalo  for  food  and 
clothes,  and  the  claiming  of  the  lands  by  the 
tribes,  encouraged  his  nomadic  habits  and 
paved  the  way  for  his  continued  unsettled 
life.  The  buffalo  grounds  were  also  battle- 
fields where  the  southern  Comanche  fought 
the  northern  Sioux,  and  the  Pawnee  and  the 
Cheyenne  met  in  deadly  conflict. 

The  wandering  habits  of  many  tribes, 
and  their  varied  manners  and  customs  may 
account  for  the  great  number  of  tribal  Ian- 
gauges.  The  battle  for  the  necessities  of 
life  was  not  a  struggle  as  now,  because 
game  was  abundant,  and  people  were  not  so 
numerous.  Skins  and  furs  for  clothing  and 
for  making  lodges,  tents,  and  tepees,  were 
plentiful;  and  the  flesh  of  the  fur  animals 
was  used  for  food.  The  lakes  and  streams 
abounded  in  fish  and  the  seasons  brought 
the  unfailing  crops  of  roots  and  nuts.  War, 
theft,  and  indolence  were  virtues  in  the  men, 
and  labor  was  the  dutv  of  the  women.    The 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


patient  squaw  was  the  stay  of  the  family, 
being,  in  fact,  a  beast  of  burden  and  both 
camp  guard  and  l^eeper,  while  the  males 
loafed,  hunted,  stole  horses,  fished,  and 
made  war.  Wants  were  comparatively  few 
and  easily  supplied. 

Lands  were  regarded  by  the  Indians  as 
tribal,  not  individual,  jjroperty.  Before  the 
coming  of  the  whites  they  had  portioned  out 
the  surface  of  the  country  fairly  well,  and 
by  consent  or  tacit  agreement,  separate  sec- 
tions of  the  country  were  occupied  by  tribes 
of  the  several  stocks.  For  example,  the 
Sioux  occupied  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi 
and  stretched  far  to  the  southeast;  and  the 
Shoshones  roamed  through  the  middle  basin 
between  the  Kocky  and  the  Sierra  Nevada 
mountains  in  Idaho  and  farther  south. 

Indian  nomadic  life  was  not  favorable  to 
the  growth  of  large  families.  The  Indians 
moved  with  the  seasons,  following  the  game, 
or  going  to  corn  growing  grounds.  Those 
who  depended  most  upon  agriculture  were 
the  most  permanent  because  the  climate  of 
the  agricultural  sections  was  agreeable,  and 
the  country  abounded  in  root  crops  and 
birds,  and  the  streams  contained  fish.  These 
natural  resources  made  this  class  of  Indi- 
Jins  less  nomadic  than  those  who,  being 
flesh  eaters,  depended  on  game. 

Wild  and  free  life  made  the  Indian  im- 
provident; it  gave  him  no  care  for  the  fu- 
ture. Even  now  a  week's  rations  is  con- 
sumed in  two  days,  for  he  is  a  ravenous 
eater,  and  besides  he  is  not  certain  there 
may  be  any  food  on  the  morrow.  Nature 
has  also  conspired  to  make  the  Indian  thrift- 
less and  unstable.  In  his  free  condition,  he 
was  the  ideal  wild  man,  pure  and  simple, 
and  to  this  day,  many  Indians  are  but  little 
changed  in  their  wild  instincts.  Then  the 
restraint  upon  his  appetite,  physical  or  oth- 
erwise, was  satiety,  and  death  was  met  with 
nerve,  and  as  a  condition  of  life.  Cunning 
and  ingenious,  and  with  some  mechanical 
skill,  he  placed  nature  under  tribute  for 
arms,  weapons,  decoys  and  game  traps.  Aa 
a  hunter  he  was  more  adroit  than  the  wild- 
est game,  more  fleet  of  foot  than  the  elk  or 
deer,  and  more  stealthy  than  the  wolf. 

The  Indian  village  was  the  unit  of  organ- 


isation in  nearly  all  the  tribes.  The  individ- 
ual was  and  is  merged  in  the  village.  With 
the  sedentary  Indians,  the  villages  were  of 
a  permanent  character.  With  the  nomadic 
Indians,  lodges  or  tents,  with  their  live 
stock  and  property,  composed  the  village. 
In  peace,  the  nomadic  village  was  placed  in 
a  favored  retreat,  and  here  the  Indians  re- 
mained until  war  or  the  seasons  forced  them 
to  remove.  By  marks  or  signs,  a  band  could 
tell  what  Indians  had  preceded  it.  As  a 
rule,  the  bands  of  a  tribe  had  their  well-de- 
lined  camping  grounds,  which  were  sacred 
to  them.  A  tribe  seldom,  if  ever,  camped  or 
lived  in  a  compact  mass.  The  villages  were 
frequently  separated  by  long  distances,  and 
in  war  were  signaled  with  fires  or  alarmed 
by  runners.  In  war,  old  men  and  women 
<ared  for  the  camp  and  protected  it.  When 
a  war  party  returned,  one  of  their  number 
was  selected  to  bear  a  pole  upon  which  were 
suspended  the  scalps  taken  from  the  enemy. 
The  Indian  village  life,  the  growth  of  cen- 
turies, is  now  partially  perpetuated  on  large 
reservations,  and  the  love  of  it  is  one  of  the 
chief  causes  of  the  Indian's  resistance  to  the 
white  man's  customs.  The  Indian  does  not 
like  to  live  isolated.  Dances  preceded  and 
followed  all  their  movements,  good  or  bad. 
From  the  camps  or  villages,  the  warrior  set 
out  to  acquire  new  honors  or  to  meet  death. 
This  was  the  life  of  the  ancestors  of  the  In- 
dians, and  with  some  tribes  it  still  con- 
tinues. 

The  Latin  and  Anglo-Saxon  life  which 
poured  in  upon  the  Indian  was  to  him  inva- 
sion. The  pale-face  was  to  him  a  robber, 
who  desi)oiled  him  of  his  lands  and  game, 
and  so  became  for  all  time  his  enemy.  The 
Indian's  first  impression  of  the  white  man 
was  very  unfavorable,  and  to  him  the  white 
man  has  not  changed,  except  to  be  looked 
upon  as  more  grasping.  He  found  in  the 
first  white  man  the  same  instincts  of  trade 
and  desire  to  oppress  the  lowest  orders  of 
men  that  he  finds  now. 

The  question  has  sometimes  been  raised 
whether  contact  with  the  sublime  and  the 
beautiful  in  nature  exercises,  necessarily,  a 
refining  influence  upon  hnman  nature. 
While  the  Indians  in  past  ag(>s  had  all  the 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


advautaj^es  arising  from  contact  with  beau- 
tiful scenery — all  that  bounteous  nature 
could  give  to  please,  ennoble,  or  entrance,  in 
an  area  so  great  that  all  climates  were  with- 
in his  domain,  and  all  altitudes,  from  the 
towering  mountain,  sublime  in  its  majesty, 
to  the  low  and  i>oetic  ranges  of  hills  where 
Terdure  lay  the  year  round  and  the  wild 
flower  blossomed, — no  Indian  was  ever  in- 
spired to  the  softer  ways  of  life  by  the 
grand  eflfects  of  lavish  nature.  The  Indian 
is  the  embodiment  of  cruelty,  and  the  wom- 
en, in  this  respect,  far  excel  the  men.  While 
the  Indians  did  not  learn  brutality  in  war 
from  the  whites,  the  Europeans  taught 
them  the  use  of  firearms,  diplomatic  cun- 
ning and  intoxicating  liquors,  and  also  intro- 
duced some  loathsome  diseases  among  them. 
Eight  of  the  northwestern  states  have  In- 
dian names,  which  are  here  given  with  their 
significations:  Wisconsin,  wild,  rushing 
channel;  Minnesota,  cloudy  (or  sky-tinted) 
Avater;  Iowa,  drowsy;  Dakota,  leagued; 
Wyoming,  the  large  plains;  Idaho,  gem  of 
the  mountains;  Oregon,  great  river  of  the 
west. 

The  Indian  is  very  superstitious  and 
holds  to  a  mythology  similar  to  that  of  all 
primitive  peoples  and  varying  in  its  details 
in  different  tribes.  So  far  as  has  been  as- 
certained, however,  he  has  no  well-defined 
religious  views  or  beliefs.  The  Indians  of 
the  Northwest  are,  in  their  native  state,  in- 
capable of  inventing,  constructing,  or  build- 
ing anything  that  requires  the  mental 
power  of  combination.  They  are  garrulous 
among  thejuselves  but  they  become  silent  at 
the  approach  of  white  men  whom  they  in- 
stinctively regard  as  their  natural  enemies. 
Among  themselves,  in  camp,  the  women 
chatter  as  rapidly  and  loudly  as  white  wom- 
en, and  the  children  bubble  over  with  laugh- 
ter and  fun.  The  children  seldom,  if  ever, 
cry,  and  a  brutal  Indian  father  or  mother 
is  very  rare.  While  on  the  march,  an  In- 
dian woman  will  unstring  the  portable  cra- 
dle from  her  back,  take  the  child  out,  fill 
her  mouth  with  water,  eject  it  in  a  spray 
and  wash  the  vermin  or  dust  from  the  child, 
which  never  even  whimpers,  replace  it  on 


her  back,  and  hurry  along  to  overtake  the 
moving  band. 

All  hunters  know  how  the  young  of  most 
wild  animals  conceal  themselves  when  their 
privacy  is  invaded,  and  give  no  sign  of  their 
presence  by  movement  or  sound,  no  matter 
how  near  the  intruder  apjiroaches.  It  is  the 
same  with  Indian  children;  they  seem  to 
share  the  secretive  instinct  with  the  young 
plover,  rat  and  deer. 

Being  the  original  occupant  of  the  land, 
the  Indian  cannot  understand  his  being 
crowded  out  or  absorbed  by  the  white.  It 
has  been  for  centuries  bred  in  his  bone  that 
labor  is  dishonorable.  He  cannot  compre- 
hend the  Anglo-Saxon  moral  code.  For  four 
hundred  years  there  has  been  intermittent 
warfare  between  him  and  the  invader. 
"Over  the  old  hunting  ground,  across  the 
silvery  streams  that  thread  the  brown  bar- 
rens and  plains,  up  the  tall  mountains, 
among  the  towering  pines  to  the  snow- 
( api)ed  and  sun-touched  summits,  in  the 
land  once  the  home  of  his  people,  the  Indian 
of  to-day  can  cast  only  a  longing  eye  and  re- 
flect. *  *  *  Crooning  squaws  and  tot- 
tering old  men  on  reservations,  in  most 
cases  in  squalor,  rags,  and  hunger,  retell 
the  fierce  battles  of  their  people,  *  *  • 
every  person  mentioned  a  hero;  all  now 
legend  and  myth.  These  past  Indian  glories 
and  splendors  can  never  come  again;  but 
the  Indian  does  not  realize  it,  and  so  he  in- 
vokes their  return  with  his  ghost  or  ilessiah 
dance. 

"The  Pacific  coast  fish  eaters  and  root 
diggers  are  now  peaceable,  progressive,  and 
almost  entirely  self-supporting.  The  other 
reservation  tribes,  even  if  disposed  to  war, 
are  so  surrounded  with  white  settlements 
that  a  war  would  be  of  short  duration." 

THE  COMING  OF  THE  WHITE  MAN. 

It  is  a  notable  fact  that  where  lust  for 
conquest  and  gold  have  failed  to  open  up 
new  territory  to  higher  civilization,  this  end 
has  been  accomplished  through  the  zeal 
of  Christian  missionaries.  Columbus,  who 
stipulated  with  the  Spanish  sovereigns  that 
he  should,  if  he  succeeded,  hold  high  office 
and  receive  a  share   of   all    gold,    precious 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


stones  and  merchandise  acquired,  never 
landed  on  the  North  American  continent. 
Ponce  de  Leon,  the  discoverer  of  Florida, 
was  killed  bj  the  Indians.  In  1528  Narvaez 
explored  the  lands  bordering  the  north 
shore  of  the  Gulf,  endured  cold  and  famine 
and  perished  by  shipwreck;  De  Soto,  like 
Narvaez,  sought  for  gold;  landing  in  Florida 
M'ith  a  richly  appointed  company  in  1539, 
he  discovered  the  Mississippi  river  in  1541. 
Here  he  was  buried.  ''He  had  crossed  a 
large  part  of  the  continent  in  search  of  gold, 
and  found  nothing  so  remarkable  as  his 
burial-place."  These  expeditions — typical  of 
all  purely  self-seeking  enterprises — entailed 
upon  the  future  colonists  a  legacy  of  unend- 
ing border  warfare. 

"It  was  reserved  for  religious  zeal  to  ac- 
complish that  enterprise  in  which  a  desire 
of  conquest  and  the  thirst  for  gold  had 
failed;  the  ^Mississippi  valley  had  yet  to  be 
reached  from  the  northeast,  by  the  route  of 
the  Great  Lakes;  and  all  the  countless  bene- 
fits which  have  flowed  from  its  settlement 
and  cultivation,  in  a  commercial  point  of 
view,  have  had  their  foundation  in  a  promi- 
nent degree  in  the  religious  zeal  of  the  disci- 
ples of  Loyola.  The  discovery  of  the  north- 
west region  was  made,  missionary  posts  es- 
tablished, friendship  cultivated  with  the  nu- 
merous savage  tribes,  churches  erected;  the 
country  was  explored,  and  the  upper  Missis- 
sippi not  only  discovered,  but  traced  from 
the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony  to  the  Gulf  of  Mex- 
ico; and  all  these  through  the  untiring  la- 
bors of  the  French  missionaries." 

Before  1600,  Jesuit  missionaries  had  ex- 
plored the  St.  Lawrence  basin  as  far  west  as 
the  present  site  of  Duluth.  In  1641,  some 
Jesuit  fathers  attended  a  feast  of  the  dead, 
held  by  two  thousand  Chippewas  at  Sault 
Ste.  Marie  (Falls  of  St.  Mary),  at  the  outlet 
of  Lake  Superior.  Here  they  learned  of  the 
Sioux,  who  lived  eighteen  days'  journey  fur- 
ther west  beyond  the  great  lake  (Superior). 

In  1854,  two  French  fur  traders  pene- 
trated the  Sioux  country  west  of  Superior. 
In  16G5,  Father  Claude  Allouez  embarked 
on  a  mission  to  the  far  west.  Having  heard 
of  the  copper  deposits  on  the  south  shore,  he 
sailed  in  quest   of  them   until   he   reached 


( 'he(iuamegon  Bay.  Here,  at  a  grand  coun- 
cil, he  heard  from  the  Indians  of  the  vast 
prairies  covered  with  buffalo  and  deer 
which  stretched  to  the  south  and  west,  and 
of  the  noble  river  called  by  them  the  "Mes- 
sippi."  The  English  intruders  into  America 
had  ti'ied  by  both  fair  and  foul  means  to  dis- 
possess the  natives  of  theii-  land,  gaining  lit- 
tle land  and  unlimited  ill  will,  with  a  liberal 
expenditure  of  treasure  and  blood.  The 
French  missionary  and  trapper  brought  to 
Ihe  Indians  a  tender  of  alliance,  an  offer  of 
protection  and  a  genial  comradeship.  The 
trappers  traveled,  ate,  drank,  slept  and  in- 
termarried with  the  red  men,  so  that  in  time 
of  war,  the  Indians  generally  sided  with  the- 
French  as  against  the  English. 

In  1673,  Father  Marquette  and  the  Sieur 
Joliet  started  from  the  fort  of  Lake  Michi- 
gan to  explore  the  great  west.  Passing 
through  Green  Bay,  they  entered  the  Fox: 
river,  made  a  portage  to  the  Wisconsin,  and 
soon  entered  the  great  ^lississippi.  Proceed- 
ing down  the  river,  they  discovered  an  In- 
dian village  upon  a  tributary  floT^g  from 
the  west.  They  were  unquestionably  the 
first  white  men  who  had  ever  trod  the  soil' 
of  what  is  now  Iowa,  but  the  calumet  or 
pipe  of  peace  was  tendered  to  them  and  they 
were  told  that  the  river  on  which  the  village 
was  situated  was  the  Mouin-gouina.  We 
now  call  it  the  Des  Moines.  They  continued 
their  descent  of  the  Mississippi  to  a  point 
below  the  Arkansas,  and  on  their  return, 
went  up  the  Illinois  and  reached  Lake  Mich- 
igan. 

In  1682,  La  Salle  descended  the  Missis- 
sippi to  the  Gulf,  and,  formally  taking  pos- 
session of  the  country  drained  by  the  Missis- 
sippi and  its  tributaries  from  its  source  ta 
its  mouth,  for  France,  he  named  it  Louisi- 
ana, in  honor  of  Louis  XIV.  The  next  year 
he  returned  to  Quebec.  "To  La  Salle  must 
be  mainly  asci-ibed  the  discovery  of  the  vast 
regions  of  the  Mississippi  valley,  and  the 
subsequent  occupation  and  settlement  of 
them  by  the  French." 

To  Louis  H(>nnepin  belongs  the  credit  of 
having  been  Ihe  first  European  who  ascend- 
ed the  Mississippi  above  the  mouth  of  the 
Wisconsin.     In  February,  1680,  he  sailed  up 


HISTORY  OV  THE  GREAT  NORTIIAVEST. 


tlie  Mississippi  from  the  Illinois,  with  in- 
structions from  La  Salle  to  jjrocecd,  if  pos- 
sible, to  its  source.  At  the  forty-fifth  def;ree 
of  north  latitude,  he  was  stopped  by  a  high 
waterfall  to  which  Father  Hennepin  gave 
the  name  of  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony  of 
I'adua.  Thus,  at  the  close  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  France,  in  right  of  occupancy  and 
discovery,  claimed  the  entire  Mississippi  ba- 
sin, including  the  present  states  of  Wiscon- 
sin, Minnesota,  Iowa,  the  Dakotas,  and  the 
greater  i)arts  of  Montana  and  Wyoming,  be- 
longing to  the  great  Northwest. 

For  a  century  or  more,  the  French  trad- 
ers and  trappers  roamed  over  the  prairies 
and  through  the  forests  of  Louisiana  (the 
Mississippi  basin)  in  quest  of  game,  furs, 
skins,  and  "the  wool  of  the  buffalo."  On  the 
10th  of  February,  176.3,  an  event  occurred 
which  made  a  fundamental  change  in  the 
history  of  this  region.  On  that  day  the 
Treaty  of  Paris  was  concluded.  This  treaty, 
which  terminated  the  French  and  Indian 
War,  transferred  from  France  to  Great  Brit- 
ain all  that  portion  of  Louisiana  lying  east 
of  the  Mississippi  except  the  town  and  is- 
land of  Orleans.  The  present  state  of  \Yis- 
consin  and  about  one-third  of  Minnesota 
thus  passed  from  French  to  British  control. 
It  was  long,  however,  before  the  English  ob- 
tained a  fijni  foothold.  The  French  traders 
had  taken  wives  from  among  the  Indians, 
and  the  great  fur  dealers  in  New  Orleans 
gave  more  in  barter  for  peltries  than  the 
English  could  afford  to  pay  so  that  the  In- 
dian trade  was  retained  by  the  French  not- 
withstanding the  transfer  of  sovereignty. 
The  English,  therefore,  established  no  posts 
of  trade  or  defence  west  of  Mackinac  at  the 
foot  of  Lake  Michigan.  The  country  further 
west  appears  to  have  been  trodden  by  few 
British  subjects  until  after  the  visit  made  to 
it  by  Jonathan  Carver  soon  after  the  con- 
clusion of  the  French  and  Indian  War. 

•Jonathan  Carver,  a  native  of  Connecti- 
cut, and  said  to  have  been  a  descendant  of 
John  Carver,  the  first  governor  of  Plymouth 
Colony,  left  Boston  in  17(!6  for  the  purpose 
of  exploring  the  Northwest.  From  the 
mouth  of  the  Wisconsin,  he  ascended  the 
Mississippi  in  a  canoe,  arriving  at  the  Falls 


of  St.  Anthony  in  November.  After  this  he 
ascended  the  Minnesota  to  a  point  two  hun- 
dred miles  above  Mendota.  He  was  ac- 
companied on  his  return  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Jlinnesota  by  nearly  three  hundred  Indians, 
who  were  making  their  annual  journey  to 
a  cave  (now  known  as  Carver's  cave)  in  a 
bluff  just  below  the  present  city  of  St.  Paul, 
in  order  to  bury  there  their  dead.  Carver's 
heirs  claimed  a  tract  of  land  lying  southeast 
of  St.  Anthony,  with  an  area  about  twice  as 
great  as  that  of  the  state  of  Rhode  Island, 
and  containing  nearly  1,.500,000  acres. 
They  based  this  claim  on  a  treaty  Carver 
was  said  to  have  made  with  the  Indians  at 
the  Great  Cave.  May  1,  1767.  The  claim 
was  never  allowed. 

At  the  commencement  of  the  American 
Revolution,  from  the  first  act  of  hostilities, 
the  savages  of  the  Northwest  had  been  as- 
sociated as  allies  of  Great  Britain,  and  em- 
ployed by  the  British  commanders  to  lay 
waste  the  frontier  settlements.  In  1778 
an  Amerian  expedition  under  command  of 
Col.  George  R.  Clark  set  out  from  the  Falls 
of  the  Ohio  (Louisville)  to  terminate  the  In- 
dian depredations  by  reducing  the  British 
jiosts  on  the  Wabash  and  the  T'pper  Missis- 
sijipi.  The  story  of  Col.  Clark's  success- 
ful operations  in  the  Wabash  region  forms 
one  of  the  most  brilliant  chapters  in  Ameri- 
can military  history.  We  cannot  dwell  up- 
on it.  The  news  of  his  success  alarmed  the 
British  traders  in  the  Minnesot.a  and  Wis- 
consin country,  and  extraordinary  military 
precautions  were  taken  to  protect  the  fur 
trade  of  the  British.  Five  years  later  a 
definite  treaty  of  peace  closed  the  Revolu- 
tionai-y  War  and  transferred  from  the  do- 
minion of  (ireat  Britain  to  that  of  the  Unit- 
ed States  of  America  that  part  of  the  great 
Northwest  which  lies  east  of  the  Missis- 
sippi. ^^'e  are  now  to  trace  the  early  his- 
tory of  Louisiana — or  rather  that  portion  of 
it  which  embraces  Montana,  Wyoming,  the 
two  Dakotas,  Iowa,  and  western  Minne 
sota. 

We  ha\e  already  related  that  in  1682  the 
French  explorer  La  Salle,  having  explored 
the  Mississippi  river  from  the  Illinois  to 
the   Gulf,   formally   took   possession,    in   the 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


name  of  France,  of  all  the  country  drained 
by  that  river  and  its  tributaries.  The  cere- 
monies by  which  he  declared  the  sovereign- 
ty of  his  king  over  this  country  were  elabo- 
rate. The  Te  Deum  was  given,  a  Latin 
hymn  was  sung,  and  a  cross  was  planted 
bearing  the  arms  of  France.  This  act  is  the 
basis  of  the  title  under  which  the  United 
States  holds  this  country  to-day,  for  this 
ceremony  has  ever  been  respected  by  all 
nations  as  the  official  seal  placed  by  France 
on  the  claim  she  made  to  the  territory  by 
virtue  of  discovery,  exploration  and  occupa- 
tion. The  name  chosen  by  La  Salle — Louisi- 
ana— applied  to  the  whole  Mississippi  val- 
ley until  180.3.  The  history  of  this  vast  ter- 
ritory for  the  next  century  and  a  half  is 
simply  the  history  of  trapping,  trading  for 
furs,  and  the  incidents  of  life  among  the 
savages  which  contribute  nothing  to  human 
progress.  In  1762  France  ceded  Louisiana 
west  of  the  Mississippi  to  Spain.  Eighteen 
years  later  Spain  re-ceded  it  to  France. 
This  last  cession  was  a  secret  one.  As 
soon  as  President  Jefferson  learned  of  it  he 
foresaw  trouble  with  France.  It  was  of  the 
utmost  consequence  that  the  western  states 
bordering  on  the  Mississippi  should  have 
free  access  to  the  gulf  by  way  of  the  river. 
Willi  New  Orleans  in  the  possession  of  a 
foreign  power — our  commercial  rival — such 
access  was  impossible  or  would  inevitably 
be  hampered  by  vexatious  and  expensive  re- 
strictions. The  danger  to  free  navigation 
of  the  river  was  imminent,  for  in  November, 
1802,  word  came  that  a  French  military 
force  was  on  its  way  to  occupy  New  Orleans. 
The  Spanish  governor  of  New  Orleans  at 
this  time  forbade  the  navigation  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi by  American  citizens,  thus  violating 
the  treaty  of  1705,  by  the  terms  of  which  the 
inhabitants  of  the  states  bordering  the  Ohio 
and  Mississippi  had  flat-boated  their  bacon, 
hams,  tobacco,  and  flour  to  New  Orleans 
and  stored  it  in  warehouses  preparatory  to 
shipi)ing.  The  president  was  urged  to  take 
action  that  might  lead  to  war  with  Spain. 
He  determined  to  wait  until  France  openly 
assumed  ownership  of  the  province.  The 
opportunity  to  reach  a  peaceful  solution  of 
the    difficulty    soon    came.      Napoleon    was 


first  consul  of  France.  He  needed  money. 
He  foresaw  that  it  would  be  impossible  for 
him  to  hold  a  vast  transatlantic  territory 
against  England,  a  power  that  was  mistress 
of  the  seas  and  the  hereditary  enemy  of 
France.  -Jett'erson  offered  to  buy  the  island 
of  New  Orleans  and  West  Florida.  Na- 
]K)leon  wanted  to  unload  all  of  Louisiana, 
and  asked  for  an  offer.  After  much  bar- 
gaining, the  American  envoys  agreed  that 
the  I'uited  States  should  pay  to  France 
sixty  million  francs  in  stocks  bearing  six 
per  cent,  interest,  and  should  in  addition 
assume  the  payment  of  all  debts  owed  by 
France  to  American  merchants,  to  an 
amount  not  exceeding  twenty  million  francs. 
As  the  value  of  the  American  dollar  was 
then  estimated  at  five  and  one-third  francs, 
the  new  acquisition  may  be  said  to  have 
cost  us  .^15,000,000.  The  .senate  ratified  the 
treaty  of  cession,  and  on  December  20,  1S0.3, 
the  United  States  formally  took  possession 
of  its  magnificent  acquisition  of  nearly  a 
million  square  miles — a  territory  about 
twenty  times  as  large  as  England  and 
Wales  combined, — enough  to  make  over 
three  and  one-half  million  farms  of  160 
acres  each.  From  this  territory  there  have 
since  been  formed  seven  states  and  two  ter- 
ritories in  addition  to  the  five  states  form- 
ing part  of  the  great  Northwest.  Our 
glance  at  the  early  history  of  the  Oregon 
country  must  be  very  brief. 

The  term  Oregon  was  in  early  days  ap- 
plied to  a  vast  territory  west  of  the  Rocky 
^Mountains,  extending  along  the  forty-second 
parallel  to  the  Pacific,  thence  north  up  the 
coast  indefinitely,  thence  east  to  the  crest 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  thence  south  on  the 
crest  to  the  place  of  beginning.  Spain,  Rus- 
sia. Great  Britain,  and  the  Ihiited  States 
had  conflicting  claims  to  this  region  or  parts 
of  it. 

In  1513  the  Spanish  exjjlorer  Balboa 
crossed  the  Isthmus  of  Panama  from  north 
to  south  and  discovered  the  Southern  Ocean, 
(.r,  as  he  named  it  from  its  peaceful  appear- 
ance, the  Pacific  Ocean,  Pope  Alexander 
\'I.  liad.  ill  1403,  issued  a  hull  in  which  he 
gave  S|)ain  all  lands  and  waters  she  should 
thereafter    discover     west     of     (about)     the 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  ^•ORTH^YEST. 


fiftieth  meridian  of  west  longitude.  By 
virtue  of  Balboa's  discovery,  therefore, 
Spain  asserted  her  sovereignty  over  the 
western  shore  of  America  bordering  on  the 
Pacific,  together  with  all  territory  drained 
by  the  rivers  which  flowed  into  the  Pacific, 
or  their  tributaries.  "Good  old  times,  those 
were."  says  Barrows,  '"when  kings  thrust 
their  hands  into  the  New  World,  as  children 
do  theii's  into  a  grab-bag  at  a  fair,  and  drew 
out  a  river  four  thousand  miles  long,  or  an 
ocean,  or  a  tract  of  wild  land  ten  or  fifteen 
times  the  size  of  England!"  In  1789  the 
Spanish  authorities  captured  some  English 
vessels  that  were  attempting  to  form  settle- 
ments on  Vancouver  Island.  Spain  was  in- 
formed by  the  English  ministry  that  she 
could  "not  accede  to  the  pretensions  of  abso- 
lute sovereignty,  commerce,  and  naviga- 
tion" that  were  claimed.  As  the  protest  of 
England  was  backed  by  a  powerful  navy, 
Sjjain  yielded,  and  in  1894;  quietly  withdrew 
from  Nootka  Sound  (Vancouver  Island) 
without  formally  relinquishing  her  claim. 
When,  as  has  been  related  above,  Spain 
ceded  Louisiana  to  France,  the  cession  in- 
cluded all  her  territory  north  of  the  forty- 
second  parallel, — that  is  to  say  the  Oregon 
country. 

The  Hudson  Bay  company  having  found 
a  region  in  the  far  northwest  that  invited 
the  efforts  of  capitalists  and  navigators, 
James  Cook  was  commissioned  by  the 
British  government  in  1776  to  explore  the 
northwest  coast,  to  look  for  the  outlets  of 
rivers,  and  to  take  possession,  in  the  name 
of  Great  Britain,  of  any  territory  not  al- 
ready claimed  by  any  European  powers. 
Cook  was  soon  after  murdered  by  the  na- 
tives on  the  Sandwich  Islands,  but  the  ex- 
plorations of  the  agents  of  the  Hudson  Bay 
company  formed  a  weak  thread  on  which 
Great  Britain  hung  her  claim  to  Oregon. 

In  179:;  Captain  Kobert  Gray  of  Rhode 
Island  discovered  the  mouth  of  the  Colum- 
bia, and  explored  the  river  to  a  considerable 
distance  from  its  mouth,  fifteen  miles.  In 
1805-6  Captains  Lewis  and  Clarke  explored 
the  Oregon  country  under  the  authority  of 
the  United  States.  In  1811  Astoria,  at  the 
mouth    of    the   Columbia,    was    settled   by 


American  citizens,  and  in  18-16  all  that  part 
of  Oregon  south  of  the  forty-ninth  parallel 
was  relinquished  by  Great  Britain  to  the 
I'nited  States  by  treaty. 

TERRITORIAL  CHANGES. 

1.  By  an  act  of  congress  approved 
March  2Q.  1804,  the  newly  ac(iuired  domain 
of  Louisiana  was  formed  into  two  districts. 
The  fii-st,  designated  as  the  ''Territory  of 
New  Orleans,"  comprised  '"all  that  portion 
of  country  ceded  by  France  to  the  United 
States,  under  the  name  of  Louisiana,  which 
lies  south  of  the  Mississippi  territory,  and 
of  an  east  and  west  line  to  commence  on  the 
.Mississippi  river,  at  the  thirty-third  degree 
of  north  latitude,  and  to  extend  west  to  the 
western  boundary  of  the  said  cession." 
•The  residue  of  the  province  of  Louisiana," 
was  called  the  "District  of  Louisiana."  The 
executive  power  of  the  governor  of  Indiana 
Territory  was  extended  over  the  new  dis- 
trict, and  to  the  governor  and  judges  of 
Indiana  Territory  was  committed  the  au- 
thority "to  make  all  laws  which  they  may 
deem  conducive  to  the  good  government  of 
the  inhabitants"  of  said  district.  Freedom 
of  religion  and  trial  by  jury  were  established 
by  the  same  act.  In  1805  the  name  was 
changed  to  "the  Territory  of  Louisiana," 
and  a  territorial  government  was  organized 
consisting  of  a  governor  and  a  legislative 
bodj'  consisting  of  "the  governor  and  three- 
judges  or  a  majority  of  them."  At  this  time 
Wisconsin  and  the  part  of  Minnesota  lying 
east  of  the  Mississippi  were  part  of  Indiana 
Territory. 

2.  Under  an  act  of  congress  passed  in 
1809  the  present  Wisconsin  and  eastern  Min- 
nesota became  part  of  the  newly  formed 
Illinois  Territory. 

3.  Michigan  Territory  was  formed  soon 
after,  and  in  1821  we  find  that  it  includes 
the  present  states  of  Michigan,  Wisconsin, 
and  eastern  Minnesota. 

-t.  Wisconsin  Territory  was  established 
in  1836.  It  embraced  the  present  states  of 
Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  Iowa  and  that  part 
of  North  and  South  Dakota  lying  east  or 
the  White  Earth  and  northeast  of  the  Mis- 
souri river — about  half  of  these  two  states.- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


5.  Iowa  Territory  was  organized  in  1838 
out  of  the  western  part  of  Wisconsin  Terri- 
tory-, It  comprised  the  present  state  of 
Iowa  and  those  portions  of  Minnesota  and 
the  Dalcotas  that  lie  between  the  Mississippi 
and  the  Missouri  rivers. 

G.  Minnesota  Territory  came  into  exist- 
ence in  1849.  Its  limits  comprehended  all 
of  the  present  state  of  that  name  and  the 
Uakotas  to  the  Missouri  and  White  Earth. 
Iowa  was  reduced  to  its  present  limits. 

7.  Nebraska  Territory  was  created  in 
1854.  It  included  all  the  present  Nebraska, 
Montana,  Wyoming  and  the  Dakotas  lying 
between  the  Missouri  river  and  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

8.  In  1860  we  find  Minnesota  with  its 
boundaries  as  they  now  exist,  it  having 
been  organized  as  a  state  in  1858.  The 
eastern  Dakotas  retained  the  name  of  ^lin- 
nesota  Territory. 

9.  Dakota  Territory  appears  in  ISfil. 
It  was  made  up  of  North  and  South  Dakota 
as  they  now  are,  with  ilontana  east  of  the 
Rockies,  and  the  north  half  of  Wyoming. 
■\^'ashington  Territory  at  that  time  em- 
braced the  present  states  of  Washington 
and  Idaho. 

10.  Idaho  Territory  was  organized  in 
186.3,  embracing  the  region  now  known  as 
Montana.  Idaho,  and  Washington. 

11.  Montana  Territory  was  formed  in 
1864,  with  the  same  limits  as  the  present 
state. 

12.  Wyoming  Territory  was  created  in 
1868,  and  was  given  the  boundaries  of  the 
state  of  Wyoming. 

The  ten  states  of  the  Great  Northwest 
were  admitted  into  the  Union  on  the  fol- 
lowing dates:  Iowa.  Dec.  28,  1840:  Wiscon- 
sin, May  29.  1848;  :Minnesota.  May  11.  1858; 
Oregon,  Feb.  14, 18.59;  North  Dakota,  Nov.  2, 
1889;  South  Dakota,  Nov.  2.  1889;  Montana, 
Nov.  8,  1889;  Washington.  Nov.  11.  1889; 
Idaho.  .Tilly  .3.  1890:  Wyoming,  July  10. 
1890. 

PHASES  OF  FRONTIER  LIFE. 

To  give  an  exhaustiAe  history  of  the  dif- 
ferent phases  of  early  life  in  every  section  of 
the  region   under   considei-ation    would    not 


only  transcend  the  limits  which  properly  be- 
long to  this  general  sketch  of  the  history 
of  the  great  Northwest;  it  would  prove  un- 
profitable, wearisome,  and  unsatisfactory  to 
the  reader.  The  states  comjwsing  the  great 
Northwest,  while  they  have  many  commer- 
cial interests  in  common,  do  not  form  either 
a  political  or  a  geographical  unit.  Their 
development  has  been  along  different  lines, 
and  a  series  of  historical  facts  closely  relat- 
ed to  one  or  more  of  them  may  have  no  ap- 
plication to  the  others.  The  histories  of 
the  individual  states  found  in  this  volume 
give  details  which  cannot  with  propriety  be 
included  in  this  general  view.  In  this  por- 
tion of  the  history  representative  phases  of 
life  will  be  portrayed  and  will  be  illustrated 
by  events  which — while  they  are  more  or 
less  local — are  typical,  to  a  greater  or  less 
degree,  of  the  entire  region. 

THE  FUR  TRADE. 

••In  1783  seA-eral  of  the  principal  mer- 
chants entered  into  a  partnership  to  prose- 
cute the  fur  trade,  and  in  1787  united  wilh 
a  rival  company,  and  thus  arose  the  famous 
North-West  company,  which  for  many  years 
held  lordly  sway  over  the  immense  region 
in  Canada  and  beyond  the  great  western 
lakes.  Several  years  later  a  new  associa- 
tion of  British  merchants  formed  the  Macki- 
naw company,  having  their  chief  factory  or 
depot  at  Mackinaw;  and  their  field  of  opera- 
tions was  south  of  their  great  rivals, — 
sending  forth  their  light  perogues  and  bark 
canoes  by  Green  Bay  and  the  Fox  and  Wis- 
consin rivers  to  the  Mississippi,  and  thence 
down  that  stream  to  all  its  tributaries.  In 
1809  John  Jacob  Astor  organized  the  Ameri- 
can Fur  company — he  alone  constituting 
the  company;  and  in  1811.  in  connection 
with  certain  partners  in  the  North-West 
company  and  others,  he  bought  out  the 
Mackinaw  comi)any  and  merged  that  and 
iiis  American  Fur  company  into  a  new  as- 
sociation called  the  South-West  company. 
By  this  arrangement  Mr.  Astor  became  pro- 
prietor of  one-half  of  all  the  interests  which 
the  Mackinaw  company  had  in  the  Indian 
country  within  the  Tnited  States;  and  it 
was  understood  that   the  whole,  at  the  ex- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


pii'iitioii  of  five  vears,  was  to  pass  into  bis 
hands,  on  condition  that  his  company  should 
not  trade  within  the  British  dominions." 
After  the  War  of  181:2,  congress  prohibited 
British  fur  traders  from  prosecuting  tlieir 
enterprises  within  the  United  States. 

Prairie  du  Chieu  was,  in  1815,  a  rendez- 
vous for  the  fur  traders  of  the  upper  Mis- 
sissippi. The  idea  then  prevailed  in  the 
ITuited  States  that  the  Indians  would  be  sat- 
isfied with  the  most  inferior  goods  in  ex- 
change for  their  furs  and  peltries.  This 
was  an  error,  and  one  that  brought  upon 
American  traders  as  well  as  the  govern- 
ment the  ill-will  of  the  Indians.  The  blank- 
ets furnished  by  the  British  traders  were  of 
superior  quality,  as  were  also  the  calicoes 
and  cloths,  while  those  furnished  by  the 
Americans  were  inferior.  The  American 
tobacco  furnished  to  the  Indians,  however, 
was  better  than  that  procured  from  the 
British.  The  Sac  and  Fox  Indians  brought 
from  Galena — in  addition  to  their  furs — 
bars  of  lead,  moulded  in  the  earth  and 
weighing  from  thirty  to  forty  pounds  each. 
It  was  not  an  uncommon  thing  to  see  a  Fox 
Indian  arrive  at  Prairie  du  Chien  with  a 
hand  sled  loaded  with  twenty  or  thirty  wild 
turkeys  for  sale. 

About  this  time,  through  the  influence  of 
John  Jacob  Astor,  the  secretary  of  war 
designated  certain  points  throughout  the 
Indian  country  as  trading  points,  and  li- 
censes to  trade  were  confined  to  these 
points.  This  was  done  to  favor  Astor's 
company,  "for  if  a  license  was  granted  to 
some  adventurous  trader  not  connected 
with  that  company,  he  was  permitted  to 
trade  only  at  some  designated  point  already 
occupied  by  that  opulent  and  formidable 
corporation;  and  the  cansequence  was  that 
the  company  would  drive  away  the  opposi- 
tion trader  by  selling  goods  at  half  their  real 
value."  After  the  departure  of  the  trader, 
who  was  unable  to  compete  with  them,  the 
old  prices  were  restored,  and  the  company 
soon  made  up  the  loss  incurred  in  the  pro- 
cess of  stamping  out  competition.  It  is 
evident  that  monopolies  and  trusts  were  not 
invented  at  the  close  of  the  nineteenth  cen- 
tury. 


But  the  companj'  sometimes  met  its 
match  in  a  trader  too  shrewd  to  be  driven 
out  of  business.  An  agent  of  the  American 
Fur  company  at  one  time  reported  to  a 
I'nited  States  military  officer  that  a  fur 
trader  by  the  name  of  William  Farnsworth 
was  violating  the  law  by  selling  whiskj'  to 
the  Indians.  The  commandant  sent  an  of- 
ficer with  a  file  of  men  to  destroy  Farns- 
worth's  whisky  and  drive  him  out  of  the 
country.  Upon  arriving  at  the  place,  the 
officer  informed  Farnsworth  of  the  object  of 
his  visit;  the  latter  expressed  his  astonish- 
ment that  any  one  should  have  made  such 
complaint  against  him.  He  invited  the  of- 
ficer to  search  thoroughly  and  see  if  he  could 
find  any  whisky.  He  freely  confessed  that 
he  kept  a  little  good  brandy  for  himself  and 
his  friends,  but  he  declared  he  never  sold 
any,  and  invited  the  officer  to  take  a  little  of 
his  choice  liquor.  He  took  some.  Farns- 
worth then  asked  if  be  might  offer  some  to 
the  soldiers,  which  request  was  granted,  and 
the  soldiers  were  lielped  to  a  bountiful  sup- 
ply. The  officer  stood  bravely  by  the  bran- 
dy bottle  and  sent  his  men  to  search  foi  the 
whisky.  They  peered  about  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  cabin,  and  after  refreshing  them- 
selves once  more  with  the  brandy,  reported 
that  they  could  find  no  whisky,  and  that  they 
believed  it  was  pure  malice  that  prompted 
fhe  fur  company  to  cliarge  Farnsworth 
with  selling  whisky  to  the  Indians.  The  re- 
port was  satisfactory  to  the  officer.  Farns- 
worth entertained  the  party  with  supper, 
lodging,  breakfast,  and  an  abundance  of 
brandy,  and  they  parted  good  friends — the 
generous  trader  not  forgetting  to  supply  his 
departing  guests  with  several  bottles  of  the 
delightful  beverage  that  had  added  such 
pleasure  to  their  visit.  During  this  search 
Farnsworth  had  four  or  five  barrels  of  whis- 
ky buried  close  by  his  house. 

The  fur  company  now  tried  another 
plan.  A  large  party  of  Indians  was  em- 
ployed to  go  to  his  house  and  seize  his  goods 
and  whisky  if  he  declined  to  give  them  up. 
In  the  winter  of  1820-21  they  made  their 
appearance  and  frankly  told  their  business, 
adding  that  they  were  brave  men  deter- 
mined to  accomplish  their  purpose.     Farns- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


woi-th  replied  that  he  too  was  brave  and 
would  put  their  boasted  courage  to  the  test. 
He  theu  produced  a  keg  with  the  head  out 
and  nearly  full  of  gunpowder.  Carefully 
inserting  the  lower  end  of  a  lighted  candle 
in  the  powder  so  that  the  light  came  within 
six  inches  of  the  explosive  material,  he  cool- 
ly lit  his  pipe  and  sat  down  beside  the  In- 
dians, saying  he  would  soon  see  who  the 
brave  men  were.  The  Indians  soon  rushed 
from  the  house  in  terror,  when  Farnsworth 
cautiously  removed  the  candle,  fearing  lest 
a  spark  would  drop.  After  this  exhibition 
of  bravery  the  Indians  became  very  friendly 
with  Farnsworth  and  the  fur  company  did 
not  undertalce  to  molest  him  again. 

Xo  exact  statistics  are  obtainable  to 
show  the  magnitude  of  the  fur  trade  of  the 
Northwest,  ^'ast  numbers  of  buffalo,  wolf, 
fox,  beaver  and  other  fur-bearing  animals 
roamed  over  the  prairies  or  were  found  in 
the  woods  and  streams  of  the  vast  region 
lying  between  the  Great  Lakes  and  the 
Bocky  ^Mountains.  Some  concei)tion  of  the 
extent  of  the  trade  in  furs  and  peltries  com- 
ing from  the  Northwest  may  be  formed  from 
the  following  statement,  which  shows  the 
weight  or  number  of  such  articles  exported 
from  Philadelphia  alone  in  the  year  1824: 
Deer  skins,  250,(1(10  ])ounds;  beaver  fur,  25,- 
000  pounds;  17,00(1  buffalo  robes;  8,000  bear 
skins;  4,500  otter  skins;  25,000  raccoon  skins; 
81,000  muskrat  skins;  1,000  mink  skins; 
1,500  fox  and  wolf  skins;  400  fisher  and 
marten  skinsT  At  the  same  time,  British 
traders  were  taking  annually  from  our 
northern  frontier  120,000  beaver;  30.000 
marten;  20,000  muskrat;  5.000  fox;  4,000 
otter;  2,000  bear;  2,000  mink;  5.000  buffalo; 
0,000  lynx;  4.000  wolf;  1.000  elk;  and  12,000 
deer  skins. 

To  have  a  clear  idea  of  the  fur  trade,  it 
is  necessary  to  know  something  of  the  man- 
ner in  which  it  was  carried  on.  The  great 
depot  which  formed  the  center  of  the  fur 
trade  in  the  Northwest  was  Mackinac  Island 
— or  Michilimackinac  (The  Great  Turtle)  as 
it  was  called  by  the  Indians.  This  island  is 
in  the  strait  tliat  connects  Lake  Michigan 
with  Lake  Huron. 

The  goods  destined  for  the  supply  of  the 


northwestern  Indians  left  New  York  in 
May,  and  reached  Mackinac  in  June.  Here 
those  who  procured  the  goods  met  those  en- 
gaged in  selling  them  to  the  Indians.  A 
thousand  different  persons  from  every  part 
of  the  Indian  country  assembled  here.  The 
most  remote  outfits,  or  stocks  of  goods 
bought  by  the  retailers,  were  destined  for 
Lake  Winnipeg  (Manitoba),  Big  Stone  Lake 
(Head  of  Minnesota  or  St.  I'eter's  River), 
Leech  Lake  (northern  Minnesota),  and  for 
intermediate  points.  The  entire  country 
between  the  longitude  of  Lake  Michigan 
and  that  of  the  Red  River  of  the  North  and 
from  the  latitude  of  the  mouth  of  the  Illinois 
river  to  the  Canadian  border  drew  its  sup- 
plies from  that  point.  Through  all  this  im- 
mense region,  trading  establishments  were 
scattered.  The  traders  going  to  the  most 
rt-mote  points  left  Mackinac  in  July  and  the 
others  in  August.  The  goods  were  trans- 
ported upon  the  lakes  and  rivers  in  batteaux 
and  canoes,  and  reached  their  destination  in 
October.  The  Indians  now  leave  their  vil- 
lages and  scatter  throughout  the  coifhtry  in 
hunting  camps.  An  industrious  hunter 
would,  under  favorable  conditions,  collect 
a  pack  of  peltries  worth,  at  the  trading  post, 
from  eighty  to  one  hundred  dollars,  for 
which  he  was  paid  in  blankets,  provisions, 
tobacco,  guns,  ammunition,  gaudily-colored 
calico  and  other  cloth,  etc.  The  furs  and 
pelts  being  collected  at  the  trading  posts 
were  taken  to  the  central  depot  at  Mackinac 
in  the  same  manner  as  the  goods  were  car- 
ried in  the  opposite  direction,  and  were 
there  disposed  of  to  the  large  traders. 

In  addition  to  the  business  done  by 
American  fur  companies  and  traders,  the 
Hudson's  Bay  company,  a  British  corpora- 
tion, carried  on  an  immense  trade  in  the 
great  Northwest.  "A  few  years  since,  in 
the  solitudes  of  the  West,  two  European 
tourists  were  struck  by  the  frequency  with 
which  they  encountered  a  certain  mystic 
legend.  Eager  to  solve  its  meaning,  they 
addressed  a  half-breed  lounger  at  a  small 
station  on  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railway. 
'Tell  us,  my  friend,'  they  said,  'what  those 
three  letters  yonder  signify.  Wherever  we 
travel  in  this  country  we  encounter  "H.  B. 


aiSTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTinVKST. 


C."  We  have  seen  the  legend  sewn  on  the 
garments  of  Indians;  it  has  been  painted  on 
canoes;  it  is  inscribed  on  bales  and  boxes. 
AVhat  does  "H.  B.  C."  mean?'  'That's  the 
company,'  returned  the  native  grimly,  'Here 
Before  Christ.'  " 

The  Hudson's  Bay  company  was  char- 
tered by  Charles  II.  in  the  year  1670,  and  it 
is  still  in  existence.  The  king  granted  to 
his  cousin.  Prince  Rupert,  and  to  seventeen 
nobles  and  gentlemen,  the  exclusive  right  to 
establish  settlements  and  carry  on  trade  in 
the  vast  region  called  Rupert's  Land,  which 
comprised  all  the  territory  whose  waters 
flowed  into  Hudson's  Bay.  It  was  a  coun- 
try as  large  as  all  of  Europe.  They  were 
authorized  to  maintain  ships  of  war  and 
forts,  and  to  carry  on  war  with  any  prince 
or  people  not  Christian.  The  company  was 
also  made  absolute  proprietor  of  all  lands 
and  all  mines  which  had  not  already  been 
granted  to  others.  The  posts  of  this  power- 
ful company  were  established  not  only  in 
the  region  now  known  as  Canada  or  British 
America, — they  extended  into  the  Red  river 
country  in  Minnesota  and  North  Dakota, 
as  well  as  into  the  Oregon  country,  where 
they  formed  the  basis  of  the  British  claim 
to  sovereignty  in  the  first  half  of  the  nine- 
teenth century. 

It  will  be  instructive  here  to  glance  at 
the  methods  employed  by  the  Hudson's  Bay 
company  and  other  companies  and  small 
traders  in  dealing  with  the  native  hunters 
and  trappers.  Each  factory  or  trading  post 
was  surrounded  by  a  stockade,  within  which 
were  warehouses  for  storing  furs  and  the 
goods  bartered  for  them.  Traders  and  their 
assistants  were  heavily  armed.  The  Indians 
brought  their  goods  (skins  of  deer,  bison, 
beaver,  marten,  fox,  etc.,  and  feathers  of 
birds)  to  the  post,  and  delivered  them 
through  a  small  aperture  in  the  side  of  the 
storehouse,  as  a.  tourist  hands  his  money 
through  a  window  at  a  railway  station.  The 
price  (in  goods)  given  for  furs  was  in  the 
discretion  of  the  trader,  and  was  influenced 
by  policy  and  by  the  rivalry  of  French  and 
American  traders.  When  the  Indian  pre- 
sented himself  at  the  trader's   window,  he 


was  by  no  means  sure  what  his  furs  would 
bring.  He  often  journeyed  two  months  in 
the  depth  of  winter  to  bring  to  the  post  a 
small  bundle  of  peltries,  for  which  he  re- 
ceived, perhaps,  a  string  of  beads,  a  blanket, 
a  hatchet,  a  little  tobacco  and  a  pound  or 
two  of  powder.  If  he  demurred  to  the  small 
price  ottered,  his  furs  were  passed  back  to 
him  through  the  aperture.  This  was  mere- 
ly a  form.  In  theory  the  Indian  was  free  to 
dispose  of  his  goods  where  he  could  obtain 
the  best  price  for  them;  practically  he 
must  sell  them  to  the  company  or  starve. 
The  gross  profit  to  the  company  on  the 
goods  used  in  Indian  barter  was  often  300 
per  cent,  or  more.  At  first  the  Indians  were 
content  with  beads  and  toys,  but  it  became 
the  policy  of  the  company  to  render  them 
more  efficient  as  hunters  by  supplying  them 
with  the  implements  of  the  chase.  Six  or 
seven  beaver  skins  would  buy  a  blanket, 
three  a  shirt,  fifteen  a  gun. 

The  Northwest  was  frequented  in  these 
early  days  by  individual  French  traders 
known  as  coureurs  des  bois  (forest  rovers) 
whose  activitj'  in  trade  tended  to  injure  the 
company's  business.  A  tribe  would  be  gath- 
ered at  a  post  to  sell  their  furs,  when  a  re- 
port would  spread  like  wild-flre  among  them 
that  the  French  coureurs  were  giving  a 
pound  of  powder  for  a  beaver,  instead  of  de- 
manding three  beavers  as  the  company  did. 
In  an  instant  there  was  a  stampede,  and  a 
rush  was  made  for  the  rival  trader,  who 
was  perhaps  fifty  miles  distant.  To  these 
Indians  fifty  miles  for  a  single  pound  of 
powder  was  nothing. 

The  Hudson's  Bay  company  had  its  posts 
on  the  head  waters  of  the  Mississippi,  the 
Red  River  of  the  North  and  the  Missouri 
river, — in  other  words  they  occupied  the 
country  now  comprising  western  Minnesota, 
North  Dakota  and  Montana.  Not  only  this, 
— their  trade  extended  over  the  whole  of 
^^'ashington,  Oregon,  and  California  to  the 
Sacramento  river.  American  enterprise  oc- 
cupied this  region  with  permanent  settle- 
ments, and  Amei'ican  diplomacy  secured  our 
title  to  it  in  the  treaties  of  17S3,  1818,  and 
1846. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


THK  MISSIONARY. 

As  early  as  tlie  year  1011  tlie  French 
Fathers  of  the  Society  of  Jesus — Jesuit 
priests — ben;an  tlieir  missionary  work  in 
New  France  wliicli  soon  after  extended,  in 
F'rench  geograpliy,  up  tlie  St.  Lawrence  and 
the  Great  Lakes,  down  the  ilississippi  and 
indefinitely  westward.  One  of  the  fathers, 
writino-  of  the  missionary  work  in  the  year 
1608,  says:  "The  fathers  of  our  society 
have  here  expended  their  labors  and  their 
blood,  in  their  efforts  for  the  conversion  of 
ihe  savages.  Father  Menard  has  penetrat- 
ed into  the  interior  500  leagues  (about  1,500 
miles),  carrying  the  name  of  Jesus  Christ  to 
places  where  it  had  never  before  been 
adored."  We  are  told  by  their  biographer 
(delations  Jesuites,  Quebec,  1858,  Notice 
Eiographique)  that  "they  found  ten  years 
sufficient  time  for  the  evangelization  of  the 
idolatrous  people  who  inhabited  the  im- 
mense forests  which  extended  from  the  gulf 
of  St.  Lawrence  to  Lake  Superior  and  from 
the  New  England  border  to  Hudson's  bay." 
From  the  same  source  we  learn  that  the  In- 
dians "were  impressed  with  the  gentleness 
and  the  disinterested  spirit  as  well  as  with 
the  zeal  of  these  black-robed  ])riests,  who 
had  come  such  a  distance  to  teach  them  the 
value  of  their  souls,  and  to  show  them  the 
road  to  a  happier  life,  with  no  other  motive 
than  that  of  a  superhuman  love." 

In  184!)  and  185L  Father  P.  J.  De  Smet 
made  missionary  tours  to  the  P>ad  Lands, 
the  country  of  the  Yellowstone  and  upper 
Missouri,  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  the  re- 
gion since  formed  into  the  Yellowstone  Na- 
tional Park.  Father  De  Smet,  in  a  letter 
written  in  1852  says  of  the  Indians  in  the 
great  Northwest:  "AVith  a  few  exceptions, 
all  the  half-breeds  are  baptized,  and  received 
as  children  of  the  church.  During  twenty 
years  they  have  petitioned  to  have  Catholic 
priests  and  have  manifested  their  good-will 
to  meet  the  wants  of  Uieir  missionaries,  and 
to  maintain  them.  If  ("atholic  missionaries 
are  not  soon  sent  there,  it  is  to  be  feared 
that  persons  hostile  to  the  true  faith  may 
take  possession  of  the  ground.  On  the  Feast 
of  the  Exaltation  of  the  Cross,  I  had  the 
happiness  of  offering  the  Holv  Sacrifice,  in 


presence  of  all  the  gentlemen    assisting   at 
I  lie  council,  of  all  the  half-bloods  and  whites 
and  of  a  great  concourse  of  Indians.     After 
my  instruction,  twenty-eight    children    and 
five  adults  were  regenerated  in  the  holy  wa- 
ters of  baptism,  with  all  the  ceremonies  pre- 
scribed by  the  church.     *     *     »     During  an 
instruction  in  the  camp  of  the  Ogallallahs,  a 
Sioux  tribe,  in  which  I  explained  to  them  the 
ten  commandments,  when  I  arrived  at   the 
sixtli  and  seventh,  a  general  whispering  and 
embarrassed    laugh    took   place   among   my 
barbarous  auditory.     I  inquired  the  reason 
of  Ihis  conduct,  and  explained  that  the  law  I 
came  to  announce  was  not  mine  but  God's, 
and  that  it  was  obligatory  upon  all  the  chil- 
dren of  men;  that  the  word  of  God  required 
all  their  attention   and  respect;  that  those 
who  observe  his   commandments   will  have 
eternal  life,  while  the  prevaricators  of   his 
holy  law  shall  receive  hell  and  its  torments 
as  their  lot.     The  great  chief  at  once  rose 
and  replied:  'Father,  we  hear  thee;  we  knew 
not  the  words  of  the  Great  Spirit,  and  we 
acknowledge  our  ignorance.     AVe  ar«  great 
liars  and  thieves;  we  have  killed;  we  have 
done  all  the  evil  that  the  Great  Spirit  for- 
bids us  to  do;  but  we  did  not  know  those 
beautiful  words;  in  future  we  will  try  to  live 
better,  if  tlion  wilt  but    stay    with    us    and 
teach    us.'     *     *     *     The   next   day   239   of 
tlieii'  children  were  regenerated  in  the  holy 
waters  of   ba])tisin.     Of  the  Arrapahoes,   I 
baj)tized  305  little  ones;  of  the  Cheyennes, 
253;  of  the  Sioux,  280;  in  the  camp   of  the 
Painted  Bear,  50;  in  the   forts   on  the  Mis- 
sfoiri,  3!t2;  total    number    of   baptisms   this 
season,  1,580.'' 

In  1852,  James  Lloyd  Breck,  who  was 
then  engaged  in  the  Indian  mission  work  of 
the  Protestant  Episcopal  church,  received  a 
call  from  the  Indians  dwelling  in  the  north- 
ern forests  of  Minnesota  to  go  and  teach 
them.  Obeying  this  call,  he  went^  to  Gull 
Lake,  in  north  central  Minnesota,  and  estab- 
lished there  a  mission  station.  The  Indians 
among  whom  he  settled  were  the  same  peo- 
jile,  substantially,  with  those  who  greeted 
the  first  settleis  in  \'irginia  and  with  those 
who  signed  the  treaty  with  William  Penu. 
Breck    erected    mission    buildings,    and    a 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


church,  where  he  had  dailv  service,  procured 
female  helpers,  and  established  schools.  He 
also  taught  them  to  labor.  Rising  dailv  at 
4  a.  m.,  he  went  to  the  fields  with  the  Indi- 
ans, teaching  them  to  plant,  sow.  hoe,  and 
raise  all  kinds  of  vegetables.  The  Indians 
tell  how  "once,  when  there  had  been  a  long- 
continued  drought,  and  the  gardens  were 
just  on  the  point  of  being  ruined,  and  the 
skv  was  still  brazen  and  cloudless  as  it  had 
been  for  weeks,  that  he  rang  his  little  bell 
for  pravers.  and  summoned  them  all  to  pray 
for  rain;  and  though  there  was  not  a  cloud 
in  the  sky  when  he  began,  the  dropping  rain 
began  to  fall  as  they  came  out  of  the  church, 
and  there  was  a  great  rain."  They  also  tell 
how  children  who  were  apparently  dying  or 
dead,  revived  when  he  knelt  and  prayed  for 
them  and  baptized  them. 

Some  years  later,  he  left  his  prosperous 
mission  at  Gull  Lake,  and  established  an- 
other at  Leech  Lake — still  deeper  in  the  wil- 
derness. Here,  whisky  flowed  like  water 
among  the  Indians,  supplied  by  the  traders 
of  mixed  blood,  who  were  incensed  against 
the  missionaries  because  the  latter,  knowing 
the  extortionate  rates  charged  by  these 
traders  for  their  goods,  let  the  Indians  have 
large  quantities  of  mission  goods  at  reason- 
able prices,  in  exchange  for  fish,  maple  sug- 
ar, etc.  The  hostility  of  the  traders  being 
thus  excited,  they  instigated  the  Indians  to 
acts  of  hostility  which  compelled  the  mis- 
sionaries to  leave.  One  cause  of  the  failure 
of  this  mission — and  perhaps  of  others — 
was  that  the  missionaries  gave  the  Indians 
too  much  and  thus  encouraged  habits  of  in- 
dolence and  a  feeling  of  dependence,  when  a 
spirit  of  independence  and  self-help  is  essen- 
tial to  their  becoming  well-disposed  and  use- 
ful citizens.  After  the  withdrawal  of  the 
missionaries  the  Indians  became  the  prey  of 
frontier  liquor  dealers  and  were  exposed  to 
contact  with  all  the  vices  that  accompany 
the  white  man  on  the  first  wave  of  civiliza- 
tion. 

After  leaving  Leech  Lake,  Breck  estab- 
lished a  school  at  Faribault,  and  here  he,  in 
conjunction  with  Bishop  Whipple,  educated 
a  number  of  Chippewa  and  Sioux  boys  who 
became   missionaries    and    were    thus    the 


foundation  of  the  missions  to  the  Sioux  and 
Chippewa  nations.  In  1870  or  thereabouts, 
the  Chippewas  moved  to  the  White  Earth 
reservation,  where,  removed  from  the  cor- 
rupting influences  of  vicious  whites,  and 
guided  by  the  missionaries,  they  have  gone 
on  from  better  to  better,  until  they  have  be- 
come one  of  the  most  peaceful,  well-behaved 
and  prosperous  communities  in  the  country. 
The  full-blooded  Indians  are  nearly  all  mem- 
bers of  the  church.  "No  more  striking  tes- 
timony," says  J.  A.  Gilfillan,  "to  the  power 
(if  the  gospel  of  Christ  to  raise  the 
most  hopeless  can  be  found  than  that  com- 
munity. They  who  were  once  such  slaves  to 
drink,  now  never  touch  it;  as  a  community 
they  never  drink;  and  those  who  knew  them 
when  they  were  drunken,  starving  savages, 
<-an  scarcely  believe  when  they  hear  that 
Ihey  are  Christian  men  and  women  and  re- 
spectable farmers." 

No  more  thrilling  story  is  to  be  found  in 
the  annals  of  history  than  that  of  early  mis- 
sions in  the  great  Oregon  country.  The 
briefest  sketch  is  all  that  can  be  attempted 
here.  In  18-32,  four  Flathead  Indians  ap- 
peared in  the  streets  of  St.  Louis,  wearing 
the  dress  and  equipment  belonging  to  their 
iribe.  General  Clarke,  who  understood  their 
language,  learned  that  they  were  all  chiefs, 
that  they  had  spent  about  six  months  on 
iheir  journey  from  Oregon,  and  that  they 
had  come  in  search  of  ''The  White  Man's 
Book  of  Life"  and  to  ask  that  teachers  be 
sent  to  their  tribe.  Why  no  steps  were  tak- 
en to  comply  with  their  request  does  not  sat- 
isfactorily appear.  Perhaps  it  was  that  an 
English  Bible  would  have  been  useless  to 
Them  without  an  interpreter.  Gen.  Clarke 
treated  them  hospitably — so  hospitably  that 
two  of  them  died  in  St.  Louis,  probably  from 
over-eating  rich  food.  Having  remained  in 
St.  Louis  all  winter  they  started  on  their  re- 
turn in  the  spring,  but  without  the  book  for 
the  possession  of  which  they  had  undertak- 
en their  long  journey.  One  of  the  two  died 
on  the  return  trip,  and  only  one  of  the  four 
lived  to  reach  home  to  tell  that  he  had  been 
unable  to  obtain  the  precious  book  that  was 
the  one  object  of  his  journey. 

Before  the  two  survivors  set  out  on  their 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


return  trip,  Gen.  Clarke  gave  them  a  ban- 
quet, at  which  one  of  them    addressed    the 
guests.     No  white  post-prandial  orator  ever 
made  a  speech  more  brimming  over  with  elo- 
quence.    Like  Lincoln's  (lettysburg  speech, 
it  cannot  be  abridged  without    fatally   mar- 
ring it.    The  chief  said :    "I  come  to  jou  over 
the  trail  of  many  moons  from  the  setting  sun. 
You   were  the  friends  of  my  fathers,  who 
have  all  gone  the  long  way.     I  came  with  an 
eye  partly  open  for  my  people,  who  sit  in 
darkness.     I  go  back  with  both  eyes  closed. 
How  can  I  go  back  blind  to  my  blind  people? 
I  made  my  way  to  you   with   strong   arms 
through  many  enemies   and   strange   lands 
that  I  might  carry  back  much  to  them.     I 
go  back  with  both  arms  broken  and  empty. 
Two  fathers  came  with    us    who    were   the 
braves  of  many  winters    and    wars.      We 
leave  them  asleep  here  by  your  great  water 
and  wigwams.       They  were  tired  in  many 
moons  and  their  moccasins  wore  out.      My 
people  sent  me  to  get  the  'White  Man's  Book 
of  Heaven."     You  took  me  to  where  you  al- 
low your  women  to  dance  as  we  do  not  ours" 
(the  theatre)  "and  the  Book  was  not  there. 
You  took  me  to  where  they  worship  the 
(ireat  Spirit  with  candles,  and  the  Book  was 
not  there.     You  showed  me   images    of   the 
good  spirits  and  pictures  of  the  good  land 
beyond,  but  the  Book  was  not  among  them 
to  tell  us  the  way.     I  am  going  back  the 
long  and  sad  trail  to  my 'people  in  the  dark 
land.     You  make  my  feet  heavy  with  gifts 
and  my  moccasins  will  grow  old  in  carry- 
ing    them,    yet    the    Book    is    not    among 
ihem.     When  I  tell  my  poor  blind  people 
after  one  more  snow,  in  the  big  council,  that 
I  did  not  bring  the  Book,  no  word  will  be 
spoken  by  our  old  men    or    by   our    young 
braves.     One  by  one  they  will  rise  up  and  go 
out  in  silence.     My  people  will  die  in  dark- 
ness, and  they  will  go  a  long  path  to  other 
hunting  grounds.     No   white   man    will    go 
with  them,  and   no   White   Man's   Book   to 
make  the  way  plain.  I  have  no  more  words." 
The  speech   was   published — the   church 
i-esponded.     The    ilethodists    sent    mission- 
aries in  1S34,  and  in  1835,  the  American  Mis- 
sionary Board    sent    Dr.    Marcus   Whitman 
with   a  companion  to  explore  the  Oregon 


field.  The  story  of  Christian  missions  can- 
not be  told  by  statistics.  Wherever  the 
missionary  went — either  Catholic  or  Prot- 
estant— the  children  were  educated  and  the 
adults  were  instructed  in  sobriety,  honesty 
iind  good  citizenship.  In  the  Oregon  coun- 
try, as  everywhere  else,  the  good  influences 
disseminated  by  the  missionary  were  large- 
ly neutralized  by  the  vices  introduced  by 
v.hite  traders.  In  Oregon,  the  great  ob- 
stacle to  progress  in  early  days  was  a  great 
foreign  corporation  which  claimed  exclusive 
right  to  trade  with  the  Indians.  The  debt 
of  gratitude  this  nation  owes  to  early  Chris- 
tian missionaries  has  never  been  fully  ap- 
preciated. 

This  brief  and  inadequate  account  of 
missions  in  the  great  Northwest  cannot  be 
r-losed  without  an  allusion  to  Dr.  William- 
son, Eev.  A.  L.  Riggs,  Rev.  Samuel  W.  Pond 
and  Rev.  (lideon  H.  Pond,  who  were  pio- 
neers in  this  work  among  the  Dakota  Indi- 
ans. For  the  fascinating  narratives  of  their 
work,  the  reader  is  referred  to  "Mary  and 
I,"  "Gospel  Among  the  Dakotas,"  and  "Two 
Volunteer  IMissionaries  Among  the  Dako- 
las."  The  work  of  Christian  missions  is  not 
yet  finished.  The  labors  of  the  frontier  mis- 
sionary— both  Catholic  and  Protestant — are 
still  being  prosecuted  in  the  chapels  and 
schoolhouses  as  well  as  in  the  homes  of 
frontier  settlements  in  ^linnesota,  the  Dako- 
tas and  Montana. 

APMINISTIiATION  OF  JUSTICE. 

In  those  parts  of  the  great  Northwest 
which  are  adapted  to  agriculture,  the  char- 
acter of  the  first  settlers  was  such  that  it 
was  comparatively  easy  to  secure  the  ends 
of  justice  by  ordinary  means,  through  the 
courts  established  by  the  state  or  territorial 
government.  In  an  agricultural  community, 
the  pioneer  settler  labors  hard,  undergoes 
many  privations,  and  belongs,  usually,  to  a 
steady,  industrious  class,  whose  habits  are 
simple,  and  who  seldom  nwds  assistance 
from  courts  of  justice  because  his  rights  are 
seldom  assailed.  In  fact,  the  differences 
that  arise  among  i)eople  of  this  class  are 
often  settled  by  friendly  arbitration,  or,  if 
the  affair  is  too  serious  to  be  settled  in  this 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


way,  an  appeal  to  a  lawfully  constituted 
court  enables  the  litigants  to  reach  a  deci- 
sion which,  however  unsatisfactory  it  may 
be  to  the  losing  party,  is  generally  acqui- 
esced in  by  all  concerned  as  coming  from  an 
authority  which  all  citizens  have  helped  to 
establish  and  all  have  an  interest  in  main- 
taining. In  a  mining  country,  the  case  is 
far  different.  The  lust  for  gold  attracts 
thither  the  discontented  and  restless  spirits 
who  are  not  satisfied  with  the  slow  methods 
and  the  humdrum  existence  of  life  on  the 
farm  or  in  the  town.  They  hope  to  make 
their  fortune  in  a  day  by  striking  rich  dirt 
or  by  robbing  those  who  work  the  mines  in 
a  legitimate  manner.  In  the  following  ac- 
count of  frontier  methods  of  administering 
justice,  numerous  extracts  are  taken  from 
"The  Vigilantes  of  Montana,"  by  Thos.  J. 
Dimsdale. 

"Together  with  so  much  that  is  evil,  no- 
where is  there  so  much  that  is  sternly  op- 
posed to  dishonesty  and  violence  as  in  the 
mountains.  Middling  people  do  not  live  in 
these  regions.  There  is  no  man  more  fit  to 
serve  his  country  in  any  capacity  requiring 
courage,  integrity,  and  self-reliance,  than  an 
'honest  miner'  who  has  been  tried  and  found 
true  by  a  jury  of  mountaineers."  A  "power- 
ful incentive  to  wrong-doing"  in  the  early 
mining  camps  was  "the  absolute  nullity  of 
the  civil  law."  "No  matter  what  may  be 
the  proof,  if  the  criminal  is  well  liked  in  the 
community,  'Not  Guilty'  is  almost  certain  to 
be  the  verdict  of  the  jury,  despite  the  efforts 
of  judge  and  prosecutor.  If  the  offender  is 
a  monied  man  as  well  as  a  popular  citizen, 
the  trial  is  only  a  farce,  grave  and  pro- 
longed, but  capable  of  only  one  termination 
— a  verdict  of  acquittal.  *  *  *  T'nder 
these  circumstances,  it  becomes  an  absolute 
necessity  that  good,  law-loving,  and  order- 
sustaining  men  should  unite  for  mutual  pro- 
tection. Being  united,  they  must  act  in  har- 
mony, repress  disorder,  punish  crime,  and 
prevent  outrage,  or  their  organization 
would  be  a  failure  from  the  start,  and  soci- 
ety would  collapse  in  the  throes  of  anarchy. 
None  but  extreme  penalties  inflicted  with 
promptitude  are  of  any  avail  to  quell  the 
spirit  of  the  desperadoes   with   whom   they 


have  to  contend;  the  gangs  of  murderers, 
desperadoes,  and  robbers  who  infest  mining 
countries,  and  who,  though  faithful  to  no 
other  bond,  yet  willingly  league  against  the 
law.  They  must  be  secret  in  council  and 
membership,  or  they  will  remain  nearly  use- 
less in  a  country  where  equal  facilities  for 
the  transmission  of  intelligence  are  at  the 
command  of  the  criminal  and  the  judiciary. 
An  organization  on  this  footing  is  a  vigi- 
lance committee. 

"Such  was  the  state  of  affairs  when  five 
men  in  Virginia  and  four  in  Bannack,  Mon- 
tana, initiated  the  movement  which  resulted 
in  the  formation  of  a  tribunal  supported  by 
an  omnipresent  executive  comjirising  within 
itself  nearly  every  good  man  in  the  territory, 
and  pledged  to  render  impartial  justice  to 
friend  and  foe  without  regard  to  clime, 
creed,  race,  or  politics.  In  a  few  short  weeks 
the  face  of  society  was  changed  as  if  by 
magic.  *  *  *  The  administration  of  the 
lex  taliouis  by  self-constituted  authority  is 
undoubtedly,  in  civilized  and  settled  commu- 
nities, an  outrage  on  mankind.  But  the  sight 
of  the  mangled  corpses  of  beloved  friends 
and  valued  citizens,  the  whistle  of  the  des- 
perado's bullet,  and  the  plunder  of  the  fruits 
of  the  patient  toil  of  years  alter  the  basis 
of  reasoning,  and  reverse  the  conclusion.  In 
the  case  of  the  vigilantes  of  Montana,  it 
must  also  be  remembered  that  the  sherifi 
himself  was  the  leader  of  the  road  agents, 
and  his  deputies  were  prominent  mem- 
bers of  the  gang." 

Boone  Helm,  a  desperado  who  operated 
in  Montana  in  "the  sixties"  was  "one  of 
those  hideous  monsters  whom  neither  pre- 
cept nor  example  could  have  saved  from  a 
life  of  crime."  The  sketch  here  given  of  his 
cai'eer  is  condensed  from  a  very  valuable 
and  intensely  interesting  work  by  Hon.  N. 
P.  Langford,  entitled  "Vigilante  Days  and 
Ways."  Mr.  Langford  was  at  one  time  ter- 
ritorial governor  of  Montana.  A  man  known 
as  "Dutch  Fred"  enjoyed  a  local  reputation 
in  Florence  as  a  gambler  and  a  pugilist.  He 
was.  strange  to  say,  also  an  honest,  straight- 
forward miner.  "He  was  neither  a  rowdy 
nor  desjierado,  and  in  ordinary  deal,  honest 
and  generous;  but  he  gambled,  drank,  and 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


when  roused,  was  a  perfect  Hereules  in  a 
fight.  Entering  a  saloon  where  Fred  was 
seated  at  a  faro  table,  Boone  Helm,  with 
many  oaths,  epithets,  and  flourishes  of  his 
revolver,  challenged  Fred  to  an  immediate 
deadl}'  combat.  Fred  sprung  up,  drew  his 
knife,  and  was  advancing  to  close  with  the 
drunken  braggart,  when  the  bj-standers  in- 
terfered, and  deprived  both  of  their  weap- 
ons, which  they  entrusted  to  the  keeping  of 
the  saloon-keeper,  and  Fred  returned  (juiet- 
ly  to  his  game. 

"Helm  apologized,  expressed  regret  foi- 
his  conduct,  and  left  the  saloon.  A  few 
hours  afterward  he  returned.  Fred  was 
still  there.  Stepping  up  to  the  saloon-keep- 
er. Helm  asked  him  for  his  revolver,  ])romis- 
ing  that  he  would  immediately  depart  and 
make  no  disturbance.  Xo  sooner  was  it  re- 
turned to  him  than  he  turned  toward  Fred, 
and  uttering  a  diabolical  oath,  tired  at  him 
while  seated  at  the  table.  The  ball  missed, 
and  before  the  second  fire,  Fred,  unarmed, 
with  his  arms  folded  across  his  breast,  stood 
before  his  antagonist,  who,  with  deadlier 
aim,  pierced  his  heart.  He  fell  dead  upon 
the  spot.  Helm  cocked  his  pistol,  and,  look- 
ing towards  the  stupefied  crowd,  exclaimed: 

"  "Maybe  some  more  of  you  w'ant  some  of 
this!' 

"As  no  one  deigned  a  reply,  he  walked 
coolly  away. 

"If  Helm  was  arrested  for  this  murder, 
he  escaped,  for  the  next  we  bear  of  him  he 
was  captured  on  Frazer  river  in  the  fall  of 
1862,  as  will  appear  from  the  following  ex- 
tract from  a  British  Columbia  paper: 

"  'The  man  Boone  Helm,  to  whom  we  re- 
ferred some  weeks  since,  has  at  last  been 
taken.  He  was  brought  into  this  city  last 
night  strongly  ironed.  The  first  clue  of  the 
detectives  was  the  report  that  two  men  had 
been  seen  trudging  up  the  Frazer  river  on 
foot,  with  their  blankets  and  a  scanty  sup- 
ply of  provisions  on  their  backs.  The  de- 
scription of  one  corresponded  with  the  de- 
scription given  by  the  American  officers  of 
Boone  Helm.  \Mien  overtaken,  he  was  so 
exhausted  by  fatigue  and  hunger  that  it 
would  have  been  impossible  for  him  to  con- 
tinue many  hours  longer.     He  made  no  re- 


sistance to  the  arrest — in  fact  he  was  too 
weak  to  do  so — ^and  acknowledged  without 
equivocation  or  attemi)t  at  evasion  that  he 
was  Boone  Helm.  I'pon  being  asked  what 
had  become  of  his  comj)anion,  he  replied 
with  the  utmost  sang  froid: 

^A'lly,  do  you  sn])pose  I  am  a fool 

enough  to  starve  to  death  when  I  can  help 
il  ?     I  ate  him  up,  of  course." 

"  'The  man  who  accompanied  him  has 
not  been  seen  or  heard  of  since,  and  from 
what  we  have  been  told  of  this  case-hard- 
ened villain's  antecedents,  we  are  inclined 
to  believe  he  told  the  truth.  It  is  said  this 
is  not  the  first  time  he  has  been  guilty  of 
cannibalism.'  " 

Ten  years  later,  a  scholarly  recluse  who 
had  built  himself  a  cabin  and  surrounded  it 
with  a  stockade  in  the  valley  of  the  Rogue 
river,  shouldered  his  rifle  one  day  and 
strolled  into  the  forest  in  quest  of  a  deer. 
He  says:  "A  rustle  in  the  underbrush  at- 
tracted my  attention.  Supposing  it  to  be 
caused  by  some  animal,  I  peered  out  cau- 
tiously from  the  shadow  of  a  pine,  aftd  saw 
to  my  surprise  a  man  half  concealed  in  the 
thicket,  watching  me.  It  was  the  work  of 
an  instant  to  bring  uiy  rifle  to  an  aim. 

"  'Who  are  you?'  I  demanded,  knowing 
if  he  were  a  white  man  he  would  answer. 

"He  replied  in  unmistakable  English  'I 
am  a  white  man  in  distress.' 

"Dropping  my  rifle  from  my  shoulder,  I 
hastened  to  him  and  found  a  shrunken,  ema- 
ciated form,  half  naked  and  nearly  fam- 
ished. A  more  pitiable  object  I  never  be- 
held. 

"  'My  name,'  said  he,  'is  Boone  Helm.  I 
am  the  only  survivor  of  a  company  which, 
together  with  the  crew  and  vessel,  were  lost 
on  the  coast  ten  days  ago.  We  were  bound 
for  Portland  from  San  Francisco,  and  were 
driven  ashore  in  a  storm.  I  escaped  by  a 
miracle,  and  have  wandered  in  the  moun- 
tains ever  since,  feeding  on  berries  and 
sleeping  under  the  shelter  of  rocks  and 
bushes.  I  came  in  this  direction,  hoping  to 
find  the  California  trail  and  fall  in  with  a 
pack  train.'  My  sympathies  were  enlisted 
and  I  conducted  him  (o  my  home,  sharing 
bed  and  board  with  him    for    a   month    or 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


more,  long  enough  to  make  the  prospect  of 
separation  painful,  though  I  felt  that  I 
would  be  better  off  without  than  with  him. 
When  he  left,  I  gave  him  a  good  buckskin 
suit,  a  cap,  a  pair  of  moccasins,  and  a  gun. 
JJe  wrung  my  hand  at  parting,  expressing 
the  warmest  gratitude. 

"A  year  passed,  during  which  I  labored 
diligently  at  my  books.  One  day  I  was 
startled  by  the  distant  clatter  of  a  rapidly 
approaching  horse.  Seizing  my  rifle,  I 
sprang  to  an  opening  to  reconnoitre  for  In- 
dians. Judge  of  my  astonishment  to  behold 
a  woman,  well  mounted,  urging  her  steed 
rapidly  toward  my  stockade.  Assisting  her 
to  alight,  I  sought  to  discover  the  import  of 
her  wild  errand.  She  told  me  that  while 
staying  at  a  hotel  she  had  heard  three  men 
enter  the  adjoining  room  and  engage  in  ear- 
nest conversation.  She  continued:  'I  could 
hear  distinctly  every  word  they  uttered — 
Ihey  were  planning  a  murder  and  robbery. 
One  of  them,  whom  they  addressed  as  Boone 
Helm,  seemed  to  be  their  leader.  He  de- 
scribed the  home  and  surroundings  of  the 
intended  victim,  said  he  had  been  there  and 
shared  his  hospitality  for  several  weeks; 
spoke  of  the  road  leading  there;  the  trail 
from  the  road  to  the  house;  the  location  of 
the  herd  of  cattle;  and  the  ready  sale  that 
could  be  found  for  them.  "\Ye  cannot,"  said 
he,  "make  more  money  in  a  shorter  time, 
with  greater  ease,  and  less  liability  to  de- 
tection, than  to  go  there,  kill  the  nmn  and 
take  his  property."  They  finally  agreed  that 
at  a  certain  time  the  three  should  go  in  com- 
pany and  execute  their  murderous  design. 
I  immediately  determined  to  foil  them  in 
their  bloody  purpose  or  lose  my  life  in  the 
attempt.  Be  on  your  guard.  Make  every 
preparation  to  defend  j-ourself,-  for  the  men 
will  be  here  to  take  your  life.  And  now,' 
she  concluded,  'bring  my  horse  and  I  will 
return.'  I  could  not  prevail  on  her  to  re- 
main longer.  Springing  to  her  saddle,  she 
waved  me  a  farewell,  and  in  a  few  moments 
had  disappeared. 

"The  next  day  I  made  every  needful 
preparation  for  defence  and  calmly  awaited 
the  arrival  of  the  ruffians.  In  the  afternoon 
of  the  dav  mentioned  by  my   informant,   I 


saw  them  approaching,  with  Helm  half  a 
mile  or  more  in  advance  of  the  other  two. 
I  stood  in  the  gate  of  my  stockade  with  my 
revolver  in  my  belt,  and  as  he  approached 
nie  greeted  him  kindly,  bade  him  enter,  and 
closed  and  bolted  the  door  behind  him.  I 
saw  at  once  by  his  churlish  manner  that  he 
was  bent  on  mischief.  Hardly  waiting  for 
an  exchange  of  common  civilities,  he  said: 

"  'Lend  me  your  pistols.  I  am  going  on 
a  perilous  expedition.' 

"  'I  cannot  spare  them,'  I  replied. 
'■  'But  you    must    spare   them.     I   want 
them.' 

"  'I  tell  you  I  cannot  let  you  have  them.' 
"Flying  into  a  passion,  he,  with  bitter 
oaths  rejoined: 

"  'I'll  make  you  give  'em  to  me  or  I'll  kill 
you,'  at  the  same  time  grasping  his  re- 
volver. 

"Before  he  could  pull  it  from  its  scab- 
bard, I  had  mine  leveled  with  deadly  aim  at 
his  head,  and  my  finger  on  the  trigger. 

"  'Make  a  single  motion,'  said  I,  emphat- 
ically, 'and  I  will  shoot  you.' 

"He  quailed,  for  he  saw  I  had  the  ad- 
vantage of  him.  His  comrades  now  ap- 
proached the  gate  from  without. 

"  'Break  down  the  door,'  he  shouted,  and 
ordered  them  to  kill  me. 

"  'If  they  attempt  such  a  movement,'  said 
I,  'I  will  kill  you  instantly.' 

''He  knew  me  to  be  desperately  in  ear- 
nest, and,  taking  the  hint,  told  them  to  go 
away.    They  obeyed. 

"  "Xow,  sir,'  I  persisted,  still  holding  him 
under  fire,  'unbuckle  and  drop  j'our  belt,  pis- 
tol and  knife,  and  walk  away  so  that  I  can 
get  them.' 

"He  begged,  but  I  was  inexorable.  He 
tried  to  throw  me  off  my  guard  by  refer- 
ring pleasantly  to  our  former  acquaintance, 
and  assuring  me  he  was  only  jesting,  and 
would  not  harm  me  for  the  world.  I  told 
him  I  had  been  warned  of  his  coming  and  its 
object,  and  detailed  the  conversation  he  had 
■\\  ith  his  companions  at  the  time  they  agreed 
upon  the  expedition.  He  stoutly  denied  it, 
and  demanded  the  source  of  my  informa- 
tion. Knowing  that  he  was  ignorantly  su- 
perstitious, I  gave  him  to  understand  that  it 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


was  entirely  providential.  He  believed  it.  I 
made  liim  sit  down  and  kept  him  in  range  of 
my  revolver  all  night,  conversing  with  him 
on  such  subjects  as  would  win  his  confi- 
dence. He  told  me  the  story  of  his  life.  I 
have  never  heard  or  read  a  more  horrible 
history  than  that  narrated  by  this  man  of 
blood. 

"Morning  came.  Helm's  companions  were 
still  lingering  near  the  stockade.  I  ordered 
them  to  withdraw  to  a  certain  distance, 
that  I  might  with  safety  release  my  pris- 
oner. I  then  opened  the  gate  and,  with  my 
shot-gun  leveled  upon  him,  bade  him  go,  as- 
suring him  that  if  we  ever  met  again,  1 
would  shoot  him  on  sight.  He  marched  out 
and  away  with  his  comrades.  The  next  in- 
telligence I  received  concerning  him  was 
the  announcement  of  his  execution  by  the 
righteous  vigilantes  of  Montana." 

The  story  of  Boone  Helm  has  been  given 
at  some  length  (abridged,  however,  from  the 
account  in  Mr.  Langford's  book),  in  order  to 
give  the  reader  some  idea  of  the  desperate, 
hardened,  ungrateful,  unrepentant,  and 
treacherous  nature  of  the  villains  whose 
presence  and  whose  deeds  on  the  frontier 
rendered  necessary  the  organization  of  a 
vigilance  committee.  The  career  of  George 
Ives,  epitomized  from  the  same  work  (Vigi- 
lante Days  and  Ways)  illustrates  the  for- 
malities incident  to  a  vigilante  trial. 

George  Ives  was  regarded  as  the  most 
formidable  robber  of  the  band  with  which 
he  was  connected.  It  was  his  custom,  when 
in  need  of  money,  to  mount  his  horse,  and, 
pistol  in  hand,  ride  into  a  store  or  saloon, 
toss  his  buckskin  purse  upon  the  counter, 
and  request  the  proprietor  or  clerk  to  put 
one  or  more  ounces  of  gold  dust  into  it  "as 
a  loan."  The  man  thus  addressed  dared  not 
refuse.  Often,  while  the  levy  was  being 
weighed,  the  daring  shoplifter  would  amuse 
himself  by  firing  his  revolver  at  the  lamps 
and  such  other  articles  of  furniture  as 
would  emit  a  pleasing  sound. 

A  young  German  by  the  name  of  Tiebalt 
sold  a  span  of  mules,  and,  having  received 
the  purchase  money,  went  after  the  mules, 
which  were  at  a  ranche  some  distance  away. 
As  several  days  elapsed  without  his  return, 


the  buyers  concluded  that  he  had  swindled 
them  out  of  the  money  and  left  the  country 
without  the  mules.  Nine  days  later  a  hunter 
sliot  a  grouse,  and,  going  to  the  place  where  it 
fell,  found  it  on  the  frozen  coi-jise  of  Tiebalt. 
The  body  bore  marks  of  a  small  lariat  about 
the  throat,  which  had  been  used  to  drag  him, 
while  still  living,  to  the  clump  of  heavy 
sage-brush  in  which  the  body  had  been 
found.  The  hands  were  filled  with  frag- 
ments of  sage-brush,  torn  off  in  the  agony  of 
that  terrible  process,  and  the  bullet  wound 
over  the  left  eye  showed  how  the  murder 
had  been  accomplished.  The  hunter  took 
1lie  body  in  his  wagon  to  the  nearest  town, 
where  the  apparent  cruelty  and  fiendishness 
of  the  l)loody  deed  roused  the  indignation  of 
the  people  to  a  fearful  pitch.  That  evening, 
twenty-five  citizens  subscribed  an  obligation 
of  mutual  support,  and  under  competent 
leadership,  started  at  once  in  pursuit  of  the 
murderer.  P^rom  a  desi)erado  whom  they 
took  into  custody,  they  learned  that  the  per- 
petrator of  the  crime  was  George  Ives,  and 
that  he  was  at  a  wicldup  (brushwood  hut) 
near  by.  The  leader  promptly  repaired  to 
the  house  and  selecting  from  the  seven  per- 
sons present  the  one  he  believed  to  be  Ives, 
asked  his  name,  which  was  given.  Ives  and 
ihroe  other  desperadoes  were  immediately 
placed  under  arrest  and  taken  to  the  town 
of  Nevada,  near  Virginia  City.  A  rancher 
who  was  in  sympathy  with  Ives,  hastened 
to  Virginia  City  and  secured  the  legal  as- 
sistance of  Messrs.  Kitchie  and  Smith. 

Before  ten  o'clock  next  morning,  nearly 
two  thousand  people  had  assembled  from 
the  various  towns  and  mining  settlements. 
It  was  determined  that  the  trial  should  take 
place  in  the  presence  of  the  entire  assem- 
blage. To  avoid  all  injustice  to  people  or 
prisoners,  an  advisory  commission  of  twelve 
men  was  appointed  from  each  of  the  dis- 
tricts. 'W.  H.  Patton,  of  Nevada,  and  W.  Y. 
I'emberton,  of  Virginia  City,  were  selected 
to  take  notes  of  the  testimony.  Col.  Wilbur 
F.  Sanders  and  Hon.  Charles  S.  Bagg,  at- 
torneys, appeared  on  behalf  of  the  prosecu- 
tion, and  Messrs.  Alexander  Davis  and  J.  M. 
Thurmond  for  the  prisoners.  Ives  was  the 
first  one  put  on  trial.     The  prisoner,  secured 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


by  chains,  was  seated  beside  his  counsel.  A 
day  and  a  half  was  spent  in  unprofitable 
tiuibbling,  lonij  speeches,  captious  objec- 
tions, and  personal  altercations,  when,  the 
patience  of  the  miners  being  exhausted,  they 
informed  the  court  and  peojjle  that  the  trial 
must  close  at  three  o'clock  on  that — the 
third — afternoon.  The  testimony  cannot  be 
reproduced.  Among  other  things  it  was  es- 
tablished that  Ives  had  said  in  a  boastful 
manner  to  his  associates  in  crime: 

"When  I  told  the  Dutchman  I  was  going 
1o  kill  him,  he  asked  me  for  time  to  pray. 
I  told  him  to  kneel  down  then.  He  did  so, 
and  I  shot  him  through  the  head  just  as  he 
commenced  his  prayer." 

Two  alibis  set  up  in  defense  failed  of 
proof  because  of  the  infamous  character  of 
the  witnesses.  Many  developments  of  crimes 
committed  jointly  by  the  prisoner  and  some 
of  his  sympathizing  friends,  were  made, 
which  had  the  effect  to  drive  the  latter  from 
the  territory  before  the  close  of  the  trial, 
but  for  which  his  conviction  might  possibly 
have  been  avoided.  The  prisoner  was  un- 
moved throughout  the  trial.  Not  a  shade  of 
fear  disturbed  the  immobility  of  his  fea- 
tures. Calm  and  self-possessed,  he  saw  the 
threads  of  evidence  woven  into  strands,  and 
those  strands  twisted  into  coils  as  inextri- 
cable as  they  were  condemnatory,  and  he 
looked  out  upon  the  stern  and  frigid  faces 
of  the  men  who  were  to  determine  his  fate 
with  a  gaze  more  defiant  than  any  he  en- 
countered. There  were  those  near  him  who 
were  melted  to  tears  at  the  revelation  of  his 
cruelty  and  bloodthirstiness;  there  were 
even  those  among  his  friends  who  betrayed 
in  their  blanched  lineaments  their  own  hor- 
ror at  his  crimes;  but  he,  the  central  figure, 
equally  indifferent  to  both,  sat  in  their 
midst,  as  inflexible  as  an  image  of  stone. 

The  scene,  by  its  associations  and  ob- 
jects, could  not  be  otherwise  than  terribly 
impressive  to  all  who  were  actors  in  it;  it 
wanted  none  of  the  elements  either  of  epic 
force  or  tragic  fury,  which  form  the  basis 
of  our  noblest  poems.  A  whole  community, 
burning  under  repeated  outrages,  sit- 
ting in  trial  on  one  of  an  unknown  number 
of  desperate  men,  whose  strength,  purposes. 


even  whose  persons  were  wrapped  in  mys- 
tery! How  many  of  that  surging  crowd 
now  gathered  around  the  crime-covered  mis- 
creant, might  rush  to  his  rescue  the  moment 
his  doom  should  be  pronounced,  no  one 
could  even  conjecture.  No  man  felt  certain 
that  he  knew  the  sentiments  of  his  neighbor. 
None  certainly  knew  that  the  adherents  of 
the  criminal  were  weaker,  either  in  numbers 
or  power,  than  the  men  of  law  and  order. 
It  was  night,  too,  before  the  testimony 
closed;  and  in  the  pale  moonlight,  and  glare 
of  the  trial  fire,  suspicion  transformed  hon- 
est men  into  ruffians,  and  filled  the  ranks  of 
the  guilty  with  hundreds  of  rei-ruits. 

The  jury  retired  to  deliberate  upon  their 
verdict.  An  oppressive  feeling,  almost 
amounting  to  dread,  fell  upon  the  now  si- 
lent and  anxious  assemblage.  Every  eye 
was  turned  upon  the  prisoner,  seemingly  the 
only  person  unaffected  by  surrounding  cir- 
cumstances. Moments  seemed  like  hours. 
"What  detains  the  jury?  Why  do  they  not 
return?  Is  not  the  case  clear  enough?" 
These  questions  fell  upon  the  ear  in  subdued 
tones,  as  if  their  very  utterance  breathed  of 
fear.  In  less  than  half  an  hour  they  came 
in  with  solemn  faces,  with  their  verdict — 
Guilty! — but  one  juror  dissenting. 

"Thank  God  for  that!  A  righteous  ver- 
dict!" and  other  like  expressions  broke  from 
the  crowd,  while  on  the  outer  edge  of  it, 
amidst  mingled  curses,  execrations,  and 
ho«  Is  of  indignation,  and  the  quick  click  of 
guns  and  revolvers,  one  of  the  ruffians  ex- 
claimed: 

"The  murderous,  strangling  villains  dare 
not  hang  him,  at  any  rate." 

Just  at  this  moment  a  motion  was  made 
to  the  miners  "that  the  report  be  received 
and  the  jury  discharged,"  which,  with  some 
little  opposition  from  the  prisoner's  lawyers, 
was  carried.  Some  of  the  crowd  now  be- 
came clamorous  for  an  adjournment;  but 
failing  in  this,  the  motion  was  then  made 
"that  the  assembly  adopt  as  their  verdict 
that  of  the  committee"  or  jury. 

The  prisoner's  counsel  sprung  to  their 
feet  to  oppose  the  motion,  but  it  was  carried 
by  such  a  large  majority  that  the  assembly 
seemed  at  once  to  gather  fresh  life  and  en- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


••oui'a<:ement  for  the  dischai'oe  of  the  solemn 
duty  which  it  imposed.  There  was  a  mo- 
nientarv  lull  in  the  j)i'Ofeedin<;s  when  the 
people  found  that  they  had  reached  the 
point  when  the  execution  of  the  criminal 
was  all  that  remained  to  be  done.  Thev 
realized  that  the  crisis  of  the  trial  had  ar- 
rired.  On  the  faces  of  all  could  be  read 
their  unexpressed  anxiety  concerning  the  re- 
sult. What  man  among  them  possessed  the 
courage  and  commanding  power  equal  to 
the  exigencies  of  the  occasion! 

At  this  critical  moment,  the  necessity  for 
prompt  action,  which  had  so  disarranged 
and  defeated  the  consummation  of  the  trial 
of  two  other  desperadoes — Stinson  and  Ly- 
ons— was  met  by  Colonel  Sanders,  one  of 
the  counsel  for  the  prosecution,  who  now 
moved: 

"That  George  Ives  be  forthwith  hanged 
by  the  neck  until  he  be  dead." 

This  motion  so  paralyzed  the  ruffians 
that  before  they  could  recover  from  their  as- 
tonishment at  its  being  offered,  it  was  car- 
ried with  even  greater  unanimity  than 
either  of  the  previous  motions,  the  people 
having  increased  in  courage  as  the  work 
I)rogressed.  Some  of  the  friends  of  Ives 
now  came  up,  with  tears  in  their  eyes,  to  bid 
him  farewell.  One  or  two  of  them  gave  way 
to  immoderate  grief.  Meantime,  Ives,  him- 
self, beginning  to  realize  the  near  approach 
of  death,  begged  piteously  for  a  delay  until 
morning,  making  all  those  pathetic  appeals 
which  on  such  occasions  are  hard  to  resist. 
"I  want  to  write  to  my  mother  and  sister," 
said  he;  but  when  it  was  remembered  that 
he  had  written,  and  caused  to  be  sent  to  his 
mother  soon  after  he  came  to  the  country, 
an  account  of  his  own  inurder  by  Indians,  in 
order  to  deceive  her,  no  one  thought  the  rea- 
son for  delay  a  good  one. 

"Ask  him,"  said  one  of  the  crowd,  as  he 
held  the  hand  of  Col.  Sanders,  and  was  in 
the  midst  of  a  most  touching  appeal  for  de- 
lay, "ask  him  how  long  a  time  lie  gave  the 
Dutchman." 

He  made  a  will,  giving  everything  to  his 
counsel  and  his  companions  in  iniquity,  to 
the  exclusion  of  his  mother  and  sisters.  Sev- 
eral letters  were  written  under  his  dictation 


by  one  of  his  counsel.  In  the  meantime,  A. 
I{.  Davis  and  Robert  Hereford  prepared  a 
scaffold.  The  butt  of  a  small  pine,  forty 
feet  in  length,  was  placed  on  the  inside  of  a 
half-enclosed  building  standing  near,  under 
its  rear  wall,  the  top  projecting  over  a  cross- 
beam in  front.  Near  the  upper  end  was 
fastened  the  fatal  cord,  and  a  large  dry- 
goods  box  abont  five  feet  high  was  placed 
beneath  for  the  trap. 

Every  preparation  being  completed,  Ives 
was  informed  that  the  time  for  his  execution 
had  come.  He  submitted  to  be  led  quietly 
to  the  drop,  but  hundreds  of  voices  were 
raised  in  opposition.  The  roofs  of  all  the 
adjacent  buildings  were  crowded  with  spec- 
tators. While  some  cried,  "llang  the  ruf- 
fian," others  said,  "Let's  banish  him,"  and 
olliers  shouted,  "Don't  hang  him."  Some 
said  "Hang  Long  John.  He's  the  real  mur- 
derer," and  occasionally  was  heard  a  threat, 
"I'll  shoot  the  murdering  souls,"  accompa- 
nied by  curses  and  epithets.  The  flash  of  re- 
^■olvers  was  everywhere  seen  in  the  moon- 
light. The  guards  stood  firm  and  giim  at 
their  posts.  The  miners  cocked  their  guns, 
muttered  threats  against  all  who  interfered, 
and  formed  a  solid  phalanx  which  it  would 
have  been  madness  to  assault. 

When  the  culprit  appeared  ui)on  the 
l)latforni,  instant  stillness  pervaded  the  as- 
si-mbly.  The  usual  question,  "Have  yon 
anything  to  say?"  was  addressed  to  the  pris- 
oner, who  replied  in  a  distinct  voice: 

"I  am  innocent  of  this  crime.  Alex  Car- 
ler  killed  the  Dutchman." 

This  was  the  only  time  he  accused  any 
one  except  Long  John. 

He  then  expressed  a  wish  to  see  Long- 
John,  and  his  sym])athizers  yelled  in  appro- 
liation;  but  as  an  attempted  rescue  was  an- 
ticipated, the  request  was  denied. 

When  all  the  formalities  and  last  re- 
(piests  were  over,  the  order  was  given  to  the 
guard: 

"Men,  do  your  duly." 

The  click  of  a  hundred  gun-locks  was 
heard  as  the  guards  leveled  their  weapons 
upon  the  crowd,  and  the  box  flew  from  un- 
der the  murderer's  feet,  and  he  swung  "in 
the  night  breeze,  facing  the  pale  moon,  that 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


lighted  up  the  scene  of  retributive  justice." 
The  crowd  of  rescuers  fled  in  terror  at  the 
click  of  the  guns. 

"He  is  dead,"  said  the  judge,  who  was 
standiug  near  him.     "His  neck  is  broken." 

Henry  f^pivey,  who  voted  against  the 
conviction  of  Ives,  was  a  thoroughly  honest 
and  conscientious  man.  He  was  not  satis- 
lied  that  the  evidence  showed  Ives  to  be 
guilty  of  the  murder  of  Tiebalt.  and  as  this 
was  the  specific  charge  against  him,  he 
could  not  in  conscience  vote  for  his  convic- 
tion. He  said  that  if  Ives  had  been  tried  as 
a  road  agent,  he  would  have  voted  "guilty." 

The  execution  of  Ives  terrified  the  horde 
of  desperadoes.  No  revelation  had  yet  been 
made  that  was  sufficient  to  implicate  any  of 
them  in  the  nuinerous  murders  and  robber- 
ies that  had  been  committed.  The  people 
realized  that  the  work  of  ridding  the  com- 
munity of  thieves  and  cutthroats  was  but 
just  begun.  A  few  of  the  citizens  of  Vir- 
ginia and  Nevada,  therefore,  met  for  consul- 
tation on  the  day  succeeding  Ives'  execution, 
and  within  thirty-six  hours  a  league  was 
formed,  in  which  all  classes  joined,  for  the 
punishment  of  crime  and  the  protection  of 
the  people.  The  vigilance  committee  ap- 
pointed bj'  the  league  commenced  opera- 
tions at  once.  They  soon  arrested  a  notori- 
ous villain  by  the  name  of  Erastus  Yager, 
who,  from  the  redness  of  his  hair  and  whis- 
kers, was  familiarly  called  '"Red."  After  at 
first  denying  any  complicity  with  the  robber 
horde.  Red  confessed  his  guilt,  and  when  in- 
formed that  hanging  was  imminent,  gave 
the  names  of  other  members  of  the  gang. 

'•It's  pretty  rough,"  said  he,  "but  I  mer- 
ited this  fate  years  ago.  What  I  want  to  say 
is  that  I  know  all  about  this  gang.  There 
are  men  in  it  who  deserve  death  more  than 
I  do;  but  I  should  die  happy  if  I  could  see 
them  hanged  or  know  it  would  be  done.  I 
don't  say  this  to  get  off;  I  don't  want  to  get 
off." 

"It  will  be  better  for  you.  Red,"  said  the 
vigilantes,  "at  this  time  to  give  us  all  the 
information  in  your  possession,  if  only  for 
the  sake  of  your  kind.  Times  have  been 
very  hard.     Men  have  been  shot  down  in 


broad  daylight,  not  alone  for  money,  or  even 
hatred,  but  for  mere  luck  and  sport,  and 
this  must  have  a  stop  put  to  it." 

"I  agree  to  it  all,"  replied  "Red."  "No 
jioor  country  was  ever  cursed  with  a  more 
bloodthirsty  or  meaner  pack  of  villains  than 
this, — and  I  know  them  all." 

On  being  urged  by  the  leaders  to  furnish 
their  names,  which  he  said  should  be  taken 
down,  "Red"  gave  the  names  of  twenty-three 
men  who  formed  the  robber  band.  These 
men  were  bound  by  an  oath  to  be  true  to 
one  another,  and  were  required  to  perform 
services  as  stool  pigeons,  spies,  fences,  horse 
thieves,  telegraph  men,  and  roadsters,  ac- 
cording to  circumstances  and  their  qualifi- 
cations. The  penalty  of  disobedience  was 
death.  If  any  of  them,  under  any  circum- 
stances, divulged  any  of  the  secrets  or 
guilty  purposes  of  the  band,  he  was  to  be 
followed  and  shot  down  at  sight.  The  same 
doom  was  prescribed  for  any  outsiders  who 
attempted  an  exposure  of  their  criminal  de- 
signs, or  arrested  any  of  them  for  the  com- 
mission of  crime.  "Red"  acknowledged  that 
he  was  a  member  of  the  band,  but  declared 
that  he  was  not  a  murderer.  He  disclosed 
a  long  list  of  atrocities  committed  by  the 
band.  After  listening  to  this  disclosure, 
the  party  of  vigilantes  determined  that  the 
culprit  should  be  executed  immediately. 
"Red"  met  his  fate  with  courage.  He  ex- 
piessed  a  wish  that  he  might  be  kept  under 
arrest  and  not  hanged  until  he  had  wit- 
nessed the  execution  of  those  whose  names 
he  had  divulged,  and  who,  he  claimed,  were 
more  guilty  than  he.  After  the  rope  had 
been  adjusted  about  his  neck,  he  turned  to' 
one  of  the  vigilantes  and  said: 

"Let  me  beg  of  you  to  follow  and  punish 
the  rest  of  this  infernal  gang." 

"  "Red,'  "  replied  the  man,  "we'll  do  it  if 
there's  an\  such  thing  in  the  book." 

"(iood-by,  boys,'  said  "Red,"  "you're  on  a 
good  undertaking,     fxod  bless  you." 

The  stool  on  which  he  stood  fell,  and  the 
body  of  the  intrepid  freebooter  swung  life- 
less in  the  midnight  blast. 

Before  the  end  of  the  Civil  War  between 
twenty  and  thirty  desperadoes  had  been  exe- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


cuted  b\  the  vijiilancc  committee,  and  others 
were  banished  from  the  territory  for  vari- 
ous offenses. 

In  less  than  three  years  the  vigilance 
committee  had  transformed  this  mountainous 
mining  region  from  a  den  of  cutthroats  into 
an  abode  of  well-ordered  industry,  progress, 
and  social  order.  Politics  was  not  raen- 
tiontnl  in  the  deliberations  of  the  committee. 
Men  of  all  ranks,  ages,  nationalities,  creeds, 
and  political  atliliations  worked  together  in 
harmony.  A  common  danger  made  them 
one.  In  a  neighboring  territory  which  had 
no  committee,  sixty  homicides  were  commit- 
ted (according  to  a  local  paper),  without  a 
single  conviction.  Another  paper  declared 
that  "cemeteries  are  full  of  the  corpses  of 
veterans  in  crime  and  their  victims." 

That  crime  was  less  rampant  in  the  early 
days  of  the  eastern  than  those  of  the  west- 
ern portion  of  the  great  Northwest  is  not 
due  to  any  conditions  of  climate  or  environ- 
ment which  in  one  case  tend  to  develop  men 
into  peaceful  citizens  and  in  the  other  into 
criminals.  The  coiuparatively  peaceful  char- 
acter of  the  pioneers  of  ^linnesota  and  the 
Dakotas  is  to  be  ascribed  in  part  to  the  fact 
that  this  region  was  formed  by  nature  for 
agriculture  and  that  it  attracted  a  class  of 
people  who  were  content  to  earn  their  living 
by  the  slow  process  of  agriculture.  Such 
people  seldom  have  in  their  possession  large 
sums  of  money,  and  the  region  in  which  they 
live  does  not,  therefore,  form  as  attractive  a 
field  for  the  professional  robber  as  do  the 
gold  mining  districts.  It  is  possible,  in  an 
agricultural  section,  to  administer  justice 
approximately  according  to  the  forms  pre- 
scribed by  law. 

A  single  incident  will  illustrate  the  dif- 
ficulty of  holding  a  court  on  the  upper  Mis- 
sissippi sixty  years  ago. 

In  the  summer  of  1842,  the  region  l.ving 
between  Taylors  Falls  and  the  mouth  of  the 
St.  Croix  was  sparsely  settled.  In  that  sum- 
mer, Judge  Irwin,  then  living  at  Madison, 
in  Wisconsin  (which  was  then  a  territory 
and  included  Minnesota)  was  assigned  to 
hold  a  term  of  T'nited  States  district  court 
at  Stillwater,  the  county  seat  of  St.  Croix 
county.     He  embarked  on  a  steamboat  at 


Calena  and  landed  at  Fort  Snelling.  He 
had  learned  that  the  clerk  of  the  court  was 
a  man  by  the  name  of  Joseph  R.  Brown, 
and  that  he  resided  at  Stillwater;  further 
than  that  he  had  no  knowledge,  and  was  ig- 
norant of  any  route  or  means  of  conveyance 
from  the  fort  to  the  place  of  holding  the 
court.  The  commanding  officer  at  the  fort 
Iirovided  him  with  a  horse,  and  a  guide  to 
pilot  him  through  the  unsettled  country. 
Street  cars  now  make  regular  trips  every 
half  hour  between  the  same  points. 

Arriving  near  the  head  of  Lake  St. 
Croix,  and  inquiring  for  Mr.  Brown,  he  was 
directed  to  go  up  the  lake  shore  about  a 
mile  to  his  residence,  a  log  cabin.  This  was 
a  short  distance  above  the  present  site  of 
the  state  penitentiary.  The  judge  found 
the  cabin  occupied  by  an  Indian  woman  and 
children,  none  of  whom  could  either  speak 
or  understand  English.  Upon  inquiry  of 
some  people  who  were  building  a  saw  mill, 
he  learned  that  Mr.  Brown  was  at  his  trad- 
ing post  on  Gray  Cloud  island,  twenty  or 
more  miles  distant.  He  returned  *»  Fort 
Snelling  the  next  day,  and  took  the  first 
steamboat  down  the  river,  disgusted  with 
his  trip,  and  declared  that  the  next  time  he 
held  a  court  in  Stillwater  he  would  provide 
himself  with  moccasins,  clout,  and  blanket. 

The  first  term  of  territorial  court  held  in 
Minnesota  was  held  in  Stillwater  during  the 
second  week  of  August,  1849,  five  months 
after  ^linnesota  was  organized  as  a  terri 
tory.  The  second  term  of  court  was  held  by 
Judge  David  Cooper,  at  Stillwater,  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1850.  This  term  is  noted  for  having 
the  first  criminal  trial  for  murder  under 
Minnesota  laws.  It  was  a  case  of  a  boy 
about  thirteen  years  old,  by  the  name  of 
Snow,  killed  by  a  companion  about  the  same 
age,  on  Third  street,  St.  Paul.  The  prose- 
cution was  conducted  by  Morton  S.  Wilkin- 
son and  Putnam  Bishop;  the  defense  by 
Michael  E.  Ames  and  Henry  L.  Moss.  The 
tiring  was  from  the  southerly  side  of  the 
street,  with  an  ordinary  shotgun,  directly 
across  the  street,  where  stood  the  Snow  boy, 
—the  boys  looking  at  each  other.  A  single 
small  bird  shot  penetrated  the  eye  and  brain 
of  the  Snow  boy.     The  jury  convicted  the 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


boy  of  manslaughter,  holdlnji;  that,  even  in 
the  absence  of  malicious  intent,  the  firing  of 
a  gun  across  a  public  highway  where  people 
were  passing,  was  an  unlawful  act.  Judge 
Cooper,  in  pronouncing  sentence,  there  be- 
ing no  penitentiary  in  the  territory,  commit- 
ted him  to  the  guard  house  at  Fort  Snelling 
for  ninety  days,  during  the  first  two  and  the 
last  one  of  which  he  was  to  be  kept  in  close 
confinement  and  fed  on  bread  and  water. 
James  M.  Goodhue,  of  the  St  Paul  Pioneer, 
commenting  on  the  decision  of  Judge  Coop- 
er, said  it  was  a  specimen  of  dispensing  jus- 
tice in  homeopathic  doses. 

The  first  term  of  court  in  St.  Paul  was 
held  by  Judge  Aaron  Goodrich  in  a  public 
room  adjoining  the  bar-room  in  the  Amer- 
ican Hotel,  corner  of  Third  and  Exchange 
streets,  in  the  spring  of  1850. 

An  interesting  case  brought  before  the 
first  territorial  term  of  court  in  Minnesota 
concerned  a  prominent  member  of  the  bar, 
Mr.  William  D.  Phillips.  The  following 
sketch  of  the  case  is  related  by  Judge 
Charles  E.  Flandrau. 

Mr.  Phillips  was  a  native  of  Maryland, 
and  came  to  St.  Paul  in  1848.  He  was  the 
first  district  attorney  of  the  county  of  Ram- 
sey, elected  in  1849.  On  one  occasion,  when 
discussing  in  court  the  construction  of  a 
Minnesota  statute  with  an  attorney  fresh 
from  the  east,  his  adversary'  made  some 
classical  allusion  in  which  the  names  of 
Cicero  and  Demosthenes  occurred.  Mr.  Phil- 
lips, answering,  became  very  much  excited, 
aud  in  a  rising  flight  of  eloquence  said; 
''The  gentleman  may  be  a  classical  scholar; 
he  may  be  as  eloquent  as  Demosthenes;  he 
has  probably  ripped  with  old  Euripides, 
socked  with  old  Socrates,  and  canted  with 
old  Cantharides;  but,  gentlemen  of  the  jury, 
what  does  he  know  about  the  laws  of  Min- 
nesota?" 

The  indictment  against  Mr.  Phillips 
charged  him  with  an  assault  with  intent  to 
maim.  In  an  altercation  with  a  man,  he  had 
drawn  a  pistol  on  him,  and  the  defense  was 
that  the  pistol  was  not  loaded.  The  witness 
for  the  prosecution  swore  that  it  was,  and 
further,  that  he  could  see  the  load.  The 
prisoner,  as  the  law  then  was,  could  not  tes- 


tify in  his  own  behalf,  and  could  not  di- 
rectly dis])rove  this  fact.  He  was  convict- 
ed, and  fined  $2.5.  He  was  very  indignant, 
aud  gave  this  explanation  of  the  assertion 
of  the  witness  that  he  saw  the  load.  He 
said  he  had  been  out  electioneering,  and 
from  the  uncertainty  of  getting  his  meals  in 
such  an  unsettled  country,  he  carried  crack- 
ers and  cheese  in  the  same  pocket  with  his 
pistol.  A  crumb  of  cheese  had  got  into  the 
muzzle,  and  the  fellow  was  so  scared  when 
lie  looked  at  the  pistol  that  he  thought  it 
was  loaded  to  the  brim. 

About  the  year  1855,  says  Judge  Flan- 
drau, Mr.  John  B.  Brisbin  arrived  in  St. 
Paul  and  commenced  practice.  A  great  deal 
of  the  business  was  done  in  courts  of  justices 
of  the  peace,  and  Mr.  Brisbin  was  called  to 
Mendota  to  defend  a  client  who  was  charged 
with  tresijassing  on  another's  land  or,  as  we 
then  called  it,  "jumping  his  claim."  Major 
Xoah  appeared  for  the  plaintiff,  and  filed 
his  comi)laint.  Mr.  Brisbin  demurred  to  it, 
and  made  a  very  eloquent  and  exhaustive  ar- 
gument in  support  of  his  position.  The  jus- 
tice was  a  very  venerable  looking  old 
Frenchman  (the  greater  part  of  the  popula- 
tion being  French  at  that  time).  He  lis- 
tened very  attentively,  and  occasionally 
bowed  when  Mr.  Brisbin  became  most  im- 
pressive, leaving  the  impression  upon  the 
speaker  that  he  comprehended  his  reasoning 
and  acquiesced  in  his  conclusions.  When 
.Mr.  Brisbin  closed  his  argument,  Major 
>soah  commenced  to  address  the  court  in 
French.  Mr.  Brisbin  objected;  he  did  not 
understand  French,  and  judicial  proceed- 
ings must  be  conducted  in  English.  The 
major  replied  that  he  was  interpreting  to 
the  court  what  Mr.  Brisbin  had  been  saying. 
"I  desire  no  interpretation;  I  made  myself 
clear,"  said  Mr.  Brisbin.  "Certainly,"  said 
the  major,  "your  argument  was  excellent, 
but  the  court  does  not  understand  any  Eng- 
lish," which  was  literally  true.  It  is  said  that 
when  the  court  adjourned,  the  judge  was 
heard  to  ask  the  major,  "Est  ce  qu'il  y  a  une 
femme  dans  cette  cause  la?"  Whether  the 
judge  decided  the  case  on  the  theory  of  there 
being  a  woman  in  it,  history  has  failed  to 
record. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


In  1S44,  Henry  Jackson  of  ST.  Paul  was 
appoiuted  justice  of  the  peace.  There  was 
some  delay  in  the  arrival  of  his  commission, 
and  before  it  came,  a  couple  came  to  his 
house  and  asked  him  to  marry  them.  When 
he  told  theiu  he  was  not  yet  legally  a  jus- 
tice, and  therefore  could  not  lawfully  marry 
them,  they  were  terribly  disappointed.  They 
assured  him  that  they  could  not  possibly 
bear  the  shock  of  disappointment,  aud  beg- 
ged of  him  to  devise  some  way  of  uniting 
them,  for  their  hearts  already  "beat  as  one." 
''Well,"  said  Jackson  finally,  "I  can  nail  you 
together  so  that  perhaps  you'll  hold  till  my 
commission  comes,  but  I  can't  warrant  the 
job.  I'll  marry  you  by  bond,  if  that  will  be 
satisfactory."  "How's  that  done'.'"  inquired 
the  would-be  husband.  "\\'hy,"  said  Jaik 
son,  "you  can  give  me  a  bond  that  when  n)y 
commission  arrives  you  will  appear  and  be 
legally  married.  In  the  meantime,  you  may 
consider  yourselves  husband  and  wife,  re- 
membering that  you  are  only  quasi  married 
[•eople,  and  if  my  commission  fails  to  come, 
the  deal  is  off."'  Both  readily  assented  to 
the  quasi  marriage,  and  having  executed 
their  bond,  went  on  their  way  rejoicing.  The 
commission  arrived  in  due  time,  but  there  is 
no  record  accessible  to  show  whether  the 
quasi  union  was  ever  converted  into  a  legal 
one. 

Four  years  later,  the  same  justice  was 
trying  some  ordinary  case.  The  matter  had 
been  submitted  to  the  jury,  and  they  had  re- 
tired for  consultation,  being  locked  up  by 
the  constable  in  a  small  room  lighted  by  one 
small  window  which  was  at  a  considerable 
distance  from  the  ground.  One  of  the  six 
jurymen  was  a  skilled  violinist  who  was  al- 
ways in  demand  for  dancing  parties.  ( )ii 
the  day  of  the  trial,  a  man  had  come  from 
Stillwater  for  the  purpose  of  securing  the 
services  of  this  musician  for  a  ball  that  was 
to  be  held  in  that  city  that  very  night.  On 
finding  the  violinist  in  confinement,  he  be- 
came somewhat  uneasy  lest  the  wielder  of 
the  bow  should  be  detained  so  long  as  to 
prevent  his  reaching  the  ball-room  in  time. 
Unfortunately,  the  jury  had  great  difficulty 
in  agreeing  upon  a  verdict.  The  discussion 
of  the  case  was  conducted  with  considerable 


warmth,  and  several  times  the  jurors  nearly 
came  to  blows.  The  man  from  Stillwater, 
meanwhile,  became  desperate.  He  dared  not 
return  without  his  violinist.  He  deter- 
mined to  speak  with  him  at  all  hazards. 
I'rocuring  a  high  box,  he  placed  it  under  the 
window  and,  mounting  it,  succeeded  in  at- 
tracting the  attention  of  his  man  who  at 
once  approached  the  window  and  held  an  ex- 
tended ((mference  with  him.  At  this  point, 
one  of  the  jurors  who  had  disagreed  with 
the  violinist  accused  him  of  being  in  surrepti- 
tious communication  with  an  outsider  and 
of  being  guilty  of  conduct  which  exposed 
him  to  a  grave  suspicion  of  having  received 
a  bribe.  This  intimation  precipitated  a  fight. 
Chairs,  tables,  heads,  shins,  and  the  window 
wi'ii-  broken  in  the  melee.  Among  the  in- 
jured was  the  musician,  whose  right  arm 
was  dislocated.  The  constable  unlocked  the 
door  and  rushed  in  to  restore  the  peace;  the 
justice  and  the  people  followed.  The  jurors 
who  had  not  been  placed  hors  du  combat 
slipi)ed  out  of  the  room  in  the  confusion,  and 
this  ended  the  case.  For  the  benefit  of  those 
who  must  always  be  told  how  a  story  ''comes 
out,"  it  may  be  added  that  the  violinist  did 
not  draw  the  bow  that  night,  and  that  the 
Stillwater  ball  was  postponed. 

The  scene  now  shifts  to  Dakota.  Leav- 
ing the  pastoral  region  of  Minnesota,  we 
find  ourselves  once  more  in  a  rugged,  moun- 
tainous, mining  country.  The  following 
sketch  of  the  administration  of  justice  in  a 
court  of  law  is  taken,  with  some  changes  in 
wording,  from  "Life  in  the  Black  Hills,"  by 
Maj.  T.  M.  Newson. 

Street  scene.  Post-office.  Men  coming 
and  going;  a  strange,  mysterious  man  in  the 
irowd.  He  is  recognized  by  a  passenger, 
who  exclaims: 

"Here's  a  mail  robber!" 

Men  draw  their  pistols;  the  mysterious 
man  also  draws  and  runs.  He  is  pursued  by 
the  crowd,  firing  as  he  runs,  but  is  finally 
<aught  by  the  sheriff',  who,  flinging  his  arms 
about  him,  holds  him  fast.  He  is  found  to 
be  severely  injured,  and  the  sheriff",  with  the 
assistance  of  two  men,  conveys  him  to  jail. 
The  next  day  he  is  brought  into  court.  The 
judge  is  on  the  bench,  lawyers  are  present, 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWESt. 


and  the  court  room  is  filled  with  people. 
The  complaint  is  that  the  prisoner  is  guilty 
of  robbing  the  stage. 

Judge:  "What  have  you  to  say, — guilty 
or  not  guilty?" 

Before  the  prisoner  answers,  a  man  goes 
to  the  judge  and  speaks  a  few  words  to  him, 
when  the  judge  says: 

"The  court  orders  the  sheriff  to  produce 
one  of  the  prisoner's  boots." 

The  boot  is  produced  and  is  examined  by 
the  judge  and  others.  It  is  a  very  small 
one.  The  judge  now  turns  to  the  prisoner 
and  remarks: 

"Suspicions  are  now  conclusive,  by  the 
production  of  this  boot,  that  you  belie  your 
sex,  and  are  not  what  you  appear  to  be — 
that  is,  you  are  a  woman!  Do  you  plead 
guilty  to  this  charge?" 

"May  it  please  your  honor,  I  do,  and  if 
permitted  would  like  to  make  a  few  re- 
marks. I  am  a  woman !  I  mean  no  wrong. 
I  did  not  rob  the  stage,  but  was  with  the 
parties  who  did.  Drawn  into  their  cob-web 
of  villainy,  I  could  not  break  away  from 
them  without  losing  my  life,  and  may  it 
please  your  honor,  every  resolution  I  made 
was  broken.  I  plead  guilty  to  the  last,  but 
not  to  the  first  charge,  and  if  I  may  be  per- 
mitted to  skip  the  town  this  time,  you  may 
be  assured,  your  honor,  that  I  will  never 
enter  it  again." 

"Madam,"  said  the  judge,  "you  are  in  a 
very  singular  predicament, — charged  with 
robbing  the  stage  and  violating  all  social 
and  civil  law  by  appearing  in  the  character 
of  a  male.  Under  ordinary  circumstances, 
the  law  would  deal  harshly  with  you,  but  I 
take  the  responsibility  of  setting  you  at  lib- 
erty." With  thanks  to  the  judge  for  his 
leniency,  the  woman  walks  out  of  the  court 
room  and  disappears. 

EDUCATION. 

The  first  annual  report  of  the  state  super- 
intendent of  public  instruction  was  made  to 
the  state  legislature  of  Minnesota,  January 
14, 1861,  by  Edward  D.  Neill,  the  state  super- 
intendent. For  this  report,  only  fourteen 
counties  frunished  data.  Eighty-two  coun- 
ties for  the  report  made  forty  years  later. 
A  recommendation  was  made  by  the  state 


superintendent  in  this  first  report  which  is 
interesting  as  being  the  precursor  of  a  se- 
ries of  recommendations  made  by  his  suc- 
cessors for  the  past  forty  years,  a  recom- 
mendation of  a  plan  of  organization  that 
has  been  adopted  in  many  states  very  much 
to  the  advantage  of  their  school  system,  but 
which  has  failed,  thus  far,  to  meet  the  ap- 
proval of  the  legislature.  In  the  report  of 
1861,  the  suj)erintendent  says: 

"Under  the  law  no  pupil  can  go  to  school 
beyond  the  boundaries  of  the  district  where 
his  parents  or  guardian  reside.  Separated 
by  a  slough  or  marsh  from  the  school  house 
of  his  own  district,  he  cannot,  except  by 
special  permission  of  the  trustees,  attend 
the  school  of  another  district,  which  may  be 
in  sight  of  his  father's  house.  The  conse- 
quence is  that  some  families  are  obliged  to 
pay  a  school  tax  from  year  to  year,  while 
their  children  are  debarred  the  privileges  of 
public  instruction.  To  obviate  this  it  is 
recommended  that  each  civil  township  form 
a  corporation  for  school  purposes,  and  that 
each  family  in  the  state  be  allowed  to  send 
children  to  any  public  school  that  may  be 
selected." 

The  reason  given  by  Dr.  Neill  for  the 
adoption  of  the  township  system  for  the 
organization  of  schools  was  not  the  strong- 
est that  might  have  been  given.  Hon.  W. 
W.  Pendergast,  in  his  report  of  Nov.  20, 
1804,  gives  thirt^'-two  excellent  reasons  why 
the  township  unit  would  be  advantageous. 
These  reasons  are  based  on  the  experience 
of  states — some  of  tliem  younger  in  state- 
liood  than  Minnesota — which  are  enjoying 
the  benefits  which  result  from  this  system. 

In  1861,  there  were  no  county  superin- 
tendents of  schools.  The  state  superintend- 
ent recommended  that  a  uniform  series  of 
text-books  be  adopted  for  use  in  all  the 
schools  of  the  state.  This  plan  has  since 
been  tried — for  fifteen  years — and  repudiat- 
ed by  the  people.  Another  recommendation 
was  that  |1,000  be  appropriated  by  the  leg- 
islature for  the  purpose  of  buying  library 
books  which  might  be  sold  to  school  dis- 
tricts by  the  state  at  low  rates.  Since  1861, 
laws  have  been  passed  by  which  any  district 
that  will  purchase  a  suitable  library  may 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


receive  aid  from  the  state  to  the  amount  of 
|2()  for  tlie  first  year,  and  |10  for  each  suc- 
ceeding year.  The  present  value  of  school 
district  libraries  in  Minnesota  is  |!245,0()(>. 

A  question  that  has  arisen  and  which 
continues  to  arise  in  every  state  of  the  union 
was  in  1861  considered  such  an  important 
one  that  Dr.  Neill  used  it  for  a  displayed 
caption  in  his  report: — Shall  the  Bible  be 
read  in  public  schools? — The  opinion  of  the 
attorney  general  was  obtained  in  order  that 
the  state  superintendent  might  answer  with 
authority  the  many  letters  which  came  to 
him  from  those  who  favored  or  disfavored 
the  practice.  The  attorney  general  in  18(50 
said: 

"In  reply  to  your  communication,  I  would 
call  your  attention  to  the  fact  that  in  the 
first  sentence  of  the  constitution  of  the  state 
there  is  a  grateful  recognition  of  God,  and 
also  that  the  school  law  requires  'that  no 
teacher  shall  be  employed  who  shall  not  be 
first  examined  and  found  qualified  in  moral 
character.'  By  common  consent  the  moral- 
ity of  the  Bible  is  esteemed  superior  to  the 
ethics  of  any  other  book.  *  *  *  Some 
profess  to  be  scrupulous  in  relation  to  send- 
ing children  to  any  public  school  where  mor- 
al instruction  is  given;  and  others  ecjually 
honest  do  not  wish  to  patronize  a  school 
where  there  is  no  recognition  of  God.  Now, 
it  is  unfair  that  either  party  should  deprive 
the  children  of  the  other  of  a  school  support- 
ed by  common  taxation.  *  »  *  j  there- 
fore recommend  that  the  teacher,  a  few  min- 
utes before  or  after  the  recitations  of  the 
day,  reads  a  portion  of  the  scriptures  and 
unites  with  the  scholai's  in  offering  the 
Lord's  prayer,  with  the  express  understand- 
ing that  when  the  parents  or  guardians 
make  the  request,  the  children  of  such  are 
not  to  be  compelled  to  attend  the  scripture 
services." 

It  will  be  interesting  to  compare  with 
the  above  the  following  ruling  of  another  at- 
torney general  of  Minnesota,  rendered  De- 
cember 10,  1895: 

"*  *  *  The  question  involves  a  con- 
struction of  section  16  of  Article  one  of  the 
constitution,  wherein  it  is,  among  other 
things,  provided: 


"  'Nor  shall  any  man  be  compelled  to  at- 
tend, erect,  or  support  any  place  of  wor- 
ship.'    »     *     « 

"In  Wisconsin,  the  supreme  court  *  *  * 
held  that  the  reading  of  the  scriirtures  in  a 
jiublic  school  was  in  violation  of  the  consti- 
fntion,  in  that  it  compelled  one  to  support 
a  place  of  worship.     *     *     * 

"No  distinction  can  in  principle  be  drawn 
between  the  opening  of  a  school  with  prayer 
and  the  reading  of  the  scrij^ture.  *  *  * 
If  one  is  unlawful,  the  other  is  also.  It  is 
the  purpose  of  the  law  of  this  state  to  per- 
mit no  intrusion  into  our  public  schools  of 
any  religious  teachings  whatever.  They  are 
lo  be  kept  purely  secular  in  character  *  *  * 
where  children  may  assemble  for  purposes 
of  instruction  in  authorized  subjects  and  in- 
cidental moral  improvement.  *  *  *  You 
are  advised  that  the  practice  *  *  *  is 
violative  of  the  constitution." 

In  1851,  the  legislature  of  the  Territory 
of  Minnesota  created  in  the  university  a  de- 
partment of  the  theory  and  practice  of  in- 
struction, and  in  1858,  a  state  normal  school 
was  established  at  Winona.  In  the  *year 
1860-61  the  state  had  between  sixty  and 
seventy  normal  school  pupils;  in  the  year 
18!)!»-iy00,  it  had  2,376.  The  chairman  of  the 
liormal  school  prudential  committee  report- 
I'd  at  that  time  that  to  support  normal 
school  instruction  for  the  ensuing  year, 
there  would  be  required  an  appropriation  of 
at  least  |5,000:  The  current  expenses  of 
our  four  normal  schools  for  the  year  1899- 
]900  amounted  to  |10S,000.  Three  normal 
school  instructors  were  then  employed;  now 
there  are  eighty-five. 

In  1861,  the  state  university  consisted  of 
;i  "costly  pile  of  stone  *  *  *  with  about 
fifty  rooms  without  windows,''  together  with 
"a  debt  of  about  eighty  thousand  dollars 
and  no  available  means  for  its  liquidation." 
The  next  year,  State  Superintendent  B.  F. 
Crary  reported  of  the  state  university:  "It 
is  now  nothing  but  a  perplexity  and  a  shame 
to  all  who  feel  any  desire  to  see  education 
advance.  The  building  is  utterly  unfit  for 
educational  purposes.  *  *  *  The  state  has 
no  need  for  it,  and  no  means  to  endow  it." 
The  legislature  of  1867  appropriated  $15,000 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


for  repairing  and  furnishing  the  university 
building  "and  for  the  eniploj-ment  of  a  teach- 
er or  teachers"  for  the  institution.  I'rof. 
W.  W.  Washburne  was  employed  as  princi- 
pal, and  before  the  end  of  the  year  two 
other  teachers  were  employed.  The  number 
of  students  enrolled  was  44;  "31  males  and 
13  females."  In  1900,  the  number  of  stu- 
dents enrolled  was  3,400. 

The  first  apportionment  of  the  current 
school  fund  in  February,  1863,  amount- 
ed to  112,308.  The  amount  apportioned  in 
the  year  1900  was  |1,311,000.  The  per- 
manent school  fund  in  1863  was  less  than 
half  a  million  dollars.  In  1901  it  was  over 
112,000,000.  In  the  following  pairs  of  num- 
bers, the  first  number  in  each  pair  refers  to 
the  year  1862,  and  the  second,  to  the  year 
1900;  Number  of  districts  reported,  1,072 — 
7,000;  number  of  persons  of  school  age,  50,- 
644 — 575,000;  number  attending  public 
school,  22,913—390,000;  number  of  teachers^ 
1,165—12,000.  In  1863,  Freeborn  county  had 
the  largest  number  of  pupils — 5,024 — of  any 
county  in  Minnesota;  Hennepin  county 
(the  county  in  which  Minneapolis  is  located) 
comes  next,  with  4,514;  Olmsted  county  fol- 
lows with  3,804;  and  Ramsey  county  (in- 
cluding the  city  of  St.  Paul)  had  3,679  pupils. 
The  corresponding  numbers  in  1900  were: 
Freeborn,  9,500;  Hennepin,  55,000;  Olm- 
sted, 6,500;  and  Ramsey,  37,000.  In  1863, 
the  average  monthly  compensation  of  male 
teachers  was  |21,  and  of  female  teachers 
$13.  In  1900,  the  average  monthly  wages 
were  $65  and  |40,  respectively. 

The  county  superintendency  of  schools 
was  created  in  Minnesota  in  1864,  for  such 
counties  as  chose  to  have  their  county  com- 
missioners appoint  superintendents.  The 
law  was  amended  later  so  as  to  provide  for 
the  election  of  a  superintendent  by  the  peo- 
ple in  each  county.  The  first  state  educa- 
tional journal  was  established  in  1867  and 
was  called  the  Minnesota  Teacher.  It  was 
founded  by  William  W.  Payne,  Esq.,  county 
superintendent  of  schools  for  Dodge  county. 
Mr.  Payne  is  now  professor  of  mathematics 
and  astronomy  in  Carleton  college,  in  North- 
field. 

In  1861,  the  state  normal  board  was  di- 


rected by  law  to  select  a  list  of  text-books 
for  use  in  the  common  schools  of  the  state. 
The  books  selected  were  to  be  used  in  all  the 
schools  for  five  years.  In  1867,  the  law 
having  expired,  the  state  superintendent 
recommended  its  renewal.  State  uniformity 
of  text-books  has  been  since  tried  in  the 
state  but  has  been  proved  unsatisfactory. 
I'nder  the  present  law,  the  board  of  educa- 
tion in  any  district  may  contract  with  pub- 
lishers for  text-books  of  their  own  selection, 
and  may  furnish  them  free  to  the  pupils  at- 
tending the  schools.  In  1867,  the  state 
superintendent  of  public  instruction  asked 
the  legislature  to  appropriate  the  sum  of 
|3,000  to  be  used  annually  for  holding  teach- 
ers' institutes  in  different  parts  of  the  state. 
The  legislature  responded  to  this  call.  The 
sum  now  annually  appropriated  for  this  pur- 
pose is  $27,000.  These  institutes  and  training 
schools  are  now  attended  by  about  7,000 
teachers. 

The  past  thirty  years  has  witnessed  a 
wonderful  development  of  the  state.  Min- 
nesota now  has  115  state  high  schools,  each 
receiving  |800  annually  from  the  state;  110 
state  graded  schools,  each  receiving  $200 
annually  from  the  state;  190  semi-graded 
schools,  each  receiving  flOO  from  the  state; 
and  660  stiite  rural  schools,  each  receiving 
|75  from  the  state. 

In  Dakota,  the  first  biennial  report  of 
the  territorial  board  of  education  was  made 
in  1888.  Below  will  be  found  in  tabular 
form  some  statistics  which  will  indicate  the 
growth  of  the  educational  system  of  Dakota 
in  the  past  sixteen  years. 


Number  of  School  Districts 

Total  Value  of  School 
Houses,  Sites,  and  Fur- 
niture   

Number  of  Male  Teachers 
Employed 

Number  of  Female  Teach- 
ers Employed 

Average  Montiily  Wages  of 
Male  Teachers 

Average  Monthly  Wages  of 
Female  Teachers 

Number  of  Children  of 
School  Age 

Number  of  Children  enroll- 
ed in  the  Public  Schools . . 

Amount  paid  for  Teachers' 
Wages 


2,04S 
$38.43 
$31.71 
77,499 
50,031 
$394,785.00 


1,434 

2,587,865 
1,178 
2,905 
$41.72 
$35.81 
92,009 
77,686 
$818,792 


3,204 
$33.01 
$30.25 
98,013 
77,338 
$751,950 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


The  following  table  shows  the  advance- 
ment made  in  the  educational  field  in  Mon- 
tana for  the  past  thirty  j'ears: 


1868 

1878 

1888 

1898 

No.  of  Districts..  . 

Enrollment 

No.  of  Teacliers... 

25 
1,359 

27 

105 

5,315 

116 

$59.70 

$88,284.00 

316 

27,600 

442 

$62.50 

$646,670.00 

669 
49,478 
1,086 
$60.00 

Value     of    School 

$1,875,965.00 

Apportionment.  .. 

$12,099.00 

$44,478.00 

$371,442.00 

$575,332.00 

Montana  has  a  free  text-book  law,  a 
compulsory  education  law,  a  good  school 
library  law,  a  normal  school  at  Dillon,  and 
an  agricultural  college  at  Bozeman. 

Of  the  twenty-four  county  superintend- 
ents of  schools  in  Montana,  twenty-one  pre- 
fix the  title  Miss,  two  that  of  Mrs.  and  one 
that  of  Mr.  to  their  names. 

MILITARY  HISTORY. 

This  section  of  the  history  of  the  grcar 
Northwest  is  treated  in  five  subdivisions: 
1.  Early  Indian  Wars;  2.  The  Black  Hawk 
War  of  1832;  3.  The  Sioux  War,  1862-63; 
4.  The  Civil  War,  1861-65;  5.  The  Spanish- 
American  War. 

EARLY  INDIAN  WARS. 

In  the  seventeenth  century  the  Ojibway 
Indians  resided  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Su- 
perior. They  were  then  on  friendly  terms 
Mith  the  Dakotas  or  Sioux  who  then  occu- 
pied the  headwaters  of  the  Mississippi  and 
the  country  lying  between  that  country  and 
the  Great  Lakes.  The  good  feeling  between 
them  was  such  that  intermarriages  took 
place  between  them.  But  ill-will  was  cre- 
ated through  a  quarrel  between  an  Ojibway 
and  a  Dakota  gallant  respecting  a  woman 
both  were  courting.  The  woman  was  a  Da- 
kota, and  the  affair  took  place  at  a  village 
of  her  people.  She  preferred  the  Ojibway, 
and  the  rejected  gallant  took  the  life  of  his 
rival.  This  affair  did  not  precipitate  war, — 
it  only  reminded  the  warriors  of  the  two 
tribes  they  had  once  been  enemies.  Shortly 
after  this  quarrel,  four  Ojibway  braves — 
brothers  who  resided  at  Fond  du  Lac,  on 
Lake  Superior — paid  a  friendly  visit  to  the 
Dakotas  at  Mille  Lacs.  During  this  visit 
one  of  the  brothers  was  treacherously  mur- 
dered.    Again  the  three  survivors  visited 


grille  Lacs,  and  this  (ime  two  of  them  were 
killed,  only  one  returning  to  his  home. 
Their  aged  father  blacked  his  face  in  mourn- 
ing, and  his  head  hung  down  in  sorrow. 

Once  more  his  sole  surviving  son  asked 
l)erniission  to  pay  the  Dakotas  a  peace  visit 
that  he  might  look  on  the  graves  of  his  de- 
ceased brethren.  His  sorrow  stricken  pa- 
rent said  to  him:  "Go,  my  son,  for  prob- 
ably they  have  struck  your  brothers  through 
mistake."  A  full  moon  passed  and  the  son 
(lid  not  return.  Now,  for  the  first  time,  the 
bereaved  father  began  to  weep,  and  he 
mourned  bitterly  for  his  lost  children. 

"An  Ojibway  warrior  never  throws  away 
his  tears,"  and  he  determined  to  have  re- 
venge. For  two  years  he  busied  himself  in 
making  preparations.  With  the  fruits  of 
his  hunting  he  procured  ammunition  and 
other  materials  for  a  war  party.  At  last 
he  summoned  the  warriors  of  his  tribe 
from  the  remotest  villages  to  go  with  him 
and  search  for  his  lost  children.  Nearly 
all  of  them  collected  at  the  appointed  time 
at  Fond  du  Lac,  eager  to  stain  their«Bcalp- 
ing  knives  with  the  blood  of  their  ancient 
foes.  Having  made  the  customary  prepara- 
tions, they  left  Fond  du  Lac  and  followed  the 
ti-ail  to  Mille  Lacs,  where  the  blood  of  their 
fellow  braves  had  been  spilt.  The  vanguard 
of  the  Ojibways  fell  on  the  Dakotas  at  Cor- 
morant Point  early  in  the  morning,  and  sucli 
was  the  fury  of  the  attack  that  before  the 
lear  had  arrived  the  village  had  been  almost 
entirely  exterminated.  The  Ojibways  then 
hastened  to  the  larger  Dakota  village  at  the 
outlet  of  the  lake. 

After  a  brave  defence  with  their  bows 
and  barbed  arrows,  the  Dakotas  took  refuge 
in  their  earthen  lodges  fi'om  the  more  deadly 
weapons  of  their  enemy.  The  Ojibways  dis- 
lodged them  by  dropping  bags  of  powder 
through  the  smoke  holes  in  the  tops  of  the 
lodges.  The  Dakotas  were  not  acquainted 
w  ith  the  nature  of  powder,  and  supposed, 
when  the  powder  bags  exi)loded,  that  the 
spirits  were  aiding  their  foes.  They  there- 
fore gave  up  the  fight  in  despair  and  were 
easily  dispatched.  It  was  thus  that  the 
Ojibways  obtained  (heir  footing  in  the  Mille 
Lacs  region. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


lu  two  subsequent  wars,  the  Ojibways 
wrested  from  the  Dakotas  the  valley  of  the 
St.  Croix,  the  upper  Mississippi  valley,  and 
the  valleys  of  the  Wisconsin  and  Chippewa 
rivers.  Many  other  conflifts  occurred  be- 
tween these  tribes  before  the  permanent 
coming  of  the  white  man. 

THE  BLACK  HAWK  WAR. 

This  brief  sketch  of  the  Black  Hawk 
War  follows  nminly  the  account  given  by 
Ueuben  Gold  Thwaites,  secretary  of  the 
State  Historical  Society  of  Wisconsin,  in 
his  "Story  of  the  Black  Hawk  War." 

Few  events  in  the  early  history  of  the 
Northwest  were  as  picturesque,  as  tragical, 
or  as  fraught  with  mighty  consequence  as 
this.  On  November  3,  1804,  the  United 
States  government  concluded  a  treaty  with 
the  Sac  and  Fox  Indians,  by  which,  mainly 
for  the  paltry  annuity  of  one  thousand  dol- 
lars, the  confederacy  ceded  to  the  whites 
50,000,000  acres  of  land,  comprising  eastern 
Missouri,  southwestern  Wisconsin  (then  in- 
cluded in  Michigan  Territory),  and  north- 
western Illinois.  This  would  amount  to  an 
annual  rental  of  one  cent  for  each  500  acres. 
There  was  an  unfortunate  clause  in  Article 
7  of  the  treaty,  which  became  one  of  the 
chief  causes  of  the  Black  Hawk  War.  It 
was  stipulated  that  "as  long  as  the  lands 
which  are  now  ceded  to  the  United  States 
remain  their  property" — that  is,  public 
land — "the  Indians  belonging  to  the  said 
tribes  shall  enjoy  the  privilege  of  living  or 
hunting  upon  them." 

Within  the  limits  of  the  cession  was  the 
chief  seat  of  the  Sac  power, — a  village  beau- 
tifully situated  on  the  banks  of  the  Missis- 
sippi near  Rock  Island.  The  principal  char- 
acter in  this  village  was  Black  Hawk, — a 
leader  by  common  consent  though  not  a 
hereditary  or  elected  chief.  He  was  rest- 
less and  ambitious,  but  without  great  ca- 
pacity. He  aroused  the  passions  of  his  peo- 
ple by  appealing  to  their  prejudices  and 
superstitions.  He  was  probably  honest, 
however,  in  his  motives.  But  he  was  in- 
fluenced by  the  British  agents,  who  before 
1812  continually  endeavored  to  excite  the 
hostility  of  the  northwestern  tribes  against 


the  Americans.  ^loreover  the  conduct  of 
the  Americans,  with  whom  he  associated 
daily,  was  such  as  to  shock  his  high  sense 
of  honor,  and  contrasted  sharply  with  the 
courteous  treatment  accorded  to  him  by  the 
British  officers. 

At  the  outbreak  of  the  War  of  1812, 
Black  Hawk  naturally  sided  with  Tecumseh 
and  the  British,  and  was  present  at  the 
battle  of  the  Thames  in  1813,  where  Tecum- 
seh was  killed.  During  his  absence  with 
Ihat  chief,  he  claims  that  a  fatal  injury  was 
inflicted  by  the  Americans  upon  an  aged 
friend.  It  was  therefoi-e  eighteen  months 
after  the  treaty  of  Ghent  before  Black  Hawk 
could  be  induced  to  cease  his  retaliatory 
forays.  It  is  not  to  be  wondered  at  that  he 
hated  the  Americans.  They  brought  him 
nothing  but  evil.  A  personal  insult  was,  in 
the  winter  of  1822-23,  added  to  the  national 
or  tribal  injuries  received  at  the  hands  of 
the  Americans.  Some  white  settlers  at  that 
time  gave  him  a  cruel  and  unmerited  beat- 
ing, and  he  nourished  revengeful  feelings 
which  boded  no  good  to  the  white  race. 

In  the  summer  of  1823,  squatters,  covet- 
ous of  the  rich  fields  cultivated  by  the  Sacs, 
began  to  take  possession  of  them.  The 
Treaty  of  1801  had  guaranteed  to  the  In- 
dians the  use  of  the  ceded  territoi'y  so  long 
as  the  lands  remained  the  propei'ty  of  the 
United  States  and  were  not  sold  to  individ- 
uals. The  Sacs  would  not  have  complained 
(so  they  said)  if  the  squatters  had  settled 
in  other  portions  of  the  tract,  and  not 
sought  to  steal  the  village,  which  was  their 
birth[ilace,  and  contained  the  cemetery  of 
their  tribe.  These  were  outrages  of  the 
most  flagrant  nature.  Indian  cornfields 
were  fenced  in  by  the  intruders,  squaws  and 
children  were  whijiped  for  venturing  beyond 
the  bounds  thus  set,  lodges  were  burned 
over  the  heads  of  the  occupants. 

The  evil  grew  worse  year  by  year.  When 
the  Indians  returned  each  spring  from  their 
winter's  hunt,  they  found  their  village  more 
of  a  wreck  than  when  they  had  left  it  in  the 
fall.  It  is  surprising  that  they  acted  so 
peacefully  while  the  victims  of  such  harsh 
treatment. 

Keokuk  (head  chief  of  the  Sac  and  Fox 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


fonfederafv)  advised  peaceful  I'etreat  across 
ihe  Mississippi.  But  Black  Hawlv  was  stub- 
born as  well  as  romantic,  and  his  people 
stood  by  him.  He  now  claimed  that  the 
Indians  had  not,  in  the  treaty  of  1804,  agreed 
that  the  land  on  which  Black  Hawk's  village 
stood  slionld  ever  become  the  property  of 
the  T'nited  States.  He  ignored  the  fact  that 
he  had  subsequently  signed  three  treaties, 
each  of  which  had  reaffirmed  the  cession  of 
1804. 

In  the  winter  of  1830  Black  Hawk  and 
his  band  returned  from  an  unsuccessful 
hunt  to  find  their  town  almost  completely 
shattered,  many  of  the  graves  plowed  over 
and  the  whites  more  abusive  than  ever. 
During  the  winter  the  squatters,  who  had 
been  seven  years  illegally  upon  the  ground, 
had  finally  jire-empted  a  few  quarter  sec- 
tions of  land  at  the  mouth  of  Rock  River, 
so  selected  as  to  cover  the  village  site  and 
the  Sac  cornfields.  This  was  a  trick  to  ac- 
cord with  the  letter  but  to  violate  the  treaty 
of  1804.  There  was  still  a  belt  fifty  miles 
wide,  of  practically  unoccupied  territory, 
from  which  the  selection  of  lands  might 
have  been  made.  When  Black  Hawk  re- 
turned to  his  village  in  the  spring  of  1831, 
he  was  fiercely  warned  away  by  the  whites, 
upon  which  he  retorted  that  he  should  use 
force,  if  necessary,  to  remove  them. 

Becoming  alarmed,  the  settlers  called 
upon  the  governor  of  Illinois  for  military 
assistance.  He  responded  by  sending  into 
the  disturbed  region  a  force  of  1,C00  mount- 
ed volunteers.  These,  with  ten  companies 
of  regulars  under  Gen.  Gaines,  appeared  be- 
fore Black  Hawk's  village  on  June  25,  1831. 
That  night  the  Indians  quietly  withdrew  to 
the  west  bank  of  the  IMississippi.  On  the 
30th  they  signed  an  agreement  never  to  re- 
turn to  the  east  side  without  the  permission 
of  the  United  States  government.  The 
British  encouraged  the  Indians  to  rise 
against  the  whites,  and  aid  was  proffered  by 
several  tribes  of  Indians  from  the  East. 
Many  elements  in  the  white  population  saw 
benefits  to  be  derived  from  it.  It  would 
give  occupation  to  loafers,  cause  money  to 
circulate  freely,  give  opportunity  for  Indian 
haters  to  hunt  the  red  man,  present  chances 


for  jxilitical  preferment,  and  afford  excite- 
ment and  adventure  for  those  who  craved  it. 
April  6,  1832,  Black  Hawk,  with  500  war- 
riors, crossed  to  the  east  side  of  the  ^lissis- 
sii)pi,  thus  invading  Illinois,  (ieneral  At- 
kinson ordered  him  to  recross,  but  he  re- 
turned a  defiant  answer.  Sixteen  hundred 
volunteers  hurried  to  the  scene  of  actioa 
^Vmong  these  was  Abraham  Lincoln,  who 
served  as  a  captain.  Jefferson  Davis  was  at 
this  time  a  lieutenant  in  a  regiment  of  regu- 
lars which  saw  service  in  the  war.  In  a 
preliminary  skirmish,  a  body  of  irregular 
militia  was  put  to  fliglit  by  an  inferior  force 
of  Indians,  after  which  Black  Hawk's  band 
ravaged  the  country,  killing  settlers, — men, 
women,  and  children.  After  much  desul- 
tory marching  and  fighting,  a  decisive  battle 
was  fought  at  the  mouth  of  the  Bad  Axe 
River  in  Wisconsin,  about  forty  miles  above 
I'rairie  du  Chien,  the  Indians  being  com- 
pletely routed.  This  was  on  August  2,  1832. 
A  few  days  later  Black  Hawk  was  captured. 
Out  of  the  band  of  nearly  one  thousand  In- 
dians who  had  taken  part  in  the  beginning 
of  the  war,  not  more  than  one  hundred  and 
fifty  remained  "to  tell  the  tragic  story  of  the 
Black  Hawk  War— a  tale  fraught  with  dis- 
honor to  tlie  American  name."  Black  Hawk 
was  kept  a  jirisoner  in  Fortress  Monroe 
until  the  summer  of  1833.  Black  Hawk 
died  at  the  age  of  seventy-one,  in  1838,  on  a 
small  reservation  set  apart  for  him  and  his 
personal  followers  in  Davis  county.  Iowa. 

THE  SIOUX  WAR  OF  1862-63. 

When  Jonathan  Carver  visited  the 
Northwest  in  1706,  the  country  lying  upon 
the  Mississippi  river  above  the  Falls  of  Sr, 
Anthony  and  below,  into  what  is  now  north- 
ern Iowa,  and  that  included  in  and  adjacent 
to  the  valley  of  the  St.  Peters  or  Minnesota 
from  its  source  to  its  mouth,  as  well  as  the 
prairie  conntry  between  these  rivers  was 
occupied  by  the  Sioux  or  Dakota  Indians. 
They  were  a  powerful  and  warlike  nation, 
and  might  be  found  west  of  Minnesota  as 
far  as  the  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
Four  tiibes  of  Sioux  resided  in  Minnesota — 
the  Medawakonton,  ^^'apl'ton.  Wapekuta, 
and  Sisseton  tribes. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


The  Wapekutas  claimed  the  country  on 
Cannon  river,  on  the  headwaters  of  the 
Blue  Earth  and  that  lying  immediately 
west.  The  Wapetons  occupied  the  Big 
Woods.  Their  ancient  home  was  the  vicin- 
ity of  the  Little  Kapids  on  the  Minnesota, 
near  Henderson.  The  Medawakontons  at 
one  time  lived  in  the  Mille  Lacs  region.  The 
Sissetons  occupied  the  Minnesota  valley 
from  St.  Peter  to  Little  Rock.  These  four 
tribes  comprised  what  were  known  as  the 
Annuity  vSioux  of  Minnesota,  and  had  at 
many  times  received  presents  from  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  United  States. 

In  1816,  the  United  States  entered  into  a 
treaty  with  the  Sioux,  in  which  these  In- 
dians relinquished  all  claim  to  lands  ceded 
to  the  United  States  by  Great  Britain, 
Prance,  and  Spain.  In  1830,  the  govern- 
ment entered  into  a  treaty  with  the  four 
great  tribes  above  mentioned,  by  the  terms 
of  which,  in  consideration  of  their  relin- 
quishing all  claim  to  a  large  tract  of  land, 
the  United  States  agreed  to  make  them 
large  presents  in  goods,  to  furnish  a  black- 
smith to  reside  among  them,  to  provide  an 
educational  fund  for  them,  and  to  give  them 
three  thousand  dollars  annually  for  ten 
years.  In  a  treaty  made  at  Washington,  in 
1837,  and  others  concluded  at  Traverse  des 
Sioux  and  Mendota,  Minn.,  in  1851,  the 
Sioux  ceded  to  the  United  States  all  their 
lands  within  the  present  limits  of  Minne- 
sota. At  the  same  time,  two  reservations 
were  assigned  to  the  Indians — on  the  upper 
Minnesota.  These  treaties  provided  for  a 
large  annuity  fund  of  over  three  million 
dollars.  In  another  treaty  negotiated  in 
1858,  a  plan  was  adopted  looking  toward 
the  civilization  of  the  Indians.  To  all  who 
would  abandon  their  tribal  relations  and 
adopt  the  customs  of  the  whites,  lands  were 
assigned  in  severalty — eighty  acres  to  each 
head  of  a  family.  Farm  buildings  were 
erected  for  the  Indians  on  these  lands,  they 
were  furnished  with  implements  and  cattle, 
and  they  were,  moreover,  paid  for  the  labor 
they  performed,  and  were  permitted  to  keep 
their  crops  for  their  own  benefit. 

By  1862,  there  were  about  one  hundred 
and  sixty  such  farms,  and  among  the  sav- 


ages thus  civilized  were  Little  Crow — the 
leading  sjjirit  in  the  following  massacres — 
and  many  of  his  band.  This  humane  scheme 
for  the  benefit  of  the  red  men  was  to  a  large 
extent  thwarted  by  the  blanket  Indians, 
ihat  is,  those  who  declined  to  yield  to  the 
influences  of  civilization.  When  the  latter 
tired  of  the  chase  and  the  war  path,  they 
camped  among  the  farmer  Indians,  living  off 
their  savings,  thus  compelling  them  to  aban- 
don their  civilized  mode  of  life. 

The  Indians  claimed  that  the  govern- 
ment had  failed  to  carry  out,  or,  at  least, 
had  very  imperfectly  fulfilled,  its  treaty  ob- 
ligations. This  claim  had  doubtless  some 
foundation  in  the  dishonesty  of  traders  and 
others  through  whose  hands  money  passed 
after  having  been  disbursed  by  the  govern- 
ment agent.  "The  cession  of  their  terri- 
tory," says  I.  V.  D.  Heard,  in  his  "History 
of  the  Sioux  War,"  "is  necessarily  enforced 
upon  the  Indians  by  the  advance  of  the 
white  race.  •  *  *  Were  the  treaties 
fairly  obtained,  and  all  their  stipulations 
fully  carried  out,  regrets  for  the  home  they 
have  lost,  and  the  narrow  limits,  soon  desti- 
tute of  game,  into  which  they  are  crowded, 
would  soon  bring  repentance  of  their  bar- 
gain, and  force  a  bloody  termination  of  the 
conflict  of  the  races.  But  the  treaties  are 
born  in  fraud,  and  all  their  stipulations  for 
the  future  are  curtailed  in  iniquity. 

"The  traders,  knowing  for  years  before 
that  the  whites  will  purchase  the  lands,  sell 
the  Indians  goods  on  credit,  expecting  to 
realize  their  pay  from  the  consideration  to 
be  paid  by  the  government.  They  thus  be- 
come interested  instruments  to  obtain  the' 
consent  of  the  Indians  to  the  treaty;  and 
by  reason  of  their  familiarity  with  their  lan- 
guage, and  the  assistance  of  half-breed  rela- 
tives, are  possessed  of  great  facilities  to  ac- 
complish their  object.  The  persons  deput- 
ed by  the  government  to  efl'ect  a  treaty  are 
compelled  to  procure  their  co-operation  and 
this  they  do  by  providing  that  the  sums  due 
them  from  the  Indians  shall  be  paid.  The 
traders  obtain  the  concurrence  of  the  Indi- 
ans by  refusing  to  give  thein  further  credit, 
and  by  representing  to  them  that  they  will 
receive  an  immense    amount    of    money    if 


HISTORY  OP  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


they  sell  their  lands,  and  thenceforth  will 
live  at  ease,  with  plentj-  to  eat,  and  plenty 
to  wear,  plenty  of  powder  and  lead  and  of 
whatever  else  they  may  request.  After  the 
treaty  is  agreed  to,  the  amount  of  ready 
money  'which  the  government  agrees  to 
pay  them'  is  absorbed  by  the  exorbitant  de- 
mands of  the  traders  and  the  expense  of 
removing  the  Indians  to  their  reservations. 
After  that,  the  trader  no  longer  looks  to  the 
Indians  for  his  pay;  he  gets  it  from  their 
annuities.  Claims  for  depredations  ui)on 
white  settlers  are  also  deducted  out  of  their 
moneys  before  they  leave  Washington;  and 
these  are  always,  when  based  on  fact,  dou- 
ble the  actual  loss,  for  the  Indian  depart- 
ment is  notoriously  corrupt,  and  the  hand 
manipulating  the  machinery  must  be 
crossed  with  gold.  The  demand  is  not  only 
generally  unjust,  but  instead  of  its  being 
deducted  from  the  moneys  of  the  wrong- 
doer, it  is  taken  from  the  annuities  of  all. 
This  course  punishes  the  innocent  and  re- 
wards the  guilty,  because  the  property  tak- 
en by  the  depredator  is  of  more  value  than 
the  slight  percentage  he  loses.   About  f 400,- 

000  of  the  cash  payments  due  the  Sioux  un- 
der the  treaties  of  iSol  and  1S52  were  paid 
to  traders  on  old  indebtedness.  So  intense 
was  the  indignation  of  the  Indians  that 
there  was  serious  apprehension  that  they 
would  attack  the  government  officials  and 
traders.  The  opposition  of  Bed  Iron,  the 
I»rincipal  chief  of  the  Sissetons,  became  so 
boisterous  that  he  was  broken  of  his  chief- 
tainship by  Governor  Eamsey,  the  superin- 
tendent of  Indian  affairs." 

From  the  same  work  we  condense  an  ac- 
count of  an  interview  between  Red  Iron 
and  Governor  Ramsey  in  December,  185-. 
Red  Iron  was  brought  in,  guarded  by  sol- 
diers. He  was  about  forty  years  old,  tall 
and  athletic,  six  feet  high,  with  a  large, 
well-developed  ht^ad,  aijuiline  nose,  thin, 
compressed  lips,  and  physiognomy  beaming 
with  intelligence  and  resolution.  The  gov- 
ernor, in  the  midst  of  a  breathless  silence, 
ojjened  the  council. 

Governor  Ramsey  asked,  "What  excuse 
have  you  for  not  coming  to  the  council  when 

1  sent  for  you?" 


The  Dakota  chief  rose  with  native  grace 
and  dignity,  his  blanket  falling  from  his 
shoulders,  and  ])urposely  dropping  the  pipe 
of  peace,  he  stood  erect  before  the  governor 
with  his  arms  folded  and  his  right  hand 
pressed  upon  the  sheath  of  his  scalping 
knife.  With  the  utmost  coolness  and  a  de- 
fiant smile  playing  upon  his  thin  lips  and 
his  eyes  sternly  fixed  upon  the  governor, 
with  firm  voice  he  replied: 

"I  started  to  come,  but  your  braves 
drove  me  back." 

Governor:  "I  thought  you  a  good  man; 
but  you  have  since  acted  badly,  and  I  am 
disposed  to  break  j-ou — I  do  break  you." 

Red  Iron:  "You  break  me!  My  people 
made  me  a  chief;  my  people  love  me;  I  will 
still  be  their  chief;  I  have  done  no  wrong." 

Governor:  "Red  Iron,  why  did  you 
march  here  with  your  braves  to  intimidate 
other  chiefs  and  prevent  their  coming  to 
the  council?" 

Red  Iron:  "^\'e  have  heard  how  the 
chiefs  were  served  at  Mendota — by  secret 
councils  ynu  got  their  names  on  paper  and 
took  away  their  money.  We  don't  wAt  to 
be  served  so.  We  come  to  council  in  the 
daytime,  when  the  sun  shines,  and  we  want 
no  councils  in  the  dark.  When  we  signed 
the  Mendota  treaty,  the  traders  threw  a 
blanket  over  our  faces,  and  darkened  our 
eyes,  and  made  us  sign  papers  we  did  not 
understand,  and  which  were  not  explained 
or  read  to  us.  We  want  our  Great  Father 
at  Washington  to  know  what  has  been 
done." 

Governor:  "The  Great  Father  wants 
you  to  leave  the  money  in  my  hands  to  pay 
the  debts  your  tribe  has  incurred.  If  you 
refuse,  I  will  take  the  money  back." 

Red  Iron:  "You  can  take  the  money 
back!  AVe  sold  our  land  to  you,  and  you 
promised  to  pay  us.  If  you  do  not  give  us 
the  money,  I  will  be  glad,  and  all  our  people 
will  be  glad,  for  then  we  will  have  our  land 
back.  The  treaty  was  not  interpreted  or 
explained  to  us.  AVe  are  told  that  it  gives 
about  .fROO,000  of  our  money  to  the  traders. 
A\'e  do  not  think  we  owe  them  so  much. 
We  want  to  pay  our  debts.  We  want  our 
Great  Father  to  send  three  good  men  here 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


to  tell  US  how  much  we  really  owe,  and 
whatever  they  say,  we  will  i)ay  and  that  is 
what  all  our  chiefs  and  people  say." 

Governor-  "That  can't  be  done.  You 
owe  more  than  your  money  will  pay.  The 
agent  will  pay  your  annuity — and  no  more 
— when  you  are  ready  to  receive  it." 

Red  Iron:  "We  will  receive  our  annu- 
ity, but  will  sign  no  papers  for  anything 
else.  We  are  poor;  you  have  plenty.  Your 
fires  are  warm;  your  tepees  keep  out  the 
cold.  We  have  nothing  to  eat.  We  have 
been  waiting  a  long  time  for  our  moneys. 
Our  hunting  season  is  past.  A  great  many 
of  our  people  are  sick  with  hunger.  We 
have  sold  our  hunting-grounds  and  the 
graves  of  our  fathers,  \^'e  have  no  place  to 
bury  our  dead,  and  jou  will  not  pay  us  the 
money  for  our  lands.'" 

The  council  was  broken  up,  and  Red 
Iron  was  sent  to  the  guard-house,  where  he 
was  kept  till  next  day.  It  was  for  a  long 
time  doubtful  whether  the  Indians  at  this 
council  would  consent  to  receive  their  annu- 
ities as  a  price  for  abandoning  their  lands. 
They  finally  concluded  to  do  so,  being  in- 
fluenced by  three  principal  considerations: 
First,  many  of  them  had  come  hundreds  of 
miles  in  the  dead  of  winter,  and  were,  with 
their  families,  in  a  starving  condition;  sec- 
ond, several  Indians  who  had  been  impris- 
oned for  attacking  the  Chippewas  were  to 
be  released  in  case  the  bargain  was  made; 
third,  large  presents  were  ottered  them,  and 
certain  braves  were  promised  chieftain- 
ships if  the  Indians  would  sign. 

The  summer  of  1862  seemed  to  the  Sioux 
a  remarkably  favorable  time  for  redressing 
their  wrongs  and  sweeping  the  white  invad- 
ers from  their  ancient  hunting  grounds. 
The  Federal  army  had  been  meeting  with 
serious  reverses  in  its  conflict  with  the 
South;  the  braves  noticed  as  they  passed 
through  the  settlements  that  the  able-bodied 
men  were  absent — they  were  bearing  arms 
on  southern  fields — and  the  half-breeds 
who  could  read  assured  the  Indians  that 
soldieis  of  the  Great  Father  were  being 
whipped  by  the  southern  "niggers."  They 
believed  that  the  country  h.ad  nearly  ex- 
hausted its  resources,  that  it  was  going  to 


ruin,  and  that  it  would  not  be  able  to  pay 
them  any  more  annuities.  In  July,  5,000 
Sioux  assembled  at  the  Upper  Agency  (at 
the  mouth  of  the  Yellow  Medicine  river)  to 
make  inquii'v  about  the  payment  of  their 
annuity.  They  remained  here  for  some 
time,  suttering  from  hunger  and  sev- 
eral dying  from  starvation.  They  man- 
aged to  appease  their  appetites  with 
roots  which  they  dug  from  the  ground,  and 
when  corn  was  dealt  out  to  them  they  de- 
voured it  uncooked.  On  August  4,  they 
broke  into  the  government  warehouse  and 
seized  the  provisions  stored  there,  cutting 
down  the  American  flag  in  the  presence  of 
one  hundred  armed  soldiers.  Finally  they 
were  induced  to  return  to  their  reservation 
on  the  issue  of  a  large  quantity  of  provi- 
sions. Similar  scenes  occurred  at  the 
Lower  Agency,  which  was  situated  on  the 
Minnesota  river,  about  fourteen  miles 
above  Fort  Ridgely. 

"Thus,"  says  Heard,  "on  the  17th  day  of 
August,  lSr.2,  we  find  the  instinctive  hatred 
of  this  savage  and  ferocious  people,  who  are 
able  to  bring  into  the  field  1,300  well-armed 
warriors,  the  most  expert  and  daring  skir- 
mishers in  the  world,  fanned  to  a  burning 
heat  by  many  years  of  actual  and  of  fancied 
wrong,  and  intensified  by  fears  of  hunger 
and  cold." 

On  Sunday,  August  17,  eight  Indians 
found  some  hens'  eggs  on  the  prairie,  near 
Acton  (now  Grove  City),  in  Meeker  county. 
When  one  of  them  proposed  to  eat  them,  an- 
other tried  to  dissuade  him,  saying  that 
they  were  the  eggs  of  a  tame  fowl  and  be- 
longed to  the  whites.  "You  are  a  coward," 
retorted  the  first,  as  he  dashed  the  eggs  to 
the  ground;  "I  am  brave;  there  is  a  white 
man's  ox;  see  how  brave  I  am,"  and  raising 
his  gun,  he  shot  and  killed  the  ox.  "And 
now,"  he  continued,  "I  am  going  to  kill  a 
white  man."  The  party  then  separated  in- 
to two  groujjs  of  four,  each  intent  on  prov- 
ing its  bravery.  One  party  reached  the 
house  of  Mr.  Howard  Baker,  and  seeking  a 
quarrel  with  him  and  his  family,  shot  and 
killed  four  persons.  The  surrounding  coun- 
try was  thrown  into  the  greatest  alarm. 

When  Little  Crow  heard  of  this  affair, 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


hp  had  some  difticulty  in  deciding  how  to 
act.  If  he  became  the  friend  of  the  whites 
he  would  incur  the  undying  hatred  of  his 
people,  and  forfeit  his  supremacy  as  a  lead- 
er among  them.  If,  on  the  other  hand,  he 
should  join  in  a  war  upon  the  whites,  which 
he  now  saw  was  inevitable,  he  would  be  in- 
volved in  the  ruin  which  he  foresaw  must 
result  from  a  conflict  with  a  mighty  nation. 
He  decided  to  join  his  own  people.  "Let  us 
go  to  the  agency,"  said  he,  "kill  the  traders, 
and  take  their  goods." 

The  war  now  burst  upon  the  state  like  a 
whirlwind.  On  August  18,  the  Lower 
Agency  was  sacked  and  the  inhabitants 
murdered:  on  the  same  day,  the  massacres 
extended  on  both  sides  of  the  Minnesota  to 
within  six  miles  of  New  Ulm,  and  up  the 
river  to  the  Yellow  Medicine.  We  quote 
again  from  Heard: 

"The  naked  forms  of  the  savages,  hide- 
ous with  paint,  their  mad  shouts  and  wild 
merriment,  increased  the  horrors  of  the  vic- 
tim. Former  friendsliip  and  kindness 
availed  nothing.  On  the  contrary,  the  In- 
dians started  oil'  at  first  to  the  neighbor- 
hood where  they  had  camped  on  their  hunt- 
ing excursions,  and  had  been  hospitably 
treated  by  those  whom  they  now  murdered. 
Helplessness,  innocence,  tender  age,  pray- 
ers, tears — none  of  these  induced  mercy. 
They  sened  but  to  furnish  embellish- 
ments to  the  tale  to  be  told  for  the  plaudits 
of  the  camp,  where  narratives  of  common 
slaughter  had  become  stale,  and  excess  in 
cruelty  received  the  palm.  *  *  *  Noth- 
ing which  devilish  ingenuity  could  suggest 
in  the  way  of  groti'scpie  horror  was  omit- 
ted." 

On  the  day  of  the  massacre  at  Redwood 
Agency,  Captain  Marsh  and  thirty-nine  men 
perished  near  Fort  Ridgely;  nine  survivors 
escaped  to  the  fort.  Attacks  were  soon  af- 
ter made  on  New  Ulm  and  Fort  Ridgely, 
but  the  Indians  were  repulsed  at  both 
places.  To  detail  the  scenes  of  pillage, 
burning,  outrage  and  slaughter  that  fol- 
lowed would  be  to  fill  the  mind  of  the  read- 
er with  horror  and  to  repeat  a  tale  with 
which  many  are  already  familiar.     Only  the 


salient  points  of  the  narrative  can  be  no- 
ticed. 

August  20,  Ceiiei'al  Sibley  started  from 
Fort  Snelling  with  1,-100  men,  toward  the 
scene  of  the  trouble.  He  arrived  at  Birch 
Coolie  on  September  3,  too  late  to  save  a 
company  of  soldiers  and  citizens  which  had 
been  surrounded  by  the  Indians  in  the 
coolie  the  day  before  and  nearly  all  killed. 
In  the  latter  part  of  September,  about  two 
hundred  and  fifty  captive  women  and  chil- 
dren were  surrendered  to  General  (then 
("olonel)  Sibley,  at  Camp  Release,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  ( "hippewa  river,  and  many  In- 
dians surrendered  at  the  same  time.  On 
the  I'Cth  of  December,  1862,  thirty-eight  of 
the  leaders  in  the  massacres  were  executed 
by  hanging  at  Mankato. 

After  his  defeat  in  Minnesota,  Little 
Crow,  with  his  followers,  fled  to  Devils 
Lake,  in  North  Dakota.  Here  he  vainly 
tried  to  enlist  some  of  the  western  tribes  in 
the  war  against  the  whites.  In  June,  1863, 
•  Jeneral  Sibley,  with  a  force  of  about  2,500 
men,  started  in  pursuit  of  the  Sioux  <iJiief- 
tain.  About  the  same  time  General  Sully, 
vvitli  a  large  body  of  cavalry,  passed  up  the 
ilissouri  to  co-operate  with  Sibley  by  cut- 
ting olf  the  retreat  of  the  savages.  Mean- 
time small  squads  of  Indians  straggled 
back  into  the  state  and  renewed  the  atroci- 
ties of  the  preceding  j'ear,  camping  at  one 
time  with  twelve  miles  of  St.  Paul.  Little 
(-"row,  himself,  with  Indian  bravado,  came 
to  the  very  center  of  the  state.  Here,  near 
the  village  of  Hutchinson,  he  was  shot  on 
the  3d  of  -July.  The  leading  spirit  of  the 
Sioux  war  thus  i)assed  to  other  scenes.  His 
skull  may  be  seen  in  the  rooms  of  the  Min- 
nesota State  Historical  Society. 

We  i-eturn  now  to  the  expeditions  of 
(Jenerals  Sibley  and  Sully. 

The  object  of  these  exjieditions  was  to 
further  chastise  the  Sioux  who  had  massa- 
cred the  settlers  in  Minnesota,  and  to  com- 
pel their  complete  submission.  General 
Sibley  succeeded  in  driving  the  hostile  In- 
dians— all  who  did  not  escape  to  British 
territory  or  retui'u  to  ^linnesota — across 
the  Missouri.     Lieut.   David   L.  Kingsbury, 


illSTOKY  OF  THE  GUKAT  NURTHWESt. 


of  the  Eighth  Minnesota  Volunteer  Infan- 
tiy,  who  accompanied  the  expedition  of 
General  Sully  the  next  year,  has  given  a 
graphic  narrative  of  the  campaign,  from 
which,  by  his  permission,  liberal  extracts 
are  made  in  the  account  which  follows.  The 
force  under  General  Sully  was  composed  of 
the  Eighth  Minnesota  Volunteer  Infantry 
mounted,  commanded  by  Lieut.  Col.  Henry 
C.  Rogers;  six  companies  of  the  Second  Min- 
nesota Volunteer  Cavalry,  commanded  by 
Col.  Robert  N.  McLaren;  the  Third  Minne- 
sota Battery;  forty -five  scouts;  eleven  com- 
panies of  the  Sixth  Iowa  Cavalry;  three 
companies  of  the  Seventh  Iowa  Cavalry; 
two  companies  of  Dakota  Cavalry;  the 
Thirtieth  Wisconsin  Volunteer  Infantry;  Col. 
N.  Pope's  Battery;  and  Brackett's  Minnesota 
Battalion  of  Cavalry. 

The  command  started  from  the  Missouri 
river,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cannon  Ball,  July 
19,  1864.  Nine  days  later,  the  Indian  camp 
was  discovered  at  Tahakouty  (Killdeer) 
mountain,  near  the  headwaters  of  the 
Heart  river.  So  confident  were  they  of 
their  ability  to  crush  our  troops  that  their 
old  men,  squaws  and  children  assembled  in 
front  of  their  camp  to  witness  the  destruc- 
tion of  our  little  army  of  2,200  men  by  their 
5,000  braves.  The  savages  were  so  badly 
defeated  that  they  had  no  opportunity  to 
move  their  village  or  any  of  their  supplies. 
The  Indian  village,  consisting  of  sixteen 
hundred  rawhide  tepees,  with  many  tons  of 
pemmican,  buffalo  meat,  and  other  supplies, 
were  destroyed.  About  20,000  buffalo  robes 
were  thrown  by  the  Indians  into  a  deep  can- 
yon. Many  of  these  were  secured  by  the 
traders,  llie  destruction  of  this  camp  and 
its  supplies  was  a  great  loss  to  the  In- 
dians. "Indian  against  Indian,  it  would 
have  been  impregnable;  and  it  had,  no 
doubt,  been  their  winter  home  for  genera- 
tions." 

"To  soldiers,  or  others,"  says  Lieut. 
Kingsbury,  "who  have  not  seen  or  heard  an 
Indian  charge,  it  cannot  be  described.  It  is 
calculated  to  strike  terror  into  the  hearts 
of  the  bravest.  I  have  not  the  command  of 
words  to  attempt  to  give  any  proper  de- 
scription of  it,  and  can  make  no  better  com- 


I)arison  (imaginary,  of  course)  than  with  the 
imps  of  hell  let  loose.'' 

After  passing  through  the  Bad  Lands, 
the  Indians  were  again  encountered.  They 
attacked  our  troops  with  about  7,000  war- 
riors, but  they  were  repulsed  with  a  loss  of 
about  three  hundred  killed — our  loss  being 
nine.  "I  may  venture  the  opinion  here," 
says  Lieut.  Kingsbury,  "that,  if  the  Indians 
had  been  as  well  armed  at  this  time,  or 
even  at  the  fight  of  Killdeer  Mountain,  as 
were  those  at  the  Custer  fight,  the  result 
would  have  been  as  disastrous." 

The  ^linnesota  contingent  arrived  at 
Fort  Ridgely  on  its  return,  on  October  8, 
after  an  absence  of  four  months.  "In  that 
time,''  says  Lieut.  Kingsbury,  "we  had 
marched  sixteen  hundred  and  twenty-five 
miles;  had  wiiipped  the  savages  at  an  esti- 
mated loss  to  them  of  four  or  five  hundred 
killed  and  many  wounded;  and  had  forever, 
settled  the  Indian  question  east  of  the  Mis- 
souri river.  Thus  it  was  made  possible  for 
white  immigrants  to  settle  and  develop  a 
territory  equal  in  area  to  the  New  England 
states.  It  was  believed  at  that  time  to  be 
almost  a  desert,  fit  only  for  Indians  and 
buffaloes;  but  now  it  supports  a  large  and 
industrious  population,  and  is  one  of  the 
greatest  wheat  and  cattle  producing  re- 
gions in  the  world." 

Two  companies  of  cavalry  were  organ- 
ized in  Dakota  for  service  in  the  Sioux  War. 
They  did  valiant  service.  Company  A  was 
organized  at  Yankton,  in  April,  1862,  to 
serve  three  years.  The  commissioned  ofii- 
cers  were :  Captain,  Nelson  Miner ;  first  li'eu- 
tenant,  James  M.  Bacon;  second  lieutenant, 
David  Benjamin.  Company  B  was  organ- 
ized at  Sioux  City  in  1863,  to  serve  three 
years.  Its  commissioned  officers  were: 
Captain,  William  Tripp;  first  lieutenant, 
John  R.  Wood;  second  lieutenant,  T.  El- 
wood  Clark.  Both  regiments  were  mustered 
out  in  1865,  by  reason  of  expiration  of  term 
of  service.  The  record  shows,  also,  that 
First  Lieut.  John  K.  Fowler  resigned  from 
Company  A  on  May  1, 1863,  and  that  Second 
Lieut.  Frederick  Ploghatt'  resigned  from  the 
siame  company  on  July  20,  1863. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


THE  CIVIL  WAR. 

No  narrative,  however  extended,  ran  do 
full  justif-e  to  the  patriotism  and  the  valor 
displayed  and  to  the  sufferings  endured  by 
ihe  citizens  of  the  great  Northwest  in  the 
struggle  for  the  Union,  which  continued 
from  ISfil  to  1805. 

Minnesota  furnished  for  service  in  the 
Civil  War,  one  regiment  of  heavy  artillery, 
three  l)atteries  of  light  artillery,  two  regi- 
ments and  two  battalions  of  cavalry,  two 
companies  of  sharpshooters,  and  eleven 
regiments  of  infantry, — in  all,  24,203  men. 

The  causes  of  the  Civil  War  are  well 
known,  and  no  attemi)t  will  be  made  here 
to  recapitulate  them. 

Fort  Rumter  surrendered  to  the  Confed- 
erates April  14,  1801.  On  the  same  day,  and 
the  day  before  President  Lincoln  issued  a 
call  for  Union  troops,  Alexander  Ramsey, 
the  governor  of  ilinnesota,  addressed  a 
communication  to  the  secretary  of  war,  in 
which  he  said: 

"As  the  executive  of  the  state  of  Minne 
sota,  I  hereby  tender  to  the  government  of 
the  United  States,  on  the  part  of  that  state, 
one  thousand  men  to  be  ready  for  service  as 
soon  as  the  necessary  information  can  be 
communicated  to  the  people  there."  This 
was  the  first  tender  of  troops  made  to  the 
government  for  service  in  the  Civil  War. 
President  Lincoln  issued  a  proclamation, 
calling  for  75,000  volunteers,  on  April  15. 
On  the  same  day,  at  a  meeting  of  the  Pio- 
neer Guards  of  St.  Paul,  Minn.,  several 
members  signed  an  enlistment  roll.  The 
first  name  signed  was  that  of  Josias  E. 
King,  who  claims  the  honor  of  being  the 
senior  volunteer  in  the  United  States  serv- 
ice in  the  Civil  War.  Mr.  King  afterward 
became  first  sergeant  of  Company  A,  and 
finally  captain  of  Company  G,  of  the  1st 
-Minnesota.  This  state,  therefore,  which 
was  at  that  time  the  last  to  enter  the  Union, 
was  the  first  to  spring  to  its  defense.  The 
Minnesota  First  was  mustered  into  the  serv- 
ice of  the  United  States  on  April  29,  and 
was  the  senior  three-years  regiment  in  the 
service. 

On  June  14,  the  regiment  was  ordered  to 
Washington  and  eight  davs  later  wa$  on  its 


way  down  the  Mississipjii.  The  delay  was 
due  to  the  fact  that  some  of  the  companies 
were,  when  marching  orders  came,  doing 
garrison  duty  at  Forts  Ridgely  and  Ripley. 
Just  before  the  battle  of  Hull  Run,  an 
incident  occurred  which  is  typical  of  one 
phase  of  army  life.  The  men  had  not  yet 
ac(]uired  that  keen  relish  for  the  army  ra- 
tion which  is  necessary  to  a  condition  of 
perfect  content.  Strict  orders  had  been  is- 
sued against  foraging.  A  squad  of  Minne- 
sotans,  bringing  the  dressed  quarters  of  a 
young  beef  into  camp,  were  met  by  Col. 
Franklin,  the  brigade  commander.  Gor- 
man, the  ^linnesota  colonel,  rode  up  while 
Franklin  was  interrogating  the  delinquents, 
and  in  his  stentorian  voice,  poured  upon  the 
men  such  a  volume  of  denunciation  and  in- 
vective that  Franklin  at  once  assented  to 
his  proposition  to  leave  the  men  to  him — 
fJorman — for  such  punishment  as  would  be 
an  effective  example  to  the  regiment.  When 
Franklin  had  ridden  away,  Gorman  turned 

to  the  trembling  culprits.     "Now,  you,'' 

he  shouted,  "take  up  that  beef  and  g!)  to 
your  regiment,  and  don't  disgrace  it  by  ever 
getting  caught  in  any  such  scrape  again." 
The  men  enjoyed  the  fresh  beef  and  profited 
by  their  colonel's  advice,  for  in  their  subse- 
quent foraging  they  were  more  wary. 

At  Bull  Run,  Ball's  Bluff,  in  McClel- 
lan's  Peninsular  campaign.  Pope's  battles 
around  Washington,  Antietam,  Fredericks- 
burg, and  Chancellorsville,  the  Minnesota 
First  was  where  the  fighting  was  fiercest. 
Space  cannot  be  taken  to  detail  the  heroic 
deeds  performed  by  otTicers  and  men  in 
these  battles  and  campaigns,  and  only  a 
bare  allusion  can  be  made  to  the  histori<- 
charge  of  the  Minnesota  First  at  Gettys- 
burg. It  is  absolutely  without  parallel  in 
military  history.  In  this  charge,  the  regi- 
ment lost  82  per  cent  of  its  number;  the 
loss  of  the  Light  Brigade  in  the  famous 
charge  at  Balaklava  was  75  per  cent.  Gen. 
Hancock,  who  ordered  the  charge,  is  quot 
ed  as  saying:  "There  is  no  more  gallant 
deed  recorded  in  hisfor\';  it  had  to  be  done, 
and  I  was  glad  to  have  a  regiment  at  hand 
willing  to  make  the  terrible  sacrifice  that 
the    occasion    demanded."     The     regiment 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


sei'vt'tl  in  tlu'  Ainiy  of  the  Potomac  until 
the  end  of  the  war. 

The  Second  Rejcinient  was  orpjanized  in 
July,  1861,  and  served  in  the  Army  of  the 
Cumberland,  taking  part  in  the  battles  of 
Mill  Springs,  rerryville.  Triune,  Tullahoma, 
Chickamauga,  Chattanooga,  Mission  Ridge, 
tlie  Atlanta  campaign,  Sherman's  march  to 
the  sea,  and  Sherman's  northward  march 
from  Savannah  to  Raleigh.  Passing  through 
Richmond  after  its  capture,  the  regiment 
participated  in  the  grand  review  in  Wash- 
ington. May  24,  ISfiS,  and  was  disbanded  on 
the  2(lth  of  July. 

On  the  morning  succeeding  the  battle  of 
Chickamauga  "a  muster  and  roll  call  of  the 
regiment  was  had,  and  every  man  of  the 
Second  Minnesota,  of  the  three  hundred  and 
eighty-four  who  commenced  the  battle  on 
the  l!)th  was  accounted  for;  thirty-five  had 
been  killed,  one  hundred  and  thirteen 
wounded,  fourteen  captured,  and  two  hun- 
dred and  twenty-two  were  present  for  duty, 
unhurt.  This  report  attracted  the  atten- 
tion of  the  brigade  commander,  who,  after 
verifying  its  correctness,  said,  in  his  official 
report  of  the  battle,  'It  is  a  noticeable  fact 
that  the  Second  Minnesota  Regiment  had 
not  a  single  man  among  the  missing,  or  a 
straggler,  during  the  two  days'  engage- 
ment.' "  The  officers  who  served  as  colo- 
nels of  the  Second  Regiment  were  H.  P. 
Van  Cleve,  James  George,  and  J.  W. 
Bishop. 

The  Third  Regiment  embarked  at  Fort 
Snelling,  Nov.  17,  1861.  After  an  honora- 
ble service  of  about  a  year,  in  Missouri, 
Kentucky  and  Tennessc-e,  it  returned  to 
Minnesota  and  took  part  in  the  campaign  of 
1862  against  the  Indians.  The  next  impor- 
tant service  of  this  regiment  was  rendered 
at  the  siege  of  Vicksburg.  After  the  sur- 
render of  that  stronghold,  on  July  4,  1863, 
the  ^Minnesota  Third  formed  part  of  the  ex- 
pedition which  was  commanded  by  Gen. 
Steele  in  the  Arkansas  campaign  of  1863. 
Space  cannot  be  taken  to  recount  the  gal- 
lant deeds  of  this  regiment  in  Arkansas,  in 
the  battles  of  Fitzhugh's  Woods,  Pine  Blutf 
and  Devall's  Bluff. 

It  was  the  Third  Minnesota  and  the  Ren- 


ville Rauirers  that  did  Ihe  fighting  at  the 
haltle  of  Wood  Lake — the  battle  that 
marks  the  collapse  of  the  Sioux  War  of  1862. 
I  )n  the  28d  of  September  the  regiment,  with 
other  troops,  was  on  the  east  bank  of  the 
Yellow  iledicine  river,  near  Wood  Lake. 
Early  in  the  morning,  a  few  of  the  men 
started  with  some  wagons  to  find  fresh  veg- 
etables. When  about  two  miles  from  camp, 
on  the  prairie,  a  number  of  Indians  sprang 
up  from  the  grass  and  fired,  mortally 
wounding  one  of  the  men.  Leaping  to  the 
ground,  the  men  returned  the  fire.  On  hear- 
ing the  firing,  the  regiment  in  camp  fell  in 
and  was  promptly  led  to  the  scene  of  action 
by  Major  Welch.  By  this  time  the  prairie 
seemed  to  be  alive  with  Indians.  Little 
Crow,  their  leader,  swinging  his  blanket 
about  his  head,  gave  the  war  whoop  and  the 
Indians,  with  answering  yells,  advanced  to 
overwhelm  the  little  band  of  soldiers.  In 
the  midst  of  the  fight.  Gen.  Sibley  sent  per- 
emptory orders  for  retreat.  When  our  men 
began  to  fall  back,  the  savages  thought  the 
whites  were  on  the  run  and  rushed  in 
among  the  soldiers  to  secure  scalps.  But 
they  were  routed  with  fixed  bayonets,  and 
].o(Kl  of  them  surrendered.  The  colonels  of 
the  Third  were  Henry  C.  Lester,  Chauncey 
W.  Griggs,  and  C.  C.  Andrews. 

The  Fourth  Minnesota  was  organized 
during  the  autumn  of  1861.  Among  the  cam- 
paigns and  battles  it  took  part  in  were  the 
battles  of  luka,  Corinth,  Chattanooga  and 
Altoona;  the  siege  of  Vicksburg,  and  Sher- 
man's final  marches  through  Georgia  and 
the  Carolinas.  The  regiment  was  presept 
at  the  surrender  of  Johnson  at  Raleigh  to 
Sherman,  April  26,  1865,  and  received  its 
final  discharge  at  Fort  Snelling  on  Au- 
gust 5. 

The  Fourth  took  part  in  the  assault  made 
on  the  Confederate  works  at  Vicksburg,  on 
May  22,  1863.  Lieut.  Col.  Tourtellotte  says 
in  his  report:  "The  regiment  pressed  for- 
ward up  to  and  even  on  the  enemy's  works. 
In  this  position,  contending  for  the  posses- 
sion of  the  rebel  earthworks  before  us,  the 
regiment  remained  for  two  hours,  when  it 
became  dark,  and  I  was  ordered  by  Col. 
Sanborn  (who  then    commanded    the    brig- 


HISTORT  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


adpl  to  withdraw."  In  this  assault,  twelve 
iiieu  of  this  refrinu'Ut  were  killed  and  forty- 
two  wounded.  The  colonels  of  the  Fourth 
were  John  B.  Sanhorn  and  John  E.  Tour- 
lellotte. 

The  or>,'anization  of  the  Fifth  Minnesota 
was  completed  ^larch  l!0,  1862.  It  served 
in  the  Indian  War  of  1802,  in  Minnesota  and 
Dakota.  It  afterward  bore  an  honorable 
part  in  the  battle  of  Farniinn;ton,  Tenn.;  the 
siege  of  Corinth :  the  battles  of  luka  and 
Corinth;  c-anipaifins  through  central  Missis- 
sippi and  '\^'est  Tennessee;  the  campaign, 
siege,  and  capture  of  Vicksburg;  Banks' 
Red  River  campaign;  the  battle  of  Tupelo 
and  Abbeyville;  a  campaign  through  Ar- 
kansas and  Missouri  in  pursuit  of  the  Con- 
federate Gen.  Price;  the  battle  of  Nashville 
and  the  subsequent  pursuit  of  Hood's  ar- 
my; and  the  campaign  against  Mobile.  The 
regiment  receivt^l  its  discharge  at  Fort 
Snelling.  September  G.  1865. 

General  W.  S.  Rosei-rans  writes  thus  of 
the  deeds  of  the  Fifth  Minnesota  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Corinth,  Miss.,  on  Oct.  4,  1862:  "When 
the  enemy  from  the  north  assaulted  our  line 
and  forced  it  back  a  few  hundred  yards  into 
the  edge  of  town.  Col.  Hubbard,  moving  by 
his  right  flank,  faced  the  coming  storm 
from  that  quarter,  and  by  his  promptitude 
anticipated  Gen.  Stanley's  order  from  me, 
to  use  the  reserves  of  his  division  in  meet- 
ing the  enemy's  charge.  He  drove  back 
the  fragments  of  his  columns,  overtaking 
and  bringing  back  some  pieces  without 
horses  of  our  reserve  artillery,  which  the 
enemy  had  seized,  and  covering  the  retiring 
of  a  battery  which  had  gone  too  far  to  the 
front.  Veterans  could  hardly  have  acted 
more  opportunely  than  did  the  gallant  Fifth 
Minnesota  on  that  occasion."  The  regi- 
ment was  at  first  commanded  by  Col.  Ru- 
dolph Borgesrode,  and  subsequently  by  Col. 
Lucius  F.  Hubbard. 

The  Sixth  Minnesota  was  organized  in 
the  summer  of  1802.  Its  record  of  active 
service  includes  the  Sioux  War  of  1862,  in- 
cluding the  engagement  and  rescue  at  Birch 
Coolie  and  the  battle  at  Wood  Lake;  the 
Sibley  expedition  to  the  Missouri  river  in 
1863;  and  campaigns  in  Arkansas,  Louisi- 


ana, and  Alabama.     The  regiment  was  mus- 
tered out  of  service,  August  19,  1865. 

The  Sixth  Regiment  took  a  prominent 
part  in  the  storming  of  Fort  Blakely,  one  of 
the  defenses  of  ifobile,  on  April  9,  1865.  A 
member  of  the  regiment  says:  ''We  halted 
on  the  crest  of  a  deep  ravine  about  4  P.  M. 
for  a  few  minutes,  and  amid  a  shower  of 
bullets,  crossed  the  creek  and  dislodged  the 
enemy.  The  Sixth  Regiment  was  marched 
in  just  under  the  brow  of  the  hill,  silently 
and  unobserved  by  the  enemy,  and  got  into 
I)osition  before  dark.  We  were  ordered  to 
light  no  fires,  and  to  be  ready  to  move  for- 
ward by  midnight,  but  we  were  soon  called 
on  to  furnish  125  men  for  guard.  In  our 
advance  as  guard,  we  drove  the  enemy  from 
their  advance  rifle-pits.  Following,  we 
drove  them  from  another  line,  and  advanced 
our  regimental  front  about  100  yards.  Gen. 
("anby's  forces  captured  Spanish  Fort 
I  he  evening  of  April  8,  and  the  long  line  of 
fortifi<ations  at  Blakely  were  assaulted  and 
carried  between  5  and  6  P.  M.,  April  9. 
Promptly  the  men  sprung  to  the  worln.  and 
the  whole  line  moved  forward  over  tor- 
pedoes, pits,  wires,  abatis,  and  ditches,  un- 
til the  forts  were  reached.  The  men  did 
not  heed  the  order  to  halt  at  the  rifle-pits, 
but  leaped  the  works  of  defense,  and  the 
<^'onfederates  threw  down  their  arms.  It 
was  one  of  the  last  chapters  of  conflict  of 
Ihe  war.  On  the  very  same  day  that  Lee 
surrendered  to  Grant  at  Appomattox,  our 
army  in  tlie  far  South  had  overthrown  the 
great  force  massed  to  make  a  final  stand 
for  the  Confederacy."  The  colonels  of  the 
Sixth  Minnesota  were  ^^'illia^l  Crooks  and 
John  T.  Averill. 

The  Seventh  Minnesota  was  organized 
in  August,  1802.  After  particii)ating  in  the 
Sioux  War  of  1802-63,  it  departed  for  the 
South.  It  upheld  the  honor  of  Minnesota 
at  Tupelo,  in  canii)aigns  in  Mississijjpi,  Ar- 
kansas, Tennessee,  Louisiana,  and  Alabama, 
including  the  memorable  battle  of  Nash- 
ville. Its  service  was  concluded  Aug.  16, 
1805. 

There  is  sjiace  for  only  a  single  episode 
in  one  of  the  many  battles  in  which  the  gal- 
lant Seventh  distinguished  itself.  The  Civil 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


Wai-  was  ended  in  Tennessee  when  the 
Union  army  under  Thomas  annihilated 
Hood's  armv  in  the  battle  of  Nashville, 
Dee.  15  and  16,  18fi4.  The  Seventh  Minne- 
sota was  actively  engajjed  on  both  days. 
Of  a  jiortion  of  the  second  day's  fight,  one  of 
its  members  says:  ''Tlie  first  brigade  of  our 
division,  nearly  half  a  mile  to  our  right,  was 
seen  to  be  moving  forward;  immediately  the 
second  brigade.  Col,  ITubbard  commanding, 
swung  forward  across  the  field.  Quickly 
Col.  Marshall  had  our  brigade  in  motion, 
the  three  brigades  moving  in  echelon.  The 
enemy  opened  a  terrific  fire  of  musketry  and 
cannon  all  along  the  line;  a  battery  directly 
in  front  of  the  Seventh  throwing  canister, 
shot,  and  shell  so  lively  that  the  air  was 
darkened;  but  all  moved  right  along  up  to 
their  works  and  over  them,  capturing  a 
large  number  of  prisoners  and  a  Louisiana 
battery.  This  battery  of  four  twelve-pound 
Napoleon  guns  was  behind  a  stone  fence 
that  had  gaps  broken  in  it  for  the  guns, 
through  which  our  men  rushed  while  the 
rebels  were  loading.  Col.  Marshall  rode 
his  little  chestnut  horse  Don  across  the  field 
with  his  men,  guiding  the  colors,  and  was 
among  the  first  over  the  rebel  works.  He 
rode  onto  a  rebel  gunner  who  tried  to  run 
away,  and  captured  him.  If  the  colonel  had 
not  carried  his  gauntlets  doubled  up  in  the 
breast  of  his  coat,  he  would  not  have  rid- 
den Don  another  day,  for  while  we  were 
waiting  before  this  charge,  they  received  a 
Minie-ball  and  saved  his  life."  The  colonels 
of  the  Seventh  were  Stephen  Miller  and 
William  K.  ]\[arshall. 

The  Eighth  Minnesota  was  organized  in 
August  1862.  It  served  in  the  Sioux  War 
of  1862-63,  and  in  the  Sully  expedition  of 
1S64.  It  then  went  South  and  had  the  satis- 
faction of  defeating  the  Confederate  caval- 
ry leader  Forrest  at  Murfreesboro,  Dec.  7, 
1864,  and  thus  helped  Gen.  Thomas  to  win 
his  great  victory  at  Nashville.  It  after- 
ward had  a  share  in  the  operations  in  the 
east  which  resulted  in  Johnston's  surrender 
to  Sherman.  The  men  of  this  regiment  were 
discharged  from  the  service  at  Fort  Snelling 
just  three  years  after  their  enlistment. 

The  following  incident  occurred  in  the 


second  battle  of  Murfreesboro,  when  Hood 
was  pursuing  the  retreating  forces  of  Thom- 
as, just  eight  days  before  the  latter  inflicted 
on  him  the  crushing  defeat  of  Nashville. 
Early  on  Dec,  7,  1864,  the  Eighth  Minnesota 
was  ordered  out  with  other  troops  under 
(!en.  Milroy,  Col.  Thomas  of  the  Eighth  com- 
manding a  brigade,  to  find  and  feel  of  the 
enemy,  and  the  skirmishers  were  soon  ex- 
changing shots.  As  soon  as  there  was 
fighting  the  Eighth  was  sent  to  the  front, 
and  seemed  to  be  regarded  as  the  most  re- 
liable regiment  in  the  command,  its  experi- 
ence in  the  Indian  War  giving  it  prestige 
and  earning  for  it  the  title  of  the  Indian 
regiment.  Thomas'  brigade  was  ordered 
to  lie  down,  and  an  artillery  duel  took  place 
over  the  heads  of  the  men.  The  Union 
forces  shifted  position  a  number  of  times, 
and  a  rebel  prisoner  afterward  explained  it 
thus:  ''We-uns  changed  front  three  times, 
and  you-uns  took  us  endwise  every  time." 
At  length,  under  a  sharp  fire  from  a  rebel 
battery,  Thomas'  brigade  was  formed  in 
line  of  battle,  and  "Forward"  was  the  order. 
The  rebels  had  the  exact  range,  and  one  of 
their  shells  struck  Company  F  of  the 
Eighth,  killing  several  men.  I'nder  a  heavy 
fire  of  artillery  and  musketry,  the  Union  line 
juoved  forward,  charging  across  an  open 
field  upon  the  rebel  position  in  the  woods, 
the  Eighth  Regiment  giving  an  Indian  yell, 
and  as  the  lines  came  together,  the  Confed- 
erates broke  and  left  the  field,  totally  rout- 
ed, leaving  over  200  prisoners,  two  stand  of 
colors,  two  cannons,  and  several  \vagon- 
loads  of  small  arms.  After  Hood's  retreat, 
the  Eighth  received  the  thanks  of  Gen. 
Thomas  for  its  share  in  securing  the  victory. 
The  colonel  of  the  Eighth  Minnesota  was 
Minor  T.  Thomas. 

The  Ninth  Minnesota  was  enlisted  in 
August,  1862.  It  was  at  first  engaged  in 
the  Sioux  War.  Its  record  also  includes  the 
battle  of  Guntown,  Miss.;  the  battle  of 
Tupelo;  a  campaign  in  Arkansas  and  Mis- 
souri in  pursuit  of  Gen.  Price;  the  battle  of 
Nashville;  and  the  Mobile  campaign.  The 
regiment  was  mustered  out  of  the  service  at 
Fort  Snelling,  Aug.  24,  1865. 

The  conduct  of  the  Ninth  Minnesota  in 


History  of  the  great  northwest. 


battle  was  no  less  commendable  than  that 
of  the  other  Minnesota  troops.  We  select 
for  our  record,  however,  an  act  which  while 
displaying  no  little  courage,  revealed  in  the 
hearts  of  the  men  that  element  of  kindness 
which  makes  the  whole  world  kin.  Nov.  12, 
1863,  a  negro  entered  the  camp  of  the  regi- 
ment near  Otterville,  Mo,;  said  that  he  had 
traveled  all  night;  that  his  wife  and  family 
had  been  taken  from  him  to  be  shipped  to 
Kentucky  for  sale;  that  the  train  bearing 
them  away  would  reach  Otterville  in  an 
hour;  and  he  piteously  begged  the  men  to 
save  his  family.  Forty-one  men  at  once 
seized  their  guns;  reached  the  station; 
stopped  the  train;  and  a  sijuad  stood  guard 
over  the  engineer  while  others  entered  the 
cars,  found  the  negroes,  helped  them  alight, 
and  told  them  to  break  for  the  woods.  A 
Missouri  military  officer  of  high  rank,  re- 
volver in  hand,  tried  to  interfere,  but  with- 
out success.  The  same  day  the  forty-one 
were  arrested  and  were  kept  in  the  guard- 
house two  months.  On  Jan.  11, 1S64,  Senator 
Wilkinson  presented  a  resolution  in  the 
United  States  senate,  asking  the  secretary 
of  war  why  certain  Minnesota  soldiers  were 
detained  in  prison  in  Missouri,  their  only  of- 
fense being  the  rescue  of  slaves  from  rebel 
sympathizers.  The  resolution  was  unan- 
imously adopted,  and  the  next  day  the  sec- 
retary telegraphed  an  order  to  release  the 
men. 

Alexander  Wilkin,  the  first  colonel,  was 
killed  in  the  battle  of  Tupelo,  July  14,  1864, 
The  second  colonel  was  Josiah  F.  Marsh, 

The  Tenth  Minnesota  was  organized  as 
a  regiment  in  October,  1S62.  Its  first  serv- 
ice was  in  the  Sioux  War,  and  in  Gen,  Sib- 
ley's expedition  of  186-3,  It  subsequently 
took  jjart  in  the  battle  of  Tupelo;  the  raid 
after  Gen.  Price;  the  battle  of  Nashville; 
and  the  capture  of  Spanish  Fort  near  Mo 
bile.  It  was  formally  mustered  out  of  the 
service,  Aug,  18,  1865.  Its  colonel  was 
James  H.  P.aker. 

We  give  a  partial  account  of  the  dis- 
tinguished part  taken  by  the  Tenth  in  the 
battle  of  Nashville,  Dec.  16, 1864.  Gen.  Mc- 
Arthur  ordered  the  brigade  to  which  the 
Tenth  belonged  to  capture  a  hill  occupied 


l>y  the  enemy,  which  formed  the  key-point 
to  his  works  in  front.  Quietly  and  steadily 
the  men  moved  down  one  hill  and  up  the 
other  to  within  a  few  feet  of  the  enemy's 
parapet,  when  they  received  a  volley  which 
did  severe  execution  in  the  Tenth.  "Noth- 
ing daunted,"  says  the  brigade  commander, 
"this  gallant  regiment,  together  with  the 
others  composing  the  front  line  cleared  the 
enemy's  works  with  a  bound.  Lieut.  Col. 
Jennison,  the  commanding  officer,  was  con- 
spicuous for  his  high  daring.  He  fell, 
severely  wounded,  on  the  enemy's  works." 

The  Eleventh  Minnesota  was  organized 
in  August  and  September,  1S64,  with  James 
B.  Gilfillan  as  colonel.  Its  service  in  the 
South  consisted  in  guarding  railroad  com- 
munication between  Nashville  and  Chatta- 
nooga. It  was  mustered  out  on  the  11th  of 
July,  1865. 

The  First  Regiment  of  Minnesota  Mount- 
ed Rangers,  under  Col.  Samuel  McPhail  did 
efficient  service  in  the  Sioux  War.  including 
the  Sibley  campaign  of  1863, 

Many  men  of  this  regiment  were  promi- 
nently connected  with  the  early  history  of 
Minnesota;  they  have  filled  various  state  of- 
fices, from  governor  on  down ;  they  have  held 
high  rank  in  the  state  legislature  and  in  the 
national  congress;  and  have  graced  the 
bench  and  bar  of  Minnesota, 

The  First  Company  of  Minnesota  Sharp- 
shooters became  a  part  of  the  Second  Regi- 
ment of  the  United  States  Sharpshooters; 
and  the  Second  Company  of  Minnesota 
Sharpshooters  was  incorporated  with  the 
First  United  States  Sharpshooters,  Both 
served  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  and 
both  received  high  praise  for  gallant  con- 
duct. 

The  Second  Regiment  of  Minnesota  Cav- 
alry came  into  existence  on  Jan,  11,  1864, 
It  served  with  Gen,  Sully  on  his  expedition 
against  the  Indians.  Its  last  company  was 
mustered  out  :May  4,  1S66.  Its  colonel  was 
Robert  N.  McLaren. 

Bracketfs  Battalion  of  Cavalry  (Major 
Alfred  B.  Brackett.  commanding)  consisted 
of  four  companies.  It  was  recruited  in  Sep- 
tember, 1861,  and  was  mustered  out  in  June, 
1866.     The  list  of  its  battles  and  campaigns 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


is  a  \oii<i  one.  It  iududes  Fort  Donelson, 
Shilob,  siege  of  Corinth,  and  Hully's  cam- 
paign against  tlie  Indians.  The  saber 
charge  at  Wartrace,  Oct.  6,  1863,  and  the  sa- 
ber charge  on  the  Fourth  Alabama  and  Fifth 
Georgia  on  the  Tennessee  river  four  days 
later  are  mere  incidents  in  the  long  series 
of  marches,  raids,  skirmishes,  and  battles 
in  which  the  battalion  engaged. 

Hatch's  Independent  Battalion  of  Cav- 
alry included  six  companies,  with  Major  E. 
A.  C.  Hatch  (afterward,  Lieut.  Col.  C. 
Powell  Adams)  in  command.  It  was  raised 
in  1863,  and  served  in  northern  Dakota 
against  the  Indians. 

The  First  Regiment  of  Minnesota  Heavy 
Artillery,  under  command  of  Col.  William 
Colvill,  commenced  its  organization  in  the 
summer  of  1861.  It  did  garrison  duty  at 
Chattanooga,  Tenn. 

The  First  Minnesota  Battery  of  Light 
Artillery,  commanded  by  Capt.  Emil  Munch 
(afterward,  by  Capt.  Wm.  J.  Clayton),  en- 
tered the  service  Nov.  21,  1861,  and  was 
mustered  out  July  1,  1865.  Its  record  of 
service  includes  the  names  of  Shiloh,  siege 
of  Corinth,  battle  of  Corinth,  siege  of  Vicks- 
burg,  campaign  of  Atlanta,  march  to  the 
sea,  and  battle  of  Cheraw,  S.  C. 

The  Second  Minnesota  Battery  of  Light 
Artillery,  Capt.  Wm.  A.  Hotchkiss,  was 
mustered  in,  March  21,  1862,  and  mustered 
out  Aug.  16,  1865.  Its  principal  battles 
were  Perryville,  Stone  river,  Chickamauga, 
and  Chattanooga. 

The  Third  Minnesota  Battery  of  Light 
Artillery,  Capt.  John  Jones,  took  part  in 
Gen.  Sibley's  campaign  against  the  Indians, 
in  1863,  and  in  Gen.  Sully's  campaign  the 
next  year.  In  1865-66,  it  accompanied  an- 
other expedition  into  Dakota  and  was  mus- 
tered out  Feb.  27,  1866. 

THE  SPANISH-AMERICAN   WAR. 

The  ten  years'  struggle  of  the  Cubans 
for  independence  not  only  aroused  the  sym- 
pathy of  our  people, — it  caused  great  mate- 
rial loss  to  us.  The  national  honor  was  out- 
raged, moreover,  by  the  wanton  murder  of 
the  Americans  in  the  Mrginius  expedition. 
The  renewal  of    Spanish    oppression,    and 


<  'uban  resistance  in  1895  resulted  in  the  de- 
struction of  our  Cuban  commerce  and  of  the 
property  of  American  citizens  resident  in 
Cuba.  In  the  declaration  of  war  made  by 
congress  in  April.  1898,  the  justification  for 
the  war  is  set  forth  in  these  words:  '"The 
abhorrent  conditions  which  have  existed  for 
more  than  three  years  in  the  island  of  Cuba, 
so  near  our  own  borders,  have  shocked  the 
moral  sense  of  the  people  of  the  United 
States,  have  been  a  disgrace  to  Christian 
civilization,  culminating,  as  they  have,  in 
the  destruction  of  a  United  States  battle- 
ship with  266  of  its  officers  and  crew,  while 
on  a  friendly  visit  in  the  harbor  of  Havana, 
and  cannot  longer  be  endured."  The  war 
lasted  three  months  and  twenty-one  days. 
The  following  are  its  principal  events:  May 
1,  Commodore  Dewey  destroyed  the  Spanish 
fleet  at  Manila;  July  3,  Admirals  Sampson 
and  Schley  destroyed  the  Spanish  fleet  near 
Santiago,  Cuba;  July  17,  Santiago  surren- 
dered to  the  American  forces;  August  12, 
peace  protocol  signed,  and  hostilities 
ceased;  December  10.  treaty  of  peace  signed 
at  Paris.  There  were  about  300,000  Amer- 
icans engaged  in  the  war,  in  both  army  and 
navy.  Of  these,  one  out  of  every  thousand 
was  killed  in  battle.  Forty-three  Spanish 
vessels  were  captured  or  destroyed.  The 
treaty  of  peace  provided  that  Spain  should 
relinquish  Cuba  aud  cede  Porto  Eico  and  the 
Philippines  to  the  I'nited  States,  we  paying 
her  §20,000,000. 

The  following  table  will  show  the  part 
taken  by  Minnesota,  North  Dakota,  South 
Dakota,  and  Montana,  in  the  war: 


s 

1 

2i 

H 

c 
g 

Number  of  infantry  regiments  fur- 
nished  

Number  of  cavalry  troops  furnished 
Number  of  men  furnished 

4 

7 
74 
86 

1 

2 

8.50 

14 
11 

1 

93 
-    37 

1 

'i.624' 
21 

Number  wounded  in  action 

120 
16 

One  Minnesota  regiment,  the  Thirteenth 
Infantry,  and  one  North  Dakota  regiment, 
the  First  Infantry,  served  in  the  Philippine 
islands.     The  First  South  Dakota  and  the 


i 


k 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


First  ^Montana  Infantry  also  served  in  the 
Philippines.  The  number  reported  above 
as  "killed  in  action"  includes  those  who  died 
of  wounds  received  in  action. 

POLITICAL  PARTIES. 

Every  political  paiiy  is.  at  its  inception, 
the  outgrowth  of  some  dominant  idea.  If 
the  idea  in  which  a  party  is  rooted  is  one  of 
permanent  signiflcance,  the  party  continues 
its  existence  indefinitely,  sometimes  with 
a  change  of  name;  if  of  temporary  sig- 
nificance, the  party  dies  when  it  has  served 
its  purpose.  Even  when  a  party  degen- 
erates into  a  corporate  scheme  for  promot- 
ing the  selfish  interests  of  its  leaders  at  the 
expense  of  the  people  at  large — even  then, 
an  idea  or  a  set  of  related  ideas  is  ostenta- 
tiously set  forth  in  order  to  secure  the  sup- 
port of  the  conscientious  and  patriotic 
masses. 

It  is  proposed  to  set  forth  summarily  in 
The  following  paragrajjhs,  the  ideas  or  prin- 
ciples on  which  the  several  national  polit- 
ical parties  of  the  present  day  are  based, 
and  to  give  a  concise  history  of  each  of  these 
parties.  No  mention  will  be  made  of  the 
many  ephemeral  organizations — some  of 
ihem  serving  important  ends — which  have 
sprung  up,  flourished,  and  expired  since  the 
establishment  of  the  government.  The 
parties  will  be  treated  in  the  order  indicat- 
ed by  the  relative  size  of  the  popular  vote 
cast  for  their  candidates  for  the  presidency 
on  Nov.  6,  1900. 

THE    REPUBLICAN    PARTY. 

During  the  American  Kevolution,  there 
were  two  political  parties,  the  Whig  and 
the  Tory.  The  former  advocated  independ- 
ence of  f  Jreat  Britain, — the  latter,  a  contin- 
uance of  allegiance  to  that  power.  Two 
parties  were  developed  in  1787  and  1788 
during  the  sessions  of  the  convention  which 
adopted  our  national  constitution  and  the 
discussions  in  the  several  states  upon  its 
adoption.  One  of  these  parties  favored  the 
conferring  of  large  powers  ujjon  the  central 
government — the  government  of  the  United 
States — and  reserving  relatively  little  pow- 
er or  subordinate  powers,  to  the  individual 
states.     It  wished  the  country  to  be  a  unit 

40 


— one  strong  federal  union.  It  was  claimed 
that  large  sovereign  powers  for  the  general 
government  were  implied  in  the  constitu- 
tion as  it  was  adopted,  and  it  placed  a  lib- 
eral or  loose  construction  upon  such  of  its 
terms  as  favored  its  views.  This  party 
was  therefore  called  the  loose-construction- 
ist  or  Federalist  party.  Those  who  took  the 
opposite  view  formed  themselves  into  a 
party  called  the  Anti-Federalist  party.  It 
favored  a  strict  construction  of  the  consti- 
tution— a  construction  which  vested  sov- 
ereignty in  the  individual  .states.  This  par- 
ty adopted  for  itself  the  name  of  Republi- 
can. This  name  was  soon  changed  to  Dem- 
ocratic Republican,  and  it  is  now  called  the 
Democratic  party.  To  avoid  confusion  we 
shall  speak  of  it  uniformly  by  that  name. 
The  Federalist  party  was  practically  shat- 
tered with  .Jefferson's  election  in  1800.  Its 
fragments  reunited  under  the  name  Nation- 
al Rej.ublican,  in  lsi>5,  securing  the  election 
of  .Jolin  Quincy  Adams  in  the  house  of  rep- 
resentatives. In  1834,  its  members  adopt- 
ed the  title  of  the  ^^'hig  party.  The  organi- 
zation which  to-day  bears  the  name  of  the 
Republican  party  was  formed  in  the  year 
1856.  It  is  the  lineal  descendant  of  the 
Federalist  party  of  Washington,  the  Nation- 
al Republican  party  of  John  Quincy  Adams, 
and  the  \Miig  jtarty  of  Henry  Clay. 

George  Washington  was  the  first  Fed- 
eralist president.  The  question  of  his  elec- 
tion created  no  division;  the  choice  was 
unanimous,— Federalists  and  Anti-Federal- 
ists alike  voted  for  him.  During  his 
presidency,  the  French  Revolution  was 
in  progress,  and  Great  Britain  was  at 
war  with  France.  It  was  natural  that 
Americans  should  sympathize  with  the 
French  people,  from  whose  government 
they  had  received  substantial  aid  in 
their  struggle  for  independeme.  Jefferson, 
the  Anti-Federalist  leader,  was  desirous  of 
having  this  government  give  assistance  to 
its  late  ally.  Washington,  however,  main- 
tained a  strict  neutrality,  and  negotiated  a 
treaty  (Jay's  treaty)  with  England,  thus 
giving  great  offence  to  the  opposition.  In 
the  administration  of  John  Adams  (1797- 
180V),  the  second  Federalist  president,  the 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


Alien  and  Sedition  laws  were  jiassed.  The 
Alien  law  conferred  npon  tlie  president  the 
power  to  send  out  of  the  country  any  for- 
eigners who  should  conspire  against  the 
peace  of  the  United  States,  and  the  Sedition 
law  provided  that  any  one  who  should 
malign  the  president  or  congress  might  be 
fined  and  imprisoned.  These  laws  were 
very  unjiopular,  and  having  been  enacted 
by  a  Federalist  congress,  led  to  the  defeat  of 
the  party  at  the  next  election. 

During  the  administration  of  John 
Quincy  Adams  (lS25-2!t),  the  more  conserv- 
ative elements  iu  the  Democratic  Repub- 
lican (Democratic)  party  gradually  came  to- 
gether, and,  about  1830,  adopted  the  name 
of  National  Republican,  which  was,  not  long 
after,  changed  to  WJiig.  It  favored  a  na- 
tional bank,  internal  improvements  carried 
on  by  the  general  government,  and  a  pro- 
tective tariif.  In  1840,  the  \Miigs  elected 
William  Henry  Harrison  as  president,  and 
John  Tyler  as  vice  president.  Harrison 
died  one  month  after  his  inaguration,  and 
soon  after,  Tyler  broke  with  his  party  by 
liis  veto  of  the  national  bank  act.  Henry 
Clay,  whom  the  Whigs  nominated  in  1844, 
-was  defeated  by  the  Liberty  (Abolition) 
party,  which  was  composed  of  the  most  rad- 
ical elements  among  the  Whigs.  In  1846, 
the  Wilmot  Proviso  was  introduced  into 
congress.  It  provided  that  slavery  should 
not  be  permitted  in  any  territory  we  might 
acquire  from  Mexico.  It  was  supported  by 
northern,  but  opposed  by  southern  Whigs. 
Zachary  Taylor  was  elected  by  the  Whigs 
in  1848,  on  his  military  record.  The  ques- 
tion of  slavery  divided  the  northern  from 
the  southern  Whigs, — the  northern  wing 
opposing  the  extension  of  slavery  into  new 
territory.  Winfield  Scott,  the  Whig  candi- 
date in  1852,  was  comi)letely  defeated,  and 
the  party  was  broken  up.  A  part  of  it 
joined  the  new  American  party  whose  ral- 
lying cry  was  "American-born  rulers  for 
America";  the  border  state  Whigs  formed 
the  Constitutional  Union  Party — a  compro- 
mise party  devoted  to  the  preservation  of 
the  Union;  the  southern  portion  united  with 
the  Democrats;  and  the  northern  Whigs 
were  swallowed  up  in  the  Republican  party. 


The  name  of  the  new  party  was  suggest- 
ed at  a  meeting  of  a  number  of  Whig  con- 
gressmen, and  was  first  formally  adopted 
at  a  convention  held  in  Michigan,  in  1854. 
The  bulk  of  the  Free  Soil  Party — which  had 
voted  for  Van  Buren  and  Adams,  in  1848 — 
drifted  into  the  Republican  party.  A  na- 
tional convention  held  in  1856  nominated 
John  C.  Fremont  on  a  platform  which  de- 
clared against  the  repeal  of  the  Missouri 
compromise  and  the  extension  of  slavery, 
and  in  favor  of  aid  to  a  Pacific  railroad,  of 
the  admission  of  Kansas  as  a  free  state, 
and  of  the  improvement  of  certain  rivers  and 
harbors  by  the  general  government.  Fre- 
mont was  defeated  by  a  small  majority. 

The  Republican  party  had  its  great 
strength  in  the  north.  It  was  solidified 
and  enlarged  by  the  uncompromising  at- 
titude of  the  slave  power,  adding  largely 
to  its  numbers  from  Democrats  and  others 
who,  on  moral  and  economic  grounds, 
were  opposed  to  the  extension  of  slavery. 
The  platform  of  1860  included  the  planks  of 
1856  and  added  two,  demanding  a  protective 
tariff  and  condemning  threats  of  secession. 
Abraham  Lincoln  was  nominated  and  elect- 
ed. In  view  of  Republican  anti-slavery  prin- 
ciples, many  of  the  southern  states  became 
alarmed  for  the  existence  of  slavery  and  se- 
ceded from  the  Union,  thus  precipitating 
the  Civil  War.  In  1868,  Ulysses  S.  Grant 
was  elected  on  a  platform  which  declared 
for  equal  suffrage  to  all  loyal  men  in  the 
south,  liberal  pensions  for  soldiers  and  sail- 
ors, the  encouragement  of  foreign  immigra- 
tion, and  the  removal  of  the  restrictions  im- 
posed on  the  late  rebels  provided  they  mani- 
fested a  loyal  spirit.  The  thirteenth,  four- 
teenth and  fifteenth  amendments  to  the  con- 
stitution, which  were  Republican  measures, 
were  adopted  in  1865,  1868  and  1870,  respec- 
tively. The  thirteenth  prohibited  slavery 
for  the  future;  the  fourteenth  protected  the 
rights  of  freedmen,  prohibited  office-holding 
l>y  the  late  rebels  who  had  held  office  before 
the  rebellion,  and  forbade  the  payment  of 
the  Confederate  debt;  and  the  fifteenth  pro- 
vided that  the  right  to  vote  should  not  be 
denied  on  account  of  race,  color,  or  previous 
condition  of  servitude. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


Ill  1870,  Eutlierford  P..  Hayes  was  the 
Republican  nominee.  The  jihitfnrni  de- 
clared that  the  T'nited  States  is  a  nation 
and  not  a  lea<;ue;  that  i)nblic  funds  oujiht 
not  to  be  used  to  support  scliools  under  sec- 
tarian control;  that  no  furtlier  grants  of 
public  lands  should  be  made  to  corpora- 
tions; that  the  honest  demands  of  women 
for  additional  privileges  should  he  consid- 
ered; that  polygamy  should  be  extirpated 
from  the  territories;  and  that  T'nited  States 
notes  should  be  redeemed  in  coin.  When 
the  returns  of  the  vote  for  president  were 
made  it  was  found  that  four  of  the  states 
had  sent  in  two  sets  each  of  official  returns. 
These  states  were  South  Carolina,  Florida, 
Louisiana,  and  Oregon.  If  the  electoral 
votes  of  all  these  states  were  cast  for 
Hayes,  he  would  have  a  majority  of  one  in 
the  electoral  college.  To  pass  upon  the 
conflicting  returns,  the  electoral  commis- 
sion was  created  by  an  act  of  congress,  ap- 
jjioved  January  29,  1S77.  The  commission, 
composed  of  five  justices  of  the  sui)renie 
court,  five  senators  and  five  representa- 
tives, ruled  that  in  the  case  of  each  of  the 
four  states,  the  Hayes  electors  were  the 
ones  whose  \otes  should  be  received.  The 
house  of  rei)reseiitatives  voted  to  reject  the 
report  of  the  commission  and  the  senate  to 
accept  it.  As  a  concurrent  vote  of  the  two 
houses  was  necessary  to  reject,  the  decision 
of  the  commission  was  binding  and  Hayes 
became  president. 

On  the  2l2d  of  June.  1877,  Tresident 
Hayes  issued  the  following  regulation: 

"Xo  officer  should  be  recjutred  or  permit- 
ted to  take  part  in  the  management  of  polit- 
ical organizations,  caucuses,  conventions, 
or  election  cam]>aigns.  Their  right  to  vote 
and  to  exjiress  their  views  on  public  ijues- 
tions,  either  orally  or  through  the  yjress,  is 
not  denied,  jirovided  it  does  not  interfere 
with  the  discharge  of  their  official  duties. 
No  assessment  for  political  purposes  on  otfi- 
lers  or  subordinates  should  be  allowed." 

The  national  convention  of  the  Kei)ubl le- 
an ])arty  was  held  in  Chicago,  in  1880.  The 
platfoiui  realfirmed  the  principle  that  "the 
constitution  of  the  United  States  is  a  su- 
preme law  and  not  a  mere   contract.     Out 


of  confederate  states  it  made  a  sovereign 
nation."  It  further  declared  that  revenue 
duties  "sliould  so  discriminale  as  to  favor 
American  labor";  that  Chinese  immigration 
ought  to  be  restricted;  and  that  honest  vot- 
ers in  the  south  "must  be  protected  agiiinst 
terrorism,  violence,  or  fraud."  On  this  i)lat- 
forin,  James  A.  (iarfield  was  nominated  and 
elected.  Four  months  after  his  inaugura- 
lion,  he  was  shot  by  an  assassin,  and  the 
vice  ])resident,  Chester  A.  Arthur,  succeetl- 
ed  him. 

James  (1.  Blaine  was  noininated  in  Chi- 
cago, in  1884.  The  platform  called  for  pro- 
tective duties  on  wool,  for  an  international 
standard  for  the  relative  value  of  gold  and 
silver  coinage;  the  regulation  of  interstate 
commerce;  civil  service  reform ;  the  enlarge- 
ment of  the  navy;  and  encouragement  to 
the  merchant  marine.  Blaine  was  defeated. 
In  1888,  the  Republicans  elected  their  can- 
didate, Benjamin  Harrison.  The  ])latform 
adopted  in  Chicago  said:  ''We  are  uncom- 
promisingly in  favor  of  protection;"  "\\'e 
declare  our  opposition  to  *  *  *  trusts 
*  *  *  to  control  the  conditions  of  trade;" 
we  arc  "in  favor  of  the  use  of  both  gold  and 
silver  as  money;"  "We  demand  the  reduc- 
tion of  letter  postage  to  one  cent  i)er  ounce." 
The  Rejiublican  convention  of  18!)2  met  in 
Minneai)olis.  Harrison  was  renominated 
but  was  not  elected.  William  McKinley  was 
elected  in  1896,  and  again  in  19(M).  Theplat- 
foi'iiis  reaffirmed  Rejiublican  ])rinciples  as 
previously  set  forth,  and  added  (h^clarations 
in  favor  of  a  gold  standard  and  in  opjKisi 
tion  to  the  free  and  unlimited  coinage  of 
silver;  in  favor  of  the  construction  by  the 
govei-iiment  of  an  isthmian  canal;  and  ac- 
cepting the  res])oiisibility  of  United  States 
sovereignty  in  I'orto  Kico  and  the  Philip- 
pines. 

THE    DEMOCR.iTIC    r'ARTY. 

This  party,  which  has  been  known,  at 
(litfereiit  periods,  as  the  Anti-Federalist,  the 
Republican,  the  Democratic  Republican, 
and,  finally,  the  Democratic  party,  has  as 
its  fuiKhimental  pi'inciple  the  limitation  of 
the  powers  of  the  federal  government  to 
those  granted  in  the  letter  of  the  constitu- 


51 


U.  OF  ILL  LIB. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


tion,  and  the  increase  of  the  direct  influence 
of  the  people  in  the  conduct  of  the  govern- 
ment. 

Thomas  Jefferson,  the  first  Democratic 
president,  deviated  from  the  principle  of 
strict  construction  in  the  purchase  of  Lou- 
isiana, but  all  parties  have  since  approved 
his  action.  To  protect  the  manufactures 
that  had  grown  up  during  the  War  of  1812, 
and  to  relieve  the  financial  difficulties 
caused  by  the  war,  the  party  adopted  a  pro- 
tective tariff  and  established  a  national 
bank  in  Madison's  administration.  In  1832, 
a  distinctively  southern,  and  pro-slavery 
faction  of  the  party,  under  the  leadership 
of  John  C.  Calhoun,  threatened  nullification 
and  secession,  but  Andrew  Jackson,  a  Dem- 
ocratic president,  saved  the  Union  by  the 
wise  measures  he  took.  The  ascendency  of 
the  Calhoun  wing  committed  the  party,  in 
1844,  to  the  annexation  of  Texas.  Calhoun 
was  a  keen  logician,  strictly  consistent, 
thoroughly  honest,  pure  in  his  private  char- 
acter, and  unreservedly  committed  to  the 
maintenance  of  slavery.  "Texas  must  be 
acquired,"  he  declared  in  the  senate,  "by 
purchase,  if  possible, — by  war,  if  necessary, 
in  the  interest  of  our  peculiar  institution." 
Under  the  Democratic  president,  -James  K. 
Polk,  we  acquired  California  and  other  ter- 
ritory from  Mexico,  and  cleared  up  our  title 
to  Oregon  by  treaty  with  Great  Britain.  In 
1853,  Franklin  Pierce,  a  northern  Demo- 
crat, was  elected  president.  The  northern 
Democrats  did  not  favor  slavery,  but  for 
the  sake  of  party  and  national  union  they 
refrained  from  opposition  to  it. 

Under  Stephen  A.  Douglas'  Kansas-Ne- 
braska bill,  in  1854,  these  states  were  per- 
mitted to  enter  the  Union  with  constitu- 
tions prohibiting  or  permitting  slavery,  as 
the  people  should  vote.  When  Kansas  was 
admitted  as  a  free  state,  the  Calhoun  wing 
of  the  party  proclaimed  the  doctrine  of  the 
duty  of  government  to  protect  slavery.  In 
the  party  convention,  held  in  Charleston  in 
I860,  a  split  occurred.  Douglas  was  nomi- 
nated for  the  presidency  on  the  principle  of 
"popular  sovereignty,"  but  the  Calhoun 
wing  withdrew,  and  afterward,  in  a  conven- 
tion held  in  Baltimore,  nominated  John  C. 


Breckenridge.  This  division  resulted  in 
tlie  election  of  the  Republican  nominee, 
Abraham  Lincoln. 

In  1864,  the  Democrats  nominated 
(leorge  B.  McClellan,  and  in  1868,  Horatio 
Seymour  for  the  presidency.  The  platform 
adopted  in  New  York  in  1868  recognized  the 
(juestions  of  slavery  and  secession  as  hav- 
ing been  settled  for  all  time.  It  d<'manded 
The  immediate  restoration  of  the  seceded 
states  to  the  Union;  amnesty  for  political 
offenders,  abolition  of  "all  political  instru- 
mentalities designed  to  secure  negro  su- 
premacy"; and  the  grateful  remembrance  of 
the  soldiers  and  sailors  who  "carried  the 
flag  of  our  country  to  victory  against  the 
most  gallant  and  determined  foe." 

Samuel  J.  Tilden,  the  nominee  of  the 
party  in  1876,  had  a  majority  of  the  popu- 
lar vote,  but  the  electoral  commission  gave 
the  election  to  R.  B.  Hayes,  the  Republican 
candidate.  In  1880,  Winfield  S.  Hancock  • 
was  nominated  on  a  platform  which  pro- 
claimed the  principles  of  opposition  to  cen- 
tralization; a  tarift'  for  revenue  only;  civil 
service  reform;  free  ships;  and  "no  more 
Chinese  immigration."  The  platform  of 
1884,  on  which  Grover  Cleveland  was  elect- 
ed, modified  the  tariff  plank  so  as  to  call  for 
revenue  reform  rather  than  a  tariff  for  rev- 
enue only.  The  platform  of  1892  reaffirmed 
the  historic  principles  of  the  party.  "We 
hold,"  it  added,  "to  the  use  of  both  gold  and 
silver  as  the  standard  money  of  the  coun- 
try." Mr.  Cleveland  was  in  that  year  elect- 
ed for  the  second  time. 

The  Democratic  national  convention  of 
1896  met  in  Chicago.  July  7.  The  candidate 
nominated  for  the  presidency  was  William 
Jennings  Bryan,  of  Nebraska.  The  plat- 
form announced  the  adherence  of  the  party 
to  the  principles  of  "freedom  of  speech, 
freedom  of  the  press,  freedom  of  conscience, 
the  preservation  of  personal  rights,  the 
equalitj-  of  all  citizens  before  the  law,  and 
the  faithful  observance  of  constitutional 
limitations."  The  platform  further  de- 
clares: "We  demand  the  free  and  unlimit- 
ed coinage  of  both  silver  and  gold  at  the 
present  legal  ratio  of  16  to  1,  without  wait- 
ing for  the  aid  or  consent  of  any  other  na- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


tion;"  "We  denounce  the  issuance  of  notes 
intended  to  circulate  as  money  by  national 
banks;"  "We  bold  that  tariff  duties  should 
be  levied  for  purposes  of  revenue;"  "We  are 
in  favor  of  the  arbitration  of  differences  be- 
tween employers  *  *  *  and  employes;" 
"we  especially  object  to  government  by  in- 
junction." The  National  Democratic  ])arty 
(Sound  Money  Democrats)  nominated  John 
M.  Palmer,  of  Illinois,  for  the  presidency. 
The  most  notable  planks  in  its  platform — 
those  which  indicated  its  diverjience  from 
the  Bryan  democracy — declared  that  gold  is 
the  necessary  money  of  the  large  affairs  of 
business  and  should  be  the  standard  of  mon- 
etary measure;  and  that  the  independence 
and  authority  of  the  supreme  court  must  be 
maintained.  "We  condemn  all  efforts  to 
degrade  that  tribunal,  or  impair  the  confi- 
dence and  respect  which  it  has  deservedly 
held."  The  last  clause  is  a  reply  to  that 
plank  in  the  Chicago  platform  which  de- 
nounced government  by  injunction. 

The  Democrats  at  their  convention  held 
at  Kansas  City  in  July,  1900,  renominated 
Mr.  Bryan,  who  had  been  defeated  in  ISOfi. 
The  platform  condemned  the  policy  of  the 
McKinley  administration  with  reference  to 
Porto  Eico,  Cuba,  and  the  Philippines;  op- 
posed militarism,  private  monopolies,  and 
subsidies  to  American  shipping;  and  reaf- 
firmed the  doctrine  of  the  free  and  unlimit- 
ed coinage  of  gold  and  silver  at  the  ratio 
of  16  to  1.  In  the  election  that  followed, 
Mr.  Bryan  was  again  defeated.  The  Anti- 
Imperialists,  in  a  convention  held  at  Indian- 
apolis, in  August,  1!)00,  endorsed  Mr.  Bi-y- 
an's  candidacy,  and  adopted  a  platform  in 
which  President  McKinley  was  denounced 
for  having  undertaken  to  sulijugate  a  for- 
eign people  (the  Filipinos)  "who  are  of  right 
free  and  independent."  The  Silver  Repub- 
licans endorsed,  in  1000,  Mr.  Bryan's  nomi- 
nation. 

THE   PROHIBITION   PARTY. 

The  object  of  the  Prohibitionists  is  to 
secure  the  passage  of  laws  prohibiting  the 
manufacture  and  sale  of  intoxicating  li(i- 
uors,  except  for  manufacturing  industries, 
science,  and  art.     Such  a  law  was  passed  in 


Maine  in  1840  and  has  rciiiained  on  the  stat- 
ute books  ever  since.  Several  other  states 
have  also  adopted  ])roliibifory  legislation. 
Most  of  the  states  prohibit  the  sale  of 
liquor  to  minors  and  on  Sundays.  The  first 
national  convention  of  the  party  was  held 
in  1S72.  The  names  of  the  presidential  can- 
didates and  the  ])Oi)ular  vote  (in  round  num- 
bers) for  each  quadrennium  is  as  follows: 
1872,  James  Black,  0,000;  1876,  Green  Clay 
Smith,  10,000;  1880,  Neal  Dow,  12,000;  1884, 
John  1*.  St.  John,  151,000;  1888,  Clinton  B. 
Fisk,  250,000;  1892,  John  Bidwell,  270,000; 
1896,  Joshua  Levering,  140,000;  1900,  John 
(i.  Woolley,  197,000.  The  platform  of  1900 
arraigns  the  president  for  permitting  the 
sale  of  liquor  in  the  army  exchange  or  can- 
teen. 

THE  PEOPLE'S  PARTY. 

The  first  national  convention  was  held 
at  Omaha  in  1892.  The  party  stands  for 
the  free  coinage  of  silver  and  gold;  a  vol- 
ume of  money  equal  to  not  less  than  |50  per 
capita;  an  income  tax;  government  o^yner- 
ship  of  railroads,  and  telegraph  and  tele- 
phone lines;  an  eight-hour  law;  popular  in- 
itiative and  referendum;  the  establishment 
of  postal  savings  banks;  and  the  election  of 
president,  vice  president  and  senators  by  di- 
rect vote  of  the  people.  The  candidate  for 
president  in  1892  was  James  B.  Weaver, 
who  received  a  popular  vote  of  1,042,531. 
In  1890  and  1898,  this  party  endorsed  the 
Democratic  candidate,  Mr.  Bryan.  A  wing 
of  this  party  refused  to  indorse  Jlr.  Bryan 
for  the  presidency  in  1900,  and,  under  the 
name  of  Populist  (Jliddle  of  the  Road),  held 
a  convention  in  Cincinnati,  at  which  Whar- 
ton Barker  was  nominated  for  president 
and  Ignatius  Donnelly  for  vice  president. 
The  platform  was  substantially  like  that 
adopted  at  Omaha,  but  with  this  addition: 
an  irredeemable,  legal  tender,  paper  money 
issued  by  government. 

THE  SOCIALIST  LABOR  PARTY. 

The  first  national  convention  under  the 
above  name  was  held  in  New  York  on  Au- 
gust 28,  1892,  and  nominated  Simon  Wing 
lor  president.     In  1896,    the    nominee    was 


UISTORY  OF  THE  (JUEAT  XORTIIWEST. 


Charles  H.  Matchett.  and  in  1000,  Joseph  F. 
Maloney.  The  popular  vote  for  this  party 
was  39,000  in  18!t(>.  and  32,433  in  1000.  This 
party  demands  government  ownership,  free 
use  of  inventions,  income  tax,  compulsory 
education,  employment  by  the  government 
of  the  unemployed,  equal  wages  for  men 
and  women,  abolition  of  the  veto  power, 
abolition  of  the  senate  and  all  upper  legis- 
lative chambers,  female  suffrage,  free  ad- 
ministration of  justice,  and  abolition  of  cap- 
ital punishment, — also  several  things  in- 
cluded in  the  platform  of  the  People's  par- 
ty. The  ^^ocial  Democratic  party,  in  1896, 
nominated  Eugene  V.  Debs  for  the  presi- 
dency. It  declares  the  supreme  political  is- 
sue to  be  "the  contest  between  the  working 
class  and  the  capitalist."  Its  demands  are 
nearly  identical  with  those  of  the  Socialist 
Labor  party,  with  the  addition  of  national 
insurance  of  working  people  against  acci- 
dents, lack  of  emi)loyment,  and  want  in  old 
age. 

The  I'nion  Reform  party  believes  in  "di- 
rect legislation  under  the  system  known  as 
the  initiative  and  referendum."  The  presi- 
dential candidate  in  100(1  was  Seth  H.  Ellis, 
of  Ohio.  Jonah  F.  R.  Leonard  was,  in  the 
same  year,  the  candidate  of  the  United 
Christian  party;  the  principles  contended 
for  are  Christian  government,  observance 
of  the  Christian  Sabbath,  the  daily  reading 
of  the  bible  in  schools,  etc. 

POLITICS  IN  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 

Minnesota  was  admitted  into  the  T'niou 
in  1S5S.  The  first  governor,  H.  H.  Sibley, 
was  a  Democrat.  Tlie  twelve  succeeding 
governors  were  Republican.  In  1808,  John 
Liud,  a  Democrat,  was  elected,  and  in  1000, 
Samuel  R.  ^'an  Sant,  a  Republican.  In 
1896,  the  popular  vote  was  as  follows:   For 


president,  McKinley,  193,503,  Bryan,  139,- 
735;  foi-  governor,  D.  M.  Clough  (Rep.),  165,- 
006,  John  Lind  (Fusion-Dem.-Pop.),  162,254. 
In  1808,  for  governor,  Lind  (Fusion),  132,- 
024;  Eustis  (Rij).),  111,025.  In  1000,  for 
president,  McKinley,  188,015,  Bryan,  111,- 
400;  for  governor,  Van  Sant  (Rep.),  152,966, 
Liud  (Fusion),  150,567. 

North  Dakota  has  cast  a  majority  of  its 
votes  for  Republican  presidents  and  govern- 
ors at  every  election  since  its  admission  as 
a  state  in  1889.  In  1806,  the  popular  vote 
was,  for  president,  McKinley,  26,335,  Bry- 
an, 20,586;  for  governor,  Briggs  (Rep.),  25,- 
018,  Richardson  (Fusion),  20,600.  In  1898, 
for  governor,  Fancher  (Rep.),  27,087, 
Holmes  (Fusion),  10,620.  In  1000,  for  presi- 
dent, McKinley,  35,801,  Bryan,  20,519;  for 
governor,  Frank  White  (Rep.),  34,052,  M.  A. 
Whippoimann  (Fusion),  22,275. 

South  Dakota  became  a  state  in  1889. 
Her  popular  vote  for  the  past  few  years  has 
been  as  follows:  In  1896,  for  president, 
Bryan,  41,225,  McKinley,  41,042;  for  gov- 
ernor, Lee  (Pop.),  41,187,  Ringerud  (Rep.), 
40,868;  in  1898,  for  governor,  Lee  (Fusion), 
37,319,  Phillips  (Rep.),  36,949;  in  1900,  for 
president,  McKinley,  54,530,  Bryan,  39,544; 
for  governor,  C.  N.  Herried  (Rep.),  58,803, 
B.  H.  Lien  (Fusion),  40,091. 

Montana,  since  its  admission  to  the  Un- 
ion in  1889,  has  elected  one  governor  on  the 
Democratic  ticket,  two  on  the  Republican 
ticket,  and  three  on  a  Fusion  ticlcet.  Since 
and  including  1806,  the  popular  vote  has 
been  as  follows:  In  1806,  for  president, 
Bryan,  42,537,  ilcKinley,  10,404;  for  gov- 
ernor, Robert  B.  Smith  (Fusion),  36,688,* 
Botkin  (Rep.),  14,003;  in  1808.  for  governor, 
Robert  B.  Smith  re-elected;  in  1000,  for 
]iresident,  Bryan.  37,146,  McKinley,  25,373; 
for  governor,  Joseph  K.  Toole  (F\ision),  31,- 
410,  David  E.  Folsom  (Rep.),  22,691. 


I 


HISTORY  OF  MINNESOTA. 


An  early  inhabitant  of  the  tounti y  lying 
between  the  St.  Croix  river  and  the  Red 
River  of  the  North  would  need  to  have  been 
a  well-informed  man  in  order  to  answer  cor- 
rectly the  question  "^Vhere  do  you  live?" 
If  living  in  the  year  1S60,  he  might  claim 
the  singular  experience  of  having  resided  in 
seven  territories  and  states  without  having 
changed  his  location.  He  might,  when  our 
Civil  War  broke  out,  have  truthfully  made 
this  statement:  "I  am  sixty  years  of  age. 
I  have  always  lived  where  I  do  now.  My 
father  announced  mj'  birth  to  grandmother 
in  a  letter  dated  Northwest  Territory,  July 
12,  1801.  When  I  was  seven  years  old,  a 
trapper  who  stayed  with  us  over  night  at 
our  cabin  in  Indiana,  told  us  that  a  Mr.  Ful- 
ton had,  the  year  before,  sailed  on  some 
eastern  river  in  a  boat  propelled  by  steam. 
We  lived  in  Illinois  during  the  War  of  1812, 
and  the  news  of  the  admission  of  Missouri 
reached  us  at  our  home  in  Michigan.  We 
Wisconsin  people  were  little  disturbed  by 
the  fighting  at  Cerro  Gordo  and  Buena  Vis- 
ta, but,  in  common  with  other  dwellers  in 
the  Territory  of  Minnesota,  I  was  intensely 
interested  in  the  compromise  measures  of 
1850.  I  have  all  this  time  been  living  in  St. 
Paul,  which  is  now  in  the  State  of  Minnesota. 
^ly  friend,  who  has  lived  just  across  the 
river,  near  Fort  Snelling,  for  thirty  years, 
has  in  that  time  resided  successively  in  Loui- 
siana, Wisconsin,  Iowa  and  Minnesota." 

LOCATION  AND  AREA. 

The  state  of  Minnesota  occupies  the  ex- 
act center  of  the  North  American  continent, 
midway  between  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific 
oceans,  and  also  midway  between  Hudson's 
bay  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Iowa  is  on  the 
south.  South  Dakota  and  North  Dakota  on 
ihe  west,  Manitoba  and  Ontario  on  the 
north,  and  Wisconsin  on  the  east.  The 
state  extends  from  43  degrees  50  minutes  to 


■J!<  degrees  north  latitude,  and  from  89  de- 
grees 2!l  minutes  to  97  degrees  5  minutes 
west  longitude.  It  contains  84,287  square 
miles,  or  about  5.3,943,:579  acres.  For  every 
fifteen  sections  of  land  in  Minnesota  there 
is  a  square  mile  of  lake.  The  name  of  the 
state  is  therefore  a  peculiarly  appropriate 
one,  signifying  sky-tinted  water. 

EARLY  EXPLORATIONS  AND  SETTLE- 
MENTS. 

In  1035,  Jean  Nicollet,  a  French  youth  of 
great  promise,  having  wintered  on  Lake 
Michigan,  told  in  Montreal  of  the  Minneso- 
ta country  then  inhabited  only  by  Dakota 
and  Ojibway  (Chippewa)  Indians.  Several 
years  before  the  first  settlements  were  made 
in  the  Carolinas,  eastern  Minnesota  wjjs  ex- 
plored by  two  French  fur  traders  who  are 
distinguished  as  being  the  first  white  men 
to  visit  the  country  now  called  Minnesota. 
They  spent  the  winter  of  1658-59  in  the  vi- 
cinity of  Mille  Lacs.  These  men  were  Pe- 
ter Esprit  Radisson  and  his  brother-in-law, 
Des  Groseilliers.  A  thrilling  narrative  of 
Kadisson's  voyages  has  recently  come  to 
light  in  the  discovery  of  a  set  of  manu- 
scripts written  by  himself  and  which,  for 
two  hundred  years,  escaped  the  attention  of 
scholars  in  the  Bodleian  Library  and  the 
British  Museum.  In  1679,  Daniel  Du  Luth 
led  a  party  of  traders  to  the  western  end 
of  Lake  Superior,  and  held  a  council  with 
the  Sioux  near  the  site  of  the  city  which 
bears  his  name.  The  next  spring,  he  ex- 
plored the  St.  Croix  river,  and  at  its  mouth 
met  the  Dutch  Franciscan  priest,  Louis 
Hennepin,  who  had  in  that  same  year  dis- 
covered the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony.  Eight 
years  later,  Nicholas  I'errot  built  a  fort  on 
Lake  I'epin,  near  the  site  of  Lake  City,  and 
formally  claimed  the  country  for  France. 
Le  Sueur  fortified  an  island  in  the  Missis- 
sippi, near  Hastings,  in  1696,  and  four  years 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


later  established  a  fort  on  the  Mahkahto  or 
Blue  Earth  river,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Le 
Sueur.  Here  he  supplied  the  Indians  with 
guns  and  ammunition  in  exchange  for  furs. 

In  1763,  at  the  close  of  the  French  and 
Indian  War,  France  ceded  to  Spain  all  her 
territory  between  the  Mississippi  river  and 
the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  to  Great  Britain 
the  country  between  the  Mississippi  and 
the  Alleghanies.  Captain  Jonathan  Carver, 
a  native  of  Connecticut,  visited  the  Minne- 
sota country  in  17G6.  He  claimed  to  have 
made  a  treaty  with  the  Indians  in  Carver's 
Cave  (St.  Paul),  in  which  they  ceded  him 
an  immense  tract  of  land.  The  government 
did  not  recognize  his  claim.  In  1783,  Great 
Britain  relinquished  her  claim  to  all  terri- 
tory south  of  Canada  and  east  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi to  the  United  States.  Eastern 
Minnesota  formed  part  of  the  Northwest 
Territory,  for  the  government  of  which  the 
famous  Ordinance  of  1787  was  passed.  In 
1803,  the  United  States  acquired  western 
Minnesota  as  part  of  the  Louisiana  Pur- 
chase. In  the  same  year,  William  Morrison 
discovered  the  source  of  the  Mississippi, 
and  about  thirty  years  later,  Henry  R. 
Schoolcraft  found  a  name  for  the  lake  in 
which  the  river  rises,  by  uniting  the  middle 
portions  of  the  Latin  words  signifying 
truth  and  source — ver-itas  ca-put.  Fort 
Snelling  was  established  in  1819,  and  fifteen 
years  later,  Gen.  H.  H.  Sibley  made  a  per- 
manent settlement  at  Mendota. 

St.  Paul  was  founded  in  1838.  In  that 
year,  Pierre  Parrant  built  a  trading  shanty 
on  the  site  of  that  city,  and  in  1840,  a  Cath- 
olic chapel  was  erected,  and  consecrated  to 
Saint  I'aul,  whose  name  was  afterward 
adopted  for  the  capital  city.  Stillwater  was 
settled  in  1843  and  a  saw  mill  was  imme- 
diately erected  there.  Another  saw  mill 
was  commenced  in  1847  at  the  Falls  of  St. 
Anthony. 

THE  TERRITORY. 

On  the  third  of  March,  1849,  congress 
passed  a  bill  organizing  the  Territory  of 
Minnesota  with  its  boundaries  extending  to 
the  Missouri  river,  and  Alexander  Ramsey 
was  appointed  its   first    governor,    serving 


four  years.  The  succeeding  territorial  gov- 
ernors were  Willis  A.  Gorman,  1853-57,  and 
Samuel  Medary,  1857-58.  When  Governor 
Ramsey  arrived  in  St.  Paul,  May  27,  1849, 
no  suitable  accommodations  could  be  found 
for  himself  and  family,  and  he  became  the 
guest  of  H.  H.  Sibley,  at  Mendota.  These 
two  gentlemen  were  at  that  time  intimately 
associated  for  several  weeks  with  two  oth- 
ers— Henry  M.  Rice  and  Franklin  Steele. 
"These  four  men,"'  says  Judge  Flandrau, 
"have  been  more  prominent  in  the  develop- 
ment of  the  state  than  any  others.  All  of 
them  have  been  honored  by  having  impor- 
tant counties  named  after  them,  and  by  be- 
ing chosen  to  fill  high  places  of  honor  and 
trust."  The  population  of  the  territory  at 
this  time  was  4,764 — about  equal  to  the 
l^resent  population  of  St.  Peter.  In  that 
year,  there  were  about  500  peojjle  in  what 
is  now  Minneapolis,  609  in  Stillwater,  840 
in  St.  Paul,  and  33  in  Red  Wing.  In  eight 
years,  the  population  of  the  state  had 
grown  to  150,037 — an  increase  of  about 
3,150  per  cent. 

Judge  Charles  E.  Flandrau,  in  his  "His- 
tory of  Minnesota,"  says:  "In  my  opinion, 
the  first  great  achievement  of  the  first  legis- 
lature was  the  incorporation  of  the  Histor- 
ical Society  of  Minnesota  *  *  »  and 
now  possesses  its  greatest  intellectual  and 
moral  treasure  in  a  library  of  historical 
knowledge  of  sixty-three  thousand  volumes, 
which  is  steadily  increasing,  a  valuable  mu- 
seum of  curiosities,  and  a  gallery  of  histor- 
ical paintings."  The  motto  engraved  on  the 
first  seal  of  the  supreme  court  was  "Fiat 
justitia  ruat  coelum" — "Let  justice  be  done' 
though  the  heavens  fall."  It  is  said  that 
one  of  the  judges  interpreted  it  thus: 
"Those  who  defy  justice  will  rue  it  when 
we  seal  'em." 

The  Mississippi  was,  in  territorial  days, 
navigable  for  steamboats  to  the  Falls  of  St. 
Anthony  and  for  a  considerable  distance 
above.  Steamboats  ran  regularly .  up  the 
river  to  Mankato,  and  sometimes  reached 
the  mouth  of  the  Yellow  Medicine. 

The  first  Minnesota  newspaper  was  the 
Minnesota  Register,  the  first  number  of 
which  bears  the  date  of  St.  Paul,  April  27, 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


1849.  The  first  number  of  the  Pioneer  was 
published  one  day  later.  The  St.  Taul 
Press  was  established  on  the  first  of  Janu- 
ary, 1861.  The  two  last-mentioned  were 
united  on  April  11,  1875,  to  form  the  jour- 
nal which  has  since  that  date  existed  under 
the  name  of  the  St.  Paul  Pioneer  Press.  The 
iirst  daily  in  Minneapolis  was  the  Tribune, 
the  initial  number  being  dated  May  25, 
1867.  There  are  now  about  580  newspapers 
jtublished  in  the  state. 

The  railroad  system  of  Minnesota  had 
its  beginning  in  the  Minnesota  &  Pacific, 
which,  in  the  latter  part  of  1861,  operated  a 
road  ten  miles  long,  running  from  St.  Paul 
to  St.  Anthony.  This  road  has  grown  into 
the  Great  Northern,  which  now  runs  its 
trains  from  St.  Paul  to  the  Pacific  ocean. 
There  are,  in  round  numbers,  about  6,100 
miles  of  railroad  now  operated  in  Minneso- 
ta,, on  a  capital  stock  of  about  $264,327,000. 

THE  STATE. 

On  February  26,  1857,  congress  passed 
an  act  authorizing  the  people  of  Minnesota 
to  form  a  state  government.  On  October 
13,  of  the  same  year,  the  people  adopted  a 
constitution,  and  in  the  act  of  admission  in- 
to the  Union  passed  May  11,  1858,  Minne- 
sota was  "declared  to  be  one  of  the  United 
States  of  America."  The  state  at  that  time 
contained  a  population  of  150,037.  The 
United  States  censuses  since  1858  show  the 
following  totals:  1860,  a  population  of  172,- 
023;  in  1870,  a  population  of  439,706;  in 
1880,  a  population  of  780,773;  in  1800,  a  pop- 
ulation of  1,301,826;  and  in  1900,  a  popula- 
tion of  1,751,.3!)4.  Minneapolis,  which  first 
appeared  in  the  national  census  of  1860,  bad 
at  that  time  2,564  inhabitants;  the  city  now 
numbers  202,718.  The  census  of  1850  gave 
St.  Paul  1,112;  that  of  1900  gave  her  163,- 
065.  In  1870,  Duluth  numbered  3,131;  in 
1900,  her  population  was  52,969.  The  pop- 
ulation of  Winona  in  1900  was  19,714;  Still- 
water, 12,318;  and  Mankato,  10,599. 

The  first  biennial  session  of  the  state 
legislature  was  held  in  1881,  the  sessions 
previous  to  that  having  been  held  annually. 
The  Australian  system  of  voting  was  intro- 
duced at  the  general  election  of  1892. 


The  names  of  the  state  governors,  with 
their  terms  of  service,  are  as  follows: 
Henry  H.  Sibley,  1858-60;  Alexander  Ram- 
sey, 1860-63;  Henry  A.  Swift,  1863-64;  Ste- 
phen Miller,  1864-06;  William  R.  Marshall, 
1866-70;  Horace  Austin,  1870-74;  Oushman 
K.  Davis,  1874-76;  John  S.  Pillsbury,  1876- 
82;  Lucius  F.  Hubbard,  1882-87;  A.  R.  Mc- 
Gill,  1887-89;  William  R.  Merriam,  1889-93; 
Knute  Nelson,  1893-95;  David  M.  Clough, 
1895-99;  John  Lind,  1899-1901;  Samuel  R. 
Van  Sant,  1901—. 

THE   LUMBERING   INDDSTEY. 

While  generally  considered  a  prairie 
state,  Minnesota  is  bountifully  supplied 
with  timber,  and  a  large  portion  of  it  is  cov- 
ered with  dense  forests.  A  strip  of  hard 
wood  timber  extending  in  a  general  north 
and  south  direction  through  the  middle  of 
the  state  contains  about  5,000  square  miles, 
and  is  called  the  "Big  Woods."  That  por- 
tion of  the  state  between  the  Mississippi 
and  St.  Croix  rivers  is  well  wooded,  the 
northern  portion  of  it  consisting  of  Aten- 
sive  jjineries. 

In  1847,  Mr.  Daniel  Stanchfield  explored 
the  Rum  river  and  its  tributaries.  He 
says:  "The  discovery  by  the  exploring 
party  of  the  almost  inexhaustible  pine  tim- 
ber above  the  falls  of  St.  Anthony,  heralded 
throughout  all  the  states  and  Canada, 
brouglit  immigration  from  every  state,  and 
changed  this  part  of  the  territory  from  bar- 
barism to  civilization."  Billions  of  feet  of 
pine  that  grew  on  the  shores  of  Rum  river 
have  since  been  cut  and  made  into  lumber. 
The  report  made  by  Mr.  Stanchfield  on  his 
return  from  his  exploring  expedition  result- 
ed in  the  construction  of  a  dam,  the  build- 
ing of  a  saw  mill  and  the  manufacture  of 
lumber  in  Minneapolis — or  St.  Anthony,  as 
it  was  then  called.  The  first  supply  of  logs 
for  the  new  mill  to  work  up  was  obtained 
from  the  Crow  Wing  river.  A  bargain  was 
made  with  the  Ojibway  chief,  Hole-in-the- 
Day,  by  which  the  latter  was  to  receive  fifty 
cents  for  each  tree  (pine)  hauled  to  the  riv- 
er, and,  in  addition,  five  pairs  of  blankets, 
some  calico  and  broadcloth,  and  a  pony. 
One  and  a  half  million  feet  of  logs  were  cut 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


the  first  winter,  besides  timber  for  a  mile 
aud  a  half  of  boom. 

About  the  same  time,  the  government 
erected  a  saw  mill  near  Long  Prairie. 

The  saw  mill  at  St.  Anthony  began  work 
September  1,  1848,  and  ran  night  and  day 
to  supply  lumber  for  building  the  houses  of 
imnngrants.  The  next  year,  a  gang  saw 
mill  aud  two  shingle  mills  were  added.  lu 
1856,  the  surveyor  general  scaled  over  six 
million  feet  of  logs  for  one  St.  Paul  firm, 
and  many  rafts  of  logs  were  floated  to  St. 
Louis  in  that  year.  In  1850,  over  six  mil- 
lion feet  of  pine  logs  were  driven  to  St.  An- 
thony from  the  Rum  river  country.  The 
St.  Anthony  mills  had  at  this  time  two 
gangs  and  three  single  saws  running,  be- 
sides two  shingle  mills.  Many  logs  went  to 
the  St.  Paul  boom  for  markets  farther  down 
the  river.  In  the  year  1857,  the  cut  and 
drive  of  logs  on  the  upper  Mississippi  and 
Rum  river  exceeded  forty-four  million  feet. 

In  the  winter  of  1853-54  the  first  dam 
and  saw  mill  were  built  at  Anoka.  In  the 
same  county,  mills  were  built  between  1854 
and  1857,  near  Centerville,  at  St.  Francis 
and  at  Columbus. 

The  manufacture  of  lumber  was  extend- 
ed by  the  building  of  mills  at  Orono  in  1851, 
at  Princeton  in  1856,  at  Monticello  in  1855- 
56,  at  Clearwater  in  1856  and  1858,  at  St. 
Cloud  in  1855  (by  Wilson,  Brott,  AVelles, 
and  Stearns),  and  1857  (by  Raymond  and 
Owen),  at  Watab  in  1856  (by  Place,  Hanson, 
and  Clark),  at  Little  Falls  in  1849  (by  James 
Green),  and  in  1856-58  (by  the  Little  Falls 
Manufacturing  company),  near  the  mouth 
of  Swan  river  in  1856  (by  Anson  Northrup), 
and  on  the  SkuJik  river,  Morrison  county,  in 
1858. 

Preliminary  to  the  establishment  of  a 
saw  mill  or  the  cutting  of  timber  in  the  pin- 
eries of  the  upper  Mississippi  came  the 
work  of  the  "cruiser"  whose  office  was  to 
Iirospect  or  cruise  in  search  of  the  most  de- 
sirable areas  for  lumbering,  to  determine  the 
areas  occui)ied  by  pine  timber  available  for 
logging  and  to  estimate  the  amounts  that 
would  be  yielded  from  different  tracts  on 
the  streams  of  the  region.  It  was  the  cus- 
tom of  the  cruiser  to  supply  himself  with 


some  provisions,  a  blanket,  a  rifle  or  shot- 
gun, with  ammunition,  aud  matches  to  start 
the  nightly  campfire,  and  then  to  go  alone 
or  with  one  or  two  comrades,  into  the  path- 
less forests,  there  to  collect  the  information 
and  estimates  needed,  remaining  weeks  or 
sometimes  even  months  in  the  woods,  and 
subsisting  mostly  on  game,  fish  and  berries. 

"The  first  great  gold  mine  of  the  North- 
west was  its  pine  timber,  which  was  taken 
from  the  red  man  almost  without  compensa- 
tion. From  the  ui)per  Mississippi  region, 
above  the  falls  of  St.  Anthony,  it  has  (up  to 
1900)  yielded  twelve  billion  feet  of  lumber, 
having  a  value,  at  the  places  where  it  was 
sawn,  of  not  less  than  |75,000,000.  This 
great  lumber  industry,  more  than  all  our 
other  resources,  built  up  the  cities  and 
towns  on  the  upper  Mississippi  and  its  trib- 
utaries, at  these  falls  and  northward." 

It  will  be  interesting  to  compare  meth- 
ods of  lumbering  in  the  fifties  with  those  in 
vogue  at  the  beginning  of  the  twentieth  cen- 
tury. Then,  the  main  logging  roads  were 
cut  twelve  or  more  feet  wide,  straight, 
smooth  aud  level.  One  end  of  a  tree  trunk 
was  loaded  on  a  bob  sled,  the  other  part — 
The  bark  being  removed  from  the  under  side 
so  that  it  would  slip  easily  on  the  snow — 
dragged  along,  ^^'hen  it  reached  the  lake 
or  river  shore,  it  was  rolled  off  the  sled  and 
the  sawyers  cut  it  into  logs,  cutting  an  own- 
ership mark  in  each  log.  In  the  spring  the 
diivers  rolled  the  logs  into  the  water  and 
drove  them  down  the  river.  Now,  two  bob 
sleds  are  used,  and,  by  means  of  a  tackle 
and  fall,  the  logs  are  lifted  upon  them,  some- 
times to  the  height  of  ten  feet.  To  facilitate 
the  drawing  of  such  heavy  loads,  the  ruts  of 
the  logging  roads  are  iced  by  drawing  water 
tanks  along  the  roads,  applying  a  small 
stream  at  each  side.  The  trees,  instead  of 
being  clioi)ped  down  with  axes  as  formerly, 
are  sawed  off  at  the  stump. 

The  growth  of  the  lumber  industry  in 
Minnesota  may  be  seen  from  the  following 
table,  which  shows  the  number  of  feet  of 
lumber,  and  the  number  of  shingles  and 
lath  cut  in  the  saw  mills  of  the  state.  Data 
relative  to  shingles  and  lath  prior  to  1900 
are  not  at  hand: 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


1848 

1880 

1890 

1900 

Lumber 

Shingles 

2,000,000 

2(B,306,000 

344,494,000 

i.erifi.fi+H.ooo 

30X.9t)2,000 

379,2,sl.n00 

IRON  MINING. 

When  Croesus,  the  Lydian  king,  dis- 
played his  heaps  of  treasure  to  Solon,  that 
wise  philosojdier  told  him  that  whoever 
possesses  the  iron  of  the  world  is  able  to 
control  the  gold.  Nearly  twenty-five  cen- 
turies later,  a  French  economist  (Louis 
Figuier)  asserted  that  "Le  roi  des  ni^taux 
c'est  le  fer,  et  non  pas  I'or," — iron  and  not 
gold  is  the  king  of  metals.  One  of  the  rich- 
est provinces  of  King  Iron  is  to  be  found 
in  northwestern  ^Minnesota.  The  first  men- 
tion of  iron  ore  in  northern  Minnesota  oc- 
curs in  the  report  of  J.  G.  Norwood,  in  1850. 
Mr.  Horace  V.  \Yinchell  says:  "Minnesota's 
iron  industry  is  of  recent  date  but  phenome- 
nal growth.  Though  it  is  only  fifteen  years 
since  the  first  car  load  of  ore  was  digged 
in  our  northern  wild,  the  industry  has 
grown  with  amazing  rapidity,  until  to-day 
an  almost  incessant  stream  of  purest  hem- 
atite is  kept  moving  toward  the  furnaces 
of  the  east.  *  *  *  In  1880  the  popula- 
tion of  St.  Louis  county  was  4,504.  There 
was  not  a  settlement  north  of  Duluth."  In 
1!)00,  the  population  of  this  county  was 
81!, 932.  In  this  year  the  production  of  iron 
ore,  which  began  in  1884,  was  5,878,1)08  tons. 
Of  this,  4,61.*?, 7fiG  tons  Avere  produced  on  the 
Mesalii  range,  and  l,2fi5,142  tons  on  the 
Vermilion  range. 

The  iron  mines  of  Minnesota,  so  far  as 
they  have  been  developed,  are  situated  in 
St.  Louis  county,  north  and  northwest  of 
Lake  Superior.  The  two  iron  belts  lie  about 
twenty  miles  apart  and  extend  in  an  easter- 
ly and  westerly  direction.  On  the  south, 
and  hence  nearer  to  Lake  Superior  and  the 
ore  shipping  ports,  is  the  Mesabi  range, 
whose  rocks  may  be  traced  from  Cook  coun- 
ty on  the  east,  through  St.  Louis  and  into 
Itasca  county  on  the  west, — more  than  150 
miles.  The  iron  ore  of  the  Vermilion  range 
is  not  nearly  as  regular  and  well  defined, 
but  the  rocks  of  that  general  formation  al- 
so extend  from  Cook  into  Itasca  through 


St.  Louis  county, — a  distance  of  more  than 
125  miles.  The  ore  deposits  are  not  con- 
tinuous, but  are  scattered  along  in  groups, 
at  irregular  intervals.  On  the  Vermilion 
range,  there  are  two  groups  of  mines,  situ- 
ated at  Ely  and  Tower,  respectively, — these 
places  being  twenty -three  miles  apart. 
The  shipi)ing  point  for  these  mines  is  Two 
Harbors,  in  Lake  county,  68  to  90  miles 
distant  from  the  mines.  On  the  Mesabi 
range,  the  groups  of  mines  are  centered 
around  the  cities  of  Biwabik,  McKinley, 
Sjiarta,  Eveleth,  Virginia,  Mountain  Iron, 
and  Hibbing.  The  ore  from  this  range  is 
hauled  by  rail  about  75  miles  to  Duluth 
and  Superior. 

The  iron  ore  from  the  iron  mines  of  Jlin- 
nesota  is  carried  by  rail  and  water  to  ports 
on  Lakes  Michigan  and  Erie  and  thence  by 
rail  to  fui-naces  in  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania. 
The  amount  of  cajiital  invested  in  Lake 
SuiKM'ior  iron  mining  is  estimated  at  |250,- 
000,00(1.  This  includes  the  investment  in 
mines,  docks,  raili'oad  transportation,  and 
lake  fleets. 

As  methods  of  handling  and  mining  ore 
liave  improved,  prices  have  declined;  the 
margin  between  the  cost  of  production  and 
the  selling  price  has  grown  smaller  and 
smaller,  and  earnings  have  been  made  on 
larger  outjiuts  and  greater  economy  of  oper- 
ation. The  prices  paid  for  the  ore  delivered 
at  Cleveland  and  other  lower  lake  ports 
have  fluctuated  much — reaching  their  high- 
est point  (fl2  per  ton)  for  Bessemer  ore,  in 
1873.  From  that  time,  prices  have  declined. 
In  1891,  this  ore  brought  |6,  and  in  1895, 
|2.75  to  |3.50  per  ton.  Non-Bessemer  ore 
brought,  in  1895,  |1.90  to  |2.30  per  ton. 

Inasmuch  as  several  of  the  mines  on  the 
Mesabi  range  are  owned  by  the  state  of  Jlin- 
nesota.  it  is  evident  that  the  state  has  a 
l)ecnniary  interest  in  their  development. 
The  royalties  paid  from  such  mines  into  the 
state  treasury  in  1899  and  1900.  at  the  legal 
rate  of  twenty-five  cents  jier  ton.  amount  to 
.f33,(!fi9.91. 

QUARRYING. 

At  Sauk  Bajtids  and  St.  Cloud,  granite 
(|uarrying  was  begun  in  18fi7.  Numerous 
varieties  are  quarried  and  have  been  much 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


used  in  the  r-onstruction  and  trimminji  of 
buildings,  bridges  ete.  Gneiss  has  been  ex- 
tensively quarried  near  Ortonville  since 
18S7. 

Qnartzite — a  very  hard  and  crystalline 
sandstone — was  quarried  in  the  Minnesota 
Valley,  opposite  New  Ulm,  in  1850.  It 
forms  a  great  ridge  in  Cottonwood  county 
and  has  plentiful  outcrops  in  Pipestone  and 
Rock  counties.  It  is  used  for  building  stone 
under  the  name  of  jasper.  Near  the  vil- 
lage of  Pipestone,  the  red  quartzite  encloses 
a  thin  layer  of  a  red  and  mottled  clayey 
rock  known  as  pipestone  (catlinite).  It 
covers  an  area  of  only  a  few  acres,  and  is 
the  only  formation  of  its  kind  in  the  world. 
It  is  used  by  the  Indians  for  making  pipes 
and  ornaments. 

Sandstone  quarrying  was  begun  at 
Hinckley  in  1878,  and  later  at  Sandstone  on 
the  Kettle  river.  The  red  sandstone  at 
Fond  du  Lac  was  first  quarried  in  1870. 
Varieties  of  sandstone  were  quarried  at 
Jordan  in  1858,  at  Mendota  in  1869,  and  at 
Dresbach  in  1881. 

Quarries  of  valuable  limestones  were 
opened  near  St.  Paul  and  Minneapolis  in 
1820,  at  Stillwater  in  1847,  at  Mankato  in 
1853,  at  Winona  in  1854,  at  Mantorville  in 
1856,  and  at  Kasota  in  1868.  Stone  from 
these  and  many  other  quarries  in  the  state 
are  shipped  to  Chicago,  Winnipeg,  and 
many  other  cities  throughout  the  North- 
west. 

AGRICULTURE. 

The  agricultural  history  of  Minnesota  is 
practically  the  history  of  the  state.  Of  the 
four  sources  from  which  all  the  material 
wealth  of  the  world  is  drawn— the  field,  the 
forest,  the  mine,  the  sea — Minnesota  is 
richly  endowed  with  three.  The  soil  is 
fruitful,  the  climate  is  good,  there  is  an 
abundance  of  rainfall,  and  all  the  condi- 
tions exist  which  underlie  successful  farm- 
ing. Minnesota  is  very  near  the  northern 
limit  of  the  best  wheat  production,  and  it 
is  an  established  fact  that  the  nearer  the 
northern  limit  animal  or  vegetable  growth 
can  be  carried  on,  the  better  will  be  the 
results.    As  to  quality,  Minnesota   No.    1 


hard  is  esteemed  as  the  very  best  in  the 
markets  of  the  world. 

In  the  year  1860,  Minnesota  produced 
2.186,!)!):{  bushels  of  wheat;  in  1868  the 
product  was  16,128,875  bushels, — an  average 
of  17.75  bushels  per  acre.  In  the  latter  year 
the  average  in  Illinois  was  14.5  bushels,  in 
Ohio,  11.6  bushels,  and  in  Indiana,  10.5 
bushels  per  acre.  The  average  of  corn  per 
acre  in  ^Minnesota  was  23.32  bushels  in  1866, 
31.95  in  1867,  and  39.93  in  1868.  Similar 
statistics  show  a  parallel  growth  in  the 
production  of  oats,  potatoes,  barley,  rye, 
buckwheat,  hay,  flax,  butter,  cheese,  and 
other  farm  products,  as  well  as  in  the  stock- 
raising  industry. 

The  following  table  shows  the  principal 
agricultural  and  live  stock  resources  of  the 
state  from  the  latest  report: 

Wheat 58,623,241  bu.       Horses 559,060 

Oats 53,101,86S  "         Cows 610,496 

Com 37,149,314  "         Working  Oxen 1,220 

Barley 12,510,935  "         Other  Cattle 451,246 

Potatoes 9,284,722  "         Sheep 316,965 

Flaxseed 3,604,632  "         Hogs 401,806 

Rye 1,521,819  " 

Timothy  Seed...     247,348  " 

Clover  Seed 40,876  " 


The  butter  and  cheese  industries  of  the 
state  have  had  a  remarkable  growth  in 
the  past  few  years.  In  1900  there  were 
641  creameries  and  cheese  factories.  Min- 
nesota butter  to-day  commands  the  highest 
price.  Its  value  is  recognized  not  onlj' 
throughout  the  United  States,  but  is  in 
great  demand  in  the  British  markets.  It 
took  four  of  the  five  prizes  offered  at  the 
late  Trans-Mississippi  Exposition  at  Omaha. 
A  similar  statement  would  be  true  in  regard 
to  ilinnesota  honey. 

A  valuable  and  interesting  account  of 
the  development  of  agriculture  in  the  Red 
River  valley  of  JMinnesota  is  contained  in 
Vol.  25  of  the  United  States  Geological  Sur- 
vey, by  Warren  J.  Upham,  now  secretary 
of  the  Minnesota  Historical  Society.  There 
is  room  here  for  only  a  few  brief  extracts. 
Condensation  requires  some  changes  in  lan- 
guage, and  quotation  marks  are  therefore 
omitted. 

In  pre-Columbian  times,  and  onward  to 
the  present  day,  the  Indians  of  the  Red 
River  valley  have  cultivated  fields  of  maize, 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


potato(^s,  and  s(]naslies.  Tlic  tirs(  iiiiniijii'a- 
lion  of  white  men  to  colonize  this  fertile 
basin  was  in  1812,  when  the  early  pioneers 
of  the  Selkirk  settlements  established  their 
homes  as  far  south  as  Pembina.  Small 
bands  of  farmers  settled  further  up  the 
river  in  the  sixties,  but  the  main  tide  of  im- 
migration came  after  the  Northern  Pacific 
railroad  (1870-72)  and  the  Great  Northern 
(lS7o)  had  provided  means  of  sending  the 
staple  product  to  the  markets  of  St.  Paul, 
^linneapolis  and  Duluth.  All  the  wheat  is 
sown  in  the  sprinji;.  It  is  a  remarkable  fact 
that  in  the  year  1890  the  Red  River  valley 
])roduced  2S~i  busliels  of  wheat  for  evei-y 
man,  woman  and  child  of  that  ref;ion.  The  de- 
velojiment  of  that  portion  of  the  state  will  ap- 
])ear  in  the  followinp;  comparison  of  acreage 
and  production  of  the  wheat  in  1880  and 
]8!)0.  The  statistics  refer  to  the  six  most 
northerly  counties  of  Minnesota  bordering 
on  the  Red  River  of  the  North.  In  1880: 
W.i:My^  acres,  1,092,183  bush.;  in  1800,  600,- 
000  acres,  8,000,000  bush.  In  the  latter 
year,  the  other  leading  i)roducts  of  the  same 
counties,  excluding  Kittson,  were  as  fol- 
lows: Oats,  102,58-4  acres,  2,784,77.3  bush.; 
barley,  35,891  acres,  671,850  bush.;  tame 
hay,  15,908  acres,  27,182  tons;  potatoes, 
5,512  acres,  427,413  bush.;  flaxeed,  2,494 
acres,  20,252  bush.;  wild  hay,  183,103  tons. 
In  1891,  the  amount  of  live  stock  in  the 
six  counties  first  named  was  as  follows: 
Horses,  mules,  and  asses,  36,910;  neat  cat- 
tle,  80,594;   sheep,   26,002;   swine,  14,473. 

The  first  wheat  was  shipped  from  the 
state  in  1857,  from  the  Le  Sueur  prairie. 
In  1859,  a  few  thousand  bushels  raised  prin- 
cipally about  Le  Sueur  and  St.  Peter  were 
shipped  by  boat  to  St.  Louis.  This  cargo 
was  supplemented  by  hickory  hoo])-poles 
from  Chaska.  In  that  day  Milwaukee  was 
the  market  for  most  of  the  grain  shipped 
out  of  the  state.  In  1862,  the  first  flour 
was  shipped  from  Minneapolis. 

THE   STATE   AGRICULTDRAL   SOCIETY. 

This  society  was  incorporated  in  1868, 
although  a  similar  society  had  been  in  ex- 
istence as  far  back  as  territorial  days,  and 
in  1867,  the  state  had  appropriated  |1,000 


for  its  encouragement.  In  1885,  Ramsey 
county  offered  to  convey  to  the  state  200 
acres  of  land  adjoining  the  city  of  St.  Paul 
for  the  purpose  of  holding  annual  exhibi- 
tions, and  the  state  at  once  appropriated 
|100,000  for  permanent  improvements.  In 
1887,  a  further  api)ropriation  of  .|50,000 
was  made.  Previous  to  this  the  annual 
fairs  had  been  held  in  various  parts  of  the 
state.  The  state  now  appropriates  $4,000 
annually  to  aid  in  the  payment  of  premiums 
to  exhibitors. 

The  society  is  prosperous,  and  holds  an- 
nual fairs  on  its  grounds  in  September. 

Other  societies  which  have  done  much  to 
promote  the  agricultural  interests  of  the 
state  are:  The  Horticultural  Society,  the 
Forestry  Association,  the  Dairymen's  As- 
sociation, the  Butter  and  Chese  Makers'  As- 
sociation, the  Poultry  Association,  and  the 
Ree  Keepers'  Association. 

FARMEUS'   INSTITUTES. 

The  chief  aim  of  these  institutes  is  to 
disseminate  among  the  farmers  information 
that  will  be  helpful  to  them.  More  than 
forty  are  held  every  year  in  the  various  agri- 
cultural centers  of  the  state.  Those  held 
between  November  and  A])ril  continue  two 
days,  and  the  summer  institutes — held  be- 
tween seed  time  and  harvest — last  one  day. 
The  work  of  this  institution  began  in  1887. 
As  instructors  and  lecturers  in  these  insti- 
tutes, persons  are  selected  who  have  made 
a  practical  success  of  agriculture,  horticul- 
ture, stock-raising  etc.  Hundreds  of  ques- 
tions are  asked  of  these  instructors  by  the 
farmers  and  their  wives  who  eagerly  crowd 
to  the  institutes.  Reports  of  the  addresses, 
discussions,  questions,  and  answers  are  pub- 
lished in  the  county  papers,  and  are  collect- 
ed in  an  illustrated  annual  of  about  400 
pages,  twenty  thousand  copies  of  which  are 
jtrinted  and  distributed  among  the  farmers 
of  the  state.  This  work  has,  for  several 
years,  been  under  the  immediate  supervision 
of  O.  <".  <Jregg  of  Lynd,  Lyon  county. 

THE    SCHOOL   OF    AGRICDLTDRB. 

This  school  is  unique  in  its  plan  and 
methods.     It  is  not  a  high  school  or  a  school 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


for  general  culture.  It  is  a  farm  which  has 
facilities  for  instructing  both  young  men 
and  young  women  in  the  science  of  field 
and  domestic  farming,  and  for  affording 
them  practice  and  observation  in  the  best 
methods  of  doing  the  actual  work  of  farm- 
ers. Its  success  has  exceeded  all  expecta- 
tions. It  started  in  1S88  with  forty-seven 
students;  in  1899-1000,  the  enrollment  was 
503, — 423  males  and  80  females.  Nearly  all 
its  students  are  the  sons  and  daughters  of 
farmers,  and  most  of  its  graduates  are  en- 
gaged in  farming.  The  course  of  study  in- 
cludes agriculture,  blacksmithing,  botany, 
carpentry,  drawing,  study  of  breeds,  lan- 
guage, sewing,  cooking,  chemistry,  dairying, 
fruit  growing,  poultry,  physics,  home  econ- 
omy, civics,  dressing  and  curing  meats,  feed- 
ing, forestry,  machinery,  fertilizers,  veteri- 
nary science,  etc.  This  school  is  supported 
by  a  liberal  annual  Appropriation  from  the 
state,  and  is  worth  many  times  its  cost  in 
the  increased  intelligence  it  brings  to  bear 
on  that  industry  which  is  the  main  eco- 
nomic stay  of  the  state. 

FLOUR  MANUFACTURE. 

While  the  leading  industry  of  Minnesota 
is  agriculture,  the  manufacture  of  flour  is 
especially  worthy  of  note  from  the  fact  that 
the  output  of  this  commodity  in  the  state  is 
nearly  equal  that  of  all  other  portions  of  the 
United  States. 

In  the  middle  of  the  nineteenth  century, 
farmers  depended  on  the  horse  mill  for 
grinding  their  wheat  and  corn.  In  1867,  a 
wind  power  grist  mill  was  established  at 
Owatonna,  and  in  1868  a  similar  mill  at 
Mankato  ground  160  bushels  of  wheat  daily, 
— the  equivalent  of  about  30  barrels  of  flour. 
In  1867,  there  were  in  Minnesota  seven  60- 
foot  wind  wheel  flouring  mills.  The  first 
flour  mill  run  by  water  power  in  the  state 
was  built  in  1822  by  the  United  States  gov- 
ernment at  St.  Anthony  Falls  to  supply 
flour  for  the  garrison  at  Fort  Snelling.  It 
was  operated  by  soldiers. 

In  1850,  Minnesota  produced  1,401  bush- 
els of  wheat,  and  the  flour  output  was  val- 
ued at  1500.  In  1900,  the  wheat  product 
was  about  70,000,000  bushels  and  the  value 


of  flour  manufactured  was  about  |100,000,- 
000.  Froin  1850  to  1855,  small  grist  mills 
wei'c  built  on  the  streams  of  Houston,  Wi- 
nona, ^^'abasha,  Dakota,  Hennepin,  Sher- 
burne, Fillmore,  and  Olmsted  counties.  In 
1851,  the  flrst  grist  and  merchant  mill  was 
erected  at  St.  Anthony  Falls  in  East  Min- 
neapolis. "The  Minnesota,"  a  five-run  mill, 
was  built  in  Minneapolis  in  1854.  It  was 
situated  on  Hennepin  Island.  The  mill  cost 
•fin, 000  and  brought  its  owners  a  net  profit 
of  .f24,000  the  first  year.  As  sufficient  Min- 
nesota wheat  to  supply  this  mill  could  not 
be  obtained,  wheat  was  hauled  by  wagon 
100  miles  from  Wisconsin,  or  by  boat  from 
Iowa.  "The  Minnesota"  was  the  first  mill 
to  ship  Minnesota  flour  to  eastern  markets, 
in  1858.  It  paid  f2.25  per  barrel  freight, — 
over  five  times  the  present  cost. 

The  Globe  Milling  com])any  of  New  Ulm 
was  a  corporation  to  manufacture  flour 
in  Minnesota.  The  mill  had  a  daily  capaci- 
ty of  50  barrels,  and  began  operation  in 
1858.  Limitation  of  space  forbids  more  than 
the  mere  mention  of  the  beginnings  of  flour 
milling  at  Northfield  in  1856,  at  Dundas  in 
the  sixties,  at  Hastings  before  1859,  at  Isin- 
ours,  on  the  Root  river  in  1855,  and  at  Min- 
netonka  Mills  in  1853.  In  1860,  Minnesota 
had  85  flouring  mills,  63  of  which  were  run 
by  water  and  22  by  steam.  These  mills, 
from  1,273,509  bushels  of  wheat,  produced 
254,702  barrels  of  flour,  valued  at  |1,310,431, 
— an  increase  of  |1,309,931  in  ten  years.  In 
1861,  the  estimated  daily  output  of  the  Min- 
neapolis mills  was  4,000  barrels, — about 
one-third  of  the  present  output  of  the  "Pills- 
bury  A"  mill. 

In  the  decade  of  1860-70,  the  number  of 
mills  had  increased  to  216,  their  output  to 
about  1,000,000  barrels  of  flour,  and  500,000 
bushels  of  corn  meal,  all  valued  at  $7,500,- 
000. 

The  manufacture  of  flour  was  revolu- 
tionized in  1870  by  the  introduction  of  the 
"new  process"  of  saving  the  gluten  of  the 
wheat  berry  by  means  of  the  middlings  puri- 
fier. The  value  of  Minnesota  flour  was  in- 
ireased  $1  or  $2  per  barrel  by  the  use  of 
this,  the  invention  of  the  brothers  Nicholas 
and  Edmund  N.  La  Croix,  who  were  Minne- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  XORTHWEST. 


sofa  millei'S.  In  1874,  the  roller  process 
was  introduced  into  tbe  "Washburn  A" 
mill  at  Minneapolis. 

In  11)01,  Minnesota  had  about  400  flour 
and  grist  mills,  with  an  aggregate  daily 
capacity  of  about  140,000  barrels.  The 
manufacture  of  this  flour  requires  about 
115,000,000  bushels  of  wheat.  Fifteen  mil- 
lion barrels  of  Minnesota  flour  go  to  foreign 
countries,  and  more  than  one-half  of  this 
to  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  Our  other 
]>rincipal  foreign  markets  are  in  the  follow- 
ing order:  AX'est  Indies,  Hong  Kong,  Brazil, 
and  Germany. 

The  ten  largest  milling  centers  in  the 
T'nited  States  "as  measured  by  their  flour 
outi)ut  in  1S99  are  as  follows:  Detroit,  504,- 
700    barrels;    Nashville,    680,S0:i;    Buffalo, 


1,068,044;  Kansas  City,  1,094,846;  Chicago, 
1,125,745;  Toledo,  1,150,000;  St.  Louis,  1,166,- 
4:>!t;  Milwaukee,  1, 7:57,826;  Duluth-Superior, 
],7(i:!.020;  jMinueai)olis,  14,291,780." 

OnJan.  21, 1901,Mr.  Geo.  D.  Rogers  de- 
livered an  exceedingly  interesting  and  valu- 
able address  on  the  history  of  flour  manu- 
facture in  Minnesota.  At  the  conclusion  of 
this  address,  from  which  most  of  the  above 
data  have  been  drawn,  he  says:  ''At  the 
World's  Exposition  at  Paris  during  tbe  past 
yv.iv.  bread  made  from  Minnesota  flour  car- 
ried off  the  prize  medal  for  the  best  bread 
in  the  world,  and  Minnesota  flour  likewise 
took  first  premium  in  the  contest  for  the 
best  flour  in  the  world,  showing  that  Min- 
nesota holds  the  world's  sweepstakes  for 
the  quantity  and  (piality  of  ])r()duct." 


HISTORY  OF  SOUTH  DAKOTA. 


C.  W.  G.  HYDE. 


The  state  of  South  Dakota  lies  in  the 
heart  of  North  America.  It  is  north  of 
Nebraska,  east  of  AA'yoniing  and  Montana, 
south  of  North  Dakota,  and  west  of  Min- 
nesota and  Iowa.  Its  area  is  77,850  sijuare 
miles.  It  is  about  equal  in  size  to  Nebraska 
or  I'ruguay,  one  and  a  half  times  as  large 
as  New  York  or  England,  more  than  twice 
fhe  size  of  Indiana,  and  nearly  seven  times 
the  size  of  Belgium.  It  would  take  nearly 
ten  states  like  ^Massachusetts  and  sixty-two 
like  Rhode  Island  to  equal  South  Dakota 
in  area. 

The  natural  divisions  of  South  Dakota 
are  the  Missouri  valley,  which  has  become 
noted  for  a  production  of  corn  and  hogs 
(■(|ual  to  that  of  Illinois  and  Iowa.  The  Big 
Sioux  valley,  which  contains  fine  quarries 
of  granite  and  jasi)er  I'ock  and  a  fertile  soil; 
the  James  River  valley,  which  produces  the 
finest  wheat  grown  in  the  state,  and  which 
is  the  finest  artesian  well  district  in  the 
world;  centrjil  Dakota,  which  includes  the 
divide  and  prairies  between  the  Missf)uri 
and  -Tames  rivers,  and  which  is  well  adapt- 


ed to  grain  and  stock  farming;  the  Sioux 
reservation  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the 
state;  the  Sisseton  reservation  in  the  north- 
eastern corner  of  the  state — a  rich  tract  of 
agricultural  land;  and  tbe  Black  Hills  in 
the  southwest,  which  are  chiefly  noted  for 
their  abundant  deposits  of  gold,  silver,  lead, 
tin,  coi>per,  gypsum,  niica,  cements,  clays, 
coal,  graphite,  iron,  marble,  zinc,  etc. 

The  aboriginal  inhabitants  of  South  Da- 
kota were  the  Crow,  Cheyenne  and  Sioux 
Indians.  A  detailed  account  of  these  abo- 
rigines is  given  elsewhere  in  this  volume. 

TERRITORIAL  CIIANOES. 

1.  South  Dakota,  in  i- inoii  with  oth- 
er parts  of  the  west  was  a  hunting  ground 
for  roving  bands  of  Indians  from  time  im- 
memorial. 

2.  La  Salle,  a  French  explorei-.  formally 
took  possession  of  all  the  country  drained 
by  the  Jlississippi  and  its  tributaries,  and 
named  it  for  his  king — Louis  XIV. — Louis- 
iana. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


3.  In  1762,  France  ceded  the  country  to 
Spain,  but  it  was  retroceded  to  France  un- 
der the  treaty  of  St.  Ildepbonso  in  1800.  In 
1803,  Louisiana  became  the  property  of  the 
United  States  by  purchase. 

It  is  now  necessary  to  distinguish  the 
changes  made  in  the  eastern  section  of  the 
state  from  those  made  in  the  western  sec- 
tion,— the  Missouri  river  constituting  the 
dividing  line. 

4.  The  western  section  of  the  state  be- 
came a  part  of  Missouri  Territory  in  1812, 
and  afterward  of  Mandan  Territory.  In 
1854,  it  was  incorporated  in  the  Territory 
of  Nebraska. 

5.  The  eastern  section  was  a  part  of 
Missouri  Territory  from  1812  to  1834,  of 
Michigan  Territory  from  1834  to  1836,  of 
Wisconsin  Territory  from  1836  to  1838,  of 
Iowa  Territory  from  1838  to  1849,  and  of 
Minnesota  Territory  from  1849  to  1858. 
From  1858,  when  the  state  of  Minnesota 
was  organized,  until  1861,  it  had  no  legal 
name  or  existence.  In  the  latter  year,  Da- 
kota Territory  was  organized,  including  both 
of  the  present  Dakotas,  together  with  Mon- 
tana, Wyoming,  and  part  of  Idaho. 

6.  In  1873,  the  boundaries  of  Dakota 
Territory  were  i-eadjusted  so  as  to  include 
North  and  South  Dakota  as  they  now  are. 

7.  On  Nov.  2,  1889,  South  Dakota  was 
organized  as  a  state  with  its  present  bound- 
aries. 

EARLY  HISTORY. 

The  first  party  of  American  explorers  to 
ascend  the  Missouri  river  into  the  land  of 
the  Dakotas  was  that  conducted  by  Cap- 
tains Lewis  and  Clarke,  and  was  organized 
immediately  after  the  consummation  of  the 
Louisiana  purchase.  The  party  entered  the 
Missouri  river  in  boats  from  the  Mississip- 
pi, May  4,  1804.  Twenty-three  days  later, 
they  passed  the  mouth  of  the  James  river, 
and  near  the  place  where  Yankton  now 
stands,  an  Indian  swam  to  their  boats  and 
informed  them  that  a  large  body  of  Sioux 
was  near.  The  party  landed  and  met  the 
Indians  at  Calumet  Blutf,  making  speeches 
and  giving  presents.  On  the  24th  of  Sep- 
tember, they  reached  the  mouth  of  the  Te- 


ton, now  called  the  Bad,  river.  They  re- 
mained in  their  canoes  in  the  river,  opposite 
the  site  of  Pierre,  for  one  day,  the  Indians 
being  so  hostile  that  they  did  not  venture  to 
land.  On  October  1,  they  passed  the  mouth 
of  the  Cheyenne.  Here  they  met  Mr.  Valle, 
a  French  trader,  who  informed  them  that 
he  had  passed  the  preceding  winter  in  the 
mountains  (Black  Hills)  where  the  river 
takes  its  rise. 

Soon  after  the  Lewis  and  Clarke  expedi- 
tion, American  traders  and  adventurers  be- 
gan to  push  their  way  into  the  hitherto  un- 
known Nor-thwest,  establishing  posts  for  fur 
trade  with  the  natives.  The  furs  and  pel- 
tries were  taken  to  St.  Louis  in  the  spring, 
the  journeys  down  the  upper  tributaries  be- 
ing often  made  in  circular  boats  of  skins, 
with  which  the  channel  could  be  followed, 
regardless  of  sand-bars,  snags,  and  dark- 
ness. The  first  trading  posts  were  estab- 
lished in  the  country  about  1809.  It  is . 
claimed  that  Pierre  Chouteau,  of  the  Amer- 
ican Fur  company,  was  the  first  man  to  run 
a  steamboat  up  the  Missouri  river  into  Da- 
kota, and  with  him  as  pilot  the  steamer  An- 
telope passed  up  the  river  into  the  Dakotas 
in  1832. 

It  is  said  that  a  stone  slab  has  been 
found  on  the  top  of  Mount  Lookout,  near 
Spearfish,  upon  which  this  inscription  had 
been  cut: 

"Came  to  the  Hills  in  1833,  seven  of  us. 
Doctor  Lacon,  Ezra  Kind,  G.  W.  Wood,  F. 
Brown,  R.  Kent,  William  King,  Indian 
Crow,  all  dead  but  me,  Ezra  Kind.  Killed 
by  Indians  beyond  the  High  Hill.  They 
got  all  our  gold,  June,  1834."  On  the  op= 
posite  side  is  this  inscription: 

"Got  all  the  gold  we  could  carry;  our 
ponies  were  got  by  the  Indians.  I  have  lost 
my  gun  and  have  nothing  to  eat.  Indians 
are  hunting  me.'' 

No  permanent  settlement  was  made  in 
South  Dakota  until  1856,  when  Sioux  Falls 
was  settled.  The  first  census  of  Dakota 
was  taken  in  1861,  and  showed  a  popula- 
tion of  2,402.  In  1868,  there  were  12,000 
whites  in  the  territory.  The  first  telegraph 
line  was  built  from  Sioux  City  to  Yankton 
in  1870,  and  in  1872,  a  railroad  was  finished 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


between  the  two  places.  In  1874,  pold  was 
discovered  iu  the  Black  Hills,  and  in  1S77, 
the  Black  Hills  region  was  opened  to  white 
settlement. 

The  governors  of  Dakota  Territory,  from 
the  date  of  its  organization,  March  2,  ISfil, 
were  as  follows:  William  Jaynes,  1861-03; 
Newton  Edmunds,  18G3-6G;  Andrew  J. 
Faulk,  1866-69;  John  A.  Burbank,  1869-74; 
John  L.  Pennington,  1874-78;  William  A. 
Howard,  1878-80;  Xehemiah  (j.  Ordway, 
1880-84;  Gilbert  A.  Pierce,  1884-87;  Louis 
K.  Church,  1887-89;  Arthur  C.  Mellette, 
1889. 

THE  STATE. 

On  February  22,  1889,  I'resident  Cleve- 
land signed  an  act  empowering  the  people 
of  >?outh  Dakota  to  adopt  a  constitution  pre- 
paratory to  admission  into  the  Union  as  one 
of  the  United  States.  A  constitutional  con- 
vention met  at  Sioux  Falls  on  July  4,  1889. 
As  the  people  had  voted  to  endorse  a  consti- 
tution which  had  been  adopted  four  years 
before,  the  duties  of  the  convention  were 
limited  to  making  such  changes  in  that  c(m- 
stitution  as  related  to  the  name  and  bound- 
ary of  the  proposed  state  and  to  the  reap- 
portionment of  legislative  and  judicial  dis- 
tricts, and  such  amendments  as  might  be 
necessary  to  comply  with  the  admission  act. 
A  provision  of  the  constitution  relating  to 
the  ju-ohibition  of  the  liquor  traffic  was  sub- 
mitted to  the  people  separately,  as  follows: 

"No  person  or  corporation  shall  manu- 
facture, or  aid  in  the  manufacture  for  sale, 
anj'  intoxicating  liquor.  No  person  shall 
sell  or  keep  for  sale,  as  a  beverage,  any  in- 
toxicating liquor.  The  legislature  shall  by 
law  prescribe  regulations  for  the  enforce- 
ment of  the  provisions  of  this  secti(m  and 
provide  suitable  and  adecjuate  jtenaltics  for 
the  violation  thereof."' 

The  constitution,  including  the  ])roliib- 
itory  provision,  was  adopted  by  po]>ul:ir 
vote  on  October  1,  and  on  November  •'',  18S;i, 
President  Harrison  issued  his  proclanuUion 
admitting  Houth  Dakota  to  the  Union.  Ar- 
thur C.  Mellette  was  elected  governor,  and 
the  first  state  legislature,  on  October  17, 
chose  two  United  States  senators,  viz.,  K.  F. 


Pettigrew  and  Gideon  C.  Moody.  The  gov- 
ernors of  the  state  since  that  time  have 
been  as  follows:  Arthur  C.  Mellette,  1889- 
93;  Charles  H.  Sheldon,  1893-97;  Andrew  E. 
Lee,  1897-1901;  C.  F.  Herreid,  1901—.  R. 
F.  Pettigrew  rejiresented  South  Dakota  in 
the  United  States  senate  from  1889  to  1901; 
and  Gideon  (;.  Moody,  from  1889  to  1891. 
James  H.  Kyle  succeeded  Senator  Moody  in 
1891,  and  was  re-elected  in  1897.  In  1901, 
Pobert  J.  Gamble  was  elected  to  succeed 
Senator  Pettigrew. 

The  population  of  South  Dakota  in  1870 
was  11,776;  in  1880.  98,268;  in  1890,  328,808; 
and  in  1900.  401,.570. 

There  are  twelve  cities  in  South  Dakota 
having  a  population  greater  than  2,000.  In 
Ihe  following  list  the  first  number  which 
comes  after  the  name  of  each  city  denotes 
Ihe  population  in  1890,  the  second  number, 
the  population  iu  190(»: 

Aberdeen,  3,182—4,087;  Brookings,  1,518 
— 2,346;  Deadwood,  2.366 — 3,498;  Huron, 
3,038—2,793;  Lead,  2,.'581— 6,210;  .Madison, 
1.736—2,550;  Mitchell,  2,217—4,055;  Pierre, 
3.235—2,306;  Sioux  Falls,  10,177-1^,266; 
N'ermilion,  1,496—2,183;  Watertown,  2,672 
—3,352;  Yankton,  3,070-4,125. 

In  1890,  about  12,000,000  acres  of  fine 
farming  lands  embraced  in  the  Sioux  reser- 
vations were  opened  to  settlement,  and  the 
lands  were  promptlj'  occupied  by  settlers. 
One  tract  of  these  lands  lay  between  Ameri- 
can and  Medicine  creeks  on  the  east,  and 
<  "heyenne  and  White  rivers  on  the  west  side 
of  the  Missouri,  and  also  included  all  that 
]iortiou  of  the  <ireat  Sioux  reservation  lying 
south  of  the  forty-sixth  i)arallel  and  west  of 
the  103d  meridian.  Another  tract  lay  north 
of  the  city  of  Watertown.  In  the  same 
year,  a  stringent  law  was  passed  prohibit- 
ing the  manufacture,  sale  or  giving  away  of 
intoxicating  liquors,  under  heavy  penalties. 
In  1898,  an  amendment  to  the  state  consti- 
(ution  was  adopted  providing  that  the  state 
should  conti'ol  the  manufacture  and  sale  of 
li(|uors,  but  this  amendment  was  repealed 
in  (111-  year  190(1. 

South  Dakota  was  the  tirst  state  to  estab- 
lish Ihe  initiative  and  referendum  as  a  part 
of  the  law-making  process,  an    amendment 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


to  the  constitution  enibodvins  this  principle 
having  been  adoi)ted  in  1898. 

GOLD    MINING. 

Gold  was  first  known  to  exist  in  the 
Black  Hills  in  1858,  having  been  discovered 
by  Lieut.  Wheeler,  a  government  scientific 
explorer,  near  the  Wyoming  border.  Two 
years  later  gold  was  again  found  in  small 
quantities  near  the  place  now  known  as 
Jenny's  Stockade,  on  Beaver  creek.  In 
1861,  Gen.  Harney's  party  found  fine  pros- 
pects on  French  creek. 

In  the  year  1874,  Gen.  G.  A.  Custer  con- 
ducted a  military  and  scientific  expedition 
from  Fort  Abraham  Lincoln,  N.  D.,  to  Bear 
Butte,  in  the  Black  Hills,  and  explored  the 
country  south,  southeast,  and  southwest  of 
the  latter  point.  Capt.  Ludlow,  chief  engi- 
neer of  the  expedition,  under  date  of  Au- 
gust 23,  1874,  says: 

"Whatever  may  ultimately  be  deter- 
mined as  to  the  existence  of  large  amounts 
of  precious  metals  in  the  Black  Hills,  the 
evidence  gathered  on  the  trip  was  discour- 
aging to  that  supposition.  It  is  probable 
that  the  best  use  to  be  made  of  the  Black 
Hills  for  the  next  fifty  years  [up  to  1925] 
would  be  as  the  permanent  reservation  of 
the  Sioux."  Gen.  Custer,  in  his  report  of  this 
expedition,  says  that  while  no  discoveries 
were  made  of  gold  deposits  in  quartz,  an 
even,  if  not  very  rich,  distribution  of  gold  is 
to  be  found  in  the  valleys.  He  was  satisfied, 
however,  that  gold  in  satisfactory  quantities 
could  be  obtained  in  the  Hills.  A  few  days 
later  the  general  again  refers  to  the  discovery 
of  gold  and  states  that  additional  evidence  of 
its  existence  in  paying  quantities  has  been 
discovered. 

In  October  of  the  same  year  a  party  of 
twenty-five  explorers  and  miners  started 
for  the  Black  Hills  from  Sioux  City,  Iowa. 
On  the  24th  of  December  they  found  gold  in 
Custer's  Park,  near  where  Custer  City  now 
stands.  This  was  the  first  gold  produced  in 
a  mining  camp  in  the  Black  Hills.  In  the 
spring  of  1875,  these  miners  were  arrested 
and  conducted  out  of  the  Hills  by  United 
States  soldiers,  as  they  were  trespassing  on 
an  Indian  reservation,  and  their  lives  were 


in  danger.  Prospectors  and  miners  persist- 
ed in  carrying  on  their  work  in  the  Hills  in 
spite  of  government  opposition,  and  the 
president  at  last,  in  1875,  began  negotiations 
with  the  Indians,  looking  to  a  cession  of  the 
Black  Hills  region. 

The  discovery  of  gold  in  the  Black  Hills, 
in  the  vicinity  of  Deadwood,  which  was  the 
forerunner  of  the  real  gold  find  in  the  Black 
Hills,  was  made  in  the  summer  of  1875  by 
a  party  of  gold  seekers  from  the  Cheyenne 
River  agency,  near  where  Pierre,  the  capital 
of  the  state,  is  now  located.  These  men 
had  been  told  by  the  Indians  of  the  exist- 
ence of  gold  in  the  hills.  The  party  con- 
sisted of  Dick  Lowe,  Tom  Moore,  Frank 
Bryant,  Sam  Blodget,  J.  B.  Pearson,  James 
Pearman  and  George  Hauser,  who  came  in 
with  pack  animals. 

The  gold  was  discovered  in  Whitewood 
Gulch,  about  300  yards  above  the  mouth  of 
Spruce  Gulch,  at  a  point  which  is  now  with- 
in the  first  ward  of  the  city  of  Deadwood. 
The  country  on  the  route  between  the  Chey- 
enne river  and  the  point  at  which  they  made 
their  first  find  was  thoroughly  prospected 
without  finding  any  gold.  They  remained 
in  the  gulch  about  six  weeks,  when  their 
food  gave  out,  and  Lowe,  Moore  and  Pear- 
man  returned  to  the  Missouri  river  for  pro- 
visions. The  remainder  of  the  party  went 
to  the  Southern  Hills  and  were  arrested  and 
taken  out  of  the  country  by  the  military. 
Frank  Bryant  and  two  others  located  the 
first  mining  claim  taken  up  in  Deadwood 
Gulch,  November  17,  1875. 

A  treaty  with  the  Indians  was  finally 
concluded  on  September  26,  1876,  and  was- 
ratified  and  approved  by  the  president,  Feb- 
ruary 28,  1877.  The  countrj-  ceded  was  all 
that  region  west  of  the  103d  meridian  which 
is  included  by  the  north  and  south  forks  of 
the  Cheyenne  river. 

In  the  meantime,  the  Castle  Creek  Drain 
Ditch  company  was  organized  and  com- 
menced work  on  September  1,  1876.  Al- 
though this  company  abandoned  its  claim 
on  Castle  creek  within  a  year  because  of 
the  impossibility  of  pumping  water  for  their 
ditch,  one  of  their  number,  Mr.  Sidney  E. 
Cornell,    declares    that   he   shall   never   re- 


J 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


gret  liavinfi;  gone  there,  "for  there  I  found 
the  best  niififjet  of  them  all — a  faithful  help- 
mate who  is  with  me  ret.  a  true  and  lovinp; 
wife."  The  total  product  of  frold  in  South 
Dakota  for  the  year  l.'^ni  was  .«;a.ll2.fino ;  for 
189.3,  S«4,n00.nn0;  for  isno,  |;S,2.3.5.0nO;  for 
1898,  ,«!S.nOO.(lOfl;  for  1S99,  «9.]:?1.4?.fi.  and 
for  1900  (estimated I.  *14,000,000.  South  Da- 
kota ranks  tliird  among  the  states  of  the 
Union  in  the  production  of  gold.  It  is  es- 
timated that  up  to  April  1.  1900.  the  Black 
Hills  had  yielded  gold  to  the  value  of  ^87,- 
000.000. 

WHEAT  RAISING. 

During  early  times  in  South  Dakota, 
conditions  were  so  favorable  that  a  very  lit- 
tle care  and  work  brought  an  abundant 
yield.  The  immediate  result  was  a  heed- 
lessness on  the  part  of  farmers  which 
brought  temporary  disaster.  More  careful 
preparation  of  the  soil  and  diversified  farm- 
ing have  brought  renewed  prosperity.  The 
hard  varieties  of  wheat  can  be  successfully 
raised  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state. 
The  raising  of  blue  stem  wheat  has  been 
made  a  success,  and  it  is  a  valuable  wheat 
to  raise,  considering  quality  and  yield.  The 
losses  in  quality  of  wheat  by  smut,  in  South 
Dakota,  in  early  days,  no  longer  occur  to 
any  considerable  extent.  The  average  yield 
of  wheat  is  about  twelve  bushels  per  acre, 
and  in  an  average  year,  the  state  produces 
from  thirty-six  to  forty-five  million  bushels. 
The  average  price  obtained  by  the  South 
Dakota  farmer  for  a  period  of  six  years  is 
fifty-two  and  three-fourths  cents  per  bushel, 
according  to  the  latest  obtainable  statistics. 

THE  DAIRY  AND  CREAMERY  INDUSTRY. 

"The  great  siiccess  to  which  dairying  in 
South  Dakota  has  attained  is  due  mainly  to 
two  potent  factors,"  says  Prof.  A.  H. 
Wheaton.  These  two  factors  are  "the  ex- 
cellent quality  of  the  native  grasses  and  the 
extreme  cheapness  and  wonderful  fertility 
of  the  soils.  The  native  grasses  of  South 
Dakota  are  wonderfully  rich  in  nutrition  of 
those  peculiar  qualities  which  make  them  a 
natural  and  nearly  balanced  ration  for  ani- 
mals designed  for  beef,  and  for  milch  cows." 
"The    butter    produced    from  them  is  of  a 


very  high  order"  as  to  flavor,  texture,  and 
long  keeping. 

In  the  early  days  of  South  Dakota,  the 
conditions  referred  to  above  were  not  un- 
derstood, but  as  the  state  grew  older  it  be- 
came apparent  to  agriculturists  that  in  or- 
der to  secure  themselves  against  loss  in 
years  that  were  not  favorable  to  the  produc- 
tion of  good  grain  crops,  they  must  raise 
some  kind  of  stock.  "Ex])eriments  were  in- 
augurated by  the  ExperinuMital  Station  and 
by  farmers  of  all  classes  along  these  lines, 
which  resulted  in  the  almost  unanimous 
ojtinion  that  South  Dakota  was,  and  is,  one 
of  nature's  ideal  spots  for  grazing  purposes. 
The  results,  indeed,  were  far  beyond  the  ex- 
jiectations  of  the  tuost  sanguine. 

"From  a  very  few  creameries  established 
in  189(1,  the  industry  of  dairying  and  espe- 
cially buttermaking  has  rapidly  spread  un- 
til now  nearly  the  whole  state  east  of  the 
Missouri  river  is  engaged  in  it.  January 
1,  1S!)8,  there  were  li5  successful  cream- 
eries in  operation,"  and  it  is  now  estimated 
that  there  are  over  two  hundred.  Th%plan 
was  followed  of  "establishing  creameries  in 
localities  where  wheat  raising  had  been  es- 
pecially disastrous  during  the  driest  sea- 
sons. 

"^\'hile  it  has  now  been  completely  dem- 
onstrated that  so  long  as  the  lands  remain 
at  the  present  price,  dairying  can  be  carried 
on  in  South  Dakota  with  profit,  it  is  as  true 
that  twice  as  many  creameries  can  be  suc- 
cessfully operated"  and  large  investments 
may  profitably  be  nuide  in  the  erection  of 
additional  creameries  and  the  stocking  of 
more  farms  with  milch  cows.  Capitalists 
who  desire  to  find  a  paying  and  safe  invest- 
ment are  learning  that  the  dairying  indus- 
try in  this  state  brings  them  a  good  rate  of 
interest  and  that  the  milch  cow  in  South 
Dakota  is  never  a  defaulter.  "Gilt-edged 
security  is  no  longer  considered  to  be  a 
mortgage  on  real  estate,  but  on  cows  and 
steers.  Thousands  of  car  loads  of  each 
have  been  shipped  into  the  state  during  the 
past  six  months,  the  cows  generally  remain- 
ing east  of  the  Missouri  river,  while  the 
steers  are  more  generally  shiiiiicd  to  owners 
who  live  west  of  the  Great  Muddy.' 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


The  profits  from  this  industry  reach  into 
the  millions,  and  those  engagced  in  it  are  on 
the  hijjh  road  to  wealth.  The  dairying  in- 
dustry east  of  the  Missouri  and  the  raising 
of  beef  cattle  west  of  that  river  are  corner 
stones  in  the  agricultural  prosperity  of 
South  Dakota.  At  the  convention  of  the 
National  Creamery  Buttermakers'  associa- 
tion, held  in  St.  Paul,  Minn.,  in  February, 
1901,  South  Dakota  was  awarded  a  silver 
cup — one  of  five — for  best  state  exhibit. 

THE    SHEEP    INDUSTRY. 

It  is  not  known  just  when  the  first  sheep 
were  brought  to  South  Dakota,  but  it  is  cer- 
tain that  sheep  raising  has  not  until  quite 
recently  assumed  large  proportions  in  the 
state.  At  the  present  time,  she  occupies  a 
prominent  place  among  the  sheep  raising 
states  of  the  Fnion,  although  a  small  pro- 
portion of  her  natural  advantages  in  that 
direction  have  been  utilized.  The  most 
practical  evidence  of  her  rank  in  this  indus- 
try is  to  be  found  in  her  large  shipments  of 
wool,  mutton,  and  breeders.  "Her  grass 
mutton,"  says  Hon.  M.  F.  Greeley,  "fre- 
quently tops  the  eastern  markets,  her  grain 
finished  lambs  seldom  fail  to  do  so,  and  her 
wools  are  now  well  and  favorably  known  in 
all  the  great  wool  centers  and  mills.  The 
more  we  see  and  know  of  South  Dakota's 
great  natural  advantages  for  the  econom- 
ical production  of  wool  and  mutton,  the 
more  are  we  convinced  that  Dakota  is  and 
always  will  be  a  great  sheep  country.  Sheep 
thrive  best  in  the  high,  cool  altitudes  of  the 
mountains.  Dakota  is  a  vast,  almost  level 
mountain." 

The  sunshine  which  prevails  almost  con- 
stantly in  South  Dakota  is  a  source  of  im- 
mense profit  to  her  shepherds.  Hygienic 
conditions  are  afforded  by  dry  winters,  and 
the  steadily  low  temperature  of  the  winter 
months  favors  the  growth  of  a  heavy  fleece. 
There  are  few  localities  that  afford  as  great 
a  variety  of  sheep  foods  as  South  Dakota. 
Her  sugar  beets  are  unrivalled  for  sweet- 
ness, and  her  grass,  roots,  and  weeds  are 
more  than  usually  sweet  and  nutritious. 
"Out  of  about  600  plants,  weeds  and  grasses 
growing  wild  in  the  state,  a  cow  will  eat 


about  fifty-seven  of  them,  a  horse  eighty- 
two,  and  a  sheep,  576.  Weedy  hay  is  poor- 
ly and  only  partly  eaten  by  cows  and 
horses,  while  sheep  eat  the  weedy  part  first, 
and  their  pasture  is  as  free  from  weeds  as 
old  cattle  and  horse  pastures  are  from 
grass."  Mutton  of  the  very  best  quality 
and  fleeces  that  are  unexcelled  are  to-day 
produced  from  a  feed  consisting  of  the 
weedy  upland  hay  that  covers  over  half  of 
South  Dakota,  and  this  without  the  addi- 
tion of  a  single  pound  of  food  artificially 
prepared.  "In  the  more  eastern  portions  of 
the  state,"  says  Greeley,  "where,  owing  to 
much  plowing,  the  wild  grasses  are  not  suf- 
ficient for  all  the  winter  fodder,  corn  stalks, 
oats  in  the  bundle,  millet,  hay,  and  other 
lame  fodders  are  also  found  to  be  much 
richer  in  sugar  and  other  fiesh  forming 
I)roperties,  than  they  are  when  grown  far- 
ther south  and  east.  All  these  things  tend 
lo  enable  South  Dakota  to  put  grass  mut- 
ton upon  the  market  earlier  than  any  of  her 
more  eastern  competitors,  frequently  doing 
this  almost  as  soon  as  eastern  tame  pas- 
tures are  sufficiently  formed  to  receive 
stock  at  all." 

The  mutton  breeds  of  sheep  predominate 
east  of  the  Missouri,  and  grades  of  the 
Shropshire,  Oxford,  Hampshire  and  South- 
downs  are  most  plentiful.  "These  are  all 
dark-faced  sheep,  and  when  Dakota  grown, 
prove  to  be  good  muttons."  Fine  bunches 
of  Cotswold,  Lincoln  and  other  white-faced 
mutton  breeds  are  also  to  be  found.  West 
of  the  Missouri,  the  bands  of  sheep  are  lar- 
ger and  most  of  them  are  of  ^lerino  blood. 

The  outlook  for  the  sheep  industry  in" 
South  Dakota  is  a  very  bright  one,  and  the 
business  of  wool  and  mutton  production  in 
the  state  is  certain  to  be  a  permanent  and 
a  paying  one.  "Beef,  butter,  wool,  and 
mutton  are  fast  taking  their  place  among 
the  leading  products,  and  will  continue  to 
do  so"  until  South  Dakota  shall  stand  in 
the  front  rank  of  states  engaged  in  stock 
raising. 

IRRIGATION    IN    SOUTH    DAKOTA. 

While  a  considerable  part  of  the  state  is 
humid,  and  has  a  precipitation  of  moisture 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


above  the  averaj>(*  absolutely  rciiiiircd  for 
the  production  of  abiiudant  crops,  a  por- 
tion of  it  belongs  to  the  semi-arid  region, 
and  must  depend  on  irrigation  for  jiroflta- 
ble  agricultural  products. 

Three  plans  or  methods  of  irrigation  are 
at  present  employed  in  South  Dakota.  One 
method  is  the  building  of  dams  on  bound- 
ary lines  and  on  the  dry  runs  and  the  cre- 
ation, by  this  means,  of  bodies  of  water 
which  seeps  through  the  ground  or  is  con- 
ducted in  ditches  to  the  points  where  it  is 


most  needed.  Another  plan  is  to  obtain 
tlie  required  water  by  artesian  wells.  A 
notion  more  or  less  prevalent  that  artesian 
well  water  is  injurious  to  soils  and  plants 
has  been  proved  fallacious.  .\  third  way  is 
to  irrigate  from  shallow  wells  and  pumps. 
I'rof.  Stacy  A.  Cochran  says:  "There  is 
nothing  that  I  more  firmly  believe  than  that 
the  intelligence  and  energy  of  the  South 
Dakota  peojile  will  ultimately  solve  the  irri- 
gaticm  ])robleiii  and  our  state  will  become 
the  veritable  garden  spot  of  America." 


HISTORY  OF  NORTH  DAKOTA, 


C  A.  LOUNSBERRY. 


North  Dakota,  admitted  to  the  Union  in 
1880,  was  originally  a  jjart  of  the  Louisiana 
Purchase,  and  was  claimed  by  France  from 
the  time  La  Salle  explored  the  ilississipjii 
in  1082,  till  ceded  to  Spain  in  1762.  In  lS(tO. 
Spain  ceded  it  to  France  by  secret  treaty 
and  in  1803  France  ceded  it  to  the  United 
States  for  80.000.000  francs. 

Louisiana  then  extended  from  the  <Julf 
of  Mexico  north  to  the  Lake  of  the  Woods, 
and  embraced  what  is  now  Arkansas.  Mis- 
souri, Iowa.  Nebraska,  Oregon,  North  and 
South  Dakota,  the  Indian  Country,  Mon- 
tana, Idaho,  Washington,  part  of  Minneso- 
ta, part  of  Kansas,  part  of  Colorado  and 
part  of  Wyoming.  Though  it  had  not  been 
in  the  possession  of  Sjjain  for  nearly  three 
years,  when  Lewis  and  Clarke  started  on 
their  exi)edition  to  explore  the  Missouri  riv- 
er country  in  1803,  the  Spanish  otHcials 
were  still  in  charge  and  would  not  allow 
thoni  to  winter  on  the  ceded  territory.  They 
wintered  near  St.  Charles,  Mo.,  on  the  east 
side  of  the  river. 

In  1805,  the  Louisiana  I'uichase  became 
Louisiana  Territory,  and  was  governed  by 
the  oflicials  of  Indiana  Territory.  In  1812  it 
became  Missouri  Territory.  In  1831  con- 
gress created  the  Territory  of  Michigan, 
which  then  included  that  part  of  the  two 
Dakotas  east  of  the  ilissouri  and  White  riv- 


ers and  included  also  the  i)resent  states  of 
Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Iowa  and  Minnesota. 
In  1836  Wisconsin  was  established  and  then 
that  portion  of  North  Dakota  east  of  the 
^lissouri  became  a  part  of  Wisconsi%  In 
1838  Iowa  was  organized  and  included  the 
present  state  of  North  Dakota.  In  1849 
Minnesota  Territory  was  established  and 
covered  tliat  part  of  North  Dakota  lying 
east  of  the  Missouri  river.  In  ISo-l  Nebras- 
ka was  organized  and  took  the  country  west 
of  the  ^lissouri  and  White  rivers,  which  had 
previously  been  known  as  Mandan  Terri- 
tory. In  1858,  Minnesota  became  a  state 
and  that  portion  of  North  Dakota  lying  east 
of  the  Missouri  river  became  unorganized 
and  unattached  territory  and  so  remained 
until  Dakota  was  organized  in  ISOl,  and 
then  embraced  North  and  South  Dakota,  a 
pan  of  Montana,  a  jiarl  of  Wyoming  and  a 
jiarr  of  Idaho. 

The  bill  creating  Dakota  was  signed  by 
President  Buchanan,  ilarch  2.  18G1,  and  on 
the  27th  day  of  May  thereafter.  President 
Lincoln  ai)pointed  his  old  friend  and  towns- 
man. Dr.  W'm.  Jayne,  of  Springfield,  111., 
governoi'  of  Dakota. 

In  lS(iO  the  population  of  Dakota,  includ- 
ing all  of  the  states  and  parts  of  states 
above  mentioned,  was  4,837. 

In  1S81>  what  was  then  Dakota  was  di- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


vided  and  the  present  state  of  North  Dakota 
was  admitted  into  the  Union  in  connection 
with  South  Dakota,  Montana  and  Washing- 
ton. Xorth  Dakota,  leadino;  in  the  enabling 
act,  takes  rank  above  the  others  in  the  or- 
der of  admission. 

The  division  of  North  Dalvota  was  ac- 
complished after  many  hard  struggles  and 
much  bickerings  and  strife  between  the  two 
sections,  South  Dakota  being  persistent  in 
her  efforts  to  take  the  organization  and  the 
name,  which  North  Dakota  had  made  fa- 
mous by  its  wlieat,  leaving  North  Dakota  to 
take  another.  Pembina  would  have  been 
acceptable,  perhaps,  though  it  was  claimed 
to  be  of  corrupt  origin,  meaning  little  or 
nothing.  Some  claimed  that  it  related  to  a 
berry  found  growing  on  the  Pembina  river, 
and  others,  i)robably  better  infoi-med,  that 
the  application  of  the  name  related  to  the 
Holy  Eucharist  and  meant  "blessed  bread." 
The  eastern  members  of  congress  offered 
Huron,  Algonquin  and  various  other  names, 
and  the  controversy  was  continued  until 
1889,  when,  on  February  22,  of  that  year, 
the  so-called  omnibus  bill  was  approved, 
which  provided  for  the  admission  of  the 
fo\ir  states  previously  named  as  a  part  of 
the  United  States. 

The  constitutional  convention  was  held 
at  Bismarck,  beginning  July  4,  1889.  Many 
distinguished  Americans  were  present  on 
the  occasion  and  they  were  welcomed  by 
Sitting  Bull  and  a  large  number  of  his 
braves  in  full  war  dress.  The  constitution 
was  adopted  at  an  election  called  for  the 
purpose  October  1,  1889,  by  a  vote  of  27,410 
for,  to  8,107  against  the  adoption  of  the  con- 
stitution. State  officers  were  then  elected. 
The  president's  proclamation  declaring  the 
admission  of  the  state  was  issued  Novem- 
ber 2,  1889. 

Returning  again  to  some  facts  as  to  ear- 
ly history.  The  Hudson  Bay  company,  char- 
tered by  Charles  II.,  in  1070,  occupied  a  con- 
siderable portion  of  North  Dakota  in  early 
days  and  they  did  not  quit  doing  business  at 
North  Dakota  points  until  sometime  after 
1870,  when  their  former  possessions  in  Can- 
ada became  crown  colonies.  Rival  fur  com- 
panies contested  with  them  for  the  trade  of 


this  region.  They  had  a  post  at  Pembina  as 
early  as  1800,  established  by  Capt.  Alex- 
ander Henry,  who  also  located  <a  post  at 
Orand  Forks  in  1801.  There  was  a  French 
trader  at  Pembina  as  early  as  1780  and  he 
was  still  there  when  Long  established  the 
boundary  line  between  the  I'nited  States 
and  Panada  in  1823.  Lord  Selkirk  also  had 
a  post  there,  supposing  it  to  be  within  Brit- 
ish territory,  built  in  1812,  and  destroyed  by 
Long  in  1823.  The  old  Selkirk  burying 
ground  is  on  the  North  Dakota  side  and  is 
now  the  property  of  the  state.  The  Swiss 
settlers  of  the  Selkirk  colony  were  driven 
out  by  adversities  and  became  the  first  set- 
tlers in  Minnesota. 

Nicollet,  sent  out  from  Quebec  in  1639, 
gives  some  account  of  the  country  and  the 
first  known.  Hennepin,  who  accompanied 
LaSalle,  was  captured  by  the  Sioux  and  is 
supposed  to  have  visited  North  Dakota 
about  1682.  The  first  practical  results  came 
from  the  explorations  of  Lewis  and  Clarke, 
who  wintered  in  North  Dakota,  near  what 
is  now  Washburn,  1804-5.  Jean  Nicholas 
Nicollet,  assisted  by  John  C.  Fremont,  the 
pathfinder  of  the  campaign  of  1856,  ex- 
plored the  Devils  Lake  region  in  1838.  Cat- 
lin  visited  the  country  in  1841  and  gathered 
from  North  Dakota  life  many  of  his  famous 
Indian  paintings,  now  the  property  of  the 
United  States.  Capt.  Pope  mapped  the 
country  in  1849,  and  designated  the  country 
around  Devils  Lake  as  a  salt  water  region. 
Lieut.  Warren  explored  the  country  in  1855, 
and  reported  it  occupied  by  powerful  tribes 
of  roving  savages  and  that  it  was  only 
adapted  to  a  mode  of  life  like  theirs.  Fol-* 
lowing  the  Indian  outbreak  of  1862  the 
Sully  and  Sibley  expeditions  passed  over 
North  Dakota  and  on  North  Dakota  soil 
was  fought  the  decisive  battles  of  that  war. 
Military  posts  were  established  at  Aber- 
crombie.  Ransom,  Totten,  Rice,  Stevenson, 
Kuford  and  Pembina,  following  the  out- 
break of  1862.  Before  that  an  occasional 
party  of  butt'alo  hunters  visited  the  country, 
but  it  was  regarded  as  dangerous  ground, 
as  it  had  been  overrun  for  years  by  con- 
tending bands  of  Indian  warriors. 

There  were  trading  establishments   and 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


a  custom  house  at  Pembina,  where  Chas. 
Cavileer,  the  tirst  white  settler  to  establish 
a  permaueut  home  in  the  state,  still  resides, 
his  good  wife  being  a  descendant  from  the 
Selkirk  colony,  and  as  early  as  1858  a  regu- 
lar mail  route  was  established  to  I'embina., 
and  the  mail  was  carried  in  summer  in  part 
by  canoe  and  in  winter  by  dog  sledges;  but 
until  1871  the  only  certain  means  of  trans- 
portation to  the  country  was  by  means  of 
the  Red  river  carts.  With  these  in  brig- 
ades, the  traders  made  two  trips  a  year 
from  the  Ked  river  country  to  St.  Paul. 

In  1870,  with  traders  and  military  posts, 
and  trappers  and  hunters,  the  population  of 
North  Dakota  was  but  2,405,  and  these  were 
mostly  part  bloods,  descendants  of  voy- 
ageurs,  traders  and  adventurers  intermar- 
ried with  Indian  women,  and  at  that  time 
not  an  acre  of  public  land  had  been  entered. 

In  1871  the  first  low  wash  of  the  coming 
wave  of  immigration,  leading  to  magnifi- 
cent development,  touched  North  Dakota 
and  the  Scandinavians  were  in  the  lead. 
They  came  from  Minnesota  and  occupied 
homes  on  the  Ked,  Cheyenne  and  Goose  riv- 
ers in  Cass  and  Traill  counties.  Later  in 
the  season  came  the  town  site  boomers,  fol- 
lowed by  Jay  Cooke's  party  of  newspaper 
writers,  the  Northern  Pacific  engineers  and 
the  men  with  the  pick  and  shovel,  the  rail- 
road being  completed  to  the  Red  river  in 
the  fall  of  1871.  The  Great  Northern  was 
also  completed  that  year  to  the  Red  river, 
and  that  season  a  line  of  steamboats  was 
established  on  the  Red  river;  regular  stage 
lines  having  been  established,  connection 
was  made  with  Winnipeg,  and  thus  was 
laid  the  foundation  of  a  new  state. 

Thirty  years  thereafter  we  find  a  popu- 
lation of  319,146,  as  shown  by  the  census  of 
I'JOO,  73  incorporated  places,  19  of  which 
have  exceeding  1,000  people,  eight  having 
exceeding  2,000,  among  these  Fargo,  the 
metropolis  of  the  state,  9,589;  Grand  Forks, 
the  second  city,  7,652,  and  Bismarck,  the 
capital,  3,319. 

One-eighteenth  of  the  land  surface,  not 
included  in  reservations,  aggregating  2,400,- 
000  acres,  was  granted  to  the  state  by  con- 
gress for  public  schools,  90,000  acres  for  the 


state  university,  90,000  for  the  agricultural 
college,  40,000  for  the  school  of  mines,  80,- 
000  for  normal  schools,  40,000  for  the  school 
for  the  deaf,  20,000  for  the  manual  training 
school,  40,000  for  the  scientific  school,  40,- 
000  for  the  school  of  forestry,  20,000  for  the 
reform  school,  20,000  acres  and  |30,000  for 
the  institution  for  the  feeble-minded,  40,000 
for  the  soldiers'  home,  30,000  for  the  asylum 
for  the  blind  and  50,000  for  buildings  at 
the  state  capital,  making  an  aggregate  of 
3,000,000  acres,  laying  the  foundation  for 
an  enormous  permanent  fund  for  education- 
al purposes,  as  none  of  these  lands  can  be 
sold  for  less  than  flO  per  acre  and  a  consid- 
erable amount  has  already  been  sold  for 
double  that  sum  and  some  as  high  as  f40 
per  acre.  The  number  of  children  of  school 
age  in  the  state  in  1890  was  reported  at  92,- 
009;  the  number  enrolled  in  the  public 
schools,  77,686.  The  number  of  school 
houses  was  3,003,  and  the  school  property 
was  valued  at  .'S;2,587,865  and  the  cost  of 
maintenance  for  the  preceding  biennial  pe- 
riod was  11,583,594.  • 

The  common  schools  are  a  branch  of  the 
excellent  school  system  of  the  state,  of 
which  the  university  is  the  head  and  the 
normal  schools  for  the  training  of  teachers, 
of  which  there  are  two,  a  part.  There  is 
also  the  state  agricultural  college  and  exper- 
iment station,  maintained  by  the  national 
goverunient  in  part,  with  its  excellent  sys- 
tem of  farmers'  institutes,  resulting  in  a 
more  intelligent  cultivation  of  the  soil  and 
a  general  tendency  toward  diversified  farm- 
ing. 

The  taxiible  valuation  of  the  state  in 
1900  was  $117,204,877.  The  number  of  acres 
in  farms  was  11,297,758,  having  an  estimat- 
ed value  of  .1139,000,000.  The  number  of 
acres  under  cultivation  was  6,623,315.  The 
wheat  acreage  was  placed  at  3,686,223  and 
Hax  at  1,338,244.  Flax  often  yields  from  20 
to  25  bushels  per  acre  and  a  bum])er  crop  of 
wheat  turns  out  many  yields  above  40  bush- 
els, sometimes  reaching  as  high  as  50  bush- 
els per  acre. 

The  state  is  divided  into  three  natural 
divisions:  The  Red  river  valley,  adapted  to 
the    cereals;    the   James    river   valley,    em- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NOKTHWEST. 


bracing  the  coteaus,  to  mixed  or  diversified 
farmiug,  and  the  Missouri  river  country, 
and  from  there  on  west  to  the  Montana  line, 
to  stocli  growing.  Tliroughout  this  region, 
and  to  a  considerable  extent  in  the  James 
river  valley  division,  the  grasses  mature 
before  fi-ost  and  remain  in  the  condition  of 
hay  during  the  entire  winter,  affording  win- 
ter grazing  for  stock.  Cattle,  horses  and 
sheep  will  leave  the  best  provision  that  can 
be  made  for  them  and  turn  to  the  grass  on 
the  range  in  winter,  w^hen  the  snows  are 
not  too  deep. 

The  snow  fall  of  North  Dakota  is  light, 
sleighs  are  seldom  used  in  winter,  the 
spring  comes  on  early  and  the  fourth  of 
July  rarely  comes  without  an  abundance  of 
early  vegetables  in  the  gardens  ready  for 
use. 

Corn  is  grown  successfully  in  all  parts 
of  the  state,  but  more  especially  in  the  Mis- 
souri river  country.  Some  of  the  bonanza 
farms  in  the  Red  River  valley  claim  corn 
is  their  most  profitable  crop. 

While  the  Selkirk  settlers  raised  suffi- 
cient wheat  to  meet  local  demands,  and 
there  were  a  few  considerable  sized  fields  of 
wheat  grown  in  Pembina  county  before  the 
settlements  of  1871,  no  wheat  was  attempt- 
ed to  be  grown  in  North  Dakota  for  market 
until  1875,  when  Dalrymple  led  the  way  by 
his  system  of  farming  on  an  extensive  scale. 
It  was  his  success,  heralded  to  the  ends  of 
the  earth,  and  the  exceedingly  cheap  lands, 
resulting  from  the  Northern  Pacific  finan- 
cial collapse  in  1873,  which  contributed  so 
largely  to  the  rapid  development  of  North 
Dakota  in  the  early  eighties. 

The  highest  altitude  in  the  state  is  about 
2,500  feet.,  at  Belfield.  The  coteaus  are 
1,800  to  2,000,  Bismarck,  1,873,  Fargo,  903 
feet.  The  so-called  Pembina  and  Turtle 
Mountains  are  hills  rising  from  500  to  700 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  prairies.  The 
country  is  generally  prairie,  with  a  skirting 
of  timbei-  along  most  of  the  streams.  A 
large  portion  of  the  western  part  of  the 
state  is  underlaid  with  lignite  coal  in  beds 
from  a  few  inches  to  upwards  of  twenty 
feet  in  depth.  The  leading  veins  now  being 
worked  are  about  nine  feet  in  depth.    There 


is  coal  enough  in  North  Dakota  to  supply 
the  demands  of  the  United  States  for  fuel 
for  several  centuries.  It  is  an  excellent  and 
cheap  fuel,  but  is  dirty  to  handle,  and  much 
of  it  slacks  and  crumbles  to  dust.  There 
is  a  process  being  developed,  however,  to 
press  it  into  brickettes,  doing  away  with  the 
unfavorable  features.  In  stoves  adapted  to 
it,  and  where  those  using  it  know  how  to 
handle  it,  it  is  now  preferred  to  either  wood 
or  hard  coal.  It  is  sold  at  the  mines  at  $1 
per  ton,  at  Dickinson,  Mandan,  Bismarck, 
Minot,  Williston,  Buford,  Kenmare,  Wash- 
burn and  other  coal  points  at  $2.  It  is  de- 
livered at  Fargo  at  $3.25.  It  is  required 
by  law  to  be  used  in  all  public  buildings  un- 
less wood  or  other  fuel  is  cheaj^er. 

The  old  definition  of  the  word  Minnesota 
was  muddy  water.  The  true  definition  is 
many  waters,  the  word  sota  in  the  Sioux 
language  meaning  many.  So  the  old  defini- 
tion of  the  word  Dakota  was  allied  tribes. 
The  true  definition,  according  to  the  Sioux, 
is  many  heads  or  many  people.  They  were 
the  most  numerous  of  the  many  Indian 
tribes  and  very  naturally  claimed  to  be  the 
people. 

The  railroad  mileage  of  North  Dakota  is 
3,031.  The  number  of  newspapers  is  150. 
The  number  of  postoffices,  000.  Fully  two- 
thirds  of  the  people,  demonstrated  by  the 
religious  census  recently  taken  in  the  lead- 
ing towns,  are  communicants  of  orthodox 
churches,  the  Lutherans  leading,  other  de- 
nominations standing  in  the  order  named: 
Methodist  Episcopal,  Catholic,  Congrega- 
tional, Baptist,  Episcopal,  Presbyterian, 
Unitarian,  Christian  and  Jew. 

The  population  of  the  northern  counties 
in  the  state  is  very  largely  Canadian.  There 
is  a  large  Scandinavian  element  throughout 
the  state,  with  a  heavy  sprinkling  of  Ger- 
man, a  considerable  number  of  French  and 
Poles,  the  usual  proportion  of  Irish  and  a 
strong,  hardy,  American  class  from  the 
northwestern  states.  The  per  capita  of 
wealth  is  larger  than  in  the  older  states,  ex- 
cepting where  there  are  wealthy  manufac- 
turers, and  the  general  health  of  the  coun- 
try is  remarkably  good. 


HISTORY  OF  MONTANA. 


C.  A.  LOUNSBERRY. 


Montana  Tei'ritory  was  created  by  act  of 
congi-ess  May  -6,  1864.  In  1873  it  received 
an  addition  ot  2,000  sijuare  miles  from  Da- 
kota. That  I'Oitiou  lying  east  of  the  Rocky 
moimtaius  was  a  part  of  tlie  Louisiana  I'ur- 
cbase  and  was  claimed  by  France  from  1(>82, 
when  La  Salle  exploi-ed  the  Mississippi,  until 
1703,  when  it  was  ceded  by  France  to  Spain. 
It  was  re-ceded  to  France  by  secret  treaty 
in  1800,  and  by  France  ceded  to  the  United 
States  in  1803,  but  remained  in  the  possession 
and  occupation  of  Spain  until  occupied  by 
the  United  States.  In  1804  it  became  the 
District  of  Louisiana,  and  in  1805  the  Terri- 
tory of  Louisiana,  and  was  governed  by  the 
officers  of  Indiana  Territory.  In  1812  it  be- 
came Missouri  Territory,  in  1834  it  was  of- 
ticially  designated  as  Indian  Country,  in  1853 
^A'ashiugtou,  in  1S03  Idaho,  and  in  1804  Mon- 
tana Territory. 

That  poi'tion  west  of  the  Rocky  moun- 
tains was  claimed  by  the  United  States  by 
right  of  original  discovery  and  occupation, 
and  the  right  of  the  United  States  to  it  was 
confirmed  by  treaty  with  Spain  in  1819  and 
by  treaty  with  England  in  1846.  It  was  or- 
ganized as  Oregon  Territory,  created  in  1848, 
became  Washington  in  1S53,  Idaho  in  1863, 
and  Montana  in  1864. 

Montana  was  admitted  as  a  state  by  the 
act  admitting  North  Dakota,  South  Dakota, 
Montana  and  Washington,  approved  Feb- 
ruary 22,  1889.  This  act  provided  for  a  con- 
stitutional convention,  which  met  at  Helena, 
July  4,  1889,  and  the  constitution  then 
framed  having  been  ratified  by  vote  of  the 
people,  admission  of  the  state  was  duly  pro- 
claimed by  the  president  November  8,  1889. 

The  population  of  Montana,  as  shown  by 
the  census  of  1900,  is  243,329,  being  an  in- 
crease of  84.1  per  cent  during  the  decade. 
The  population  in  1890  was  132,159,  in  1880, 
39,159,  and  in  1870,  20,595.  The  population 
is  now  more  than  eleven  times  what  it  was 
at  the  first  census  in  1870  aftec  its  organiza- 
tion in  1864. 


The  area  of  Montana  is  approximately 
145,310  square  miles,  exclusive  of  770  miles 
water  area.  There  are  26  incorporated  cities, 
towns  and  villages  in  Montana.  Eutte,  the 
largest  city,  has  a  population  of  30,470,  in- 
creased from  10,723,  in  1890;  (Ireat  Falls, 
14,930,  increased  from  3,979;  Helena,  the 
third  city  and  the  capital,  10.770;  Anaconda, 
9,435,  increased  from  3,975;  Billings,  3,221, 
increased  from  836;  Bozeman,  3,419,  in- 
creased from  2,143;  Kalispel,  2,526,  not  in 
existence  in  1890;  Livingston,  2,778;  Mis- 
soula, 4,366,  increased  from  3,426;  Red 
Lodge,  2,152,  increased  from  624;  Walker- 
ville,  2,621,  increased  from  743;  Miles  City, 
1,938,  increased  from  956;  Dillon  City,  1,530, 
increased  from  1,012;  Deer  Lodge,  Fort  Ben- 
ton, Havre,  Hamilton  and  Lewiston  have  ex- 
ceeding 1,000,  and  I'hillipsburg  falls  but  five 
short  of  1,000.  ♦ 

The  population  of  Butte  was  241  in  1870, 
3,363  in  1880,  10,470  in  1890,  and  30,470  in 
1900.  Anaconda,  twenty-seven  miles  dis- 
tant, developed  by  the  same  wonderful  en- 
ergy and  mining  resources,  has  9,975  now 
against  3,975  in  1880.  Butte  is  connected 
with  the  Northern  Pacific  railroad  by  a 
branch,  with  the  Great  Northern  by  the  Mon- 
tana Central,  and  with  the  Union  Pacific  by 
a  branch  to  Pocatello.  It  is  in  the  heart  of 
an  euormouslj-  rich  mining  district  which 
has  added  over  $300,000,000  to  the  wealth 
of  the  world. 

An  act  for  establishing  trading-houses 
among  the  Indians  being  about  to  expire, 
President  JetVei'son,  in  January,  1803,  recom- 
mended to  congress,  in  a  confidential  mes- 
sage, an  extension  of  its  views  to  the  Indians 
on  the  Mississippi.  He  also  proposed  that 
a  party  should  be  dispatched  to  trace  the 
Missouri  to  its  source,  cross  the  Rocky 
mountains,  and  proceed  to  the  Pacific 
ocean.  Captain  Meriwether  Lewis,  a  native 
of  Virginia,  a  captain  in  the  regular  army, 
and  private  secretary  to  the  president  at 
that  time,  was  appointed  to  take  charge  of 


HISTOUY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


this  expedition.     Later  he  associated   with 
liini  ^\'illiam  Clarlie,  a  brother  of  General 
George  Rogers  (L'larlce,  and  they  started  on 
their  expedition  that  fall,  wintering  near  St. 
Charles,  Mo.,  but  on  the  east  side  of  the  Mis- 
souri, as  the  Spanish  officers,  still  in  charge, 
had  not  heard  of  the  treaty  whereby  the 
country   was    ceded   to   the   United   States. 
Their  party  consisted  of    nine  young  men 
from  Kentucky,  fourteen  soldiers,  two  Cana- 
dian boatmen,  an  intei'preter,  a  hunter  and 
a  negTo  servant  to  Captain  Clarke.     They 
wintered  1804-3  near  what  is  now  Wash- 
burn iu  Korth  Dakota,  latitude  47°  21'  4". 
They  left  their  fort  April  7,  1805,  and  pro- 
ceeded on  up  the  river.     On  June  13  they 
came  to  a  beautiful  plain,  where  the  buffalo 
were  in  greater  numbers  than  they  had  seen 
before.     "To  the  southwest,"  says  the  jour- 
nalist of  the  exijedition,  "there  arose  from 
this  plain  two  mountains  of  a  singular  ap^ 
pearance,  and  more  like  ramparts  of  high 
fortifications  than   works  of  nature.     They 
are  square  figures,  with  sides  rising  perpen- 
dicularly to  the  height  of  250  feet,  formed 
of  yellow  clay,  and  the  tops  seemed  to  be 
level   jjlaius.     Finding  that  the  river  bore 
considerably  to  the    south,  and  fearful   of 
passing  the  falls  before  reaching  the  Rocky 
mountains,  they  now  changed  their  course  to 
the  south,  and  leaving  those  insulated  hills 
to  the  right,  proceeded  across  the  plain.     In 
this  direction  Captain  Lewis  proceeded  about 
two  miles,  when  his  ears  were  saluted  with 
the  agi-eeable  sound  of  a  fall  of  water;  and, 
as  he  advanced,  a  spray,  which  seemed  driv- 
en by  the  southwest  wind,  arose  above  the 
plain  like  a  column  of  smoke  and  vanished 
in  an  instant."'     And  the  Great  Falls  of  the 
Missouri    was    discovered.     They    explored 
and  named  the  Jefferson,  Madison  and  Galla- 
tin rivers, followed  the  Jefferson  to  its  source, 
traveled  through  the  mountains  in  August 
and   September,  and  early  iu  October  em- 
barked in  canoes  on  a  branch  of  the  Colum- 
bia,   wintering    on    the    Columbia,    having 
reached  the  mouth  of  that  stream  November 
15,  1805.     Captain  Lewis  was  appointed  gov- 
ernor of  Louisiana  Territory,  embracing  the 
country  which  he  had  explored,  on  his  return, 
in  1807,  and  committed  suicide  in  1801),  when 


en  route  to  \\'ashington,  and  Clarke  was 
made  guveruor  of  the  .same  territory,  then 
Missouri,  which  position  he  held  from  1813 
to  1821.  I..ewis  and  Clarke  County,  Mon- 
tana, was  named  in  their  honor,  and  well 
they  deserved  it. 

While  up  to  that  time  there  were  hunters 
and  traders  in  the  country,  they  were  of  the 
Rritish  companies,  and  the  counti-y  was  en- 
tirely unoccupied  by  the  Americans.  Their 
work  attracted  universal  attention.  As 
early  as  1802  John  Jacob  Astor  had  under- 
laken  to  establish  communication  from  Hud- 
son bay  to  the  Columbia  river  for  the  pur- 
poses of  trade.  The  Missouri  Fur  Company, 
organized  at  St.  Louis,  in  1808,  established 
posts  on  the  Upper  Missouri,  and  later  one 
beyond  the  Rocky  mountains  on  the  head- 
waters of  Lewis  river,  the  south  branch  of 
the  Columbia.  This,  the  historian  of  Lewis 
and  Clarke's  expedition  declares,  was  the 
first  post  established  by  white  men  in  the 
country  drained  by  the  Columbia.  That  was 
given  up  in  1810,  and  the  Astor  interest  with 
headquarters  at  Astoria  was  driven  out  by 
the  ^^'ar  of  1812.  While  there  were  other 
attempts  to  establish  trade  in  this  region  by 
.Vmericans  it  was  declared  in  1843  that  there 
was  then  not  an  American  port  or  trading 
post  in  that  vast  region  where  trade  had 
nourished  for  nearly  twenty  years  between 
the  Northwest  Coast  and  China. 

In  1823  the  Rocky  Mountain  Fur  Com- 
pany commenced  regular  exj>editions  to  the 
borders  of  the  Columbia.  Captain  Bonne- 
ville spent  nearly  two  yeai-s  chiefiy  on  the 
waters  of  Lewis  river,  starting  in  1832.  As 
early  as  1843  it  was  said:  "The  parties  ar-_ 
riving  with  furs  are  becoming  less  in  number 
from  year  to  year,  as  well  east  as  west  of 
the  Rocky  mountains,  below  the  latitude  of 
49°,  owing  to  the  great  destruction  of  the 
fur-bearing  animals  by  the  hunters  of  the 
rival  fur  companies,  both  British." 

Indeed,  the  country  had  then  been  occu- 
pied for  one  hundred  years,  beginning  with 
the  explorations  of  Verendrye,  the  discov- 
erer of  the  Rocky  mountains.  They  ascend- 
ed the  -Vssiniboin,  followed  a  then  existing 
tiail  to  the  Mouse  river,  and  touched  what  is 
now  Montana,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Yellow 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


stone,  and  Jannai-.v  1,  1743,  came  in  sij^lit  of 
the  Kockj  mountains,  and  on  tlie  12th  as- 
cended them.  They  remained  in  the  conntry 
until  the  12th  of  May,  1744,  and  jjhinted  on 
an  eminence  the  anus  of  France,  engraved 
on  a  leaden  plate,  and  raised  a  uionument 
of  stones.  Father  Conciuard  was  asscM-iated 
with  Vereudrye.  Jonathan  Carver's  explo- 
rations, or  at  least  his  information,  extended 
to  the  Montana  region  in  1708,  and  his  map 
of  that  year  shows  evidence  of  this  earlier 
French  occupation.  He  gained  from  the  In- 
dians a  very  fair  idea  of  the  headwaters  of 
the  Missouri,  and  of  the  Columbia,  so  suc- 
cessfully explored  by  Lewis  and  Clarke  in 
1805,  sixty-two  years  after  the  first  occupa- 
tion of  the  country  by  the  French  explorers, 
followed,  by  the  Church.  Indeed  Lewis  and 
Clarke  carried  out  the  plan  of  Carver.  They 
did  what  he  outlined  and  had  hojted  to  do. 

In  April,  183!t,  Fremont,  the  Tathtinder 
of  the  Rockies,  i)assed  up  the  Missouri,  and 
though  it  is  doubtful  if  he  reached  the  Mon- 
tana country,  his  influence  did.  Ten  years 
before  Fremont,  however,  development  had 
commenced.  Fort  L'nion  had  been  estab- 
lished above  the  mouth  of  the  Yellowstone, 
and  in  182!)  Kenneth  McKenzie  had  estab- 
lished a  trading  post  for  the  American  Fur 
Company  near  where  Fort  Buford  now  is. 
In  1833  Robert  Campbell  and  Hublette  estab- 
lished a  trading  post  at  Buford,  and  the  next 
year  another  up  the  Missouri  sixty  miles. 
In  1832  the  first  steamboat  reached  Fort 
Union  and  after  that  boats  arrived  yearly 
and  trade  b.^-  modern  methods  commenced 
with  Montana.  I'rior  to  that  the  dog  sleds 
and  carts,  and  the  travois  had  been  the  only 
means  of  transportation,  aside  from  the  bull- 
boat  and  the  canoe,  though  the  Indians 
were  chary  of  the  Missouri,  which  below  the 
Yellowstone,  at  least,  never  gives  up  its 
dead.  But  earlier  than  Lewis  and  Clarke 
the  trappers  of  Alexander  McKenzie  had 
traversed  every  stream  in  Montana. 

Pages,  yes  volumes,  of  most  interesting 
matter  might  be  written  of  the  voyages  lead- 
ing up  to  the  occupation  of  the  Pacific  coast, 
the  discovery  of  the  Columbia,  named  fin- 
the  good  ship  which  first  touched  its  watei-s, 
of  the  search  and  research  for  the  way  to 
India,  out  of  which  the  voyages  of  Columbus 


grew,  and  the  efforts  to  find  a  northwest 
passage.  Here  let  us  recall  the  impassioned 
words  of  Thomas  H.  Benton,  in  the  United 
States  senate,  when,  pointing  westward,  he 
said:  "Yonder  in  the  west  lies  the  east; 
there  lies  the  path  to  India." 

A  new  chai)ter  opens  with  the  discovery 
of  gold  in  Montana,  first  remarking,  how- 
ever, that  next  to  Thomas  Jefferson  Montana 
owes  her  early  development  more  to  Thomas 
H.  Benton  than  to  any  other  living  man. 
The  name  Mfintana  is  of  classic  origin, 
means  a  mountain  land,  and  was  suggested 
by  Mrs.  Jessie  Fremont.  The  Indian  name 
was  Toza-be-Shock-uj),  mountain  cf)untry,  or, 
as  Joaquin  Miller  suggests,  Shining  Moun- 
tains, (lold  was  discovered  in  California,  in 
1848.  Explorations  continued  on  the  moun- 
tain ranges,  jnishing  gradually  westward  un- 
til the  g(dd  fields  of  Montana  were  opened 
in  1862,  following  the  immensely  lich  placer 
diggings  on  the  bars  of  Salmon  river,  where 
grains  of  gold  were  said  to  lie  as  thick  as 
wheat  on  a  threshing  floor,  and  about  the 
size  and  color  of  wheat.  The  first  record  of 
sluice  boxes  in  operation  in  Montana  Is  at 
Cold  creek,  May  9,  1800.  Then  followed  de- 
velopment of  mines  at  Bannack,  the  first 
cai)ital  of  Montana,  and  other  points,  but 
the  richest  deposits  at  Adler,  and  Last 
Chance,  now  Helena,  are  what  made  Mon- 
tana famous  throughout  the  world.  The 
Koolenai  disti'ict  wasexjdored  and  the  mines 
woi'ked  to  some  extent  in  the  late  fifties,  but 
not  with  success.  T\\e  first  notable  work  at 
mining  was  by  (Iranville  and  James  Stuart 
on  (Jold  creek  in  the  sin-ing  of  1802.  Mines 
were  discovered  that  year  at  Big  Hole.  Gold 
was  also  found  on  Williard's  creek.  The 
Crold  creek  mines  were  soon  deserted  for 
Bannack.  A  party  of  miners  from  Bannack 
in  ISO:',  started  for  the  Yellowstone,  and  were 
driven  back  by  the  Indians.  On  their  return 
ihey  discovered  the  Adler  (Julch  ])lacers. 
fabulously  rich,  yielding  as  high  as  four  dol- 
lars to  the  pan.  Nearly  one  hundred  million 
dollars  were  taken  from  this  gulch.  The 
discovery  of  these  mines  was  by  Fairweather, 
Juiir-  1.  ISO:!,  and  that  was  the  bcgiuiiing  of 
fair  weather  in  the  develo|)meul  of  Montana. 
Adler  was  in  the  very  heart  of  the  gold  region 
of  Montana,  Ihe  richest  ever  discovered  on 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


the  face  of  the  earth.  Other  discoveries  fol- 
lowed, Harris  Gulch,  California  Gulch,  Wis- 
consin Gulch,  Bivens  Camp,  Silver  Bow, 
Butte,  all  rich  camps. 

There  is  only  room  here  to  speak  of  the 
beginning-  and  the  results.  The  bullion 
product  of  Montana  in  1802  was  .f.")(l(l.(l(IO; 
in  1863,  |8,00n,000;  in  1864,  $13,00().()()0;  in 
1865,  114,500,000;  in  1866,  #16,500,000;  in 
1867,  112,000,000;  in  1868,  .|15,000,000. 
The  first  quartz  mills  erected  were  in  the  be- 
ginning of  1863,  and  in  1870  the  number  of 
mines  in  operation  was  683. 

Last  Chance  Gulch,  on  which  Helena  was 
established,  or  "just  growed,"  the  miners" 
cabins  having  been  established  on  either  side 
of  the  pav  streak,  was  "struck"  in  1864,  and 
yielded  between  foi'ty  and  fifty  million  dol- 
lars. 

Placers  were  discovered  at  Butte  in  1864, 
and  were  steady  producers  for  a  number  of 
years.  Butte"s  real  development  was  com- 
menced in  1875,  when  the  first  mills  were 
erected.  In  addition  to  its  great  silver 
mines  there  is  a  copper  vein  eighty  feet  in 
width  extending  for  a  mile  and  a  half  just 
north  of  the  city  limits.  It  is  now  worked 
to  a  depth  of  more  than  1,500  feet,  showing 
better  ore  the  deeper  it  is  worked.  The  cop- 
per product  of  Butte  exceeds  25  per  cent  of 
the  copper  product  of  the  world.  In  1S07 
the  copper  output  of  Butte  was  |38,00(l,0()(); 
gold,  13,500,000;  silver,  |6,000,000. 

Anaconda  is  twenty-seven  miles  from 
Butte.  The  works  of  the  Anaconda  Copper 
Mining  Company  are  the  greatest  of  the  kind 
in  the  world.  The  capacity  of  the  works  is 
5,000  tons  of  copjter  and  180  tons  of  silver 
ore  daily.  The  graphite  deposits  and  the 
sapphires  near  Anaconda  have  no  superiors. 
Bozeman,  settled  in  1864,  has  valuable  de- 
posits of  gold,  asbestos,  and  inexhaustible 
deposits  of  coal.  Great  Falls  is  the  young- 
est of  Montana  cities  that  have  attained 
greatness.  It  is  located  at  the  head  of  the 
falls  of  the  IMissonri  and  has  but  a  trifle  be- 
low 15.000  population.  The  Boston  &  Mon- 
tana Co])per  Smelting  and  Keflning  i)lant  is 
located  here,  also  the  large  silver  smelting 
plant  of  the  Ignited  States  Smelting  and  Re- 
fining Company.  The  pay  rolls  of  these  two 
companies  amount  to  $3,000,000  per  annum. 


It  is  the  greatest  primary  wool  market  in 
the  world.  Tlie  water  power  of  the  Missouri 
at  Great  Falls  is  350,000  horse  power.  The 
coal  fields  immediately  adjacent  cover  4,000 
square  miles. 

The  total  gold  product  of  Montana,  up 
to  1802,  when  the  mining  interests  of  the 
state  reached  their  flood  tide  of  prosi>erity, 
was  |137,46!),0()4;  silver.  $172,071,376;  cop- 
])er,  i>ounds,  868,653,427.  The  copper  prod- 
uct increased  from  9,058,284  pounds  in  1882 
to  159.212,203  pounds  in  1892.  The  metal 
product  of  Montana  for  the  year  1892,  in- 
cluding .f990,035.08  of  lead,  was  $42,565,- 
026.06. 

In  1892  the  number  of  ranches  was 
9.330,  containing  2,640,056  acres,  with  an 
average  of  283  acres  in  a  ranch.  The  aver- 
age product  per  acre  was,  wheat,  33.06 
bushels;  rye,  38.71 ;  barley,  34.48;  corn,  24.92; 
oats,  40.97;  potatoes,  72.95.  There  were 
16.393  daily  cows  and  1,066,393  pounds  of 
butter  were  made.  The  number  of  sheep 
shorn  was  1.459,791,  the  average  wool  per 
head  being  6.97  pounds. 

The  conditions  atfording  winter  grazing 
prevail  in  all  of  the  plains  regions  of  the 
state,  and  millions  of  cattle  and  horses  graze 
upon  the  hills  and  in  the  valleys  without 
thought  of  provision  for  winter  food.  In 
many  instances,  though,  here,  as  in  North 
Dakota,  it  pays  to  jirovide  for  contingencies. 

The  mean  average  height  of  Mtmtana  is 
about  3,000  feet  above  the  sea,  while  that  of 
^^'yoming  is  6,000,  and  of  Colorado  7,000, 
giving  Montana  a  more  favorable  climate 
than  either  of  these  states.  Because  of  the 
irfluence  of  the  Japan  current,  the  climate  is 
about  the  same  as  Cleveland,  Ohio,  and  any 
fruits  grown  in  that  region  are  grown  in 
Montana.  The  apples,  peaches,  pears,  plums 
and  other  fruits  have  the  flavor  of  the  moun- 
tains and  are  far  superior  to  the  fruits  grown 
in  the  lowlands  of  the  Pacific  coast.  Mon- 
tana is  well  timberetl,  well  watered;  it  is  a 
bind  of  bright  sunshine,  a  land  of  health 
and  of  hapi)iness.  Tlie  death  rate  does  not 
exceed  9  jiei-  1,000.  Consumption  never 
originates  in  such  a  climate.  The  Yellow- 
stone Park  presents  the  grandest  scenery  the 
eye  of  man  ever  rested  upon. 


NORTH  DAKOTA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 


Thf  North  Itakota  Agi-icultiual  CoUoj-c 
and  Experinu'ut  Station,  located  at  Farj^o, 
are  conducted  in  the  interests  of  industrial 
education  for  the  youth  of  the  state  and  to 
aid  in  the  develoijuient  of  its  agricultural 
and   industrial    possibilities. 

The  pollege  cun-iculuni  eniliraces  such 
academic  and  technical  subjects  and  man- 
ual training  as  are  necessary  to  confer  upon 
the  student  the  necessary  culture  to  fit  him 
for  his  place  in  the  body  politic  and  at  the 
same  time  to  prepare  him  to  take  advantage 
of  the  natural  opj)ortunities  the  state  affords 
ffir  the  production  of  wealth. 

Agriculture  is  the  paramount  industry  of 
North  Dakota.  The  state  being  without 
timber  or  minerals,  manufacturing  will 
never  assume  large  proportions  wilhin  its 
borders.  The  soil,  which  is  by  nature  ex- 
tremely fertile,  will  always  be  the  principal 
source  of  wealth.  Since  the  state  is  located 
in  the  far  north,  its  climatic  cfinditions  are 
Iieculiar,  and  many  varieties  of  grain  and 
vegetables  must  be  acclimated  before  they 
can  be  relied  upon  for  jirotitable  crops. 
Many  problems  relating  to  cnltivation 
methods  must  also  be  solved  tliat  the  best 
results  may  be  obtained.  These  jiroblems 
can  only  be  solved  h\  numerous  and  accurate 
experiments  continued  through  many  years. 

The  es])eriment  station  is  suppoi-ted  by 
the  federal  government  and  thoroughly 
ecjuipjied  for  its  work,  and  the  data  obtained 
from  exx>erimentation  are  furnished  to  the 
farmers  of  the  state  through  the  medium  of 
bulletins  and  the  annual  reports  of  the  sta- 
tion. By  a  system  of  selection  and  hybrid- 
ization many  varieties  of  grain  are  im- 
jirovcd.  rendered  hardy  and  more  prolific 
and  better  able  to  withstand  the  iMgor  of 
the  climate. 

The  ((uestions  of  conservation  of  soil  fer- 
tility and  moisture  for  the  growing  crops 
are  also  given  large  attention.  Where  a 
state  has,  in  the  main,  but  one  great  source 


of  wealth — an  extremely  al)undant  and  fer- 
tile soil — its  study  should  receive  every  pos- 
sible attention.  For  the  sake  of  future  gen- 
eiations  it  should  be  cultivated,  keeping  its 
continued  improvement  in  view  instead  of 
robbing  it  of  its  fertility  for  the  more  rapid 
and  less  exjjensive  accjuiring  of  wealth  by 
the  present  generation. 

The  largest  variety  of  wealth-producing 
industries  within  the  scope  of  agi-iculture  is 
also  encouraged.  A  single  crop  country  is 
never  more  than  temporarily  jirosperous  and 
seldom  that.  Animal  husbandry,  the  manu- 
facture of  beet  sugar  and  dairy  prodin'ts,  the 
production  of  wool  and  the  manufacture  of 
woolen  goods,  linseed  oil,  potato  starch  and 
flax  fiber  are  all  legitimate  industries  belong- 
ing to  an  agricultural  state,  and  add  to  its 
we.iltli.  furnish  variety  of  emplovment»and 
conserve  rather  than  waste  its  soil  fertility. 

Large  attention  is  also  given  to  the  de- 
stiMiction  of  weeds,  to  diseases  of  cereals, 
vegetables  and  live  stock,  and  remedies  are 
prescribed  for  their  cure  or  prevention. 

The  treatment  prescribed  for  the  preven- 
tion of  smut  in  wheat  alone,  will,  when  gen- 
erally apjilied,  save  to  the  farmers  of  the 
state  millions  of  dollars  annually. 

Through  the  agency  of  farmers"  institutes 
the  work  and  ideas  of  the  experiment  station 
are  disseminated  through  lectures  and  vei-- 
l)al  discussions,  a  farming  spirit  is  fostered 
and  better  methods  of  cultivation  are  em- 
phasized. Better  ideas  also  obtain  in  rela- 
tion to  the  feeding  and  breeding  of  live  stock, 
of  diversified  income  and  of  rural  economy. 

The  experiment  station  is  without  ques- 
tion the  most  important  institution  of  the 
state  viewed  from  the  standpoint  of  the 
state's  material  development  and  future 
greatness. 

Through  the  investigations  of  the  depart- 
ment of  chemistry  the  feasibility  of  maun- 
facturing  sugar  from  beets  grown  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  state  has  been  so  far 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


deteriiiiiH^d  tliat  a  company  has  been  orfiaii 
ized  and  will  in  all  pi-obahility  be<;)n  build 
ing  a  sugar  manufactory  at  Oakes,  Dickey 
county,  the  present  year  (1001). 

The  depai'tment  of  dairying  has  also  done 
much  toward  the  development  of  butter  and 
cheese  manufactories  in  those  sections  of  the 
state  west  of  the  Red  River  Valley,  where 
mixed  farming  is  more  generally  encouraged. 

To  direct  the  attention  of  the  youth  of  the 
state  to  its  ojjportunities  for  making  a  living 
and  for  the  sure  production  of  wealth,  and 
also  to  afford  the  necessary  culture  to  enjoy 
the  fruits  of  industry  and  to  discharge  intel- 
ligently the  duties  of  citizenship,  the  agri 
cultural  college  stands  with  door  ajar.  It 
accepts  its  educational  mission  fearlessly  and 
earnestly.  To  prepare  young  men  and  wom- 
en for  the  largest  measure  of  usefulness  and 
happiness  in  rural  life  is  the  first  concern  of 
a  purely  agricultui'al  commonwealth.  To 
dignify  labor  by  supplanting  soulless  drudg- 
ery with  scientific  interest  and  to  eliminate 
waste,  chance  and  carelessness  by  substitut- 
ing economy,  reasonable  certainty  and  busi- 
ness methods  through  educational  training 
directed  to  those  ends  and  for  those  specific 
purposes,  is  a  work  worthy  of  the  state's 
fostering  care. 

The  adaptation  of  the  energies  of  an  edu 
cational  institution  to  si>ecific  practical  ends 
■ — ends  which  find  their  answer  in  the  high- 
est possible  development  of  a  state's  natural 
resources,  and  also  a  refined  and  cultured 
citizenship — may  seem  to  run  counter  to  all 
the  traditions  of  education,  but  it  is  so  much 
the  worse  for  the  traditions.  The  closing 
years  of  the  nineteenth  century  have  made 
havoc  of  many  autiipiated  theories — educa- 
tional and  otherwise.  America's  high  des- 
tiny cannot  be  achieved  without  an  educa- 
tional stimulus  for  her  farmers  and  working 
millions,  no  less  direct  and  helpful  than  that 
afforded  professional  and  ministerial  voca- 
tions. Not  all  may  avail  themselves  of  edu- 
cational facilities  to  better  qualify  them  for 
the  humbler,  though  not  less  important,  voca- 
tions of  life,  but  a  sufficient  number  will  do 
so  to  save  the  farmer  and  the  working  man 
from  the  conditions  of  peasantry. 

Democratic    institutions    demand    demo- 


cratic education  and  the  eradication  of  every 
force  that  tends  to  breed  and  foster  caste  or 
create  social  strata  among  the  citizens  of  onr 
common  country.  Patriotism  manifests  itself 
(|uite  as  generously  by  develo])ing  the  re- 
sources of  a  country  and  safe-guarding  its 
soil  and  other  wealth-producing  agencies 
from  impaimient  or  wanton  destruction  as 
it  does  in  protecting  the  institutions  of  liber- 
ty and  justice  as  a  heritage  for  posterity. 
Our  flag  represents  possibilities  as  well  as 
freedom — a  productive  country  as  well  as  a 
free  country. 

The  colleges  of  agriculture  and  mechanic 
arts  re])resent  this  modern  idea  of  adapting 
educational  means  to  practical  ends,  without 
ini]iairing  their  cultural  (jualities.  It  unites 
both  the  practical  and  the  cultural  in  educa- 
tion that  the  coming  citizen  may  /.-/ioic  some- 
thing and  be  able  to  do  something,  that  he 
may  know  how  to  live  and  also  know  how  to 
make  a  living. 

To  meet  the  demands  made  upon  it  the 
North  Dakota  Agricultural  College  adapts 
its  work,  as  far  as  possible,  to  actual  con- 
ditions and  arranges  its  courses  of  study,  in 
some  instances,  to  suit  the  students'  conven- 
ience and  time. 

Three  regular  collegiate  courses  of  study 
of  four  years  each  are  maintained,  leading  to 
the  degree  of  B.  S.,  viz.:  Agi'icultural,  Me- 
chanical and  Scientific.  In  addition  to  these 
gi-aduate  courses  of  study  a  short  course  in 
agriculture  is  maintained,  requiring  two 
years  for  completion.  This  course  deals  with 
agriculture  and  other  technical  subjects  hav- 
ing a  bearing  upon  it,  such  as  dairying,  horti- 
culture, shop-work  and  veterinary.  In  con- 
nection with  the  technical  studies,  arith- 
metic, grammar,  geography,  history,  book- 
keeping and  ci\il  government  are  required, 
and  other  elective  subjects  may  be  taken. 

A  two-year  course  in  steam  engineering 
is  also  maintained.  In  this  course  steam  en- 
gineering is  the  major  subject  and  has  as- 
sociated with  it  practically  the  same  school 
studies  as  are  outlined  in  the  two-year  course 
in  agriculture,  with  more  of  mathematics 
and  physics,  however.  Long  and  short 
courses  are  given  in  the  department  of  dairy- 
ing according  to  the  student's  desire  to  fit 


HISTORY  OF  THE  (JRKAT  NORTHWEST. 


himself  for  farm  oi'  creamery  work.  For  the 
benefit  of  students  unable  to  attend  school 
during  the  working  season,  two  three-month 
winter  courses  are  provided — one  in  agri- 
culture and  the  other  in  steam  engineering. 
Arithmetic  and  English  are  re(iuired  in  both 
courses,  and  those  desiring  to  do  so  take 
penmanship.  The  short  course  in  agriculture 
consists  of  sixty  lectures  of  one  hour  each 
upon  agricultural  subjects,  thirty  of  horti- 
culture, thirty  of  dairying  and  sixty  of  vetei*- 
inary.  Stock-scoring  is  given  two  after- 
noons each  week,  and  all  the  students  take 
shop-work. 

ITiese  lectures  are  delivered  in  pojiulur 
form  and  the  principles  rather  than  scientific 
facts  are  dealt  with,  care  being  taken  not  to 
go  beyond  the  student's  comprehension. 

The  three-month  course  in  steam  engi- 
neering is  confined  mainly  to  lectures  upon 
the  construction  and  operation  of  the  trac- 
tion engine.  All  the  separate  parts  of  the 
engine  are  arranged  in  order  in  the  lecture 
room,  and  during  the  sixty  lectures  each  part 
is  fully  explained,  together  with  its  function 
and  its  relation  to  other  parts  of  the  engine. 
Afternoons  are  devoted  to  engineer  practice, 
shoi)-work,  etc.,  while  arithmetic,  English 
and  penmanship  are  required  as  in  the  short 
course  in  agriculture. 

The  very  large  number  of  traction  en- 
gines required  in  the  state  every  fall  to  fur- 
nish p((vver  during  the  threshing  season,  and 
the  scarcity  of  competent  engineers  to  ope- 
rate them,  make  this  department  of  winter 
training  at  the  college  exceedingly  popular. 

Ladies  are  admitted  to  the  Agricultural 
College  on  equal  terms  with  gentlemen,  but 
in  lieu  of  the  technical  studies  for  young 
men,  ladies  are  offered  courses  of  training  in 
household    economics.      These    courses    are 


varied  according  to  the  length  of  time  the 
young  lady  remains  in  school.  Those  taking 
a  graduate  course  complete  the  subject,  in- 
cluding a  thorough  course  in  plain  and  fancy 
needlework.  The  subjects  are  taught  in  a 
practical  manner,  and  no  pains  are  spared  to 
emphasize  the  importance  of  good  housekeep- 
ing as  a  necessary  adjunct  to  every  woman's 
education.  The  shorter  courses  embrace  the 
more  common  operations  connected  with 
cooking,  baking,  household  sanitation  and 
plain  sewing.  As  far  as  pos.sible  home-mak- 
ing is  rendered  a  pleasure  and  economy  a 
habit.  This  dejjartment  is  quite  popular  and 
but  very  few  lady  students  nuUriculate  with- 
out availing  themselves  of  its  advantages. 

The  short  courses  alluded  to  are  not  in- 
tended to  give  more  than  limited  training  in 
si)ecial  subjects  and  are  intended  to  accom- 
modate a  class  of  students  not  able,  for  finan- 
cial reasons  or  others,  to  complete  a  college 
course  of  study.  These  short  courses,  how- 
ever, enable  such  students  to  do  better  work, 
to  become  somewhat  familiar  with  the 
nomenclature  of  science  and  to  learif  the 
sources  of  information  which  they  may  make 
use  of  in  after  life.  Such  courses  give  stu- 
dents a  better  ojiinion  of  agriculture  as  a 
vocation  and  a  disposition  to  observe  and  in- 
vestigate on  their  own  account. 

The  students  of  the  Agricultural  College 
will  exercise  a  powerful  influence  upon  the 
development  of  North  Dakota,  shaping  its 
industrial  and  political  career.  Though  hard- 
ly more  than  in  its  infancy,  the  college  has 
already  demonstrated  its  usefulness,  but  as 
the  years  go  by  the  students  will,  by  their 
life  work,  show  the  value  of  their  college 
tri'.ining  and  silence  every  opponent  of  in- 
dustrial education. 


MACALESTER  COLLEGE. 


Macalester  College  is  the  outgrowth  of 
the  Baldwin  School  of  St.  Paul,  projected  by 
Rev.  Edward  D.  Neill  as  far  back  as  1853, 
and  of  a  similar  institution  opened  in  1873 
by  the  same  gentleman  in  Minneapolis,  near 
the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony.  The  fonner  school 
received  its  name  from  Matthew  W.  Baldwin, 
of  Philadelphia,  a  liberal  contributor  to  its 
founding  and  sujiport.  The  latter  received 
its  name  from  Charles  Macalester,  also  of 
Philadelphia,  who  donated  for  its  use  a  valu- 
able property  once  known  as  the  Winslow 
House,  and  located  near  the  jiresent  Exposi- 
tion Building  in  Minneapolis.  The  institu- 
tion springing  from  the  union  of  these  two 
schools  was  moved  to  its  present  site  and 
opened  in  1885. 

The  men  most  actively  interested  in  the 
establishment  of  Macalester  College  ai'e: 
William  C.  Baker,  Richard  Chute,  W.  W. 
McNair,  Judge  C.  E.  Vanderburg,  Rev.  J.  C, 
Whitney,  Hon.  Eugene  M.  Wilson,  Rev. 
Robert  F.  Sample,  of  Minneapolis;  and  Hen- 
ry J.  Horn,  Henry  M.  Knox,  H.  L.  Moss, 
ex-Gov.  Alexander  Ramsey,  H.  K.  Taylor,  R. 
P.  Lewis,  Thomas  Cochi'an,  of  St.  Paul.  To 
the  efforts  of  the  above  named  trustees  must 
be  added  the  splendid  services  of  Rev.  Daniel 
Rice,  D.  D.,  who  devoted  the  later  years  of 
his  life  wholly  and  gratuitously  to  the  up- 
building of  the  college. 

Drs.  Neill  and  Rice  were  both  graduates 
of  Amherst  College,  and  a  number  of  the 
trustees  were  honored  sons  of  eastern  col- 
leges such  as  Hamilton,  Williams  and  Lafay- 
ette. The  purpose,  therefore,  in  the  minds 
of  these  men  was  to  build  up  in  the  north- 
west an  institution  after  the  noble  character 
and  aims  of  these  colleges  whence  they  had 
come.    This  was  their  ideal. 

Their  successors  on  the  Board  of  Trus- 
tees have  labored  earnestly  to  realize  this 
ideal.  They  seek  to  make  Macalester  Col- 
lege a  center  of  culture  and  of  warm  Chris- 


tian intiuence — a  school  to  which  parents 
may  confidently  commit  their  sons  and 
daughters  not  only  for  a  thoi-ough  education, 
but  also  for  the  safeguard  and  development 
of  their  characters. 

By  a  provision  of  the  charter  amended  in 
1885,  two-thirds  of  the  trustees  are  to  be 
members  of  the  Presbyterian  church.  But 
in  its  instruction  and  internal  administra- 
tion, the  college  is  wholly  non-sectarian,  and 
all  its  privileges  are  available  to  students  of 
other  denominations  on  equal  terms.  Stu- 
dents preparing  for  the  ministi'y  of  any 
Evangelical  church,  receive  tuition  at  half 
the  usual  rates. 

The  college  is  located  in  Macalester  Park, 
a  beautiful  suburb  in  the  western  part  of  the 
city  of  St.  Paul,  one-half  mile  south  and  a 
little  east  of  Merriam  Park,  and  one  mile 
south  of  the  Inter  urban  Electric  Line  on 
Snelling  avenue. 

The  college  buildings  are  seven  in  num- 
ber and  have  been  erected  at  a  cost  of  $120,- 
000.  The  college  campus  contains  thirty 
acres,  and  has  a  frontage  of  six  hundred  and 
sixty  feet  on  Summit  avenue,  a  beautiful 
boulevard  two  hundred  feet  in  width  and 
laid  out  with  parks,  drives,  etc.  The  grounds 
contain  a  fine  grove  and  efforts  are  making 
to  beautify  them  in  a  manner  befitting  their 
suiToundings.  Tlie  location  is  almost  ideal 
for  an  institution  of  learning.  The  college  is 
away  from  the  distractions  and  temptations 
of  the  cities.  There  are  no  saloons  or  other 
places  of  temptation  in  the  vicinity.  Though 
the  college  is  in  a  quiet  and  retired  place, 
the  students  are  brought  more  or  less  in  con- 
tact with  the  life  and  culture  of  the  cities. 
The  large  iiublic  libraries,  churches,  lecture 
courses  and  musical  entertainments  are  easi- 
ly accessible. 

The  trustees  of  the  college  are  W.  H.  Dun- 
woody,  J.  A.  Gordon,  Rev.  R.  N.  Adams,  D. 
D.,  Rev.  John  E.  Bushjiell,  D.  D.,  Rev.  J.  C. 


I 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


Faries,  of  Minneapolis;  Thomas  H.  Dickson, 
Pres.,  Prof.  Thomas  Shaw,  Vice-Pres.,  R.  A. 
Kirk,  R.  C.  Jefferson,  H.  L.  Moss,  B.  F. 
Wright,  Rev.  A.  B.  Meldrnm,  D.  D.,  Rev. 
Mnrdock  McLeod,  of  St.  Paul;  also  Rev.  P. 
H.  Cleland,  D.  D.,  Duluth;  Georfje  D.  Day- 
ton, Worthlngton;  B.   S.   Cook,   Owatonna; 


Rev.  C.  T.  Burnley,  Hudson,  Wis.;  Judge  R. 
N.  Oaruthers,  Grand  Forks,  N.  D. 

The  faculty  of  the  college  numbers  six- 
teen members,  of  which  the  officers  are 
James  ^^'allace,  Pres.;  George  W.  Davis, 
Dean;  Mrs.  Julia  M.  Johnson,  Dean  of  the 
^N'oman's  Department. 


SHATTUCK  SCHOOL. 


Beginning  in  186.5  it  has  grown  into  one 
of  the  largest  and  most  prosperous  of  our 
training  schools  for  boys.  Its  reputation  is 
almost  national,  all  but  ten  states  having 
patronized  it.  Its  present  enrollment  of 
about  two  hundred  includes  boys  from  2.3 
states  and  Central  America,  by  which  its  in- 
fluence extends  over  a  wider  field  than  a  ma- 
jority of  the  colleges.  Its  past  work  and  the 
conditions  of  its  geographical  location  and 
the  popular  favor  assure  its  success  and  per- 
manence. More  than  2,000  have  enjoyed  its 
advantages,  in  preparing  for  college  or  for 
an  active  business  life.  Its  object  is  to  give 
boys  a  thorough  education,  and  to  train  them 
in  body,  mind  and  soul  to  the  right  way  of 
thinking  and  living,  and  to  lead  them  to  a 
higher  iilane  of  manhood  both  by  precept 
and  example.  The  school  points  with  pride 
and  confidence  to  the  many  it  has  so  trained. 

Resources. — In  view  of  its  high  aims  and 
the  demands  upon  it,  its  resources  are  all  too 
limited.  It  began  with  nothing,  either  in 
buildings  or  money.  It  has  depended  wholly 
iiI)on  its  earnings  for  its  maintenance,  care- 
ful business  management  having  made  it 
self-supporting  from  the  beginning.  It  is  not 
curried  on  for  any  one's  profit.  Whatever 
can  be  saved  is  used  for  the  improvement  of 
the  school.  Every  dollar  given  it  has  been 
ajiplied  to  the  erection  of  a  building,  or  been 
added  to  the  scholarship  endowment.  It  was 
never  so  pi'osperous,  nor  so  wortliy  the  con- 
fidence and  the  cooperation  of  the  friends  of 
education.  This  condition  with  the  ]n-elimi- 
nary  work  done,  and  the  ac(]uisition  of  a 
beautiful   location   and   property   that   have 


cost  more  than  .|:!.50.0()0,  together  with  a 
scholarship  endowment  of  .|10.3,000  for  the 
partial  aid  of  boys  of  limited  means,  are  the 
guarantee  it  otters  for  a  wise,  economical 
and  .safe  use  of  gifts  and  bequests  entrusted 
to  it.  The  experience  of  its  managers  stretch- 
ing over  more  than  thirty  years  has  qualified 
them  to  expend  money  to  the  best  advantage 
to  secure  its  permanent  usefulness.  An  in- 
spection of  the  school  will  convince  any  one 
that  there  has  been  a  wise,  careful  use  of  the 
money  donated,  and  the  utmost  good  faith  in 
carrying  out  the  wishes  of  the  donors. 

Needs. — A  good  boarding  school  has  su- 
perior advantages  for  fitting  boys  for  college, 
for  business,  for  life.  Amply  endowed,  it 
does  it  better,  and  works  more  independent- 
ly, with  more  confidence  in  the  future,  than 
the  one  that  has  nothing  but  tuition  fees  to 
sustain  its  work.  It  does  the  foundation 
work  for  the  boy  who  goes  to  college;  it  takes 
the  place  of  the  college  with  many  others. 
Its  instruction  is  thorough  and  advanced, 
bnl  the  best  work  of  a  good  school,  and 
which  makes  it  even  more  valuable  to  a  boy 
than  the  college,  is  character  building.  The 
imjiressions  on  the  mind  and  character  are 
more  easily  made  and  are  more  lasting  at  the 
scliool  age  than  at  the  college  age.  The  im- 
provement of  the  secondary  work  is  there- 
fore of  far  more  benefit  to  the  public  than 
any  increase  in  the  number  of  the  colleges. 
Its  endowment,  and  ample  means  for  the  em- 
jiloyment  of  the  very  best  teaching  ability, 
foi'  providing  every  building  and  facility 
necessary  for  the  best  work,  and  for  the  hap- 
])iness   and   the  well-being  of  boys   in  this 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


formative  period,  will  c-ontribiite  more  to- 
ward developing  the  right  kind  of  manhood 
than  anything  that  can  come  later.  A  good 
endowment  is  for  these  and  other  reasons  n 
supreme  need  for  the  best  type  of  training 
school  that  is  founded  with  a  view  to  its  be- 
coming a  permanent  institution. 

The  location,  grounds  and  grouping  of 
the  buildings  are  strikingly  beautiful,  and 
some  of  the  buildings  are  among  the  best  in 
the  country.  Three  other  buildings,  and  a 
Primary  Department  for  very  young  boys, 
are,  in  addition  to  the  endowment,  the  press- 
ing needs,  and  plans  for  these  buildings  are 
now  in  course  of  preparation.  As  stated 
under  the  head  of  Eesources,  the  sum  applied 


from  donations  and  earnings  for  the  upbuild- 
ing of  the  school  and  the  scholarship  fund  is 
nearly  |500,000.  To  erect  the  additional 
buildings,  found  a  Primary  Department,  and 
provide  the  adequate  endowment  requires  as 
much  more.  It  is  not  too  much  to  say,  that 
the  great  endowed  school  of  the  West  can  be 
established  more  successfully  and  with  less 
cost  on  this  foundation  than  in  any  other 
way.  Gifts  and  bequests  of  money  or  prop- 
erty are  sought  to  help  in  doing  this. 

Need  I  say  more  to  interest  those  who 
can   appreciate    good   management   and    de- 
voted work  for  the  training  of  the  young? 
JAMES  DOBBIN,  Rector. 
Faribault,  Minn. 


MEN  OF  PROGRESS. 


PILLSBURY.  JOHN  SAKGENT.  -The 
name  of  John  S.  Pillsbury  is  so  interwoven 
with  the  development  and  growtli  of  Min- 
nesota from  its  territorial,  inchoate  condi- 
tion, to  its  present  proud  and  commanding 
position  as  the  Empire  State  of  the  great 
Northwest,  that  a  synopsis  of  his  successful 
career  would  require  a  large  volume,  and 
then  not  contain  the  essential  ingredients  of 
his  character  which  have  most  contributed 
to  the  result.  Integrity,  acumen,  prescience, 
public  spirit,  sagacity,  patriotism,  loyalty 
and  noble  aspirations  cannot  be  weighed  and 
measured  in  their  influence-producing  effects. 
The  most  intangible  forces  seem  to  be  the 
most  potent,  and  yet  the  most  elusive  when 
subject  to  description.  The  combination  of 
forces  in  a  person  is  conventionally  called 
"force  of  character."  When  this  is  exhibited 
in  action  some  inference  may  be  drawn.  But 
this  must  be  always  inadequate  to  poi-tray 
the  real  man.  In  dealing  with  the  life  of 
John  S.  Pillsbury.  these  limitations  must  be 
considered.  The  influence  of  his  character 
could  not  be  confined  to  his  local  habitation 
any  more  than  could  the  ai^oma  of  a  flower 
garden  be  fenced  in.  In  public  estimation — 
and  of  very  great  importance — the  preserva- 
tion of  the  credit  of  the  .state  by  liquidating 
the  old  railroad  bonds  and  the  rescue  of  the 
State  University  from  collapse,  if  not  from 
oblivion,  are  perhaps  the  two  most  distin- 
guished public  achievements  of  Mr.  Pills- 
bury.  Mr.  Pillsbury  was  born  at  Sutton, 
Merrimac  county,  N.  H.,  July  2i),  182S.  His 
father  was  John  Pillsbury,  a  manufacturer, 
and  a  man  for  a  long  life,  prominent  in  local 
and  state  affairs.  He  was  a  desceudant  of 
Joshua  Pillsbury,  who  came  from  England 
in  1640,  and  settled  at  Newburyport, 
Mass.,  where  he  received  a  grant  of  laud, 
a  portion  of  which  still  remains  in  the  pos- 
session of  his  descendants,  one  of  whom, 
Micijah  Pillsbury,  went  to  New  Hampshire 


in  171)0  and  settled  at  Sutton.  He  was  the 
great-grandfather  of  John  S.  Pillsbury, 
whose  mother  likewise  was  of  early  Puritan 
ancestry.  Her  maiden  name  was  Susan 
Wadleigh.  The  descendants  of  the  Pills- 
burys  have  been  numerous,  and  many  of 
them  have  filled  positions  of  honor  and  trust 
with  fidelity  and  credit.  John's  early  educa- 
tion was  confined  to  the  common  schools  of 
his  native  town,  which,  in  those  days,  were 
of  limited  facilities.  When  a  sturdy  lad  he 
commenced  to  learn  the  printer's  trade.  The 
business,  however,  did  not  prove  congenial, 
so  he  abandoned  it,  and  secured  employment 
as  a  clerk  in  the  general  country  store  of  his 
older  brother,  George,  at  Warner,  N.  H. 
After  four  years  George  sold  his  busi- 
ness, and  John  continued  to  work  in  the 
store  under  the  new  proprietor  for  tw*years 
longer.  Then,  shortly  after  he  became  of 
age,  he  went  into  business  for  himself,  with 
^Valter  Harriman  as  partner.  It  is  worthy 
of  remark  that  each  of  these  partners  was 
afterwards  governor  of  a  state — Mr.  Harri- 
man governor  of  New  Hampshire,  and  Mr. 
Pillsbury  governor  of  Minnesota.  When 
this  partnership  was  dissolved  he  went  to 
Concord,  in  the  same  state,  and  engaged  in 
business  as  a  merchant  tailor  and  cloth  deal- 
er, which  he  continued  for  two  years.  In  the 
meantime,  becoming  satisfied  with  his  apti- 
tude for  mercantile  life,  he  was  on  the  look- 
out for  a  good  place  in  which  to  [)ermanent- 
ly  settle.  In  1853  he  made  a  tour  of  the 
West  for  this  purpose.  The  Falls  of  St.  An- 
thony captivated  him.  He  was  satisfied  that 
a  metropolis  would  grow  up  around  them. 
Without  loss  of  time  he  settled  on  the  east 
side  of  the  Mississippi  river,  where  the  prin- 
cipal settlement  was  made  and  called  St. 
Anthony.  He  engaged  in  the  hardware  busi- 
ness, and  because  of  the  large  demand  for 
such  goods  in  the  rapidly  developing  com- 
munity, his  enterprise  was  at  once  prosper- 


JOHN  SARGENT  PILLSBURT. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


ous.  The  only  way  for  a  merchant  to  obtain 
goods  in  any  considerable  (luantity.  at  that 
time,  was  by  water  transportation  up  the 
river  from  the  railroad's  terminal  point.  It 
was  therefore  necessary  to  secure  in  the  fall 
a  stock  sufficient  to  supply  the  demand  until 
navigation  opened  the  following  sprinii — 
that  is,  for  live  or  six  months.  In  the  fall  of 
1S5C,  Mr.  Pillsbury  had  safely  housed  in  his 
warehouse  a  larj-e  consignment  to  sui)ply  his 
trade.  It  was  difficult  to  obtain  insurance, 
there  being  then  only  one  small  Illinois  com- 
pany represented  in  the  town,  and  that  not 
deemed  very  strong.  Mr.  Pillsbury's  store 
was  insured  for  a  small  amount,  but  the 
warehouse  containing  the  hulk  of  his  stock 
was  considered  as  not  being  in  much  danger. 
But  a  fire  started  and  a  high  wind  soon  de- 
stroyed this  storehouse  with  its  valuable  con- 
tents, involving  a  loss  of  thirty-six  thousand 
dollars.  The  goods  had  been  bought  mostly 
on  the  usual  credit  terms.  Then,  to  make 
the  matter  worse,  the  panic  of  1857  came  on. 
Those  who  now  know  Mr.  Pillsbury"s  capac- 
ity for  snatching  victory  from  apparent  de- 
feat— as  in  the  University  muddle,  and  in 
the  railroad  bonds  matter — will  not  be  sur- 
prised to  know  that  he,  instead  of  succumb- 
ing to  the  appalling  disaster,  went  to  work 
to  retrieve  his  misfortune  in  a  manner  which 
may  fairly  be  called  heroic.  Of  course,  he 
was  compelled  to  ask  an  extension  from  his 
creditors.  One  or  two  small  ones,  however, 
determined  to  take  advantage  of  the  law 
which  gave  the  first  attaching  creditor  all 
the  i»roperty,  without  regard  to  the  interests 
of  other  creditors.  When  their  design  was 
known  Mr.  Pillsbury  made  an  assignment  to 
protect  all  the  creditors  alike.  He  then  suc- 
ceeded in  obtaining  an  extension  of  time  for 
the  payment  of  his  obligations,  giving  his 
notes  for  payment.  The  times  continued 
fearfully  dull,  but  he  worked  with  desperate 
energy.  He  lived  in  a  house  for  which  he 
paid  ^150  a  year,  and  he  supported  his  fam- 
ily on  |400  a  year.  Neither  he  nor  his  wife 
had  a  new  suit  of  clothes  for  six  years.  When 
his  first  note  for  |1,200,  given  to  one  of  his 
largest  Boston  creditors,  became  due  and  was 
sent  on  for  collection,  the  best  Mr.  Pillsbury 
could  do  was  to  pay  on  it  the  pittance  of  |25. 


He  made  that  payment  and  jiromised  to  send 
on  more  as  soon  as  he  could  get  together 
$23.00.  He  kept  his  promise,  and  in  this  way 
paid  the  note  a  few  months  before  the  second 
one  of  like  amount  became  due.  When  this 
was  sent  on  for  collection,  all  the  notes  c-ame 
with  it,  each  endorsed  to  J.  S.  Pillsbury  "for 
collection."  He  could  not  understand  it  at 
first.  It  was  a  strange  proceeding  to  have 
his  own  notes  returned  to  him  in  this  manner. 
However,  he  finally  paid  every  obligation 
and  was  fairly  on  his  feet  again  in  five  years. 
He  then  bought  a  new  suit  of  clothes  and 
went  on  to  Boston.  His  old  creditor  greeted 
him  very  cordially,  saying,  "You  are  the  man 
who  pays  a  •11,200  note  $25  at  a  time.  I'm 
glad  to  see  you.'"  Then  turning  to  his  man- 
ager he  said,  "Whatever  Mr.  Pillsbury  wants 
at  any  time,  let  him  have  it,  and  if  you 
haven't  got  it,  send  out  and  buy  it  for  him, 
and  if  they  want  to  know  anything  about  Mr. 
Pillsbury  in  Xew  York,  tell  them  he's  the 
best  man  on  earth,"  or  words  to  that  effect. 
Mr.  Pillsbury  was  now  stronger  than  ever. 
Notwithstanding  the  precarious  condition  of 
general  western  credit  at  that  time,  Mr.  Pills- 
iiury  could  command  whatever  he  needed. 
Although  he  was  so  absorbed  in  business 
that  an  ordinary  man  would  deem  it  work 
enough,  Mr.  Pillsbury  did  not  neglect  his 
work  as  a  citizen.  He  was  always  actively 
interested  in  public  affairs.  In  185G  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  City  Council  of  St. 
Anthony,  which  was  then  the  center  of  po- 
litical control.  By  repeated  re-elections  he 
served  in  this  body  for  six  years.  He  was  so 
tied  up  with  his  business  obligations  that  he 
could  not  honorably  abandon  them  and  go 
into  the  army  during  the  war — although  that 
would  have  been  an  easy  way  to  escape  from 
his  burdens.  But  when  the  Civil  War  broke 
out  he  rendered  efficient  service  in  organiz- 
ing the  first  three  regiments.  In  1SG2  he  also 
assisted  in  raising  and  ecpiipping  a  battalion 
of  mounted  men  to  serve  against  the  Indians. 
In  1851  congress  gave  Minnesota  forty-six 
thousand  acres  of  land  to  build  a  university. 
To  raise  money  the  land  was  mortgaged  for 
forty  thousand  dollars.  When  the  first  build- 
ing was  completed  it  was  moi-tgaged  for  fif- 
teen thousand  dollars.    This  was  during  the 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


panic  of  1X57.  In  the  tonrst'  of  two  or  three 
jears  tlie  creditors  became  clamorons  for 
some  paj.  The  legislatnre  was  not  able  to 
make  an  appropriation,  and  the  friends  of 
the  enterprise  "generally,  felt  that  the  prop- 
erty must  be  turned  over  to  the  creditors  to 
let  them  get  what  they  could  out  of  it.  Mr. 
Pillsbury,  though  not  a  scholar  himself,  was 
keenly  interested  in  the  cause  of  education, 
and  he  determined,  if  possible,  to  save  the 
university  to  the  state,  that  the  youth  of  the 
state  might  have  the  best  facilities  for  an 
education.  It  became  almost  a  passion  with 
him.  To  show  the  desperate  condition  of  the 
affairs  of  the  university  it  may  be  well  to  say 
that  the  governor  of  the  state  in  his  message 
of  1802,  only  voiced  the  prevailing  opinion 
when  he  was  compelled  to  own  that  he  could 
see  no  other  way  out  of  the  financial  embar- 
rassment of  the  university  than  to  give  all 
the  granted  lands  to  the  creditors  to  extin- 
guish the  debt.  The  next  year  Mr.  Pillsbury 
was  appointed  one  of  the  regents  of  the  uni- 
versity and  began  to  investigate  the  affairs, 
and  finally  devised  a  plan  to  extricate  the  in- 
stitution from  its  difficulty.  For  the  time 
being  he  made  its  affairs  his  own,  and  ap- 
plied his  business  sagacity  and  acumen  to  its 
deliverance.  He  was  also,  the  same  year, 
1863,  elected  to  the  state  senate.  Here  he 
proposed  his  plan.  It  was  to  create  a  new- 
board  of  regents  with  plenary  power  to  deal 
with  all  the  affairs  of  the  university.  He 
was  ably  assisted  by  Hon.  John  M.  Berry, 
later  a  justice  of  the  supreme  court.  He 
drew  up  and  introduced  the  bill  which  be- 
came a  law  March  4,  1864,  which  provided 
that  the  regents  should  give  bonds  each,  in 
the  amount  of  twenty-five  thousand  dollars. 
They  were  empowered  to  "compromise,  set- 
tle and  pay  any  and  all  claims"  and  "to  sell 
at  public  or  i)rivate  sale"  the  whole  or  any 
part  of  the  land  for  cash,  or  on  credit.  In  a 
woi"d,  the  new  regents  had  as  full  control 
over  the  uni\ersity  property  as  if  it  had  been 
their  own.  The  new  regents  were  John  S. 
Pillsbury,  O.  C.  Merriam,  also  of  St.  Anthony, 
and  John  Nicols,  of  St.  Paul.  Mr.  Pillsbury 
took  upon  himself  the  untangling  of  the  com- 
plicated M'eb  of  claims — some  of  long  stand- 
ing, some  items  in  dispute,  some  scattered 


east  and  west.  This  difficult  and  delicate 
task  required  Mr.  Pillsbury  to  travel  to  dis- 
tant jilaces.  and  to  devote  months  of  time  in 
adjusting  satisfactorily  to  creditors  and  to 
the  friends  of  the  university  the  jumble 
placed  in  his  hands.  It  was,  however,  finally 
accomplished.  He  succeeded  in  discharging 
every  lien  and  debt  to  the  satisfaction  of  all 
concerned,  and  yet  saved  to  the  university 
thirty  thousand  acres  of  land,  the  campus  of 
twenty-five  acres,  and  the  buildings,  which 
alone  were  worth  about  seventy-five  thou- 
sand dollars.  ITiis  was  a  voluntary  work  of 
his  heart,  without  compensation  to  himself, 
except  the  joy  of  a  noble  duty  well  done. 
Mr.  Pillsbury  was  in  the  senate  neai'ly  all  the 
time  from  1863  to  1876,  and  always  managed 
to  secure  a  liberal  appropriation  from  the 
legislature — even  when  others  deemed  it 
hopeless.  Very  naturally  his  successful  deal- 
ing with  university  affairs  gave  him  a  wide 
reputation  throughout  the  state.  He  is  a 
Kejjublican,  although  in  no  sense  a  politician. 
In  1875  he  was  nominated  by  the  Bepub- 
licans  for  governor,  and  elected.  The  state 
needed  the  best  business  ability  it  could  com- 
mand, for  the  panic  of  1873  had  just  left  its 
devastating  trail;  the  grasshopper  scourge 
afflicted  the  farming  community,  and  with  it, 
every  business  interest;  the  long  repudiated 
railroad  bonds  were  a  stain  upon  the  escutch- 
eon of  the  state,  which,  besides  the  moral 
obloquy,  were  a  source  of  financial  trouble. 
The  propositions  offered  for  settling  these 
claims  had  been  so  rejected  by  the  people 
that  most  of  the  prominent  public  men  w^ere 
afraid  to  meddle  with  the  subject.  But  Mr. 
Pillsbury  believed  that  honesty  was  just  as' 
obligatory  to  the  state  as  to  an  individual. 
He  became  terribly  in  earnest  that  the 
state  should  be  honest.  Here  was  to  be  his 
home,  and  he  did  not  want  to  live  in  a  state 
which  rejnidiated  its  debts — no  matter'  how 
they  had  been  contracted.  He  was  almost 
alone  in  these  views.  There  were  only  seven 
other  prominent  men  in  his  home  community 
who  favored  the  payment  of  the  repudiated 
bonds.  He  did  not  hesitate  to  urge  at  all 
times  the  liquidation  of  the  debt.  His  views 
were  known  when  he  was  elected  governor. 
In  five  successive  messages  to  the  legislature 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


and  in  every  legitimate  and  honorable  way 
lie  sought  to  bring  about  a  settlement.  The 
ojiposition  claimed  that  the  bonds  were  ille- 
gally issued.  It  was  diffleult  to  get  a  judicial 
decision  from  the  supreme  court  to  deter- 
mine this  question,  by  reason  of  technical 
difficulties  in  the  way.  Although  the  people 
who  did  not  fully  understand  the  matter  and 
who  had  been  misled  by  politicians,  rejected, 
by  a  vote  of  about  three  to  one,  the  proposi- 
tion for  settlement.  Governor  Pillsbury  suc- 
ceeded in  inducing  the  legislature  to  author- 
ize him  to  U]ipoint  seven  judges  of  the  dis- 
trict court — or  if  necessary  one  or  more 
from  the  supreme  court — to  form  a  commis- 
.sion  to  decide  upon  the  legality  of  the  bonds. 
Tlie  first  judges  approached  to  accept  an  ap- 
pointment on  the  commission  refused  to 
serve — such  was  the  unpopularity  of  the  gov- 
ernor's motive.  There  was,  for  a  time,  dan- 
ger that  he  could  not  form  a  commission. 
However,  when  he  succeeded,  and  the  com- 
mission met  to  consider  the  question,  they 
were  confronted  by  an  injunction  procured 
by  the  repudiationists  to  prevent  the  commis- 
sion from  acting.  This  was  the  best  thing 
that  could  happen,  for  it  brought  the  ques- 
tion before  the  supreme  court,  which  not 
only  dissolved  the  injunction,  but  pro- 
nounced the  bonds  valid,  and  made  the  pro- 
posed work  of  the  commission  useless.  But 
the  work  of  extinguishing  the  hateful  debt 
was  not  yet  done.  It  was  necessary  that  the 
legislature  should  provide  funds.  In  antici- 
pation of  a  settlement.  Governor  Pillsbury 
had  secured  the  surrender  of  the  old  bonds. 
Now  some  of  the  bondholders  wanted  to  re- 
pudiate their  agreement  and  demanded  the 
surrender  of  their  bonds,  which  by  the  decis- 
ion were  valuable.  But  the  governor  would 
not  give  them  up.  He  held  them  to  their  con- 
tract. When  every  (juibble  against  the  pay- 
ment of  the  bonds  had  been  demolished.  Gov- 
ernor Pillsbury  made  his  final  appeal  to  the 
legislature.  It  was  a  masterly  argument, 
and  won.  Even  then  it  required  great  cir- 
cumspection to  execute  and  deliver  the  new 
bonds,  for  feeling  ran  high,  and  the  danger 
of  physical  as  well  as  legal  interference  was 
imminent.  But  even  that  was  successfully 
circumvented  and   the   subject   has   quietly 


passed  into  history  which  redounds  to  the 
credit  of  the  persistent  and  courageous  gov- 
ernor, who  declared  from  the  outset  that  he 
would  'go  into  every  school  district  of  the 
state,  if  necessary,  to  convince  the  people  of 
the  absolute  justice  and  honesty  of  paying: 
the  railroad  bonds."  The  scourge  of  grass- 
hoppers was  at  its  height  during  a  part  of  his 
six  years  of  administration  as  governor.  He 
vetoed  the  first  crude  bills  for  ai)propriations 
to  purchase  seed  wheat  for  the  sufferers,  be- 
cause the  sowing  of  wheat  was  worse  than 
useless,  so  long  as  the  pest  remained.  His 
wisdom  was  fully  justified  by  subsequent  ex- 
perience. He  secured  a  council  of  governors 
of  the  affected  states  to  organize  a  co-opera- 
tion for  exterminating  the  grasshoppers.  It 
met  at  Omaha,  Neb.,  in  October,  1876, 
and  elected  Governor  Pillsbury  president. 
He  traveled,  incognito,  the  infested  region  in 
midwinter  to  ascertain  from  personal  in- 
vestigation the  true  situation  and  the  con- 
dition of  the  peoi)le.  He  visited  thirty-two 
counties  and  met  with  many  pathetic  inci- 
dents. The  willing  beggars  had  been  forced 
out  of  the  country.  Those  that  remained  had 
the  right  stuff  in  them.  To  relieve  the  im- 
mediate wants  of  many,  he  gave  liberally 
from  his  private  means.  When  he  returned 
with  his  full  personal  knowledge,  he  made 
such  an  appeal  to  the  benevolent  that  a  gen- 
erous response  was  received  from  all  parts 
of  the  country.  (Jovernor  Pillsbury  and  his 
wife  attended  personally,  with  scrupulous 
and  exacting  fidelity,  to  the  distribution  of 
the  supplies.  They  were  generously  carried 
to  their  destination  by  the  railroads  and  ex- 
press companies,  free  of  charge.  Ministers 
and  country  physicians  having  no  selfish  in- 
terests to  serve,  and  being  familiar  with  the 
conditions,  were  appointed  as  distributing 
agents.  There  were  over  six  thousand  peo- 
ple relieved  in  this  manner,  and  it  is  safe  to 
say  that  no  supplies  were  ever  distributed 
more  equitably.  Later  the  legislature  made 
appropriations  for  supplying  seed  wheat  to 
the  sufferers.  The  execution  of  this  law  was 
put  upon  the  governor,  and  it  involved  a 
stupendous  amount  of  work.  To  put  the  seed 
where  it  was  wanted  in  so  many  ditferent  lo- 
cations, in  different  counties,  and  in  time  for 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


early  spring  planting,  was  a  task  of  immense 
difiioiilty.  Early  in  the  spring  of  1877,  at  the 
express  wish  of  several  religious  bodies,  and 
in  accordance  with  an  old  New  England  cus- 
tom, Governor  Pillsbury  issued  a  proclama- 
tion for  a  day  of  "fasting  and  prayer.'"  This 
attracted  attention  throughout  the  country, 
and  provoked  some  criticism,  but  it  was 
largely  observed  in  the  state,  and  it  inspired 
many  with  a  new  hope.  When  it  was  found 
that  the  grasshoppers  disappeared,  and  that 
the  harvests  of  the  year  were  unusually 
bountiful,  especially  in  the  infected  districts, 
many  people  believed  that  the  prayers  were 
truly  answered.  There  has  been  since  no 
such  affliction  in  the  state.  In  1877  Mr. 
Pillsbury  was  again  elected  governor.  Dur 
ing  his  inspection  of  the  region  devastated 
by  the  grasshoppers  he  discovered  a  number 
of  county  ofQcers  who  w^re  totally  incompe- 
tent from  ignorance,  and  some  who  were  dis 
honest  by  inclination.  He  saw  that  it  was 
necessary  to  have  some  remedy  for  this  state 
of  aflairs.  He  therefore  drew  the  bill  for  the 
appointment  of  a  public  examiner  to  investi- 
gate all  public  offices  and  accounts  and  to 
devise  an  efficient  method  of  keeping  public 
records.  The  bill  became  a  law.  It  gives  the 
governor  the  power  to  remove  n.n  objection- 
able officer.  This  has  proved  to  be  a  valuable 
safeguard  to  the  people.  By  his  action  the 
governor  saved  one  county  alone  thirty  thou 
sand  dollars.  The  law  has  been  adopted  in 
several  other  states  and  will  no  doubt  even- 
tually become  as  universal  as  the  "official 
ballot."  He  also  secured  the  passage  of  the 
law  creating  a  high  school  board  to  complete 
the  chain  connecting  the  district  school  with 
the  university.  Education  has  always  been 
a  subject  close  to  his  heart.  He  was  a  stern 
defender  of  the  school  fund  and  at  one  time 
set  his  face  so  strongly  against  a  proposition 
to  sell  the  school  lands,  that  the  matter  has 
been  dropped  ever  since.  Mr.  Pillsbury  also 
succeeded  in  having  the  session  of  the  legis- 
lature made  biennial  instead  of  annual,  to 
the  marked  improvement  of  the  quality  of 
the  laws,  as  well  as  a  saving  in  expense. 
When  the  railroads  defaulted  ujion  their 
contracts  to  build  railroads  the  lands  grant- 
ed as  aid  were  forfeited  and  reverted  to  the 


state.  These  were  then  sold  to  settlers. 
Afterwards  the  state  gave  a  new  contract 
to  the  railroad  companies  and  returned  the 
lands  to  them,  except  those  lands  sold  to 
settlers  who  had  gone  on  and  improved  their 
claims  in  good  faith.  This  gave  rise  to  many 
contests  betewen  the  settlers  and  a  rail- 
road company.  One  arrangement  required 
the  settlers  to  go  to  the  capital.  8t.  Paul,  to 
fight  for  their  lands.  Governor  Pillsbury 
took  the  attorney  general  and  judge  and 
proper  officers  to  hold  a  court  in  the  counties 
where  these  lands  were  in  dispute,  because 
the  settlers  could  not  meet  the  expense  of  a 
journey  to  St.  Paul  and  maintenance  while 
there  contesting  for  their  fanns.  The  gover- 
nor spent  eighteen  months  in  settling  these 
claims  and  saved  the  farms  of  400  settlers. 
The  attempted  bank  robbery  at  Xorthfield, 
where  the  brave  cashier  who  foiled  the  rob- 
bers was  killed,  brought  out  another  praise- 
worthy trait  of  Mr.  Pillsbury's  character — 
that  of  coolness  and  judgment  in  times  of 
excitement.  There  was  a  clamor  for  calling 
out  troops  to  arrest  the  bandits  who  were 
trying  to  escape  from  the  state.  Believing 
that  quick  action  was  better  than  a  military 
expedition,  necessarily  slow,  he  offered  on  his 
own  resjjonsibility  a  reward  for  the  arrest  of 
the  outlaws.  His  plan  was  successful,  and  the 
most  of  them  were  killed  or  captured  within 
less  time  than  it  would  have  taken  to  get  a 
military  column  in  motion.  When  it  was  de- 
cided by  the  legislature  to  enlarge  the  capitol 
by  the  addition  of  a  wing  to  the  old  building, 
§14,000  was  appropriated  for  the  purpose. 
Xo  one  could  be  found  to  take  the  contract 
at  that  price,  and  it  was  generally  predicted 
that  it  would  cost  two  or  three  times  that 
amount.  Governor  Pillsbury  hired  men  and 
supervised  the  work  himself  and  brought 
the  wing  within  the  sum  mentioned.  The 
legislature  adjourned  and  by  an  oversight 
neglected  to  nmke  the  necessary  approi)ria- 
tion  for  paying  the  current  expenses  of  the 
state  penitentiary  at  Stillwater.  To  prevent 
the  calling  of  an  extra  session  of  the  legisla- 
ture, which  would  cost  the  state  from  fifty 
to  seventy-five  thousand  dollars,  he  advanced 
$55,00  from  his  private  funds  to  keep  the 
prison    running   and   to   save   the   common- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


wealth  that  extra  expense.  Subsequently, 
when  the  hospital  for  the  insane  at  St.  Peter 
was  burned,  just  before  winter  set  in,  he 
saved  the  state  the  expense  of  an  extra  ses- 
sion of  the  legislature,  which  would  have 
been  necessary  to  provide  for  the  emergency, 
and  he  prevented  the  suffering  of  the  in- 
mates by  advancing  from  his  private  ex- 
chequer the  necessary  funds.  In  1879,  al- 
though contrary  to  jirecedent,  and  not  de- 
sired by  himself  because  of  the  growth  and 
size  of  his  private  business,  he  was  elected 
governor  for  a  third  term — the  only  instance 
of  a  third  election  to  the  office  in  the  history 
of  the  state.  From  all  indications,  from  the 
urgent  solicitations  of  prominent  public  men, 
and  the  almost  universal  approval  of  his 
three  administrations,  he  could  have  been 
elected  for  a  fourth  term,  but  he  positively 
declined  to  be  considered  again.  The  capitol 
was  burned  March  1,  1881,  in  the  early  even- 
ing. Before  midnight,  by  telegraph,  a  tender 
of  the  old  market  house  at  St.  Paul  was 
made  for  the  use  of  the  legislature.  This 
was  the  first  news  of  the  disaster  received 
by  the  governor,  who  was  at  home  in  Minne- 
apolis. In  the  morning  the  offer  was  accept- 
ed, and  subsequently  by  his  influence,  the 
capitol  was  rebuilt  on  the  old  site.  Another 
evidence  of  his  broadmindeduess  was  shown 
conspicuously  in  his  selection  of  judges  for 
the  supreme  and  the  district  courts,  when  the 
legislature  increased  the  judicial  service.  Al- 
though a  staunch  Rejmblican,  out  of  three 
appointments  for  the  supreme  court,  he  ap- 
pointed two  Democrats,  and  for  the  district 
courts  he  appointed  several  Democrats. 
These  selections  were  approved  by  the  peo- 
ple generally,  and  subsequent  experience  has 
abundantly  conflrmd  the  wisdom  of  Gover- 
nor Pillsbury's  choice.  His  liberality  and 
munificence  have  always  kept  pace  with  his 
prosperity,  from  the  time  that  he  generously 
relieved  the  grasshopper  scourge  sufferers 
from  his  private  purse,  up  to  his  princely 
gifts  for  public  uses.  In  1889  he  built  and 
gave  to  the  University  of  Minnesota  the  mag- 
nificent structure  known  as  "Science  Hall," 
erected  at  a  cost  of  .1150,000.  In  1892  he  pre- 
sented to  his  native  town,  Sutton,  N.  H., 
a     fine     town     hall,     as     a     memorial     of 


his  father,  John  Pillsbury,  and  his  mother, 
Susan  'Wadleigh  Pillsbury.  In  1898  Mrs. 
Pillsbury,  his  wife,  established  an  endow- 
ment fund  of  .|1 00,000  for  "The  Home  for 
Children  and  Aged  Women,"  in  Minneapolis. 
In  1900  he  and  his  wife  erected  in  the  same 
city  a  home  for  working  girls,  at  a  cost  of 
$25,000.  Through  his  business  management 
the  State  Agricultural  College  and  Experi- 
ment Station  farm  were  secured  for  the  state 
without  costing  it  a  cent.  In  1901  he  deter- 
mined to  give  to  Minneajtolis  as  complete  a 
library  building  for  the  "East  Side" — which 
has  always  been  his  home — as  could  be  de- 
vised, which  will  cost  .f75,000.  This  is  for 
the  especial  benefit  of  the  families  of  the  six 
or  seven  thousand  mill  hands  working  there. 
There  is  no  room  here  for  a  history  of  his 
successful  efforts  in  building  up  the  flour 
mills  which  have  made  the  name  of  "Pills- 
bury" famous  throughout  the  world,  and 
made  the  city  of  Minneapolis  the  world's 
greatest  milling  center.  It  is  enough  here  to 
say  that  this  gigantic  business  is  due  to  the 
capital  and  business  sagacity  of  JoUn  S. 
Pillsbury.  He  has  always  been  the  founda- 
tion and  motive  power  of  the  enterprise  and 
has  never  been  out  of  touch  with  it.  The 
greatest  merit  of  all  is  the  fact  that  by  his 
firmness  and  principle,  and  unswerving  loy- 
alty to  Minneapolis  and  the  Northwest,  he 
prevented  the  transfer  of  the  property  to  a 
trust.  He  resisted  the  temptation  of  almost 
fabulous  sums  to  yield  control,  which  by  the 
scratch  of  a  pen  he  had  the  i)ower  to  do,  and 
thus  relieve  himself  of  a  vast  responsibility 
when  ease  in  comfoi'table  circumstances  is 
grateful.  For  this  integrity  and  steadfast- 
ness the  whole  world  owes  him  honor.  Gov- 
ernoi'  Pillsbury,  November  i!,  185G,  was  mar- 
ried to  Miss  Maliala  Fisk,  the  daughter  of 
("a])tain  John  Fisk,  who  came  from  Suft'olk, 
England,  in  1837,  and  settled  at  Windoui, 
Mass.  She  has  been  a  worthy  help-uu'ot. 
deeply  intei-ested  in  ln-r  Imshaud's  j)lans, 
and  ably  assisting  \\li('rc  Ikm-  efforts 
would  avail.  Tlicy  have  had  four  children — 
Addie,  horn  October  4,  1859,  the  deceased 
wife  of  Charles  M.  Webster;  Susan  M.,  born 
June  23,  1863,  the  wife  of  Fred  B.  Snyder, 
the   well   known   lawver   and   state   senator 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


from  Minueapolis;  Sarali  Belle,  born  June  30, 
1866,  and  Alfred  Fick  Pillsbur.T,  born  Oc- 
tober 20,  1868. 


MENDENHALL,  Richard  Junius.— Com- 
ing in  the  early  50's  to  the  then  practically 
unknown  west,  and  locating  at  the  little  set- 
tlement by  the  falls  of  St.  Anthony,  Richard 
J.  Mendenhall  has  been  identified  with  the 
city  of  Minneapolis  from  its  early  growth, 
and  in  his  15  years  of  residence  he  has  had 
a  varied  business  record — that  of  surveyor, 
land  agent,  banker  and  florist.     In  the  early 
decades  of  the  city's  development  few  were 
more  actively  identified  with  those  interests 
which  were  calculated  to  advance  its  wel- 
fare.     Struggling    often  with  poor  health, 
his  resolution  and  power  of  will  overcame 
every  obstacle,  and  turning  by  adverse  cir- 
cumstances from  one  field  of  enterprise  he 
launched  boldly  and  with  enthusiasm  into 
another,  finally  reaping  in  later  years  the 
success  he  so  richly  merited.     Entomology 
and  botany  have  been  his  scientific  diver- 
sions throughout  the  whole  of  his  career, 
and  applying  to  them  his  business  experi- 
ence he  has  built  up  a  reputation  as  a  florist 
which  has  made  his  name  known  through- 
out the  entire  northwest.     Mr.  Mendenhall 
traces  his   ancestry    directly    back    to    the 
"Quaker"  Mendenhall  who  came  over  with 
William  Penn,  and  who  was  the  founder  of 
the  American  family  of  that  name.     Rich- 
ard Mendenhall,  his  great  great  grandson, 
and  the  father  of  the  subject  of  this  sketch, 
was    a  tanner   by   profession   and    carried 
on    an   extensive   business   at    Jamestown, 
N.  C,  from  which  he  realized  a  comfortable 
fortune.      He  was    a  member  of  the  North 
Carolina  legislature  for  several  years,  and 
an    ardent    abolitionist.      The  interest    he 
took,  however,  in  organizing  Sunday  schools 
among  the  colored  people  nearly  led  to  his 
being  hanged  by  some  of   the   more    rabid 
slave-holders.     As  his  ancestors  before  him, 
he  was  a  follower  of  the  Quaker  creed  and 
a    prominent    member    of    the    Society    of 
Friends  in  North  Carolina.     His  wife,  Mary 
Pegg,  was  a  descendant  of  an  old  Welsh 
family  which  settled  in  Maryland  at  an  ear- 


ly period.     She  was  a  woman  of  strong  char- 
acter and  a  worthy  help-mate.     Richard  J. 
was  born  at  Jamestown,  N.  C.  November 
25,    1828.      His    educataional    opportunities 
were  of  a  somewhat  limited  nature.     After 
a  few  brief  years  at    the  village  school,  he 
spent  a  year  at  the  Quaker  boarding  school 
at    New    Garden,    N.  C.     At    fourteen,  he 
went     to    Greensboro     and    lived    with    a 
physician,  who  was  also  the  postmaster,  and 
assisted  in  the  work  of  the  oflice,  but  later 
returned  to  his  native  town,  working  in  his 
uncle's  store.     When  twenty  years  of  age  he 
went    to    Providence,    R.    I.,    and    entered 
the    celebrated    Friends'    School    at    that 
place.     For    a    short    time    afterwards    he 
taught    school  at    North  Falmouth,  Mass. 
During    the    next  few    years    he    followed 
the  occupation  of  a  civil  engineer,  travel- 
ing   through    the    eastern    states,    finally 
coming  west,  and  had  charge  of  a  survey- 
ing party  in  Des  iloines,  Iowa,  during  the 
winter  of  1855-56.     The  following  spring,  be- 
ing afl'ected  by  a  hemorrhage  of  the  lungs, 
he  decided  to  come  further  north  for  his 
health,  reaching  ilinneapolis  on  the  twenty- 
seventh  day  of  April,  1856.     He  entered  into 
partnership  here  with  Mr.  Cyrus  Beede,  un- 
der the  firm  name  of  Beede  &  Mendenhall, 
carrying  on  a  banking  and  exchange  business. 
The  following  year  proved  disastrous  to  the 
young  firm  through  extensive  loans  made  on 
what  proved  to  be  worthless  security,  but 
they  held  on,  preserving  their  credit,  and 
doing  such  business  as  was  possible  under 
the  adverse  conditions.     In  November,  1862, 
Mr.   Mendenhall  became  president    of    the 
State  Bank  of  Minnesota,  having  purchased  ' 
a  half  interest  in  the  capital  stock  of  that 
concern,  and  continued  as  such  until  1871. 
He  was  also  president  of  the  State  Savings 
Association,  which  was  connected  with  the 
National   Bank.     When  the  panic   of  1873 
came  the  savings  bank  was  forced  to  sus- 
pend and  nearly  all  his  fortune  was  swept 
away  by  the  crash.     He  then  turned  his  at- 
tention to  horticulture,  a  subject  in  which 
he  had  always  taken  a  great  interest.     In 
prosperous  times  he  had  erected  near  his 
family  residence  a  greenhouse,  where  he  de- 
voted his  leisure  moments  to  the  cultivation 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


of  choice  exotics,  as  -well  as  the  more  com- 
mon flowers.  The  o^reenhouses  were  at 
once  extended  and  his  business  grew  in 
magnitude  until  he  built  up  what  is  probably 
the  largest  cut  flower  business  in  the  north- 
west, and  lias  in  his  greenhouses  the  choicest 
plants  from  all  parts  of  the  world.  Though 
a  man  of  seventy-two  years  of  age  he  still 
takes  as  much  interest  in  his  floral  beauties 
as  he  did  in  his  youthful  days.  Mr.  Menden- 
hall  has  always  taken  an  active  part  in  poli- 
tics, but  never  to  the  extent  of  seeking  office. 
He  has  voted  for  those  candidates  whom  he 
thought  would  make  the  best  men  for  the 
office  to  which  they  aspired,  regardless  of 
their  political  affiliations;  but  he  never 
shirked  his  own  responsibility  as  a  citizen. 
He  served  as  treasurer  of  the  town  of  Min- 
neapolis in  ISGl*,  and  as  treasurer  of  the 
Minneapolis  school  board  for  ten  years.  He 
was  also  treasurer  of  the  Minnesota  Mutual 
Insurance  Company  for  the  same  number  of 
years.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the  national 
board  of  trade  for  three  successive  years,  a 
delegate  to  the  river  and  harbor  improve- 
ment convention  at  St.  Louis  in  1867,  and 
was  president  of  the  state  national  park  for 
twelve  years.  He  has  been  a  member  of  the 
State  Horticultural  society  since  its  organi- 
zation, and  was  its  president  for  one  year. 
Kut  no  sketch  of  the  life  of  Mr.  Mendenhall 
would  be  complete  which  did  not  take  into 
account  the  share  which  his  wife  had  in  the 
molding  of  his  character  and  the  guiding  of 
his  life.  Her  maiden  name  was  Abby  Grant 
Swift.  She  was  the  youngest  of  a  family  of 
seven  daughters.  Her  father,  Silas  Swift, 
was  a  sturdy  sea  captain.  She  grew  up  to 
young  womanhood  in  tlie  little  village  of 
West  Falmouth,  Mass.,  attending  the  com- 
mon schools,  but  was  prevented  by  ill 
health  from  receiving  the  advantages  of  a 
seminary  or  a  boarding  school  education. 
This  was  compensated  for  in  part,  however, 
by  diligent  reading  and  study  at  home.  She 
spent  a  few  years  at  New  Bedford,  where 
she  assisted  a  relative  in  the  conduct  of  her 
business,  keeping  books  and  accounts.  On 
February  11,  185S,  she  was  united  in  mar- 
riage to  Mr.  Mendenhall,  having  met  him 
first  when  he  taught  school   in   West  Fal- 


laCHAltD    J.    MENDENHALL. 

mouth.  She  soon  became  prominent  in  the 
social  life  of  the  Society  of  Friends  ia  her 
new  home,  and  took  an  active  interest  in  the 
missionary  work  of  the  church  both  at  home 
and  abroad.  Having  no  children  of  her  own, 
Mrs.  Mendenhall  became  by  sympathy  and 
choice  a  mother  to  the  unfortunate,  and  in 
every  charitable  effort  she  was  always  a 
foremost  spirit.  Her  memory  is  especially 
cherished  in  connection  with  her  work  for 
Bethany  Home,  having  been  one  of  the  organ- 
izers of  the  society  which  built  this  useful 
institution,  and  was  the  treasurer  of  that 
society  during  its  entire  history  up  to  the 
time  of  her  death,  January  11,  1000. 


LYON,  Hiram  Rogers. — The  custody  of 
other  people's  money  is  one  of  the  most  re- 
sponsible duties  that  can  be  assumed,  not  so 
luudi  perhaps  because  of  the  value  of  the 
trust,  but  rather  by  reason  of  the  tempta- 
tions which  inhere  to  the  control  of  ready 
money.  Diamonds  of  ten  times  the  value  of 
a  sum  of  money  could  not  attract  the  temp- 
tations which  seem  to  hang  around  and  be- 
leaguer ready  cash.  Brilliant  schemes  prom- 
ising large  and  (]uick  returns  seem  to  crowd 


HISTOllY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


HIRAM  R.  LYON. 

around  the  money  safe  when  any  other  form 
of  property  would  be  immune  from  attack. 
Hence  a  banker,  to  be  successful,  must  have 
a  peculiar  mental  equipment.  It  is  not 
enough  to  be  merely  honest  and  to  have  good 
intentions.  Such  a  one  may  tumble  into  pit- 
falls, as  many  of  them  do.  He  must  be  well 
informed  in  all  matters  of  finance,  stocks, 
bonds,  mortgages  and  all  sorts  of  securities. 
He  must  know  about  the  crops,  wool,  cattle, 
commerce,  the  balance  of  trade,  politics, 
"strikes"  and  a  host  of  other  things  involv- 
ing money.  He  must  be  of  sound  judgment, 
conservative,  cautious — and  yet  not  too  care- 
ful; alert,  yet  not  so  eager  as  to  be  blind  to 
risk;  bold  to  seize  an  opportunity,  and  yet 
not  rash;  kind  hearted  and  jet  not  maudlin; 
generous,  though  not  a  spendthrift,  and 
have  many  other  qualities  not  essential  for 
success  in  other  lines  of  business.  There 
are  bankers  who  are  not  so  equipped,  yet 
they  manage  to  get  along,  but  it  is  more 
owing  to  good  fortune  than  to  their  own  ef- 
forts. The  crucial  test  of  their  fitness  may 
never  have  been  met,  but  in  the  long  run  it 
generally  comes.  A  successful  banker  of 
long  standing  is  therefore  a  man  of  more 
than  common  ability. 


The  First  National  Bank  of  Mandan,  North 
Dakota,  is  fortunate  in  having  a  man  at  the 
head  who  may  fairly  be  classed  with  the 
ideal  portrayed.  President  Hiram  K.  Lyon 
for  nearly  twenty  years  has  held  a  large 
share  of  the  i-esponsibility  of  the  bank. 
During  that  time  there  have  been  critical 
periods  in  financial  circles,  as  many  know 
to  their  sorrow,  and  Mr.  Lyon  has  faced  the 
storms  like  an  experienced  pilot. 

Mr.  Lyon  was  born  at  Zanesville,  Ohio,  in 
1856.  His  father  was  Carlos  W.  Lyon,  who 
came  to  Minnesota  in  an  early  day  and  set- 
tled at  Wabasha  as  a  grain  dealer.  He  was 
also  the  local  agent  for  the  Davidson  Line  of 
steamboats,  which  at  that  time  was  one  of 
the  leading  transportation  companies  and 
did  a  large  business.  He  was  a  man  of  in- 
fluence, though  only  in  moderate  circum- 
stances, and  was  elected  mayor  of  the  town. 
He  was  serving  in  this  capacity  at  the  time 
of  the  Indian  outbreak.  The  neighboring 
Indians  were  greatly  agitated  and  the  situ- 
ation was  alarming.  Through  Mr.  Lyon's 
influence  they  were  induced  to  go  to  Fort 
Snelling,  where  they  were  kept  until  the  trou- 
ble was  over.  He  died  in  1865,  when  Hiram 
was  only  nine  years  of  age.  Hiram's  moth- 
er was  born  in  Philadelphia,  her  maiden 
name  being  Mary  Rogers.  She  married  at 
Zanesville,  Ohio,  where  her  son  was  born. 
She  married  for  her  second  husband  Capt. 
David  W.  Wellman,  a  civil  engineer,  who 
was  the  city  engineer  of  St.  Paul.  She  is 
still  living,  at  Los  Gatos,  California.  Hiram 
was  educated  in  the  public  schools  and  took 
a  special  course  in  the  University  of  Min- . 
nesota.  He  also  attended  the  Normal  school 
at  Oshkosh,  Wis.,  for  two  terms.  He  then 
did  some  work  in  civil  engineering  un- 
der his  step-father.  But  within  one  week 
after  he  was  of  age  he  secured  a  position  as 
messenger  in  the  Second  National  Bank  of 
St.  Paul.  This  was  really  his  starting  point 
in  life.  He  found  his  sphere,  for  he  proved 
so  apt  and  etBcient  that  he  was  rapidly  pro- 
moted to  bookkeeper,  teller,  and  cashier 
within  four  years.  In  1881  he  went  to  North 
Dakota,  or  Dakota  Territory, — as  it  had  not 
yet  been  divided  into  states, — to  look  up  a 
place  for  a  new  bank.     He  selected  Mandan, 


HISTOKY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


ever  since  his  home.  The  present  bank  was 
organized  by  him  in  August,  1881.  The  next 
year,  April  1,  1882,  Mr.  Lyon  came  and 
took  charge  of  the  bank  as  cashier.  In  1881 
he  was  elected  president  of  the  institution, 
grown  to  be  one  of  the  most  substantial  in 
the  state.  Mr.  Lyon  has  always  been  a  IJe- 
publican,  as  bis  forefathers  have  been,  but 
has  held  few  public  offices.  He  served  on 
the  governor's  staff  three  terms  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Agricultural  Board.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Royal  Arcanum  and  of  the 
Minneapolis  Club,  which  he  joined  while  teni 
porarily  living  in  Minneapolis  in  charge  of 
the  Xorth  Dakota  Millers'  Association  prop- 
erty. Besides  being  interested  in  the  bank- 
ing business  of  the  country,  Mr.  Lyon  has  in- 
terests in  lumber  and  in  farm  machinery 
business.  He  is  also  president  of  the  Mis- 
souri Valley  ISIilling  Company,  and  of  the 
Lyon  Elevator  Company,  with  headquarters 
at  Mandan.  Mr.  Lyon  is  a  member  of  the 
Episcopal  church,  and  is  married  and  has 
one  child,  Caroline  Rogers  Lyon,  now  near- 
ly seven  years  old.  He  has  also  a  step-son, 
Robert  Meech — his  wife's  son  by  a  former 
marriage, — now  about  fifteen  years  of  age, 
and  a  student  at  Shattuck  school,  Faribault. 


SPALDING,  Burleigh  Folsom,  congress- 
man from  North  Dakota,  comes  from  old 
colonial  stock.  He  is  a  descendant,  in  the 
eighth  generation,  from  Edward  Spalding, 
who  migrated  to  Virginia  from  England  in 
161"J,  settling  in  Massachusetts  in  l(j:?0,  and 
on  the  maternal  side,  in  the  eighth  genera- 
tion, from  John  Folsom,  who  came  to  this 
country  from  England  and  settled  in  Massa- 
chusetts about  1638.  His  ancestors  on  both 
sides  fought  in  all  the  early  colonial  and 
Indian  wars,  and  at  least  three  of  his  great 
grandfathers  participated  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary' war.  Benjamin  Spalding,  his  great 
grandfather,  was  one  of  the  earliest  settlers 
of  Drleans  county,  Vermont,  settling  in 
Craftsbury,  where  he  died,  in  1838.  liis 
grandfather,  Noah  Spalding,  was  a  noted 
teacher  in  northern  Vermont,  and  served  in 
the  war  of  1812.  The  father  of  the  subject 
of  this  sketch  was  Benjamin  Pendell  Spal- 


BUKLEIGH    F.    SI'ALDING. 

ding,  who  was  an  itinerant  preacher  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  church  in  Vermont«nd 
New  Hampshire.  Ann  Folsom,  his  wife, 
was  a  daughter  of  Rev.  ^Moses  Folsom,  a 
Free  Baptist  preacher  of  the  same  two 
states.  She  taught  school  in  Vermont  for 
several  years  before  her  marriage,  and  was 
noted  in  her  vocation  as  among  the  best. 
Their  son,  Burleigh,  was  born  in  Craftsbury, 
Orleans  county,  Vermont,  December  3,  1853. 
He  attended  the  common  schools  of  Ver- 
mont, summer  and  winter,  till  he  was  eleven 
years  old,  then  only  the  winter  term  till  he 
was  seventeen.  This  was  supplemented  by 
an  attendance  at  the  Lyndon  Literary  Insti- 
tute and  the  Norwich  University,  the  latter 
being  the  military  college  of  Vermont.  He 
graduated  from  this  institution  in  1877, 
with  the  degree  of  B.  Ph.,  and  was  honored 
with  the  degree  of  M.  A.  from  his  alma  ma- 
ter in  1897.  He  was  compelled  to  pay  his 
own  way  through  college,  and  earned  the 
funds  with  which  to  do  so  by  teaching  dur- 
ing the  winter,  and  working  on  the  farm  or 
canvassing  for  books  in  the  summer.  The 
winter  of  1877-78  he  taught  in  the  Albany 
Aradriiiy.  and  then,  having  a  desire  to  take 
up   the   legal   ]irofessi(in  as  his  vocation   in 


HISTORY   OF   THE   GREAT   NORTHWEST. 


life,  read  law  with  tlie  firm    of   Gleasou   & 
Field,  in  Montpelier.    During  the  session  of 
1878  he  served  as  a  clerk  in  the  Vermont 
legislature.     He  was  admitted  to  the  Wash- 
ington county  bar,  March  15,  1880,  and  im- 
mediately came  west,  settling  at  Fargo,  Da- 
kota Territory,  March  31.       The  following 
May  he  entered  into  a  partnership  with  Hon. 
S.  G.  Roberts,  one  of  the  earliest  settlers  of 
Fargo,  and  at  the  end  of  one  year  purchased 
his  interest  and  formed  a  partnership  with 
Hon.  C.  F.  Templeton,  which  continued  un- 
til 1888.     He  then  practiced  alone  till  1892, 
when  he  formed  a  partnership  with  George 
H.  Phelps.     In  1893,  Mr.  Seth  Newman  was 
admitted  to  the  partnership.      Mr.  Phelps 
withdrew  from  the  firm  in  1896,  and,  in  1S98, 
the  firm  of  Newjnan,  vSpalding  &  Stambaugh 
was  formed,  which  still  continues,    and    is 
one  of  the  best  known  law  tirms  in  the  state. 
Mr.  Spalding  has  always  enjoyed  a  lucrative 
practice  and  has  been  engaged  in  many  of 
the  most  important  cases  tried  in  any  of  the 
courts  of  his  home  state.     From  the  begin- 
ning of  his  residence  in  Dakota  he  always 
took  an  active  interest  in  politics.     His  po- 
litical affiliations  have  always  been  with  the 
Republican  party.     In  1883  the  legislature 
of  Dakota  Territory  elected  him  as  a  mem- 
ber of  a  commission  of  nine  to  re-locate  the 
capital  and  build  the  capitol  buildings,  and 
he  served  for  several  years  as  secretary  of 
this  commission.      He  was  superintendent 
of  public  instruction  for  Cass  county  from 
1882  to  1884,  and  served  as  a  member  of  the 
convention  which   framed   the   constitution 
of  the  new  state  of  North  Dakota  in  1889. 
He  also  served  on  the  joint  commission  to 
divide  the  archives  and  property  of  the  terri- 
tory between  the  two  new  states  of  North 
Dakota  and  South  Dakota.      He  served  as 
chairman  of  the  Republican  state  central 
committee  from  1892  to  1894;  and  in  1896, 
of  Cass  County  Republican  committee.      In 
1898  he  was  nominated  to  congress  on  the 
Republican  ticket,  and  M'as  elected  by   the 
handsome  majority  of  9,938.     He  declined  a 
renomination  in  1900  by  refusing  to  be  a 
party  to  a  combination  formed  in  the  state 
convention  of  that  year  to  parcel  out  state 
offices.     Mr.  Spalding  made  an  admirable 


record  during  his  two  years'  term  in  the 
lower  house  of  congress.     He  was  one  of  the 
hard-working  men  of  that  body  and  could 
always  be  depended  upon  to  look  out  for  the 
interests  of  his  constituents.     He  served  on 
the  territorial  and  war  claims'  committees, 
and  was  chairman  of  the  subcommittee  to 
prepare  a  system  of  government  for  Alaska. 
He  also  introduced  and  secured  the  passage 
of  the  bill  opening  Fort  Buford  military  res- 
trvation  to  settlement.     This  reservation  in- 
cludes about  517,000  acres.     The  bill  is  said 
to  be  the  most  important  passed  by  any  new 
member  at  the  first  session   of  this  Fifty- 
sixth  congress.     North  Dakota  lost  a  valua- 
ble man  to  represent  its   interests   in    con- 
gress when  Mr.   Spalding  declined  to  join 
the  slope  forces  in  their  combination  to  con- 
trol state  offices,  and  by  so  doing  practically 
declining  a  renomination.     But  she  will  not 
be  deprived  of  his  services   in   other   ways. 
He  is  a  man  who  will  always  take  a  fore- 
most position  in  public  affairs,  contributing 
freely  of  his  time  to  the  best  interests  of  his 
adopted  state.     He  did  effective  work  on  the 
stump  in  the   campaign   of   1900,   speaking 
from  one  end  of  the  state  to  the  other,  and 
contributed  in  no  small  measure  to  the  large 
vote  polled  for  the  Republican  ticket  in  that 
year.     Mr.  Spalding  is  a  prominent  member 
of  the  JIasonic  fraternity.      He  has   taken 
the  thirty-second   degree   in    the    Scottish 
Rite,  has  served  as  High  Priest  of  Keystone 
Chapter,  and  is  one  of  the  trustees  of  the 
Masonic  Temple  at  Fargo.       He  is    also    a 
Knight  Templar.     He  was  married,  Novem- 
ber 25,  1880,  to  Alida  Baker,  daughter  of 
David  and  Emily  H.  (Cutler)  Baker,  of  Glov- 
er, Vermont.     Their  union  has  been  blessed 
with  five  children:  Deane  Baker,  born  April 
12,  1882;  Frances  Folsom,   born  December 
20,  1888;  Roscoe  Conkling,  born  January  9, 
1890;  Burleigh  Mason,  born  April  9,  1891, 
and  Carlton  Cutler,  born  January  21, 1896. 


WOOLMAN,  Joseph  P.,  is  United  States 
marshal  for  the  district  of  Montana,  to 
which  position  he  was  appointed  in  May, 
1898.  He  was  born  February  5,  1841, 
at  Woodstown,  Salem   county,  N.  J.      His 


HISTORY   OF   THE   GREAT   NORTHWEST. 


father,  James  Woolman,  was  a  leading-  manu- 
facturer in  that  place,  and  was  also  en- 
gaged in  farming.  He  was  a  man  who  took 
quite  a  prominent  part  in  the  affairs  of  his 
own  community  and  was  regarded  as  a 
shrewd  and  capable  business  man.  His 
wife's  maiden  name  was  Mary  Ann  Pedrick. 
She  was  a  worthy  woman  in  every  respect, 
self-sacrificing  where  the  interests  of  those 
she  loved  were  concerned,  and  was  the  moth- 
er of  eleven  children.  On  his  father's  side. 
Mr.  Woolman  is  descended  from  ^^■illianl 
Woolman,  and  his  son  John,  who  came  over 
from  England  in  1678  and  settled  in  New 
Jersey.  They  belonged  to  that  large  and 
worthy  class  of  Quakers  who  came  to  Amei'- 
ica  to  escape  persecution  in  their  mother 
country,  and  who  took  so  prominent  a  part  in 
the  building  up  of  the  colonies.  John  Wool 
man,  the  great  great  uncle  of  the  subject  of 
this  sketch,  was  a  noted  Quaker  jtreacher. 
The  Pedricks  were  settlers  of  New  Jersey  in 
the  early  colonial  times,  and  from  this  fam- 
ily the  village  of  Pedricktown,  in  Salem 
county,  derived  its  name.  Joseph  received 
his  early  educational  training  in  a  private 
school  conducted  by  the  Society  of  Friends 
and  in  the  public  schools  of  his  native  town. 
Later  in  life  he  attended  the  First  Pennsyl- 
vania State  Normal  school  at  Millersville,  in 
Lancaster  county.  He  taught  school  in  New 
Jersey  during  the  winter  of  1861-62,  going 
from  there  to  Philadelphia,  where  he 
worked  as  a  salesman  in  a  retail  and  whole- 
sale dry  goods  store  for  the  next  two  years. 
While  living  in  Philadelphia  he  served  as  a 
member  of  the  Pennsylvania  state  militia  in 
1863,  which  was  engaged  in  repelling  the  reb- 
el invasion  of  that  state,  and  was  under  fire 
at  Carlisle  when  Gen.  Fitz  Hugh  Lee  burned 
the  government  barracks  at  that  place  and 
shelled  the  town.  The  gold  fever  struck 
him  in  1864  and  he  started  for  Montana.  On 
his  way  there  he  stopped  at  Centreville, 
Utah,  near  Salt  Lake  City,  and  taught 
school  during  the  winter  of  1864-65.  He 
reached  Montana  in  April  of  the  following 
year.  His  first  employment  was  in  placer 
mining  in  Last  Chance  gulch.  He  gave  this 
work  up  in  a  short  time,  however,  and  be- 
gan clerking  and  keeping  books  for  a  gro- 


.iDSEPH  r.   wooL^rAN. 

eery  house  at  Virginia  Citj',  and  later  at 
Helena.  Being  industrious  and  frugal*in 
his  habits,  he  was  able  after  a  few  years  to 
interest  himself  financially  in  a  number  of 
ditferent  enterprises.  He  became  interest- 
ed early  in  ranching  and  stock  raising,  but 
did  not  give  the  business  his  personal  atten- 
tion. He  is  at  the  present  time,  however, 
largely  interested  in  sheep  raising.  For  sev- 
eral years  he  was  the  owner  of  the  leading 
boot  and  shoe  stoi-e  in  Helena.  He  is  now 
a  member  of  the  firm  of  Holme,  Miller  &  Co., 
which  does  an  extensive  hardware,  mining 
machinery  and  supplies,  and  tinware  busi- 
ness in  Dawson,  Yukon  Territory,  Canada. 
Mr.  Woolman  has  been  a  life-long  Repub- 
lican, and  taken  an  active  interest  in  poli- 
tics. He  represented  Montana  on  the  Cen- 
tennial commission  of  the  Philadelphia  Ex- 
position in  1876,  by  appointment  of  Presi- 
dent Grant.  In  1878  he  was  appointed  by 
President  Hayes  an  honorary  commissioner 
to  the  Paris  International  Industrial  Expo- 
sition of  that  year.  He  has  also  served  his 
state  in  a  number  of  important  positions  of 
trust.  In  1879  he  was  appointed  auditor  of 
the  then  Territory  of  Montana  by  Gov. 
Potts,  and  made  such  a  capable  and  efficient 


HISTORY   OF   THE   GREAT   NORTHWEST. 


oflBcer  that  he  was  reappointed  to  this  posi- 
tion by  Governors  Crosby  and  Carpenter, 
serving  continuously  in  this  office  until  1887. 
In  1808  he  was  appointed  to  his  present  po- 
sition as  United  States  marshal  of  Montana. 
He  served  as  chairman  of  the  Republican 
territorial  central  committee  in  1880  and 
1881,  and  as  chairman  of  the  Republican 
state  central  committee  in  1898  and  1899. 
Mr.  Woolman  is  a  member  of  the  Benevolent 
and  Protective  Order  of  Elks.  His  church 
connections  are  with  the  Society  of  Friends. 
In  1880,  he  was  married  to  Mrs.  Sarah  Ellen 
Glendinen,  n6e  McGavran,  who  died  in  1890. 
In  1893  he  was  again  married,  to  Mrs.  Cor- 
nelia Miller  Goodwin,  n^e  Swiggett.  He 
has  no  children.  Mr.  Woolman  resides  at 
Helena. 


BRIGGS,  Asa  Gilbert.— One  of  the  lead- 
ing lights  in  the  legal  profession  in  St.  Paul, 
Minn.,  is  Asa  Gilbert  Bi-iggs.  The  success 
he  has  achieved  has  been  due  entirely  to  his 
own  unaided  efforts.  From  the  age  of  six- 
teen he  has  been  dependent  on  his  own  exer- 
tions for  his  support,  as  well  as  his  educa- 
tion. When  he  opened  up  an  office  in  St. 
Paul  to  commence  the  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession he  had  less  than  one  hundred  dollars 
in  his  pocket.  By  careful,  painstaking  work 
he  has  built  up,  in  the  thirteen  years  he  has 
been  in  practice,  an  enviable  reputation  as  a 
lawyer  and  has  the  respect  of  the  bar  in  a 
high  degree,  not  only  of  St.  Paul,  but  the 
state  as  well.  Mr.  Briggs  is  of  Welsh  ex- 
traction, his  ancestors  coming  to  this  country 
in  the  early  colonial  days  and  settling  in 
Massachusetts.  His  father,  Isaac  A.  Briggs, 
was,  before  he  retired,  a  practicing  physician, 
and,  also,  owner  of  a  farm,  partly  within 
and  partly  without  the  village  limits  of  Ar- 
cadia, Wis.,  where  he  resided.  He  was  born 
in  Vermont  in  ISIG,  moving  early  in  life  to 
Michigan.  In  1858  he  migrated  to  Wisconsin 
and  located  at  Arcadia.  After  thirty  years 
of  active  practice,  he  retired  in  1881,  moving 
three  years  later  to  St.  Paul,  where  he  has 
since  resided.  Aside  from  his  professional 
work,  he  has  been  interested  at  different 
times  in  cattle  raising  and  the  lumber  and 


woolen  mill  business.  His  wife,  Elizabeth, 
is  also  a  native  of  Vermont,  where  she  was 
born  in  1819,  and  was  married  to  Mr.  Briggs 
in  Michigan.  The  doctor  and  his  wife  are 
both  living,  he  at  the  age  of  84  and  she  at 
that  of  82.  Their  son,  Asa,  was  born  De- 
cember 20,  1862,  at  Arcadia,  Trempealeau 
county,  Wis.  He  attended  the  district  school 
until  his  thirteenth  year,  then  entered  the 
graded  school  at  Arcadia.  Previous  to  the 
construction  of  the  Green  Bay  &  Winona  rail- 
way through  Arcadia  in  1873,  that  place 
only  consisted  of  a  small  settlement,  with  a 
corner  store,  and  no  means  of  communica- 
tion with  the  outside  world,  except  by  horse, 
within  twenty  miles.  The  schools  from  that 
time  on  began  to  improve,  and  when  Asa 
was  thirteen  years  of  age  a  new  graded 
school  was  built.  He  graduated  with  the 
first  graduating  class  from  this  school  three 
years  later.  The  next  two  years  were  de- 
voted to  teaching  in  the  common  district 
school  in  the  winter,  and  working  on  the 
farm  in  the  summer.  He  was  also  engaged 
in  the  house-moving  business,  having  pur- 
chased an  outfit  for  this  purpose.  In  this 
way  he  was  enabled  to  earn  enough  money  to 
pay  his  expenses  for  a  year's  attendance  at 
the  University  of  Wisconsin.  He  was  eight- 
een years  of  age  when  he  went  to  Madison 
and  entered  the  university,  taking  the  gen- 
eral science  course,  with  additional  studies 
in  modern  classics.  He  graduated  with  the 
class  of  1885,  paying  his  expenses  through 
the  whole  course  with  the  money  earned  by 
his  own  individual  effort.  Going  to  St.  Paul 
from  Madison,  he  devoted  the  following  year 
to  making  money  in  the  real  estate  business 
and  the  study  of  law.  Returning  to  the  uni- 
versity in  1886,  he  entered  the  law  depart- 
ment, and  with  the  knowledge  of  law  already 
acquired  was  able  to  do  two  years'  work  in 
one,  graduating  the  following  year.  While 
at  college  he  was  a  member  of  Hesperia  Lit- 
erary Society,  Phi  Delta  Theta  fraternity. 
The  Senate  (an  organization  specially  intend- 
ed to  give  experience  in  parliamentary  prac- 
tice), the  U.  W.  Athletic  Association,  The 
E.  G.  Ryan  Debating  Society  and  various 
other  organizations.  During  his  sophomore 
vear  he  was  a  member  of  the  debating  team 


HISTORY   OP   THE   GREAT   NORTHWEST. 


of  the  sophomore  class  at  its  public  enter- 
tainment, and  was  also  a  membei"  of  the 
joint  debating  team  for  1884  repi-esenting 
the  Hesperia  Society.  Foi'  over  a  year  he 
was  managing  editor  of  the  University  Press, 
and  was  business  manager  of  the  first  "class 
annual"  published  at  the  university.  At  the 
commencement  exercises  he  was  elected  by 
the  faculty  a  member  of  the  oration  class. 
In  fact,  he  was  one  of  the  most  enthusiastic 
and  active  students  at  the  university  during 
the  course.  He  was  a  leading  spirit  in  the 
efforts  to  obtain  a  gymnasium,  and  was  elect- 
ed by  a  college  mass  meeting  as  one  of  two 
members  of  the  university  to  represent  it 
before  the  legislative  committees  of  the  ses- 
sion of  1885  in  making  arguments  for  that 
purpose.  Immediately  after  graduating  he 
came  to  St.  Paul  and  entered  the  employ  of 
the  legal  department  of  the  St.  Paul  Title 
Insurance  Company,  remaining  with  that 
firm  four  months.  Is'ovember  15,  1887,  he 
opened  a  law  office,  having  desk  room  only, 
in  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  building.  Two 
years  later  he  secured  more-  spacious  quar- 
ters in  the  Pioneer  Press  building,  and  five 
years  later  removed  to  the  New  York  Life 
building,  where  he  is  now  located.  He  was 
in  partnership  for  a  short  time  with  Hon. 
George  L.  Bunn,  the  firm  being  known  as 
Briggs  &  Bunn.  In  1891  he  formed  a  part- 
nership with  M.  L.  Countryman,  as  Briggs 
&  Countryman,  which  continued  for  two 
years.  The  following  two  years  he  practiced 
alone,  and  in  July,  1S"J8,  associated  himself 
with  J.  L.  D.  Morrison,  in  the  present  firm 
of  Brigg-s  &  Morrison.  Mr.  Briggs  has  en- 
joyed a  lucrative  jn-actice  from  the  begin- 
ning. He  has  always  had  an  active  court 
practice  and  has  been  very  successful  in  a 
remarkably  large  number  of  contested  cases, 
among  which  maj'  be  mentioned:  Williams 
vs.  Great  Northern  Railway  Company,  in 
which  new  rules  of  expert  evidence  were  es- 
tablished; McQueen  vs.  Burhans  and  others, 
involving  the  fiduciary  relation  of  the  defend- 
ant to  plaintiff',  and  a  large  amount  of  real 
estate,  and  Mowry  vs.  McQueen  et  al,  all  of 
which  were  decided  in  the  supreme  court 
of  Minnesota.  He  has  also  served  as  attor- 
ney for  Maurice  Auerbach,  as   receiver  of 


ASA  G.    BRIGGS. 

Allemania  Bank,  and  A.  B.  Stickney,  as  as- 
signee of  William  Dawson.  He  is  at  present 
attorney  for  a  number  of  large  coi"porations 
and  has  an  excellent  class  of  clients.  Mr. 
Briggs  has  always  been  a  Republican  and 
taken  an  active  interest  in  politics,  but  has 
never  sought  political  preferment  for  himself. 
He  was  president  for  two  j'ears  of  a  young 
men's  Republican  club  of  Ramsey  county. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Minnesota  Club  and 
the  Commercial  ('lub,  of  St.  Paul,  the  Ma- 
sonic fraternity  and  the  Royal  Arcanum. 
Though  an  attendant  of  the  Presbyterian 
cliurch,  he  is  not  a  member.  Oct.  21,  1891, 
he  was  married  to  Jessica  E.  Pierce.  They 
have  three  children,  Allan,  Paul  Austin  and 
Mary  Elizabeth. 


TODD,  Frank  C— To  the  sturdy  and  rug- 
ged men  who  came  to  the  Northwest  in  the 
early  pioneer  days  is  to  be  accredited  the 
firm  foundations  on  which  Minneapolis  was 
erected  and  which  has  assured  to  her  the 
})rosperity  she  now  enjoys  as  the  metropolis 
of  this  great  Northwest.  And  it  is  to  the 
men  who  came  from  the  state  of  Maine,  who 
from  their  early  childhood  were  trained  to 


HISTORY   OF   THE   GREAT   NORTHWEST. 


FRANK  C.  TODD. 

frugal  and  industrious  lives,  that  she  owes 
much  of  the  energy  that  was  spent  in  the 
building  up  of  her  natural  resources.  The 
development  of  the  lumber  industry,  the 
chief  of  her  resources,  has  made  her  the 
largest  lumber  market  in  the  world.  One 
of  the  first  pioneers  in  this  industry  was  S. 
D.  Todd,  the  father  of  the  subject  of  this 
sketch.  He  married  Anna  Whicher  of  Ver- 
mont in  1855  and  came  to  St.  Anthony  in 
1856.  He  followed  the  lumber  business 
throughout  his  whole  career,  and  was  en- 
gaged in  the  manufacturing  branch  of  that 
industry.  The  subject  of  this  sketch  was 
born  in  Minneapolis.  His  early  education 
was  received  in  the  public  schools  of  Minneap- 
olis, which  was  supplemented  by  an  attend- 
ance at  the  St.  liOuis  manual  training  school. 
He  then  attended  the  University  of  Minne- 
sota for  two  years,  taking  the  scientific 
course.  Later,  desiring  to  take  up  the  med- 
ical profession,  he  entered  the  medical  de- 
partment of  the  same  university,  graduating 
in  1892.  After  a  short  period  in  general 
practice  he  decided  to  take  up  a  special 
training  in  diseases  of  the  eye  and  ear  and 
spent  some  time  in  study  at  the  eye  and  ear 
hospitals   of  New   York,   Philadelphia   and 


Chicago.  Returning  to  Minneapolis  in  1894 
he  was  appointed  clinical  assistant  in  dis- 
(^ases  of  the  eye  and  ear  at  the  University 
of  ^linnesota.  In  1896  he  was  ai)pointed 
clinical  instructor  at  this  institution,  and 
was  honored,  in  1897,  by  election  as  clinical 
jirofessor  of  ear  and  eye  diseases.  He  is 
also  attending  eye  and  ear  surgeon  at  the 
("ity  and  Asbury  Hospitals,  Bethany  Home, 
Old  Ladies'  and  Children's  Home,  Chicago, 
Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul  Ry.,  etc.  Dr.  Todd, 
though  comparatively  a  young  man,  has 
achieved  considerable  success  in  his  profes- 
sion and  won  the  respect  of  his  Minneapolis 
brethren  as  a  skillful  practitioner,  and  is  re- 
garded as  among  the  rising  young  men  of 
his  profession  in  that  city.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  American  Medical  Association,  the 
Minnesota  Academy  of  Medicine,  and  sev- 
eral other  societies  of  like  character. 


MEGAARDEN,  Philip  Tollef.— As  a 
youth,  Philip  T.  Megaarden's  highest  aspira- 
tions were  that  he  become  a  minister  of  the 
gospel  of  the  Lutheran  faith.  These  hopes 
were  dashed  to  the  ground  by  the  death  of 
his  father,  leaving  him,  when  a  mere  lad  of 
fifteen,  at  the  head  of  a  family  of  seven  with 
little  means  for  support.  His  struggle  for 
a  livelihood  has  been  beset  with  many  hard- 
ships, and  Mr.  Megaarden  can  look  back 
with  conscious  pride  to  the  fact  that  what 
success  he  has  achieved  is  due  entirely  to 
his  own  individual  efforts.  Mr.  Megaarden 
is  the  sheriff  of  Hennepin  county,  Minne- 
sota. He  is  of  Norwegian  descent,  both  his 
parents  having  been  born  in  Norway.  His' 
father,  Tollef  K.  Megaarden,  was  a  dealer  in 
livestock  and  later  a  railroad  contractor. 
He  was  a  resident  of  Allamakee  county, 
Iowa,  when  the  Civil  war  broke  out,  and  en- 
listed in  the  4th  Iowa  cavalry.  He  served 
three  jears,  receiving  an  honorable  dis- 
charge. Returning  to  his  home,  he  re- 
moved to  Dickinson  county,  where  he  lived 
until  1877,  at  which  time  he  removed  to  Min- 
neapolis. Philip  was  born  in  Allamakee 
County,  Iowa,  on  October  2,  1864.  The  edu- 
cational training  of  his  early  years  was  re- 
ceived in  the  district  school  near  his  home  in 


HISTOUY    OV   THE    GREAT   NORTHWEST. 


Iowa   and  the  Minneaiiolis  public   schools. 
It  had  been  his  intention  to  prepare  for  the 
Lutheran  niinistrv,  and  for  this  purjjose  he 
entered    the    Augsburg    Seminary    at    Min- 
neai>oIis  in  the  fall  of  1878.     He  was  com- 
jM'lIed  to  ])ut  aside  this  plan,  however,  In 
reason  of  his  father  dying  the  year  follow- 
ing, leaving  the  burden  of  taking  care  of  tin- 
family  practically  to  young  Philip.     He  ob- 
tained such  employment  as  he  could  find, 
first  as  a  teamster,  then  clerk  in  a  fuel  office. 
Ihen  as  bookkeeper  and  later  as  court  officer 
in  the  municijial  court.     He  did  not  drop  his 
studies,  however,  while  thus  endeavoring  to 
earn  a  livelihood,  but  for  some  time  attended 
an  evening  school  and  later  employed  a  pri- 
vate instructor.     By  diligent  efforts  he  suc- 
ceeded in  taking  a  course  at  a  business  col- 
lege, and  finally  was  able  to  enter  the  uni- 
versity law  school,  from  which  he  graduated 
in  1802,  taking  the  degree  of  LL.  B.     He  was 
admitted  to  practice  before  the  bar  the  same 
year.     A  year   later  he   completed  a   post- 
graduate course  in  the  law  school  and  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  LL.  M.     Mr.  Megaarden 
practiced  his  profession  alone  for  about  two 
years,   but   discontinued  it   on  January  1, 
1895,  to  accept  the  position  of  chief  deputy 
sheriff  of  Hennepin  County.     At  the  end  of 
his  two  years'  term  he  resumed  the  practice 
of  his  profession,  entering  into  a  partner- 
ship with  Judge  John  H.  Steele.     In  1808, 
^\v.  Megaarden  was  elected  Sheriff  of  Hen- 
nepin  County,   and   again    in    1900   after  a 
very  bitter  contest.     He  has  made  a  splen- 
did record  in  that   office.     He    has   always 
been  a  staunch  Republican  and  has  taken  an 
active  interest  in  the  affairs  of  his  party. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  I'nion  Club  and  sev- 
eral other  political  clubs  as  well.     He  is  al- 
so identified  with  a  number  of  fraternal  or- 
ganizations, taking  a  prominent  part,  espe- 
cially, in  the  Knights  of  Pythias.     He  has 
at  times  filled  nearly  every  office  in  this 
lodge.     He  has  repeatedly  been  elected  to 
represent  his  lodge  in  the  Minnesota  Grand 
Lodge,  and  being  a  member  of  the  Grand 
Lodge  of  the  Domain  of  ilinnesota  he  has 
taken  a  prominent  part  in  the  affairs  of  the 
order  in  the  Northwest.     lie  is  a  member  of 
North  Star  Division,  No.  1,  T'niform  Rank 


rillLlr  T.  MEGAAKDKX. 

and  of  Mahrah  Temple  No.  77,  D.  O.  K.  K. 
He  holds  membership,  also,  in  Khtftum 
Lodge,  No.  112,  A.  F.  &  A.  M.,  Ark  Chapter 
No.  53;  Darius  Commandery  No.  7,  K.  T. ; 
Zurah  Temple  of  Minneapolis;  Ridgley 
Lodge  No.  85,  I.  O.  O.  F.;  Minnewa  Tribe, 
No.  11,  Improved  Order  of  Red  Men  and  ^lin- 
nea polls  Lodge  No.  44,  B.  P.  O.  E.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Jlinueapolis  Commercial 
Club. 


CONROY,  Edward  James. — A  good  ex- 
ample of  what  may  be  accomplished  by  en- 
ergy and  thrift,  when  reinforced  by  personal 
honesty  and  integrity,  is  afforded  by  the 
career  of  the  man  whose  name  stands  at  the 
head  of  this  sketch.  In  public  life  his  ser- 
vice has  been  confined  to  that  of  county  com- 
missioner, but  in  that  office  he  has  won  for 
himself  an  enviable  reputation  as  a  man  of 
sterling  honesty,  integrity  and  u])rightness 
in  handling  public  affairs.  Mr.  Conroy  is  at 
present  engaged  in  the  fire  insurance  busi- 
ness at  Minneapolis.  He  is  of  Irish  descent. 
Thomas  and  Jlargaret  (Moran)  Conroy,  his 
parents,  were  born  in  Dublin,  and  emigrated 
to  this  country  in  1852.  settling  at  Osh- 
kosli,  \Vis.     Mr.  Conroy  was  a  larpeuter  by 


HISTORY   OF  THE   GREAT   NORTHWEST. 


EDWARD  J.  COXROX. 

trade,  and,  though  in  moderate  circumstan- 
ces, always  succeeded  in  malving  a  good  liv- 
ing for  his  family.  He  came  to  Minneapolis 
with  his  wife  in  1888,  since  which  time  they 
have  been  living  with  the  subject  of  this 
sketch.  Edward  was  born  November  15, 
1864,  at  Oshkosh.  He  attended  the  com- 
mon schools,  but  later  on  supplemented  this 
early  education  by  a  term  at  a  commercial 
college,  working  his  way  through  by  doing 
janitor  work  at  the  school.  From  the  time 
he  was  able  to  work  the  young  lad  endeav- 
ored to  be  of  assistance  to  his  family.  His 
first  dollar  was  earned  as  a  lather,  at  which 
he  became  an  expert,  and  which  line  of  work 
he  followed  throughout  his  school  vaca- 
tions. When  only  seventeen  years  of  age 
he  removed  to  Minneapolis  and  learned  the 
plasterer's  trade.  He  followed  this  voca- 
tion for  the  two  years  following,  acquiring 
a  general  knowledge  of  the  business  of  mas- 
ter mason  and  contractor.  In  1883  he  com- 
menced business  on  his  own  account  as  a 
contractor  of  mason  work  and  from  the  first 
was  successful  in  building  up  a  remunera- 
tive business.  Aside  from  his  business  in- 
terests, Mr.  Conroy  has  found  time  to  de- 
vote considerable  attention  to  public  affairs. 


His  political  affiliations  have  always  been 
with  the  Democratic  party,  of  which  he  has 
liten  a  constant  and  active  supporter.  In 
1801  he  served  as  assistant  sergeant-at-arms 
in  the  state  senate.  The  following  year  he 
was  elected  county  commissioner  from  the 
First  district  of  Hennepin  county,  for  a 
term  of  four  years.  Though  that  district 
went  Republican  in  the  elections  of  1S'M>.  Mr. 
Conroy  was  re-elected  by  a  majority  of  1,364. 
This  was  an  eloquent  testimony  of  the  re- 
gard in  which  he  was  held  by  the  people  of 
the  district  he  represented.  He  was  elected 
chairman  of  the  board  of  county  commis- 
sioners in  1892,  and  served  in  that  capacity 
until  1897.  The  last  two  years  of  his  chair- 
manship a  majority  of  the  board  was  Repub- 
liian.  but  Mr.  Conroy  was  so  well  liked  by 
liis  associates  that  they  retained  him  in  this 
position.  Mr.  Conroy  also  served  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  board  of  tax  levy  from  1892  to 

1897.  In  the  campaign  of  1894  he  was  chair- 
man of  the  Democratic  county  committee, 
also  of  the  Democratic  campaign  committee. 
He  also  served  as  a  member  of  the  latter 
committee  in  1900.  In  his  capacity  as  a 
county  commissioner  Mr.  Conroy  won  the 
complete  confidence  of  the  public  by  the 
efficient  manner  in  which  he  conducted  the 
affairs  of  the  county.  He  was  one  of  the 
first  advocates  of  the  building  of  bicycle 
Iiaths,  and  introduced  a  resolution  in  the 
board  of  county  commissioners  to  construct 
a  path  to  Lake  Minnetonka.  This  path  was 
constructed  and  was  one  of  the  first  built  in 
the  state  of  ilinnesota  which  really  amount- 
ed to  anything.  He  was  also  instrumental 
in  having  the  board  adopt  a  resolution  al- 
lowing all  county  printing  to  be  done  by 
union  shops.  This  act  was  especially  pleas- 
ing to  organized  labor.  Mr.  Conroy  was  not 
a  candidate  for  re-election  in  1900.     Since 

1898,  he  has  been  actively  engaged  in  the 
fire  insurance  business,  with  offices  in  the 
Guaranty  Loan  building,  and  is  doing  an 
extensive  business  in  that  line. 


DROPPERS,  Garrett.— The  Northwest 
has  gradually  come  to  the  front  in  educa- 
tional as  well  as  business  lines.     For  many 


HISTORY   OF   THE   GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


jears  the  only  seats  of  higher  education  in 
this  country  were  the  larger  colleges  of  the 
East,  but  of  late  years  the  various  state 
universities  have  gradually  come  to  assume 
an  important  position  in  the  education  of 
our  youth,  and  none  more  so  than  those  lo- 
cated in  this  great  Northwest.  Their  devel- 
opment has  been  rapid,  and  it  may  truly  be 
said  that  they  are  now  competing  strongly 
with  the  older  colleges.  Necessarily  the 
men  at  the  head  of  these  institutions  must 
be  broad-minded  and  liberal  in  their  views, 
possessing  good  administrative  ability. 

Garrett  Droppers,  president  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  South  Dakota,  takes  high  rank 
among  the  men  who  are  occupying  similar 
positions  of  responsibility.  He  has  only 
served  in  this  position  since  January  4, 
181(0,  but  in  this  short  time  his  administra- 
tion has  been  marked  for  the  high  exec- 
utive ability  shown  in  the  management  of 
the  affairs  of  that  institution.  He  brought 
to  his  aid  the  experience  gained  while  hold- 
ing a  leading  professorship  for  several  years 
in  the  university  of  Tokyo,  Japan,  and  has 
been  a  leading  spirit  in  everything  tending  to 
the  upbuilding  of  the  university  of  which  he 
now  has  charge.  Mr.  Droppers  is  of  Dutch 
descent,  and  the  son  of  John  Dirk  and  Gert- 
rude Droppers.  His  father  was  engaged  in 
business  in  Milwaukee,  from  which  he  earn- 
ed a  moderate  competence,  and  is  now  re- 
tired. His  mother  died  when  he  was  but 
sixteen  years  old.  The  family  name  is  de- 
rived from  a  small  landed  peasant  property 
of  that  name  in  Holland,  it  being  cus- 
tomary in  that  country  to  give  the  holder  of 
such  property  the  name  of  his  property. 
The  subject  of  this  sketch  was  born  in  Mil- 
waukee, Wisconsin,  April-  12,  1860.  His 
early  education  was  received  in  the  public 
common  schools  of  that  city,  which  was  sup 
pleniented  by  an  attendance  at  the  High 
School  in  the  same  city.  He  qualified  him- 
self early  for  the  profession  of  teaching, 
and  eagerly  devoured  what  books  he  could 
get  hold  of.  From  1879  to  1884  he  taught 
Latin  and  History  at  the  High  School  from 
which  he  had  graduated,  going  from  there 
to  Harvard  University.  He  graduated  from 
this  institution  in  1887,  with  the  degree  of 


GARRETT    DROPPERS. 

A.  1!.,  taking  double  honors  in  economics, 
and  honors  in  philosophy.  The  follo^ng 
year  he  taught  school  at  Orange,  N.  J. 
Desiring,  however,  to,  pursue  the  further 
study  of  economics,  he  went  to  Germany 
in  1888  and  entered  the  University  of 
Berlin.  He  took  a  course  in  economics  and 
finance  at  this  institution  under  the  direc- 
tion of  Professors  Wagner  and  Schnujller, 
but  did  not  take  any  degree.  He  returned 
to  America  the  following  year,  and  in  Sep- 
tember received  an  offer  of  the  chair  of 
Economics  in  the  University  of  Tokyo,  Ja- 
pan, which  he  accepted.  On  September  4th, 
he  was  married  in  Cambridge,  Massachu- 
setts, to  Cora  Augusta  Rand,  of  that  town, 
immediately  afterwards  starting  for  Japan, 
reaching  Tokyo  iu  the  latter  part  of  October. 
He  held  the  chair  of  Economics  in  the  Tokyo 
University  until  December,  18'J8,  a  little 
over  nine  years.  While  a  resident  of  that 
country,  Professor  Droi)pei's  Served  as  sec- 
retary of  the  Asiatic  Society  of  Japan  for 
several  years,  and  was  a  member  of  the  To- 
kyo Club.  He  also  contributed  a  number  of 
articles  on  Japan  to  the  magazines  of  this 
country,  among  which  may  be  mentioned 
two  for  the  Quarterly  Journal  of  Economics 


HISTORY   OF   THE   GREAT   NORTHWEST. 


of  Harviir(l,  and  four  for  the  Asiatic  Socie- 
tj-'s  transactions.  He  furnished,  also,  a  re- 
port on  the  money  standard  in  Japan  to  the 
government  at  Washington.  In  1898  he  re- 
ceived a  call  to  the  presidency  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  South  Dakota.  This  offer  was 
accepted,  and  coming  directly  to  the  United 
States  he  arrived  at  Vermillion,  South  Da- 
kota, January  -i,  18!)1),  and  immediately  en- 
tered upon  the  duties  of  that  office.  Prof. 
Droppers  has  never  been  much  of  a  par- 
tisan in  politics,  believing  that  American 
politics  are  too  much  concerned  with  ques- 
tions which,  at  bottom,  can  have  very  little 
influence  on  the  country.  He  has  an  intense 
interest  in  politics,  however,  in  the  real 
meaning  of  the  word,  viz.,  the  relation  of 
government  to  social  welfare.  He  believes 
that  the  future  progress  of  the  United 
States  depends,  not  so  much  upon  individual 
initiative,  of  which  we  have  abundance,  at 
least  in  the  ordinary  acceptance  of  the  term, 
as  upon  the  true  development  of  government 
functions  in  relation  to  the  common  welfare. 
As  an  illustration  of  this,  he  would  advocate 
the  nationalization  of  the  telegraph  and  the 
railways,  and  the  municipalization  of  munic- 
ipal monopolies.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Harvard  Club,  of  New  York,  and  while  not 
a  regular  member  of  the  Unitarian  church, 
he  generally  attends  that  church  when  in 
Cambridge.  Prof.  Dropper's  wife  died  at 
Tokyo,  in  1896.  The  following  year  he  made 
a  flying  trip  to  Cambridge,  Massachusetts, 
and  married  her  sister,  Jean  Tewkesbury 
Rand.  No  children  resulted  from  the  first 
marriage;  by  the  second  there  are  two,  Se- 
ton  Eand  Droppers,  age  two,  and  Cora  Rand 
Droppers,  born  in  August,  1900. 


BRANTLY,  Theodore.— College  classes, 
families  and  societies  sometimes  have  a 
picture  taken  by  superimposing  successive- 
ly the  likeness  of  every  member  of  the 
group  to  form  one  portrait  called  a  com- 
posite picture.  It  is  supposed  to  represent 
the  aggregate  physical  characteristics  of  the 
class,  family  or  society.  The  picture  is  like  no 
one  in  particular,  but  in  theory  it  represents 
all  in  one.     It  differs  from  an  ideal  picture 


in  having  in  it  a  real  part  of  each  face. 
Then,  in  theory  it  is  supposed  to  show  the 
physiognomy  of  the  class,  just  as  an  indi- 
vidual may  embody  all  the  traits  of  his  an- 
cestors. The  idea  may  be  fantastic,  but 
there  is  in  it  enough  of  the  color  of  science 
and  of  plausibility  to  make  an  interesting 
subject  of  study.  The  great  Northwest  is 
somewhat  like  this  composite  picture.  It 
is  a  blending  of  numerous  races,  whose  an- 
cestral traits  from  diverse  countries  are  so 
intertwined  in  warj)  as  to  form  one  canvas, 
with  one  picture  differing  from  all  other 
]:oints  of  the  earth.  There  is  only  one 
northwest,  with  its  energy,  enterprise,  cour- 
age and  intelligence. 

AA'hile  this  "composite"  character  of  the 
northwest  is  real,  as  a  whole,  a  study  of  the 
biographies  of  the  men  who  are  making  it — 
the  dominant  spirits  who  mould  affairs — 
will  reveal  a  similar  composite  character  in- 
dividually. Variegated  threads  make  up 
the  fibre  which  springs  from  roots  spread- 
ing to  ancestral  homes,  widely  separated. 
Theodore  Brantly.  the  subject  of  this  sketch, 
may  be  taken  as  an  example.  He  is  of  old 
American  parentage,  but  there  courses  in 
his  veins  the  blood  of  the  sturdy  Scotchman, 
the  earnest  Huguenot,  the  stolid  Hollander^ 
and  the  languid  southerner.  Mr.  Brantly 
was  born  in  Wilson  county,  Tennessee,  in 
1851.  His  father  is  Rev.  Edwin  Theodore 
Brantly,  a  Presbyterian  minister  of  Nash- 
ville, Tenn.  He  was  born  in  Conecuh 
county,  Ala.,  where  his  father,  Edwin 
Brantly,  was  a  cotton  planter.  The  family 
l)roperty,  largely  in  slaves,  was  of  course 
swei)t  away  during  the  Civil  war.  After 
graduating  at  the  University  of  Tennessee, 
he  studied  theology  at  Union  Theological 
seminary.  New  York.  The  Brantlys  came 
from  Holland  to  America  before  the  Revo- 
lutionary war.  On  the  female  side  they 
were  French  Huguenot  and  English  descent 
named  Reding.  They  settled  in  North  Car- 
olina, whence  Edwin  Brantly,  already  men- 
tioned, after  his  marriage,  emigrated  to 
southern  Alabama.  Theodore  Brantly's 
mother  was  Eliza  Brown,  daughter  of  Dun- 
can Brown,  of  Giles  county,  Tenn.  He 
was  a  grandson  of  Duncan  Little,  and  his 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


wife,  i\[ar<iai'et,  who  came  from  Scotland 
before  the  Revolution,  and  settled  in  North 
Carolina.  Duncan  Brown  was  married  to 
Margaret  Smith,  in  1805  and  moved  to  Ten- 
nessee, where  Eliza,  mother  of  Theodore 
Brantly,  was  born,  as  stated.  This  was 
rather  a  I'emarkable  family.  Duncan  Brown 
had  four  daughters  and  two  sons.  Each 
daughter  married  a  minister.  Both  sons 
were  lawyers  and  became  distinguished 
men,  Neil  S.  and  John  C.  Brown.  Each  was 
twice  governor  of  the  state  of  Tennessee. 
John  C.  Brown  was  a  major  general  in  the 
Confederate  army,  and  Neil  S.  Brown  was 
minister  to  Russia,  under  the  administra- 
tion of  President  Polk.  It  is  easy  to  see  the 
source  of  Theodore  Brantly's  aptitude  for 
learning.  He  received  his  early  education 
in  the  common  schools  of  the  state.  He 
then  entered  the  Southwestern  Presbyterian 
university  at  Clarksville,  Tenn.,  for  his  col- 
lege education,  and  graduated  as  valedic- 
torian of  his  class  in  1875.  Choosing  law 
for  his  profession,  he  entered  Cumberland 
university,  at  Lebannon,  Tenn.,  and  grad 
uated  in  1881,  with  the  degree  of  Bache- 
lor of  Laws.  He  immediately  associated 
himself  with  Hon.  J.  S.  Gribble,  now  chan- 
cellor of  the  judicial  division  to  which  Wil- 
son county  belongs,  and  began  the  practice 
of  law  at  Lebanon.  He  continued  this  prac- 
tice for  two  years,  then  accepted  the  posi- 
tion of  professor  of  Ancient  Languages  in 
Lincoln  university,  Lincoln,  111.  In  1887 
he  resigned  this  chair  and  at  the  solicita- 
tion of  President  I).  J.  McMillan,  his  cousin, 
now  of  New  York  City,  he  accepted  the  pro- 
fessorship of  Ancient  Languages  in  the 
College  of  Montana,  at  Deer  Lodge,  Mont.. 
which  is  now  his  legal  residence,  although 
on  duty  at  Helena.  After  teaching  two 
years  in  this  institution  he  resumed  the 
practice  of  law  at  Deer  Lodge,  and  con- 
tinued until  18!)2,  when  he  was  elected  judge 
of  the  Third  Judicial  District  of  Montana. 
He  was  re-elected  in  1896  to  the  same  posi- 
tion. At  the  general  election  in  1898  he  was 
chosen  to  the  supreme  court,  the  position 
which  he  still  holds. 

Mr.  Brantly's  father  and  the  family  were 
"Whigs,"  and  most  of  them  favored,  either 


THEO.   BIt.4^NTLY. 

actively  or  passively,  the  abolition  of 
slavery.  They  became  Democrats  at  J.]ie 
close  of  the  war  and  most  of  them  still  ad- 
here to  that  party,  but  Judge  Brantly  voted 
for  I'resident  Garfield,  and  has  since  been 
a  Republican.  He  is  a  Knight  of  Pythias, 
and  a  member  of  the  Masonic  order.  He 
has  held  the  various  offlces  in  the  subordi- 
nate lodges  and  is  now  grand  master  of 
Masons  for  the  state  of  Montana.  In  re- 
ligion he  is  a  Presbyterian.  In  1891  he 
was  married  to  Lois  Reat,  at  Tuscola,  111. 
She  is  of  Scotch  descent.  Her  ancestors 
coming  to  America  before  the  Revolution, 
settled  in  Virginia  and  Kentucky,  whence 
her  people  emigrated  to  Illinois  before  the 
Civil  war.  They  have  three  children,  Theo- 
dore Lee,  Lois  Brown,  and  Neil  Duncan 
Brantly. 


SHEVLIN,  Thomas  Henry.— The  white 
pine  forests  of  Minnesota  have  furnished  un- 
limited opportunities  to  men  of  spirit  and 
enterprise  who  have  recognized  in  them  a 
safe  investment  from  which  to  realize  a  com- 
fortable fortune.  The  subject  of  this  sketch 
was  trained  from  early  youth  in  the  lumber- 
ing business,  and  appreciating  the  opportu- 


HISTORY   OF  THE   GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


THOMAS  H.  SHEVLIN. 

nitj  afforded  in  these  extensive  pine  woods 
of  the  North  Star  state,  some  sixteen  years 
ago  he  removed  his  operations  to  this  center. 
Mr.  Shevlin  is  now  one  of  the  largest  white 
pine  operators  in  Minnesota.  He  was  born 
January  3, 1852,  at  Albany,  New  York.  His 
father,  John  Shevlin,  was  engaged  in  mer- 
cantile pursuits  in  that  city.  His  mother's 
maiden  name  was  Matilda  Leonard.  Both 
his  parents  were  of  Irish  descent.  Thomas 
H.  attended  the  public  schools  of  his  native 
town  until  he  was  fifteen  years  of  age,  at 
which  time  he  entered  the  employ  of  John 
McGraw  &  Company,  a  lumber  finn  of  that 
city.  He  began  here  the  education  that  to- 
day has  made  him  an  authority  on  the  manu- 
facture and  sale  of  lumber,  and  all  that  per- 
tains to  it.  That  he  took  a  deep  interest 
in  his  work  is  shown  by  the  fact  that 
he  remained  ten  years  in  the  employ  of 
this  firm,  taking  charge  of  important  inter- 
ests of  the  company  at  Albany,  Tonawanda 
and  Bay  City.  In  1879  he  severed  his  busi- 
ness relations  with  that  firm  and  went  to 
Chicago.  Here  he  was  employed  by  T. 
W.  Harvey,  a  prominent  Chicago  lumber- 
man, to  look  after  his  interests  in  Muskegon, 
Mich.      A    year    later,    Mr.    Shevlin    trans- 


ferred his  business  connections  and  became 
associated  with  Stephen  C.  Hall,  of  Mus- 
kegon, and  began,  as  a  side  issue,  the  pur- 
chase of  logs,  timber  and  timber  lands.  In 
1882  he  was  appointed  treasurer  and  general 
manager  of  the  Stephen  C.  Hall  Lumber 
Company,  of  Muskegon.  It  was  at  this  time 
Mr.  Shevlin  began  to  look  beyond  the  timber 
supply  of  Michigan  for  sources  upon  which 
to  draw  in  later  activities.  He  began  mak- 
ing timber  investments  for  his  company  in 
the  white  pine  woods  of  Minnesota,  and  in 
1884  organized  a  branch  company  in  Min- 
neapolis for  the  manufacture  of  lumber. 
This  was  known  as  the  North  Star  Lumber 
Company.  Mr.  Shevlin  removed  to  Min- 
neapolis in  188G  and  assisted  in  organizing 
the  Hall  &  Ducey  Lumber  Company,  the 
firm  being  composed  of  Mr.  Shevlin,  P.  A. 
Ducey  and  S.  C.  Hall.  In  1887  Mr.  Ducey 
sold  his  interests  in  the  company  to  the 
other  partners,  the  firm  then  being  known 
as  the  Hall  &  Shevlin  Lumber  Company. 
This  company  built  the  Minneapolis  mill 
now  owned  by  the  Shevlin-Carpenter  Com- 
pany. Mr.  Hall  died  in  1889.  In  1892  El- 
bert L.  Carpenter,  a  member  of  the  lumber 
firm  of  Carpenter  Bros.,  bought  an  interest 
in  the  business,  forming  with  the  varied 
lumber  interests  in  which  Mr.  Shevlin  was 
identified  the  Shevlin-Carpenter  Company, 
with  Mr.  Shevlin  as  its  president.  This 
company  has  continued  to  this  time  with  a 
thriving  and  steadily  growing  business. 
But  Mr.  Shevlin  has  not  confined  his  ener- 
gies to  this  one  firm.  In  1895  he  formed  a 
partnership  with  J.  Neils,  of  Sauk  Centre, 
this  firm  being  known  as  the  J.  Neils  Lum- 
ber Company,  its  mill  sawing  15,000,000  feet 
of  lumber  annually.  In  1S9C,  in  connection 
with  Mr.  Hixon,  of  La  Crosse,  and  the  Ar- 
pins  of  Grand  Rapids,  Wisconsin,  Mr.  Shev- 
lin bought  extensive  tracts  of  pine  on  the 
Red  Lake  reservation,  the  St.  Hilaire  Lum- 
ber Company,  located  at  St.  Hilaire,  a  few 
miles  above  Crookston,  being  organized. 
This  company  now  owns  a  mill  at  Crook- 
ston, one  at  Cass  Lake,  and  another  at  Little 
Falls,  in  all  of  which  enterprises  Mr.  Shevlin 
is  financially  interested.  These  various 
companies  have  secured  the  control  of  over 


I 


HISTORY   OF  THE   GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


600,000,000  feet  of  standing  pine.  It  is  es- 
timated that  the  annual  cut  of  the  various 
lumber  companies  in  which  Mr.  Shevlin  is 
interested  as  whole,  chief  or  half  owner,  will 
run  up  to  the  enormous  amount  of  150,000,- 
000  feet.  But  it  is  impossible  in  such  a 
brief  sketch  to  give  full  justice  to  the  activ- 
ities of  the  business  life  of  Thomas  H.  S^hev- 
lin.  It  is  due  chiefly  to  the  good  judgment, 
(|uick  action  and  bold  spirit  of  this  one  man 
that  the  great  lumber  industry  of  which  he 
is  at  the  head  has  become  great.  He  has 
received  the  reward  comparatively  early  in 
life  that  comes  to  the  man  who  recognizes 
the  opportunity  when  it  presents  Itself  and 
is  quick  to  seize  it.  In  politics  Mr.  Shevlin 
is  a  Kepublican.  He  has  always  been  will- 
ing to  contribute  of  his  time  and  money  to 
the  cause  of  the  party  of  which  he  is  a  mem- 
ber, without  seeking  political  preferment  for 
himself.  It  was  this  unselfish  spirit  on  his 
part  which  led  to  his  being  chosen  as  one  of 
the  delegates  from  the  fifth  congressional 
district  to  the  Republican  national  conven- 
tion at  Philadelphia  in  1000,  and  later  to  be 
selected  as  Minnesota's  member  of  the  Re- 
publican national  committee.  His  services  in 
that  position  during  the  campaign  of  1900 
were  of  inestimable  value  to  his  party.  Mr. 
Shevlin  is  a  member  of  the  Minneapolis  Club. 
February  8,  1882,  he  was  married  to  Alice 
A.  Hall.  They  have  three  children:  Thomas 
Leonard,  Florence  and  Helen. 


McGARRY,  P.  H.— In  the  rapid  develop- 
ment of  the  Northwest  new  words  have  been 
added  to  the  English  language  and  old 
words  have  been  given  a  new  meaning,  mak- 
ing them  practically  new.  As  a  rule  they 
express  tersely  characteristics,  conditions, 
and  results  peculiar  to  the  region,  and  have 
become  current  among  the  people  because 
the  ideas  could  not  be  expressed  so  forcibly 
by  any  other  terms.  At  first  these  words 
were  regarded  as  "slang."  Common  use, 
however,  compelled  their  recognition  as 
something  necessary,  and  they  gradually 
lost  the  opprobrium  of  "slang"  and  gained  a 
foothold  in  the  dictionary  as  "colloquial." 
Some  have  finally  been  admitted  into  the  so- 


P.  H.   McGARRY. 

ciety  ot  respectable  words  without  being 
tagged  in  any  doubtful  manner,  and  they  will 
remain  to  do  a  service  which  no  other  term 
could  perform.  One  of  these  words  is  "hus- 
tler," meaning  a  person  of  intense  energy, 
enterprise  and  industry.  The  Northwest 
needed  just  such  men,  and  ''hustler"  was 
needed  to  describe  them,  for  there  was  no 
other  word  which  combined  tin?  characteris- 
tics peculiar  to  the  class.  Hustlers  are  ven- 
turesome, sometimes  to  rashness ;  hopeful  to 
a  degree  bordering  on  the  visionary,  and 
courageous  to  the  point  of  foolhardiness,  at 
times,  but  without  them  the  progressive, 
bustling,  thriving  Northwest  could  not  have 
been.  All  honor  to  the  "hustlers."  If  there 
were  more  of  them  the  world  would  be  bet- 
ter. 

The  subject  of  this  sketch,  P.  H.  Mc- 
Garry,  of  Walker,  Cass  county,  Minn., 
is  fairly  typical  of  this  western  ozone  of 
energy.  He  was  born  at  Grand  Rapids, 
Mich.,  in  1860.  He  received  an  academic 
education  and  developed  literary  and  even 
poetic  gifts  which  might  have  made  their 
mark  in  the  field  of  letters,  had  not  almost 
abnormal  activity  given  a  trend  in  other  di- 
rections.    Instead  of  going  through  the  ten- 


HISTORY   OF   THE   GREAT   NORTHWEST. 


tative  process,  common  to  young  men  search- 
ing for  a  business,  be  leaped  at  once,  by  one 
bound,  as  it  were,  into  active  business  life, 
for  at  eighteen  years  of  age  he  took  charge 
of  a  hotel  at  Stanton,  Mich.  That  he  was 
successful  is  evident  from  the  fact  that 
he  was  appointed  jiostniaster  of  the  town 
in  1884,  although  only  twenty-four  years 
old.  He  also  built  two  hotels  in  Stanton. 
One,  the  "Grand  Central,"  was  of  brick,  with 
the  woodwork  finished  in  hard  wood.  It 
cost  $20,000.  He  finally  resigned  his  posi- 
tion as  postmaster  and  moved  to  Chicago. 
It  seemed  as  if  that  city  was  too  nearly 
finished  to  suit  him,  for  he  moved  to  Rhine- 
lander,  Wis.,  and  again  back  to  Michigan 
and  settled  in  the  new  town  of  Ewen,  where 
he  erected  a  number  of  substantial  buildings 
which  are  even  yet  the  pride  of  the  town. 
From  Ewen  he  went  to  Ironwood,  Mich., 
and  there  built  four  brick  stores.  He  next 
went  to  Grand  Rapids,  Minn.,  where  he 
erected  a  brick  block  and  managed  the  old 
hotel  Pokegama.  When  the  wonderful  iron 
ore  banks  of  the  Mesaba  range  were  discov- 
ered and  public  interest  rose  to  a  high  pitch, 
Mr.  McGarry  was  attracted  thither.  He 
went  to  the  town  of  Merritt,  and  with  his 
usual  dash  he  built  the  Merritt  hotel.  Then 
he  went  to  the  town  of  Virginia,  and  in 
thirty-one  days  put  up  the  Virginia  hotel,  a 
hostelry  large  enough  to  accommodate  one 
hundred  and  fifty  guests.  F.rom  there  he 
went  to  Biwabik  and  built  the  Edna  hotel. 
Returning  to  Virginia,  he  erected  a  large 
business  block,  which,  however,  was  de- 
stroyed by  the  great  forest  fire  which  raged 
so  furiously  there  a  few  years  ago.  The 
hotel  was  also  swept  away.  His  indomitable 
spirit  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  before  the 
ashes  were  fairly  cooled  he  had  a  force  at 
work  on  a  new  structure.  Nothing  seems 
to  discourage  or  daunt  him;  no  obstacle  can 
thwart  him;  his  dictionary  does  not  contain 
the  word  "fail."  In  fact  it  seems  to  have 
but  one  word,  and  that  is  "Hustle." 

While  conducting  the  Virginia  hotel  he 
visited  Minneapolis,  and  formed  what  is 
now  the  Leech  Lake  Land  companj'.  Mr. 
McGarry  was  appointed  general  manager, 
and  went  to  Walker,  where  he  still  resides. 


to  take  charge  of  the  enterprise.  When  the 
village  was  organized  the  jjeople  elected  Mr. 
Mc( Tarry  president.  He  has  been  at  work 
with  his  characteristic  "push,"  to  use  one  of 
the  new  western  words.  He  erected  a  hand- 
some brick  block,  which  is  now  used  as  the 
court  house,  for  the  town  was  made  the 
county  seat.  He  also  built  a  fine  hotel,  the 
"Pameda,"  which  is  a  model  of  convenience 
and  one  of  the  best  appointed  houses  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  state.  When  the  or- 
ganization of  Cass  county  was  pending  in 
the  legislature  the  bill  was  defeated  in  the 
senate.  Mr.  McGarry  "snatched  it  from 
oblivion,"  it  may  be  said,  and  finally  suc- 
ceeded in  having  it  made  a  law.  Mr.  Mc- 
Crarry's  migrations,  so  numerous  that  the 
record  reads  almost  like  an  itinerary,  were 
not  due  to  mere  inane  restlessness.  There 
were  in  them  purpose  and  method  which 
brought  forth  such  substantial  results  that 
the  towns  favored  by  his  operations  will 
long  have  cause  to  rejoice  in  the  visit  of  the 
"hustler,"  P.  H.  McGarry,  whose  name  must 
ever  be  identified  with  their  growth  and 
prosperity,  and  whose  architectural  me- 
mentoes will  long  continue  to  be  an  inspira- 
tion to  the  faint-hearted. 


GREELY,  Otto  Ethan,  a  prominent  fire 
insurance  man  of  the  citj',  was  born  at  Ban- 
gor, Elaine,  in  1853,  and  when  two  years  of 
age  his  parents  came  to  Minneapolis,  or  to 
St.  Anthony,  which  has  become  part  of  the 
city.  His  father,  William  Q.  Greely,  was 
one  of  the  first  blacksmiths  in  this  part  of 
the  state.  He  did  the  work  required  by  the 
sawmills,  which  in  that  early  day  were 
small,  crude  affairs  in  comparison  with  the 
wonderful  mechanism  and  huge  plants  now 
engaged  in  the  business  of  making  lumber. 
He  also  fitted  out  lumbermen  with  their 
tools  and  implements  for  the  pineries.  He 
retired  from  business  about  ten  years  ago. 
His  wife  was  Miss  Amanda  F.  Gowan. 

Mr.  Otto  E.  Greely  was  educated  in  the 
public  schools  and  in  the  university  of  Min- 
nesota, where  he  studied  during  the  fi-esh- 
man  and  sophomore  years.  But  he  was  am- 
bitious to  engage   in  active   business,   and 


HISTORY   OF   THE   GREAT   NORTHWEST. 


therefore  entered  the  office  of  JudRe  Isaac 
Atwater,  one  of  the  most  distinguished  jur- 
ists in  the  state,  and  became  clerk  and  stud- 
ied law  with  him  and  with  H.  B.  Hancock. 
Being  offered  a  position  in  the  office  of 
Messrs.  Gale  &  Co.,  the  leading  insurance 
firm  in  the  citj,  he  entered  as  a  clerk  in  1873, 
and  later  was  given  a  working  interest  in 
the  firm.  His  success  in  fire  insurance  was 
so  pronounced  that,  in  1879,  he  was  ap- 
pointed a  si)ecial  agent  for  the  Phenix  In- 
surance Company  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 
in  connection  with  the  local  agency.  In 
1884  he  sold  his  interest  in  the  partnership 
and  became  exclusively  employed  witli  the 
Phenix  Insurance  Company.  In  1888  he 
^as  promoted  also  to  the  position  of  adjust- 
er for  the  company,  the  office  which  he  has 
since  held. 

He  was  elected,  in  1898,  president  of  the 
Minnesota  and  Dakota  Fire  Underwriters, 
and  In  1899  he  was  re-elected  president  of 
the  association.  The  honors  seemed  to  come 
in  showers,  for  at  its  thirtieth  annual  meet- 
ing in  Chicago,  in  September,  the  same  j'ear, 
1899,  the  Fire  Underwriters'  Association  of 
the  Northwest  elected  Mr.  Greely  its  presi- 
dent. This  is  the  highest  honor  that  can  be 
paid  to  an  insurance  man  in  the  west.  The 
Fire  Underwriters'  Association  is  composed 
of  officers,  managers,  special  agents  and  ad- 
justers, living  west  of  Pennsylvania  and 
north  of  Kentucky,  and  has  a  membership 
of  six  hundred.  It  will  be  seen  from  this 
that  the  distinction  bestowed  upon  Mr. 
Greely  is  no  mean  honor,  and  his  friends 
will  endorse  it,  as  a  well-merited  tribute  to 
ability  and  sterling  worth. 

Mr.  Greely  has  always  been  a  Republic- 
an, and  although  prominent  in  local  polit- 
ical affairs,  he  never  held  office.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Republican  Executive  Com- 
mittee of  Hennepin  County,  and  was  mana- 
ger of  the  campaign  of  John  A.  Schlener,  for 
nomination  for  mayor  of  the  city  of  Minne- 
apolis. He  is  likewise  a  member  of  the  Min- 
neapolis Club.  He  is  equally  prominent  in 
social  circles.  Mr.  Greely  was  one  of  the 
charter  members  of  the  Minneapolis  Mount- 
ed Commandery,  Knights  Templar,  one  of 
the  most  noted  organizations  in  the  Xorth- 


OTTO  GREELY. 

west,  eliciting   universal   admiration  wher- 
ever it  appears. 

This  outline  of  Mr.  Greely's  activity «.nd 
achievements,  necessarily  brief  in  a  volumi- 
nous work  like  this,  gives  indication  of  his 
usefulness,  and  shows  to  some  extent  the 
characteristics  which  have  brought  success 
and  contributed  to  the  welfare  of  the  com- 
munity in  which  he  has  cast  his  lot.  He  is 
a  man  of  integrity  and  morality. 


RAKD,  Lars  M.,  has  been  a  member  of 
the  city  council  of  Minneapolis  for  the  past 
len  years.  He  is  one  of  the  strongest  men 
in  that  body  and  has  served  his  constituents 
faithfully  in  every  respect.  It  is  an  apt  and 
truthful  description  of  him  to  say  that  he  is 
a  self-made  man.  Neither  has  he,  in  his  days 
of  success  and  prosperity,  forgotten  that 
station  from  which  he  began  tlie  struggle 
of  life  and  for  which  he  still  retains  a  large 
sympathy.  He  was  born  January  lit,  1857, 
in  Bergen,  Norwav.  He  is  the  son  of  Mathi- 
as  O.  Rand,  who  belonged  to  the  laboring 
classes  of  Bergen.  His  ancestors  were  a 
long-lived  family,  his  four  grandparents  hav- 
ing lived  to  be  over  ninety  years  of  age.  His 
early  educational  training  was  received  in 


HISTORY  OF  THE   GREAT   XORTH\A'EST. 


LARS  M.  EAND. 

the  common  schools  of  his  native  town.  This 
was  supplemented  later  bv  an  attendance  in 
the  common  schools  of  Minnesota  after  his 
emigration  here  in  1875,  and  a  literary 
course  in  the  state  normal  school  at  Winona. 
His  inclinations  being  toward  the  legal  pro- 
fession he  took  up  the  study  of  law  in  the 
office  of  Hon.  William  H.  Yale,  of  Winona. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1884,  and  in 
the  same  year  was  elected  judge  of  criminal 
court  in  that  city.  Possessed  of  an  ambi- 
tious temperament,  however,  he  resigned 
lliis  office  in  the  fall  of  the  following  year 
and  removed  to  Minneapolis,  believing  that 
in  the  young  metropolis  he  would  find  a  lar- 
ger field  for  the  employment  of  his  talents 
in  the  practice  of  his  profession.  Two  years 
later  he  was  appoijited  assistant  city  attor- 
ney by  Mr.  Seagrave  Wmith,  then  city  attor- 
ney of  Minneapolis,  and  served  two  years  in 
that  capacity.  He  then  formed  his  present 
law  partnership  with  ilr.  H.  J.  Gjertsen,  the 
firm  being  known  as  Gjertsen  &  Rand.  This 
firm  has  enjoyed  an  extensive  and  lucrative 
law  practice.  Mr.  Rand  is  an  active  mem- 
ber of  the  Democratic  party.  He  is  recog- 
nized as  one  of  the  most  influential  members 
of  that  party  in  the  state,  and  has  served  for 


several  years  as  a  member  of  the  state  cen- 
tral committee.  In  1890  he  was  elected  to 
the  city  council  from  the  Sixth  ward,  and 
has  served  continuously  in  that  capacity 
ever  since.  Mr.  Rand  holds  a  warm  place 
in  the  hearts  of  his  constituents  by  his 
championship  of  the  interests  of  the  com- 
mon people.  His  voice  has  always  been 
raised  in  opposition  against  the  granting  of 
franchises  and  special  privileges.  In  the 
long  controversy  over  the  question  of  street 
railway  transfers,  Judge  Rand  was  one  of 
the  staunchest  opponents  in  the  council  of  the 
Street  Railway  company,  finally  achieving 
the  end  for  which  he  strived — a  system  of 
transfers  which  is  probably  as  nearly  per- 
fect as  it  could  be,  and  one  that  satisfac- 
torily serves  the  interests  of  the  general 
public.  Mr.  Rand  has  regarded  as  unfavor- 
able to  the  interests  of  the  city  the  present 
garbage  and  gas  and  electric  contracts,  and 
has  done  everything  he  can,  during  his  mem- 
bership in  the  council,  to  improve  the  exist- 
ing conditions.  He  is  a  warm  advocate  in 
favor  of  the  city  owning  its  own  lighting 
plants,  and  has  been  an  earnest  champion  of 
the  eight-hour  day  and  its  adoption  in  the 
public  work  of  the  city.  ili'.  Rand  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Masonic  lodge.  Knights  of  Pyth- 
ias, Turners  and  the  Elks.  In  1884  he  was 
married  to  Miss  Jennie  M.  Beebe,  of  Wino- 
na. They  have  three  children:  Lars,  aged 
12;  Florence,  aged  9,  and  Clyde  Milton, 
aged  2. 


FORCE.  Jacob  Francis,  the  president  of 
the  great  Northwestern  Life  Association,  is' 
a  native  of  New  York,  having  been  born  at 
Stillwater,  Saratoga  county,  of  that  state,  in 
1843.  His  father  was  John  C.  Force,  a  mer- 
chant, who  died  in  1885.  His  mother's  name 
was  Hannah  Adams,  of  the  Adams  family 
of  Connecticut.  She  died  in  1859.  Both 
parents  were  of  New  England  ancestry. 
Henry  Force,  the  grandfather,  was  a  soldier 
in  the  Revolutionary  war  and  belonged  to 
<"ol.  Hazen's  Congress  regiment,  so  named 
to  distinguish  it  from  the  militia.  He  par- 
ticii)ated  in  the  battles  of  Monmouth, 
Springfield,  Cherry  Valley  and  Yorktown, 


II1ST()I{Y   OV   THE   GREAT   NORTHWEST. 


where  the  British  coniiuaiuler,  Cornwallis, 
siiri'enflered — tlie  battle  which  established 
the  independent-e  of  the  nation.  He  was 
borne  iii)on  the  rolls  as  a  pensioner  until  his 
death  in  1820. 

Jacob  F.  Force  was  educated  in  the  dis- 
trict school,  and  at  the  academy.  He  then 
followed  his  father's  example  and  enffajied 
in  the  mercantile  business,  but  on  the  break 
inji-  out  of  the  Civil  war  he  showed  his  pub- 
lic si)irit  and  patriotism  by  enlisting;  in  Com- 
jiany  K.  of  llie  12.")th  rci;iment.  New  Yoi-k 
voluntiMM-  infantry,  when  only  nineteen 
years  of  age.  He  served  as  private  and  was 
promoted  to  corjjoral  sergeant  and  first 
sergeaiit  or  orderly  sergeant  and  was  then 
commissioned  as  an  officer  in  the  22d  regi- 
ment of  I'nited  States  colored  troops,  in 
which  he  was  promoted  to  captain  in  1864. 
He  took  part  in  the  battles  of  Harper's  Fer- 
ry, Gettysburg,  two  days,  Bristow  Station, 
Mine  Run,  Fort  Powhattan,  Petersburg,  Au- 
burn Ford,  Dutch  Gai),  Deep  Bottom  and 
Fort  Harrison,  near  Richmond,  where  he 
was  severely  wounded,  Septem'ber  30,  1804. 
He  was  discharged  on  account  of  his 
wounds.  When  he  returned  to  civil  life  he 
resumed  for  a  time  his  mercantile  business 
and,  while  so  engaged,  took  a  course  in 
Bryan  and  Stratton's  celebrated  business 
college  at  Newark,  X.  J.  He  then  be- 
gan to  study  medicine  and  entered  the  Al- 
bany Medical  College — now  the  T'niversity 
of  Albany — where,  on  the  final  examination 
at  graduation  In  1871,  he  took  a  prize  for 
his  itroflciency. 

The  next  year  Dr.  Force  came  west  and 
settled  to  practice  bis  profession  at  Heron 
Lake,  Jackson  county,  Minn.  The  im- 
mediate interest  which  he  took  in  every- 
thing pertaining  to  the  welfai-e  of  the  com- 
munity soon  made  liini  one  of  the  most 
lironiinent  men  in  the  county.  He  was  a 
Ikcpublican.  His  tirst  vote  was  cast  for  Lin- 
coln, in  ISfil,  while  lying  in  the  hospital,  his 
vote  being  sent  home  to  be  counted.  At 
Heron  Lake  he  was  i)ostniaster  for  eight 
years  and  was  twice  elected  county  super- 
intendent of  schools  of  Jackson  county.  In 
search  of  a  larger  and  more  remunerative 
field  for  his  practice,  in   1885  be  came  to 


,IA(;(II1   F.    FOKCK. 

Minneapolis.  After  practicing  medicine  in 
the  city  for  two  years  he  became  medical 
director  of  the  Northwestern  Life  Assoria- 
tion.  In  1888  he  became  secretary  of  the  in- 
stitution, and  in  1895  he  was  made  presi- 
dent, the  position  which  he  now  holds.  The 
steady  progress  of  the  association  is  a 
strong  testimony  to  his  energy,  business 
capacity  and  versatile  resources. 

Notwithstanding  Dr.  Force's  business 
acti\  ity  in  the  management  of  so  large  a 
concern,  he  has  not  neglected  liis  duty  as  a 
man  and  a  citizen.  He  is  ju-esident  of  the 
Minneapolis  Co-operative  Company;  vice 
president  of  the  Asbury  hospital;  director 
of  the  Jlinnesota  state  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  and  also 
of  the  local  Y.  M.  C.  A.;  treasurer  of  the 
Methodist  Ei)iscopal  Missionary  and  Church 
Extension  Society  and  member  of  the  official 
board  of  the  Hennepin  Avenue  M.  E.  church. 
He  was  a  delegate  to  the  great  Methodist 
Episcojjal  general  convention  held  in  Cleve- 
land, Ohio,  in  1896,  and  to  the  conference  at 
Chicago  in  11)00.  What,  perhaps,  may  be 
regarded  as  a  still  greater  honor,  he  has 
been  chosen  delegate  to  the  Ecumenical  con- 
ference— comprising  the  whole  Methodist 
world— to  be  held  at  London,  England,  in 
1901.     He  is  also  intlueutial  in  the  Masonic 


HISTORY   OF   THE   GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


fraternity,  belonging  to  the  riymouth  third 
degree  lodge;  Columbia  Royal  Arch  chap- 
ter; Zion  Coraniandery  and  Zurah  Temple, 
all  of  the  city  of  Minneapolis.  He  is  med- 
ical director  of  Minnesota  Department,  G. 
A.  R.,  and  also  member  of  the  Minne- 
apolis Board  of  Education.  In  1867  he 
was  married  to  Sarah  F.  Mesick,  of  Kin- 
derhook,  N.  Y.  They  have  three  children 
living,  Dr.  Prank  Wilson,  now  in  Manila; 
Charles  E.,  associated,  as  secretary,  with  his 
father  in  the  management  of  the  Northwest- 
ern Life  Association,  and  Miss  Mayward 
Force.  Mr.  Force  is  also  a  member  of  the 
Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  and  of  the  Loy- 
al Legion  and  in  November,  1900,  was  elect- 
ed a  member  of  the  school  board  of  Jlinne- 
apolis. 


OLSON,  Seaver  E. — There  is  no  mer- 
chant in  the  northwest  who  is  more  familiar 
to  the  people  than  Seaver  E.  Olson,  the  head 
of  what  is  popularly  called  the  '"Big  Store," 
because  of  its  size  and  its  completeness  as  a 
department  store.  The  manner  in  which 
the  people  are  attracted  to  this  great  empo- 
rium shows  absolute  genius  in  the  manage- 
ment, not  only  in  the  vast  aggregate  of  mer- 
chandise provided  to  meet  every  variety  of 
taste  and  purse,  but  in  the  frank  and  home- 
like methods  of  dealing  with  the  people  and 
in  the  conveniences  arranged  for  the  com- 
fort of  customers  and  visitors  of  all  social 
grades.  Mr.  Olson  is  the  inspiration  of  all 
this  organization,  which  has  made  the  estab- 
lishment such  a  success  that  it  is  a  matter 
of  public  pride  as  it  must  be  of  gratification 
to  the  capable  executive  head  of  the  concern. 

Mr.  Olson  is  a  native  of  Norway,  having 
been  born  in  the  parish  of  Ringsaker,  near 
Hamar,  in  1846.  His  father  was  a  con- 
tractor and  builder  in  easy  circumstances. 
His  uncle.  Prof.  Tollef  Olson,  was  a  profes- 
sor in  the  seminary  and  held  the  position  for 
fifty  years.  For  this  long  and  useful  serv- 
ice the  king,  as  a  mark  of  distinction,  pre- 
sented Prof.  Olson  a  gold  medal.  The  Olson 
family  were  devoted  Christians  and  be- 
longed to  the  Baptist  denomination,  and 
young  Olson  was  brought  up  under  strong 


religious  influences.  For  his  early  educa- 
tion he  was  put  in  charge  of  his  uncle,  the 
noted  professor.  So  apt  was  the  pupil  and 
so  thorough  was  the  master  that  the  boy, 
when  only  ten  years  of  age,  was  put  in 
charge  of  a  district  school  which  he  taught 
for  two  years.  In  1858  the  family  moved 
to  America,  landing  at  Montreal,  and  thence 
came  to  the  United  States,  taking  govern- 
ment land  within  seventeen  miles  of  La 
Crosse,  Wis.  When  about  twelve  years 
of  age  he  procured  employment  in  a  gener- 
al store  at  La  Crosse.  Having  worked 
here  for  two  years,  he  became  imbued  with 
the  idea  of  getting  a  college  education  like 
his  distinguished  uncle,  and  with  a  prompt- 
ness characteristic  of  him  when  he  has  come 
to  a  decision  he  set  out  for  Beloit,  the  seat  of 
a  small  college  which  has  since  grown  to  be 
an  institution  of  great  importance  and  of 
high  standing  among  the  colleges  of  the 
AVest.  He  entered  the  school  and  struggled 
for  nearly  a  year  to  maintain  himself  while 
jtursuing  his  studies.  He  finally  concluded 
that  he  would  forego  the  advantages  for 
himself,  and  give  the  college  education  to 
his  brother.  This  unselfish  purpose  he  ful- 
ly carried  out,  furnishing  means  to  support 
and  educate  his  brother  in  the  most  thor- 
ough manner,  supplementing  the  college 
course  with  a  post-graduate  course  in  Eu- 
rope. Beaver's  efl'orts  were  well  rewarded, 
for  his  brother  became  a  distinguished 
scholar  and  proved  his  ability  by  his  admin- 
istration of  the  South  Dakota  State  Univer- 
sity, of  which  he  was  elected  president.  He 
achieved  remarkable  results  in  this  capacity 
and  had  a  promising  future,  but  his  brillianf 
career  came  to  an  untimely  end.  He  per- 
ished in  the  disastrous  fire  of  the  Tribune 
building,  in  1889,  where  he  happened  to  be 
attending  to  some  literary  matters  pertain- 
ing to  the  university. 

After  giving  up  his  college  idea  so  gen- 
erously, Seaver  procured  employment  in  a 
store  at  Beloit.  The  proprietor  soon  after- 
wards opened  a  store  at  Cambridge,  Wis., 
and  put  Olson,  though  yet  a  mere  boy, 
in  charge  of  it.  He  held  this  position, 
wliich  he  must  have  filled  with  exceptional 
abilitj',  until  January,  1864,  when  the  man 


HISTORY   OF   THE   GREAT   NORTHWEST. 


by  whom  he  was  first  emplo^yed  as  a  lad,  at 
La  Crosse,  oti'urt'd  him  the  position  of  head 
bookkeeper  and  general  manager  of  the  very 
establishment  in  which  Olson  had  worked 
as  a  boy.  He  served  there  until  1867,  when 
he  launched  out  for  himself,  opening  a  store 
at  Eushford,  Minn.,  under  the  style  of 
S.  E.  Olson  &  Company.  This  was  a  suc- 
cess from  the  oulset  and  secured  a  very 
large  trade.  But  Mr.  Olson,  after  three 
years,  sold  out  his  interest  and- went  into 
partnership  with  his  old  employer  at  La 
Crosse,  a  fact  which  is  a  strong  testimony 
to  the  recognized  superior  ability  of  the  ris- 
ing 3'oung  merchant.  Three  years  later  he 
organized  the  wholesale  and  retail  house  of 
Olson,  i^mith  &  Company.  On  the  dissolu- 
tion of  this  firm,  in  1S7C,  Mr.  Olson  retained 
the  wholesale  or  jobbing  interest  of  the 
house.  In  ISTS  he  removed  his  stock  to  Min- 
neapolis and  became  connected  with  the 
house  of  N.  B.  Harwood  &  Company.  Two 
years  later  this  firm  failed,  leaving  Mr.  Ol- 
son badly  in  the  lurch.  But  his  energy  and 
indonntable  courage  did  not  desert  him. 
He  united  with  M.  1).  Ingram  and  bought  at 
sheriff  sale,  with  money  borrowed  for  the 
purpose,  the  remnant  of  the  stock  of  the  old 
concern  and  began  business  again  under  the 
style  of  Ingram,  Olson  &  Company.  The 
business  prospered  so  rapidly  that  in  1887 
Mr.  Olson  was  able  to  buy  the  interest  of  his 
partner  and  thus  became  the  sole  owner. 
Under  his  spirited  management  the  business 
grew  to  such  extent  as  to  demand  better 
facilities.  To  secure  these  he  built  the  great 
block  on  the  corner  of  First  avenue  and 
Fifth  street,  arranged  expressly  for  the  busi- 
ness. He  has  also  an  extension  through  to 
Kicollet  avenue  with  a  magnificent  entrance 
and  attractive  display  counters  on  that  pop- 
ular thoroughfare. 

The  mammoth  establishment  thus  creat- 
ed is  one  of  the  largest  in  the  Northwest. 
In  181)4  he  organized  a  complete  department 
store,  known  as  the  S.  E.  Olson  Company, 
whose  acres  of  store  rooms  are  worthy  of 
the  name,  "Big  Store,"  given  it  by  the  peo- 
ple. 

Besides  being  an  enterprising  and  pro- 
gressive merchant  Mr.  Olson  is  a  public  spir- 


SEAVER  E.  OLSON. 

ited  man,  second  to  none  in  his  activity  for 
the  welfare  of  the  city  where  he  has  been  so 
bountifully  blessed.  He  was  among  the  first 
to  advocate  the  great  Exposition  and  con- 
tributed largely  in  time  and  money  to  make 
it  a  success.  In  political  matters  also  he 
is  active,  and  so  prominent  as  to  be  regarded 
as  a  leader  in  the  Republican  party.  While 
he  refused  to  accept  ottice  he  served  as  a 
delegate  to  the  national  Republican  conven- 
tion in  1900.  In  social  affairs  he  is  no  less 
interested.  He  still  retains  his  religious 
connection  with  the  Baptist  denomination 
of  his  parents  and  family.  lie  was  married 
in  1889  to  Miss  Ida  Hawley,  of  Minneapolis. 


HElvKEID,  Charles  N. — If  some  philos- 
opher like  Herbert  Spencer  would  write  a 
treatise  on  the  "I'hilosophy  of  Popularity," 
it  might  be  of  vast  service  to  the  army  of 
ambitious  statesmen  struggling  for  public 
favors.  I'oi)ularity  is  the  one  thing  most 
desired  by  this  class  of  men.  They  pursue 
it  as  ardently  as  the  old  alchemist  sought 
the  philosoi)her's  stone  which  would  trans- 
mute all  things  into  gold,  and  with  the  same 
success.     The  elements  of  one  are  as  elusive 


HISTORY   OF   THE   GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


CHARLES  N.   HERREID. 

as  those  of  the  other.  The  Scriptural  in- 
junction, "Seek  and  ye  shall  find,"  seems  to 
be  inapplicable  to  the  search  for  popularity, 
for  the  more  it  is  sought  after  the  less  it  is 
realized.  The  qualities  which  win  it  cannot 
be  acquired.  They  must  be  spontaneous  in 
the  soul.  The  personal  magnetism — what- 
ever that  may  be — which  produces  popular- 
ity, is  like  genius.  It  refuses  to  be  weighed, 
measured  or  analyzed.  It  is  an  endowment, 
and  blessed  is  the  man  who  possesses  the 
gracious  gift. 

Charles  N.  Herreid,  the  present  governor 
of  South  Dakota,  is  one  of  these  favored 
sons.  If  any  demonstration  of  the  fact 
were  needed,  the  state  Rei)ublican  conven- 
tion of  South  Dakota,  in  1900,  would  be  am- 
jjle  proof,  for  he  was  nominated  for  govern- 
or unanimously  in  the  convention  of  1,052 
delegates,  without  even  the  suggestion  of 
opposition.  This  is  a  characteristic  exam- 
ple. 

He  was  born  In  Wisconsin,  in  1857.  His 
father  was  a  farmer  and  one  of  the  pioneers 
of  the  state.  Young  Herreid,  after  receiv- 
ing a  common  school  education,  attended 
the  Galesville  University  and  took  a  three 
years'  course.     Determining  to  be  a  lawyer, 


he  read  law  one  year  before  entering  the 
law  department  of  the  Wisconsin  state  uni- 
'i'ersity,  from  which,  after  a  two  years' 
course,  he  graduated  in  1882.  The  same 
year  he  was  married  to  Miss  Jeannette  Slye, 
and  in  1888  went  to  establish  his  home  in 
the  territory  of  Dakota,  which  then  em- 
braced the  states  of  both  North  and  South 
Dakota.  He  settled  at  Eureka,  McPherson 
countj',  where  he  has  since  lived.  Eureka 
has  earned  the  reputation  of  being  the  lar- 
gest primary  wheat  market  in  the  world, 
and  Mr.  Herreid's  law  practice  partook  of 
the  prosperity  of  the  town.  He  also  held 
successively  the  offices  of  judge  and  state's 
attorney.  He  was  made  a  trustee  of  the 
state  university,  and,  later,  a  member  of  the 
board  of  regents,  having  charge  of  all  the 
educational  institutions  of  the  state.  The 
duties  on  these  boards,  although  not  par- 
ticularly ostentatious,  made  Mr.  Herreid 
known  throughout  the  commonwealth,  and 
through  them  he  became  distinguished  for 
his  sound  judgment,  strict  impartiality,  and 
discretion.  Though  factional  strifes  concern- 
ing the  institutions  were  rife  at  times,  Mr. 
Herreid's  character  of  fairness  and  honesty 
of  purpose  shielded  him  from  the  taint  of 
partisanship  and  injustice. 

In  1892  he  was  elected  lieutenant  govern- 
or of  the  state,  and  was  re-elected  to  the 
same  position  in  1894.  This  office  is  fre- 
quently regarded  as  a  political  tomb,  or  a 
sort  of  retiring  room  for  the  politician.  But 
Mr.  Herreid  so  discharged  the  duties  as  to 
increase  his  reputation  and  enhance  his  pop- 
ularity. During  the  two  terms  that  he  was 
president  of  the  senate  he  more  fully  dem'- 
oustrated  his  capacity  for  public  affairs;  he 
showed  thorough  knowledge  of  parliament- 
ary practice;  displayed  remarkable  tact  in 
forming  the  committees  of  the  senate — a 
duty  which  is  often  a  stumbling-block  to 
presiding  officers;  he  exhibited  patience  and 
skill  in  unraveling  the  intricacies  of  debate 
and  decided  points  of  order  with  such  a 
clear  comprehension  of  questions  involved 
and  with  such  fairness  as  to  win,  not  only 
the  respect,  but  the  admiration  of  opponents 
as  well  as  friends.  It  is  well  worthy  of  re- 
mark that  during  the  whole  of  his  adminis- 


HISTORY   OF   THE   GREAT   NORTHWEST. 


tration  no  apjjeal  from  his  ruling  was  ever 
taken.  It  is  said  that  no  similar  reoord  was 
ever  made  by  the  president  of  the  senate  of 
any  other  state.  Therefore  the  unanimous 
vote  of  thanks  at  the  close  of  the  term  was 
not  a  mere  perfunctory  matter  of  form,  but 
a  genuine  expression  of  sincere  regard. 

Mr.  Herreid  has  always  been  a  Republic- 
an. He  was  chairman  of  the  state  Repub- 
lican committee  in  the  campaign  of  189S  and 
acted  as  a  member  of  the  national  Republic- 
an committee  and  has  exhibited  a  more  than 
common  executive  ability  in  every  position 
occupied.  His  activity,  however,  has  not 
been  confined  to  politics.  He  is  a  Knight 
of  Pythias  and  has  been  grand  chancellor  of 
the  domain  of  South  Dakota.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  A.  O.  r.  W.,  and  was  chairman 
of  the  committee  to  revise  the  constitution 
and  statutes  of  the  grand  lodge  of  that  or- 
der, and  has  held  other  important  and  i)rom- 
inent  positions  in  the  organization.  He  is 
also  a  thirty-second  degree  Mason  and  a  dep- 
uty inspector  general  for  South  Dakota,  and 
has  held  high  offices  in  the  consistory. 

In  manners,  Mr.  Herreid  is  modest  and 
unassuming  almost  to  the  verge  of  timidity, 
being  also  rather  reticent  and  not  given  to 
flattery.  Although  firm  in  his  opinions,  he 
does  not  assert  them  with  arrogance.  He 
conveys  the  impression  of  being  sincere  and 
straightforward,  and,  even  when  in  opposi- 
tion, his  manner  of  putting  his  side  of  the 
question  inspires  confidence  rather  than  an- 
tagonism. His  home  life  at  Eureka  is  al- 
most ideal.  He  has  two  children,  a  girl  just 
budding  into  womanhood,  and  a  boy  twelve 
years  old.  He  attends  the  Presbyterian 
church,  of  which  his  family  are  members. 
Xo  man  in  the  state  is  held  in  higher  re- 
spect, and  it  is  doubtful  if  another  e(iuals 
him  in  popularity  in  public  and  private  life. 


MERRILL,  George  Costin. — George  C. 
Merrill,  the  well  known  title  expert,  has  been 
an  active  citizen  of  Minneapolis  for  nearly 
twenty  years,  coming  to  the  city  in  1882. 
His  father  was  Joseph  Winthrop  Jlerrill,  a 
distinguished  horticulturist  of  Illinois,  and 
his  mother  was  Anna  E.  Costin,  both  of  Eng- 


GI'^ORGE   C.   MERRILL. 

lish  antecedents,  and,  as  the  name  would  in- 
dicate, of  early  American  ancestry.  Ge^pge 
( ".  Merrill  is  a  native  of  Manchester,  Scott 
county,  111.,  but  when  two  years  old  his  pa- 
rents moved  to  Cook  county.  111.,  in  the  vicin- 
ity of  (-'hicago,  where  the  family  lived,  in 
the  city  and  suburbs,  until  George  came  to 
Minneapolis,  as  stated.  He  had  the  advan- 
tages of  the  graded  schools  of  Chicago  and 
then  attended  a  private  academy  at  Hyde 
Park — one  of  the  suburbs  of  Chicago — and 
Chicago  University.  He  eventually  chose 
law  as  his  profession,  and  took  his  profes- 
sional course  at  the  University  of  Minnesota. 
— the  largest  law  college  in  the  world, — 
where  he  graduated  in  1895,  as  Bachelor  of 
Law.  He  was  the  same  year  admitted  to 
practice  at  the  bar  of  the  state  of  Minne- 
sota. In  1896  he  took  the  degree  of  Master 
of  Law. 

Mr.  Merrill  early  made  a  specialty  of  ab- 
stracting real  estate  titles,  a  business  re- 
(piiring  careful  research,  absolute  accuracy 
and  a  competent  knowledge  of  the  legal 
bearing  of  every  conveyance.  He  formed  a 
]iartnership  in  1882  under  the  style  of  Mer- 
rill &  Albee,  of  which  he  was  the  senior 
member.      This   was  continued  until   1886, 


HISTORY   OF   THE   GREAT   NORTHWEST. 


when  Mr.  Merrill  assumed  sole  charge  and 
conducted  the  business  in  his  own  name. 
The  business  grew  to  such  proportions  un- 
der his  prudent  management  that  in  18!>l' 
it  was  organized  into  the  Merrill  Abstract 
Company,  of  which  Mr.  Merrill  was  made 
president  and  manager,  which  offices  he  has 
filled  continuously  since  the  organization  of 
the  company,  which  has  become  one  of  the 
leading  establishments  engaged  in  the  busi- 
ness, recognized  in  all  business  circles  as 
one  of  the  very  highest  authorities  in  all  mat- 
ters pertaining  to  real  estate  titles. 

Mr.  Merrill  has  always  been  a  Republican, 
and  cast  his  first  vote  for  Gen.  Grant.  He 
has  been  so  absorbed  in  business  that  he 
has  never  held  or  sought  a  political  office. 
His  popularity,  however,  was  such,  especial- 
ly in  business  circles,  that  he  was  nom- 
inated under  the  new  primary  law  for  reg- 
ister of  deeds  of  Hennepin  county  on  the  Re- 
publican ticket  in  I'JOO,  over  eight  compet- 
itors, where,  owing  to  the  unusual  number 
of  candidates,  the  contest  was  more  than 
commonly  warm.  This  is  an  office  for  which 
Mr.  Merrill  is  peculiarly  fitted  by  training 
and  experience.  It  is  so  closely  in  line  with 
his  life  business  that  it  may  be  said  to  be 
really  a  part  of  it.  His  great  strength  in 
the  canvass  was  his  public  spirit  as  a  citizen, 
as  well  as  his  technical  skill  and  experience 
with  title  records.  The  judgment  of  his 
friends  at  the  primaries  was  fully  sustained 
by  his  election  in  November  by  a  large  ma- 
jority. He  is  a  member  of  the  Business 
Union,  Board  of  Trade,  and  kindred  organ- 
izations, and  has  always  been  active  in 
promoting  the  interests  of  the  city.  His 
nomination  was  a  tribute  to  his  activity. 

In  1875,  Mr.  Merrill  was  married  to  Mary 
Alice  Swindler,  and  has  two  children,  Alice 
Reba  Merrill,  and  Fred  Raymond  Merrill. 
He  enjoys  the  esteem  of  a  wide  circle  of  busi- 
ness and  social  friends  who  show  him  in 
many  ways  the  highest  regard  a  man  can 
win  for  sterling  qualities  of  character. 


COMSTOCK,  Solomon  Gilman.— Much 
of  the  work  which  men  do,  especially  in  pub- 
lic service,  is  paid  for  only  in  the  satisfac- 


tion found  in  the  doing.  It  is  its  own  re- 
ward. If  busy  and  useful  men  received  the 
Aalue  of  their  labor  at  its  true  worth,  they 
would  have  more  of  the  good  things  of  life 
than  they  could  use,  and  would  be  overload- 
ed by  the  weight  of  their  honors.  Yet  some 
of  them  cannot  complain  of  meager  rewards 
in  ])ublic  appreciation,  at  least.  This  is  en- 
couragement for  others.  Solomon  G.  Corn- 
stock,  of  Moorhead,  Minn.,  so  long  iden- 
tified with  the  interests  of  the  great  North- 
west, is  one  of  the  busiest  of  men  in  the  mak- 
ing of  it.  While  his  recompense  has  in  no 
wise  been  commensurate  with  his  abundant 
labors,  his  usefulness  and  fidelity  to  the  in- 
terests of  the  people  have  been  recognized 
and  they  have  accorded  to  him  distinguished 
honors.  Mr.  Comstock  was  born  at  Argyle, 
Maine,  in  1842.  His  father,  James  M.  Com- 
stock, was  a  lumberman  and  farmer  in  com- 
fortable circumstances  and  of  Scottish  de- 
scent. His  ancestors  came  from  Edinburg 
about  164(1  and  settled  in  Rhode  Island  and 
Massachusetts.  Mr.  S.  G.  Comstock's  moth- 
er was  of  English  descent,  her  people  com- 
ing to  New  England  in  1834,  settling  in 
Massachusetts  and  New  Hampshire.  He 
was  educated  in  the  public  schools  and  acad- 
emies of  Elaine.  When  he  decided  to  be  a 
lawyer  he  began  to  read  law  in  the  office  of 
Judge  S.  F.  Humphrey,  at  Bangor,  Maine. 
He  then  came  west  and  attended  the  Law 
School  of  the  University  of  Michigan  in  1868 
and  1869.  Coming  to  Minnesota  in  1879  he 
pursued  his  studies  in  Minneapolis,  in  the 
law  school,  and  with  D.  A.  Secombe.  He 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Omaha,  Neb., 
in  1869,  and  was  subsequently  admitted 
to  practice  in  the  courts  of  Minnesota  and 
Dakota.  In  1871  he  was  made  county  at- 
torney of  Clay  county,  Minn.,  which  of- 
fice he  held  for  six  years.  He  continued  to 
practice  his  profession  until  1888,  when  he 
engaged  in  locating  town  sites  on  the  Great 
Northern  railroad.  He  was  interested  in 
locating  and  promoting  the  towns  of  Hills- 
boro,  Grafton,  Bathgate,  Rolla,  Bottineau, 
Rugby,  Towner,  Minto,  and  other  North  Da- 
kota towns,  and  the  town  of  Kalispell, 
Mont.  Mr.  Comstock  has  always  been  a  Re- 
publican, and  one  of  the  active  leaders  of 


HISTORY    1)1"   THE    (JUEAT    NORTHWEST. 


tlii^  party.  He  was  elected  to  the  lower 
house  of  the  lenrislature  in  1876,  and  served 
six  years,  beinj;  twice  re-elected.  He  was 
then  jii-onioted  to  the  state  senate,  and 
served  there  for  six  years,  closing  his  legis- 
lative career  by  resigning  from  the  senate 
To  accept  a  nomination  for  the  Fifty-flrst 
(■oiigr(^ss.  to  which  he  was  duly  elected. 
During  Mr.  Comstock's  service  of  twelve 
A  ears  in  the  legislature,  he  participated  in 
all  the  settlements  of  what  were  then  ques- 
tions of  absorbing  interest.  They  are  now 
forgotten  to  a  large  extent,  it  is  trne,  but 
not  because  they  were  unimportant;  rather 
for  the  reason  that  wise  legislation  settled 
them  on  sound  principles,  so  that  they  re- 
main settled.  He  served  on  the  Judiciary 
committee  in  both  branches  of  the  legisla- 
ture. This  is  the  most  important  committee 
in  legislation,  for  nearly  all  proposed  laws 
must  be  submitted  to  this  committee.  Here 
Mr.  Comstock's  legal  attainments  and  acu- 
men were  almost  invaluable.  He  was  chair- 
man of  the  Judiciary  committee  of  the  sen- 
ate. He  took  part  in  settling  the  trouble- 
some state  railroad  bond  matter.  He  also 
secured  the  State  Normal  School,  located  at 
^loorhead,  and  the  appropriiition  to  build  it, 
Mr.  ( "omstock  made  a  gift  to  the  state  of  the 
ground  on  which  the  school  stands.  He 
served  as  resident  director  of  the  institution 
and  member  of  tlie  State  Normal  Board  for 
four  years.  While  in  congress,  owing  to 
his  legal  talents,  he  was  made  a  mem- 
ber of  two  imjwrtant  conmiittees  of  the 
house,  "Privileges  and  Elections,"  "Coinage. 
AVeights  and  Measures."  He  assisted  in  the 
I)assage  of  the  Sherman  silver  purchasing 
bill,  to  forestall  the  i)assage  of  a  free  silver 
bill.  He  also  assisted  in  the  passage  of  the 
McKinley  tariff  bill,  so  much  discussed,  the 
Iias.><age  of  which,  undoubtedly,  made  Mc- 
Kinley president.  He  was  likewise  a  sup 
porter  of  the  federal  election  bill  which  was 
jiassed  at  that  session.  His  committee  also 
disposed  of  about  twenty  contested  election 
cases.  Very  few  single  terms  of  congress 
have  been  equal  to  that  in  which  5Ir.  C(nn- 
stock  served,  in  ctfecting  legislation  of  such 
vital  importance  to  ilic  welfare  of  the  nation. 
His  experience  in  congiess  and  in  the  twelve 


years  of  his  state  legislative  career,  where 
many  measures  of  local  importance  were 
passed,  has  scarcely  been  paralleled  in  the 
lives  of  the  public  men  of  the  state.  He  has 
shown  sound  judgment  and  solid  statesman- 
ship to  a  remarkable  degree.  \Aith  such  a 
record  it  is  only  natural  that  he  was  strongly 
suj)ported  in  lS'.)i  for  the  I'nited  States  sen- 
ate as  a  fitting  climax  to  his  successful  ca- 
reer. In  1802  he  was  a  delegate  to  the  na- 
tional convention. 

Mr.  ('omstock  was  married  at  Fargo  in 
1874,  to  Sarah  A.  Ball.  They  have  three 
children,  Ada  Louise,  Jessie  May.  and 
(Jeorjie  M..  all  born  at  iloorhead. 


PINEO,  ^\•illa^(l  P.yllier.— The  high 
standing  which  Dr.  W.  P..  Piueo,  of  Minne- 
ajiolis,  has  attained  in  his  i)rofession  is  en- 
tirely due  to  his  own  unaided  efforts.  He  is 
a  si)ecialist  in  diseases  of  the  eye,  ear,  nose 
and  throat,  and  his  skill  in  these  lines  has 
won  for  him  not  only  the  respect  of  his  pro- 
fessional brethren,  but  a  large  clientele  as 
well.  Dr.  Pineo  traces  his  ancestry  back  to 
.la<(iues  Pineau,  the  French  Huguenot,  who 
landed  at  Plymouth  in  17()(».  His  grand  un- 
cle. Dr.  Timothy  Stone    Pinueo,    was    a   re- 


HISTORY   OF   THE   GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


WILLARD   B.   PINEO. 

nowned  man  of  letters.  He  was  a  graduate 
of  the  classical  and  medical  departments  of 
Yale  college,  and  was,  also,  professor  of 
belles  lettres  at  Marietta  college,  Ohio. 
Later,  he  had  charge  of  a  school  in  Green- 
wich, Conn.  He  was  the  author  of  Pin- 
eo's  Grammars,  and  was  the  rerisor  of 
the  McGuffey  readers.  Another  grand  un- 
cle. Dr.  Peter  Pineo,  of  Boston,  had  a  dis- 
tinguished war  record.  On  his  mother's 
side.  Dr.  Pineo  is  a  descendant  of  the  Rams- 
dells  and  Leightons  of  England.  He  is  the 
son  of  Benjamin  C.  and  Cordelia  W.  (Bams- 
dell)  Pineo.  His  father  was  a  stone  con- 
tractor of  Columbia,  Maine,  in  moderate  cir- 
cumstances. It  was  here  that  Willard  was 
born,  April  22,  1858.  His  early  education 
was  received  at  Oak  Hill  Seminary,  at 
Bucksport,  Maine,  and  Kent's  Hill  Semi- 
nary, at  Redfleld,  ^Maine.  His  tastes  being 
inclined  toward  the  medical  profession,  he 
began  its  study  in  the  office  of  Dr.  Charles 
Milliken,  of  Cherrifield,  Maine.  In  Septem- 
ber, 1882,  he  came  to  Minnesota.  Being 
comjjelled  to  rely  upon  his  own  resources  to 
obtain  tlie  money  necessary  to  pursue  his 
medical  studies,  he  taught  in  the  public 
schools  for  a  short  time.     In  1885  he  gradu- 


ated from  the  medical  de])artment  of  the 
University  of  Minnesota,  receiving  at  the 
same  time  a  medical  diploma  from  the  Min- 
nesota Hospital  College,  also.  He  was  val- 
edictorian of  his  class  and  president  of  the 
alumni  association.  After  his  graduation. 
Dr.  Pineo  was  associated  with  Dr.  Duns- 
moor,  the  well-known  general  practitioner 
of  Jlinneapolis.  He  was  very  successful  in 
his  practice,  but  decided  to  take  up  the  spe- 
cialty of  ear,  eye,  nose  and  throat  diseases, 
and  for  this  purpose  entered  the  Polyclinic 
and  Manhattan  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary  of 
Xew  York  city  in  1889.  He  remained  in 
this  institution  for  a  year,  receiving  instruc- 
tion in  these  special  lines.  Returning  to 
Minneapolis,  he  commenced  practice  as  a 
specialist,  and  has  confined  himself  to  that 
line  of  practice  since  that  date.  In  1895  he 
took  a  trip  to  Europe,  visiting  the  eye  and 
ear  hospitals  of  Berlin,  Vienna,  Paris  and 
Loudon,  devoting  himself  to  further  studies' 
along  these  special  lines.  In  1901  Dr.  and 
Mrs.  Pineo  made  an  extended  tour  of  Europe, 
visiting  all  the  principal  places  of  interest — 
the  doctor  devoting  a  great  deal  of  time  in 
study  and  investigation  into  new  methods 
and  latest  developments  in  his  special  branch 
of  the  medical  profession.  In  politics  Dr. 
Pineo  is  a  consistent  supporter  of  Repub- 
lican principles,  though  never  taking  a 
very  active  part  in  political  campaigns. 
He  is  prominent  in  Masonic  circles,  and 
has  received  his  thirty-third  degree  in 
that  order.  He  is  past  master  of  Hen- 
nepin Lodge,  No.  4,  and  Minneapolis  Coun- 
cil, No.  2;  past  junior  warden  of  Zion 
Commandery,  No.  2;  past  wise  master  of 
St.  Vincent  de  Paul  Chapter,  No.  5;  past 
right  worshipful  district  deputy  grandmas 
ter  of  the  state  of  Minnesota,  and  past  prior 
of  Minneapolis  Consistory,  No.  2.  He  is  al- 
so vice  president  of  the  Masons'  Fraternal 
Accident  Association  of  Minneapolis.  Oth- 
er social  bodies  of  which  he  is  a  member  are 
the  ^linneapolis  Commercial  Club,  the  Min- 
neapolis Whist  Club,  and  the  Benevolent 
and  I'rotective  Order  of  Elks.  He  was  mar- 
ried November  28,  1881,  to  Saidie  Kendal 
Cobb,  of  Boston,  granddaughter  of  Nathan- 
iel Cobb,  the  noted  philanthropist. 

116 


HISTORY   OF  THE   GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


LANDER,  Edward  J.,  is  prominently 
identified  with  the  investment  and  real  estate 
business  at  Grand  Forks,  N.  D.,  and  is 
one  of  the  substantial  residents  of  that 
thriving  Tounff  city.  He  was  born  Septem- 
ber 12,  1860,  at  Rockford,  111.  His  pa- 
rents, Ohristopher  and  Jane  Brown  Lander, 
came  to  this  country  from  England  in  1848, 
and  settled  at  Rockford.  Edward  received 
his  education  in  the  public  schools  of  his  na- 
ti\  e  town,  and  graduated  from  the  Rockford 
high  school  in  the  class  of  1878.  He  moved 
to  North  Dakota  in  188:1  and  settled  at 
Grand  Forks,  where  he  started  the  business 
now  being  conducted  by  E.  J.  Lander  &  Go. 
He  opened  up  a  real  estate  office  and  suc- 
ceeded in  building  up  a  lucrative  business  in 
farm  loans,  abstracts  of  title,  etc.  These 
operations  became  so  extensive  that,  in 
1897,  it  was  found  necessary  to  widen  the 
scope  of  his  business  and  the  present  corpo- 
ration of  E.  J.  Lander  &  Co.  was  organized. 
Mr.  Lander  has  had  the  active  management 
of  this  concern  ever  since  its  organization. 
It  is  one  of  the  most  substantial  of  its  kind 
in  the  Flickertail  state,  and  its  operations  in 
real  estate  and  farm  loans  are  carried  out 
on  an  extensive  scale.  Mr.  Lander  has  tak- 
en a  prominent  part  in  the  upbuilding  of  the 
city  of  Grand  Forks,  and  is  recognized  as  a 
sound,  conservative  business  man.  He  gave 
his  active  assistance  to  the  organization  of 
the  company  which  built  the  present  Metro- 
politan Theater  of  Grand  Forks,  has  served 
as  treasurer  of  the  company  since  it  was 
first  organized,  and  was  its  manager  for  sev- 
eral years.  He  was  also  one  of  the  organ- 
izers of  the  Grand  Forks  Building  and  Loan 
Association.  This  association  has  had  a 
prosperous  career  under  the  direct  manage- 
ment of  Mr.  Lander,  who  has  served  as  its 
secretary  and  as  member  of  the  board  of  di- 
rectors for  the  past  ten  years.  But  the  in- 
terest he  has  taken  in  the  development  of 
Grand  Forks  has  not  been  confined  entirely 
to  those  business  institutions  already  men- 
tioned, and  of  which  he  has  had  the  active 
management.  Every  enterprise  caloilated 
to  strengthen  and  build  uiJ  that  city  has  had 
his  active  aid  and  support,  and  he  has  been 
prodigal  of  his  time  and  services  on  everj' 


EDWARD  J.  LAXDEIt. 

occasion  calling  for  the  exercise  of  public 
spirit.  It  is  to  such  men  as  Mr.  Lander  fliat 
North  Dakota  owes  the  great  prosperity  she 
enjoys.  It  is  only  a  few  years  since  the 
Flickertail  state  was  admitted  to  statehood, 
but  the  development  has  been  a  remarkable 
one.  The  credit  for  this  is  to  be  given  to  the 
energetic,  wide-awake,  progressive  young 
men  who  came  from  the  eastern  states  to 
build  homes  in  the  new  one.  The  subject  of 
this  sketch  was  one  of  the  moving  spirits  in 
that  development;  not  from  the  standpoint 
of  a  high,  political  i)osition,  but  rather  as  a 
quiet  and  effective  worker  in  the  ranks,  and 
here  his  infiuence  has  always  been  directed 
toward  that  which  was  best  for  the  commu- 
nity and  the  welfare  of  his  adopted  state, 
in  his  political  affiliations  he  has  always 
been  a  consistent  snpjjoi'ter  of  the  Republic- 
an party.  He  served  as  a  county  commis- 
sioner for  three  terms,  from  181)0  to  18!)!), 
representing  the  (Jrand  Forks  city  distriit. 
Aside  from  this,  however,  he  has  held  no 
jtolitical  office  and  has  no  ambitions  in  that 
direction  whatever.  He  is  a  member  of  tlie 
Pioneer  Club,  an  old-time  social  club  of 
Grand  Forks,  which  is  in  a  very  fiourishing 
condition,  having  a  membership  of  140,  and 


HISTORY   OF   THE   GREAT   NORTHWEST. 


occujiyinn;  luxurious  quarters.  At  various 
times  he  has  served  as  president  and  secre- 
tary of  this  club.  He  is  also  a  member  of 
Acacia  Lodge,  A.  F.  and  A.  M.;  the  Knight 
Templars;  (hand  Forks  Commandery,  No.  3, 
and  Carmel  Lodge.  No.  R,  Scottish  Rite.  He 
was  married  at  ^Montreal,  Canada,  February 
27,  1884,  to  Jessie  King  Krause.  Their  un- 
ion has  been  blessed  with  one  child,  ililes 
Krause  Lander,  now  five  vears  of  age. 


ARMSTRONG,  Moses  K.— The  pioneers 
of  the  territorial  days  of  Minnesota  and  the 
Dakotas  are  now  few  in  number.  The 
idaces  that  they  filled  are  now  filled  by  oth- 
ers. The  work  that  they  so  bravely  started 
is  now  being  carried  on  by  their  grandchil- 
dren. Their  faces  are  fast  vanishing  from 
our  view;  but  their  deeds  shall  not  be  for- 
gotten, for  the  work  that  they  undertook 
will  be  their  monument.  The  name  of 
Moses  K.  Armstrong,  of  St.  James,  ^linn., 
is  inseparably  connected  with  the  early  his- 
tory of  ilinnesota  and  the  Uakotas.  He 
was  born  at  Milan,  in  Erie  county,  Ohio, 
September  10,  1832,  a  son  of  pioneers  of 
Ohio.  Phoebe  Armstrong,  the  mother  of 
the  subject  of  this  sketch,  was  a  native  of 
the  state  of  Ohio,  and  Augustus  Armstrong, 
his  father,  was  an  early  settler  from  Con- 
necticut. He  was  a  farmer  and  took  a 
prominent  part  in  the  frontier  troubles  of 
the  day,  serving  as  captain  of  the  militia. 
Moses  K.  Armstrong  received  the  splendid 
education  that  was  accorded  the  youth  of 
early  Ohio  and  was  graduated  from  Hu- 
ron institute,  and  from  Western  Reserve 
college,  then,  as  now,  a  superior  college. 
He  excelled  as  a  mathematician  and  natur- 
ally followed  the  work  of  a  surveyor.  When 
but  eighteen  years  of  age  he  drifted  into 
northern  Iowa  on  a  surveying  trip,  and.  in 
18.56,  came  to  the  then  territory  of  Minne- 
sota. During  the  same  year  he  was  elected 
surveyor  of  Mower  county,  and  while  trav- 
eling on  foot  between  the  frontier  settle- 
ments, gathered  up  material  from  which  he 
afterwards  wrote  an  early  history  of  the 
county.     Mr.  Armstrong   is    a   follower    of 


the  Democracy  and  was  one  of  the  delegates 
to    the   first    Democratic    state    convention, 
and  helped  to  nominate  General   Sibley  as 
Minnesota's  first  state  governor.     He  was 
ajtpointed  a  deputy  by  the    first    surveyor 
general  of  Minnesota  and  surveyed  tlie  gov- 
ernment land  in  the  southwestern   part   of 
the  state.     He  went  on  into  Dakota  terri- 
tory at  the  time  that  country  was  an  unor- 
ganized territory,  and  surveyed  some  of  the 
first  claims  and  town  sites  for  the  new  set- 
tlers on  the  lands  then  ceded  by  the  Yank- 
ton Indians.     Dakota  was  organized  into  a 
separate  territory  in    1861    and    Mr.    Arm- 
strong was  elected  a   member  of  the  first 
territorial  legislature.     He  was  elected  for 
a  succeeding  term  and  was  chosen  speaker 
of  the  house,  when  North  and  South  Dako- 
ta, Montana,  Idaho  and  Wyoming  were  all 
a  part  of  the  great  territory.     During  the 
war  he  was  an  editor  of  a  Democratic  pajjer, 
the  Dakota    Union.     In    1864    he    was    ap- 
pointed clerk  of  the  supreme  court  of  Da- 
kota, and  in  the  same  year  was  one  of  the 
original  incorporators  of  the  Northern  Pa- 
cific railroad,  as  chartered  by  congress.     In 
1865  he  was    elected    territorial    treasurer, 
and  then  a  member  of  the  territorial  senate, 
and  in  1867  became  presiding  officer  of  that 
body.     In  1867  he  also   acted   as   secretary 
for  the  Indian  peace  committee,  and  while 
in  that  position  visited  every  tribe  of  Sionx 
Indians  on  the  Missouri  river  as  far  north 
as  the  Yellowstone  country.     In  1870,  while 
a  member  of  the  territorial  senate,  he  was 
elected  by  the  Democrats  as  a  delegate  to 
congress,  and  gave  his  first  year's  salarj-  for 
the  purchase  of  a  new  printing  press,  with 
which  was  founded  the  oldest  party  organ 
in  Dakota,  and  the  first  permanent  Demo- 
cratic newspaper  in  the  territory,  the  Dako- 
ta Herald.     He  was  a  successful  and  popu- 
lar member  of  congress  and  was  re-elected 
a  second  term  in  1872,  and  declined  a  third 
term,  preferring  to  attend    to    other    busi- 
ness,   and    re-entered   upon   his     surveying 
work,  taking  charge  of  the   survey   of   the 
Cut-head   Indian    reservation,   near    Devils 
J>ake.     He  had  engaged  in  much  of  the  gov- 
ernment  surveying  of  the   territory  up  to 
1870,  and  had  established  most  of  the  me- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


ridians  and  standard  lines  in  southern  Da- 
kota and  along  the  Red  River  of  the  North. 
He  also  was  selected  to  execute  for  the  gov- 
crumeut  the  re-survey  of  the  state  bound- 
ary of  Nebraska,  near  Sioux  City,  Iowa, 
where  the  treacherous  river  had  cut  a  large 
island  into  the  state  from  the  Dakota 
boundary.  Jlr.  Armstrong  received  from 
Ihe  gdverinuent  a  charter  for  the  first  iia- 
lional  bank  established  in  Dakota  territory 
and  located  at  Yankton,  he  serving  for 
some  time  as  president.  Mr.  Armstrong 
has  a  deep  interest  in  historical  matters, 
and  his  life  has  been  such  as  to  give  oi)p()r- 
tnnity  to  accjuire  invaluable  knowledge  of 
matters  concerning  the  early  history  of  Da- 
kota. He  served  as  secretary  of  the  Dakota 
Historical  Society  for  ten  years.  In  ISfifi 
he  prepared  and  published  the  "Early  His- 
tory of  Dakota,"  and  the  book  contained 
much  matter  that  could  not  be  found  in  tlie 
lecords,  but  which  he  knew  from  his  own 
observation  and  notes.  In  187G  the  govern- 
or of  the  territory  delegated  him  to  jire- 
pare  and  deliver  a  centennial  address  at 
Philadelphia  on  the  resources  of  the  terri- 
tory. This  address  was  afterwards  repro- 
duced in  the  leading  magazines  of  the  day. 
Mr.  Armstrong  decided  in  1877  to  return  to 
ilinnesota  and  accordingly  ('oncentrated  his 
business  affairs,  and  in  187S  located  at  St. 
■James,  filling  the  position  of  railroad  land 
agent.  In  1878  he  organized  the  Old  Bank 
of  St.  James  and  has  since  remained  in  that 
business,  and  is  known  as  one  of  the  most 
prominent  business  men  in  southern  Minne- 
sota. He  is  a  writer  of  known  ability,  and 
is  the  author  of  a  recent  historical  work  of 
400  pages,  entitled  "The  Early  Empire 
Builders  of  the  Great  West."  He  is  a  life 
member  of  the  Dakota  Historical  Society 
and  of  the  Minnesota  Historical  Society. 
The  prominence  of  the  Armstrong  family 
has  not  been  confined  to  one  member,  as 
Thomas  H.  Armstrong,  a  brother,  has 
served  as  lieutenant  governor  of  Minnesota, 
and  another  brother,  Augustus  Armstrong, 
served  four  years  as  United  States  marshal 
for  Minnesota,  and  his  youngest  brother, 
Edward  (\.  Armstrong,  the  only  one  now 
living,  is  a  well  known  lawyer  of  Olmsted 


\UMSTl:0.\G. 


county,  Minn.  He  was  married  in  1872  to 
JIartha  Bordens,  of  Detroit,  Mich.  He  has 
no  children  living.  ^ 


BARTHOLOMEW,  Joseph  Milton,  of 
the  supreme  court  of  North  Dakota,  is  one  of 
the  first  selections  by  the  people  of  that 
state  for  that  position.  This  fact  will  al- 
ways be  an  honorable  distinction.  He  was 
born  in  McLean  count}-.  111.,  in  I84;i,  and 
conu's  of  old  American  historical  lineage. 
His  grandfather  was  General  Joseph  Bar- 
tliolomew,  an  associate  and  warm  personal 
friend  of  President  William  Henry  Harri- 
son, being  second  in  command  under  Gen. 
Harrison  at  the  celebrated  battle  of  Tippe- 
canoe. Judge  Bartholomew's  father  was  a 
farmer  and  civil  engineer  in  moderate  cir- 
<nmstances.  He  was  an  early  pioneer  of 
Wisconsin,  settling  in  Columbia  county. 
Territory  of  Wisconsin — as  the  region  was 
then  called — in  1845.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  legislature  of  the  young  state  and  held 
various  county  offices  and  pf)sitions  of  honor 
and  trust.  He  was  first  a  Whig  and  then  a 
Republican  in  politics,  and  died  at  Lodi, 
Wisconsin,  in  1886.  His  mother's  maiden 
name  was   Catherine  Hefl'uer,  a  native  of 


JOSEPH    MILTOX   BARTHOLOMEW. 


I 


HISTORY   OF   THE   GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


Virginia.  She  was  married  in  Illinois,  and 
died  in  Wisconsin  in  1890.  His  grandfather, 
Gen.  Joseph  Bartholomew,  already  men- 
tioned, had  a  career  as  illustrious  in  mili- 
tarj'  affairs  as  that  which  his  worthy  grand- 
son has  won  in  civil  life.  He  was  born  in 
New  Jersey,  in  1766,  and  although  only  a 
lad,  carried  a  musket  in  the  last  years  of  the 
Kevolutionary  war.  He  was  by  nature  and 
training  an  Indian  fighter  and  served  as  a 
soldier  under  Gen.  Anthony  Wayne  in  the 
Indian  wars  sub.sequent  to  the  Revolution. 
He  settled  in  Indiana  in  ISOO,  and  served  un- 
der General  Harrison.  At  the  battle  of  Tip- 
pecanoe his  sword  arm  was  shattered  by  a 
bullet.  For  his  intrepid  conduct  on  that 
critical  occasion  he  was  promoted  to  briga- 
dier general.  He  was  also  prominent  in  civ- 
il life  and  held  various  minor  offices.  He 
was  one  of  the  commissioners  who  located 
the  capital  of  Indiana  where  it  now  stands. 
He  always  retained  his  warm  friendship  for 
Gen.  Harrison.  During  the  campaign  of 
1810,  although  '  seventy-five  years  old,  he 
rode  on  horseback  over  two  hundred  miles 
to  be  present  and  to  preside  at  the  great 
Harrison  mass  meeting  held  on  the  Tippe- 
canoe battlefield.  This  effort  was  too  much 
for  him.  He  became  broken  in  health  and 
died  on  the  day  Harrison  was  elected  presi- 
dent. 

Judge  Bartholomew  was  educated  in  the 
public  schools  and  prepared  for  college  un- 
der a  private  tutor.  But  military  blood 
coursed  in  his  veins  and  when  the  Civil  War 
broke  out  he  entered  the  army.  He  enlist- 
ed as  a  private  soldier  at  Lodi,  Wis.,  in 
July,  1862.  He  was  first  under  fire  in  the 
attack  on  Vicksburg,  by  the  way  of  Chicka- 
saw Bluffs,  in  the  hist  week  of  December, 

1862.  He  was  in  all  the  battles  of  the  Vicks- 
burg campaign,  including  the  capture  of  the 
city.  He  participated  in  the  siege  and  cap- 
ture of  Jackson,  Mississippi,  and  in  several 
minor  engagements  in  western  Louisiana,  in 

1863,  where  at  one  time  he  was  one  of  seven 
in  his  company  who  remained  for  duty  at 
the  end  of  the  fight.  He  also  took  part  in 
all  the  battles  of  the  disastrous  Red  River 
campaign.  He  likewise  participated  in  the 
operations  against  the  forts  at  the  mouth  of 


Mobile  Bay,  and  was  finally  mustered  out  of 
service  November  14,  1865,  with  the  rank  of 
captain. 

After  the  war  he  took  up  the  study  of 
law,  concluding  with  two  years  of  office 
study  and  a  course  of  lectures.  He  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1869  and  immediately 
commenced  practice  in  the  courts  of  Wis- 
consin and  Iowa  until  he  went  to  Dakota,  in 
1883,  where  he  continued  in  his  profession, 
settling  at  La  Moure,  La  Moure  county.  His 
practice  covered  all  branches  of  law,  and  in 
several  states,  thus  giving  him  a  very  thor- 
ough preparation  for  the  duties  devolving 
upon  him  in  his  present  position  of  Judge 
of  the  supreme  court,  to  which  he  was  first 
elected  in  1889,  when  the  state  was  organ- 
ized and  admitted  into  the  Union.  This  was 
twenty  years  after  his  admission  to  the  bar. 

Judge  Bartholomew  cast  his  first  vote 
for  the  IJncoln  electors  at  Helena,  Ark., 
in  1864.  By  a  law  of  Wisconsin,  the  sol- 
diers in  the  army  were  allowed  to  vote  on 
the  field.  Gn  this  occasion,  very  appropri- 
ately, the  ballot  box  was  the  bullet  box*  or 
ordinary  cartridge  box.  He  has  been  a  Re- 
publican ever  since,  but  has  never  held  any 
civil  office,  aside  from  the  one  he  now  holds, 
except  that  of  state  attorney.  His  present 
residence  is  Bismarck,  North  Dakota,  the 
capital  of  the  state  and  the  seat  of  the  court. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic,  and  of  the  Masonic  order,  being  a 
thirty-second  degree  Scottish  Rite  Mason. 
He  was  mari'ied,  in  1878,  to  Mary  C.  Harring- 
ton. Judge  Bartholomew  passed  away  on 
March  24,  1901. 


BAKER,  Thomas,  Jr.— To  be  a  leading 
representative  in  any  important  line  of  busi- 
ness in  these  days  when  competition  is  so 
strenuous,  may  be  deemed  justly  a  mark  of 
some  special  ability  above  the  common. 
Thomas  Baker,  Jr.,  holds  that  rank  in  the 
important  business  of  fire  insurance  at 
Fargo,  N.  D.,  his  present  place  of  resi- 
dence. He  was  born  at  Barton,  Vt.,  in 
1859.  His  father,  Thomas  Baker,  is  a 
farmer  in  northern  Vermont  and  has  long 
been  a  man  of  influence  in  that  community 
and  in  the  state,  being  prominent  in  politic- 


HISTORY  OF   THE   GREAT   NORTHWEST. 


THOMAS   BAKER,  JK. 

ill  affairs.  He  has  also  served  his  constit- 
uents as  a  member  of  the  legislature  of 
Vermont.  His  wife  was  Sarah  B.  Eliot, 
of  Concord,  N.  H.,  a  member  of  the  dis- 
tinguished family  of  that  name,  dating  from 
the  early  settlement  of  the  country.  Her 
father  was  a  substantial,  wealthy  citizen, 
and  an  old  school  Puritan.  Thomas  Baker, 
Jr.,  began  his  education  in  an  old-fashioned 
district  school  at  West  Glover,  where  there 
was  only  one  department,  ranging  from  the 
alphabet  to  astronomy,  or  from  addition  to 
geometry,  all  taught  by  one  teacher,  the  pu- 
pils being  both  boys  and  girls — a  primitive 
co-educational  institution.  The  puzzle  of 
modern  times  is  how  such  an  establishment 
could  turn  out  such  competent  men  and 
women.  That  they  did  have  some  effective 
way  of  imparting  instruction  is  unques- 
tioned and  abundantly  proven  by  examples 
of  the  success  of  their  pupils.  He  attended 
this  school  until  he  was  fourteen  years  of 
age  and  then  began  a  course  of  study  at  the 
old  and  highly  esteemed  Barton  academy. 
On  graduating  from  this  school,  he  entered 
the  well  known  St.  Johnsbury  academy 
whose  curriculum  might  with  propriety  be 
called    collegiate,   and    graduated   in    1876. 


He  then  chose  law  for  his  profession,  and 
came  to  Fargo,  2s.  D.,  in  1880,  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1881.  He  immediately 
secured  a  good  practice  and  formed  a  part- 
nership under  the  firm  name  of  Boyesen  & 
Baker.  There  was,  however,  a  good  open- 
ing for  an  insurance  business.  It  was  at- 
tractive, for  it  was  akin  to  law.  It  might 
almost  be  called  a  branch  of  the  law  busi- 
ness because  of  the  legal  technicalities  in- 
volved in  it.  The  field  was  tempting;  be- 
sides, it  need  not  preclude  the  practice  of  his 
profession.  He  decided  to  undertake  it. 
The  splendid  result  justifies  the  decision. 
He  has  now  the  leading  business  in  this  line 
northwest  of  Chicago.  He  has  so  devoted 
his  attention  to  the  subject  of  insurance 
that  he  has  become  an  authority.  His  ad- 
vice is  often  sought  by  the  highest  officials. 
In  the  national  conventions  of  the  guild,  he 
has  read  original  papers  esteemed  of  great 
value,  and  occupies  an  influential  position 
in  the  highest  councils  of  this  important 
branch  of  business.  He  has  also  taken  ac- 
tive interest  in  all  educational  matters,  hav- 
ing been  a  member  of  the  board  of  educa- 
tion of  the  city  of  Fargo  for  twelve  years, 
a  large  share  of  this  time  being  its  presi- 
dent. He  is  now  president  of  the  library 
board  of  that  city.  He  has  done  this  work 
while  representing  as  general  and  special 
agent  several  of  the  leading  insurance  com- 
panies of  the  country.  In  1898  he  was  elect- 
ed to  the  lower  house  of  the  legislature  of 
the  state,  and  was  accorded  by  that  body 
the  distinguished  honor  of  being  unani- 
mously chosen  for  speaker  of  the  house. 
That  he  discharged  the  important  duties  of 
this  position  impartially  and  with  credita- 
ble ability  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  not  a 
single  appeal  from  his  decision  or  ruling 
\yas  taken  during  the  entire  session.  This 
record,  and  the  unanimous  election,  when 
parties  are  so  numerous  and  partisanship  is 
so  rampant,  are  very  rare  occurrences  in  a 
legislative  career.  Mr.  Baker  is  a  member 
of  all  the  York  Rite  bodies  of  the  Masonic 
order,  and  was  for  two  years  the  com- 
mander of  Auvergn  Commandery,  Knights 
Templars,  and  is  now  grand  captain  general 
of  the  Grand  Commandery  of  Knights  for 


HISTORY   OF   TUE   GREAT   NORTHWEST. 


North  Dakota.  He  was  married  in  1S82  to 
Julia  M.  Root,  of  Fox  Lake,  Wis.,  be- 
longing to  an  old  family  of  note  and  of  high 
respect  in  both  New  York  and  Wisconsin. 
Thej  rejoice  in  two  pi'omising  sons — Koy 
and  Julius  Baker. 


DODGE,  John  Sylvester.— The  flour 
mills  of  Minneapolis  are  world-renowned, 
not  only  for  the  immense  (juantity  of  wheat 
turned  into  flour,  but  for  the  superior  qual- 
ity of  the  product.  Both  in  quantity  and 
quality  they  are  unrivalled  in  this  country 
or  anywhere  on  the  globe.  They  have  giviMi 
Minneapolis  the  cognomen  of  "Flour  City," 
a  name  which  is  regarded  with  pride  by  the 
citizens  of  the  whole  state,  because  the  dis- 
tinction is  so  unquestionably  earned  by  the 
entei'pi-ise,  energy,  business  capacity  and 
skill  of  the  luen  who  have  made  such  honor 
possible. 

Among  those  who  have  contributed  in 
making  the  milling  business  of  ilinneapolis 
so  famous,  the  name  of  John  S.  Dodge,  so 
long  the  head  miller  of  the  celebrated  ^^■ash- 
burn  mills,  is  one  of  the  most  ])rominent. 
His  father,  Charles  Clark  Dodge,  was  a  far- 
mer of  Oswego  county.  New  York.  His 
mother's  maiden  name  was  Betsy  Goit. 
They  were  of  New  England,  Puritan  de- 
scent. Mr.  Dodge's  great  grandfather,  on 
his  father's  side,  was  an  officer  in  the  Revo- 
lutionary War.  John  S.  Dodge  was  born 
at  Pulaski,  Oswego  county,  N.  Y.  After 
completing  his  common  school  education  in 
the  district  school,  he  was  sent  to  Pulaski 
Academy,  a  school  of  high  standing  in  north- 
ern New  York,  and  graduated  in  the  class 
of  1871.  He  then  came  to  Minnesota  and 
settled  at  Beaver,  a  small  village  in  Winona 
county  and  near  Winona,  where  he  found 
emidoyment  in  a  flour  mill  and  learned  the 
milling  business.  That  he  became  very  pro- 
ficient in  his  calling  is  very  evident,  for  in 
1878  he  became  the  head  miller  in  the  great 
mills  whose  ojjerations  he  yet  successfully 
directs. 

Mr.  Dodge  is  a  resident  of  the  Fifth  ward 
of  the  city  of  Minneapolis,  and  has  taken  a 
great  interest  in  public  aflairs.     His  activ- 


JOHN   S.  DODGE. 

ily  has  made  liiiii  |ii(iiiiiiieiil  both  in  politics 
and  in  s<Mial  matters,  while  his  sound  judg- 
ment lias  been  called  into  requisition  in 
many  important  subjects  of  public  intei-est. 
He  was  elected  in  187S  a  member  of  the 
Jlinneapolis  park  board,  for  a  term  of  six 
years,  on  the  Republican  ticket.  He  has  al- 
ways been  a  Republican,  in  fact,  he  came 
from  Whig  and  Republican  ancestry.  His 
jjopulaiity  as  a  man  is  shown  by  the  vote  he 
secured  at  his  election,  it  being  the  largest 
cast  for  any  candidate  on  the  ticket.  At  the 
state  Republican  convention  in  1900  he  was 
unanimously  nominated  for  presidential 
elector,  another  remarkable  tribute  to  his 
standing  in  the  community,  the  more  noted 
as  he  has  been  a  resident  of  the  Fifth  ward 
since  1873  and  so  active  that  most  men 
would  have  provoked  jealousies  and  antag- 
onisms in  that  (iiiie,  making  such  a  record 
imi)ossible. 

In  Masonic  circles  Mr.  Dodge  is  no  less 
favored.  He  was  made  a  thirty-second  de- 
gree Mason  in  1892.  Hi  October,  18i)9,  at 
the  meeting  of  fhe  supreme  council,  he  was 
accorded  the  distinction  of  being  created 
•knight  commander"  of  the  Court  of  Honor 
of  the  ,\ncienl   and  Accepted  Scottish  Rite 


HISTORY   OF   THE   GREAT   NORTHWEST. 


of  the  Southern  Jurisdiction  for  the  United 
States.  In  June,  1900,  he  was  also  elected 
commander  of  Alfred  Elisha  Arms  Council 
of  Kadosh,  Minneapolis.  Such  honors 
among  his  social  equals  are  strong  testi- 
mony to  Mr.  Dodge's  qualities  of  mind  and 
heart.  He  wears  all  his  honors  meekly. 
There  is  no  arrogance  in  his  nature.  While 
his  supervising  position  in  business  puts 
him  in  charge  of  men  and  the  tendency  of 
such  contact  is  to  make  one  arbitrary,  and 
perhaps  domineering,  he  has  retained  his 
genial  manners.  His  success  has  not 
"turned  his  head" — to  use  a  common  expres- 
sion— nor  encroached  upon  the  characteris- 
tics which  have  made  him  popular  as  a  citi- 
zen and  valued  as  a  friend. 


SEARLE,  Dolson  T5. — To  over-estimate 
the  value  of  the  services  of  Dolson  Bush 
Searle,  of  St.  Cloud,  on  the  bench  of  the 
state  of  Minnesota,  would  be  well-nigh  im- 
possible. His  record  has  been  replete 
with  honorable  achievements,  his  character 
irreproachable,  and  in  his  judicial  capacity 
he  is  acknowledged  to  have  no  superior  in 
the  state.  Judge  Searle  comes  from  Revo- 
lutionary stock,  his  two  grandfathers,  both 
of  whom  were  pioneer  settlers  in  Whitehall, 
N.  Y.,  having  fought  in  the  War  of  1812, 
while  his  great-grandfathers  participated  in 
the  Revolutionary  and  Colonial  wars.  His 
father,  Almond  D.  Searle,  was  a  prosper- 
ous farmer  living  near  the  village  of  Frank- 
linville,  Cattaraugus  county,  N.  Y.  The 
Searle  family  is  of  English  descent  and  was 
prominent  in  the  early  history  of  England, 
the  first  mayor  of  London  having  been  a 
Searle.  The  mother  of  our  subject,  Jane 
Ann  Searle,  is  of  Scottish  extraction  and  a 
lineal  descendant  of  Sir  Walter  Scott.  She 
was  a  highly  cultured  woman,  and  recently 
died  at  the  advanced  age  of  over  four  score 
years.  Dolson  was  born  June  4,  1846,  on 
the  family  homestead  near  Franklinville. 
His  boyhood  was  passed  on  his  father's 
farm  and  in  attendance  at  the  district 
school,  going  from  there  to  the  academy  of 
his  native  town,  from  which  he  graduated. 
He  was  one  of  the  first  to  respond  to  the 


call  for  men  when  the  Civil  War  broke  out, 
and  enlisted  as  a  private  in  Company  I,  64th 
Regiment,  New  York  Volunteers.  During 
his  tern\  of  service,  which  continued  for 
about  two  years,  he  was  engaged  in  the  fol- 
lowing battles:  Fair  Oaks,  Seven  Pines, 
Oaines  Mills,  Savage  Station,  White  Oak 
Swamp,  Malvern  Hill,  the  second  battle  of 
Bull  Run,  and  the  battle  of  Antietam,  be- 
sides other  minor  engagements.  Soon  af- 
ter his  discharge  from  field  service,  which 
was  granted  by  reason  of  disability,  he  re- 
enlisted  in  the  regular  army,  and  was  de- 
tailed for  clerical  duty  in  the  war  depart- 
ment at  Washington.  Shortly  afterwards 
he  was  discharged  from  the  military  serv- 
ice, by  President  Lincoln,  to  accept  a  civil 
position  in  the  war  department,  which  he 
held  until  1871.  In  his  clerical  capacity. 
Judge  Searle  had  charge  of  an  important 
bureau  in  the  adjutant  general's  office,  and 
the  performance  of  his  duties  brought  him 
into  confidential  relations  with  President 
Lincoln  and  Secretary  Stanton,  for  whom 
he  came  to  feel  a  warm  affection.  He  was 
one  of  the  audience  in  Ford's  theater  the 
niglit  of  the  president's  assassination,  and 
perhaps  no  one  in  the  whole  assemblj*  was 
more  deeply  impressed  by  that  sad  fatality 
than  the  young  department  clerk.  During 
the  period  of  his  service  in  the  war  depart- 
ment, Mr.  Searle  attended  the  Columbia 
Law  College  of  Washington,  graduating 
with  high  honors  in  1868.  He  came  direct- 
ly to  Minnesota  after  severing  his  connec- 
tion with  the  federal  government,  and  lo- 
cated at  St.  Cloud,  where  he  began  tlie 
practice  of  his  profession,  associating  him- 
self with  Hon.  E.  O.  Hamlin,  as  a  partner  in 
the  firm  of  Hamlin  &  Searle.  This  partner- 
ship was  dissolved  a  year  later  by  Judge 
Hamlin's  removal  to  Pennsylvania,  after 
which  Mr.  Searle  practiced  by  himself,  at- 
taining a  prominent  position  in  legal  cir- 
cles. He  served  as  city  attorney  of  St. 
Cloud  for  six  years,  and,  in  1880,  as  Repub- 
lican candidate  for  the  office  of  attorney'  for 
Stearns  county,  was  elected  by  a  large  ma- 
jority, in  spite  of  the  fact  that  the  county 
was  strongly  Democratic.  In  April,  1882, 
he  was  appointed  United  States  district  at- 


HISTORY   OF   THE   GREAT   NORTHWEST. 


torney  for  the  district  of  Minnesota,  by 
President  Arthur,  and  served  with  eonspio- 
iious  ability  until  December,  1885,  resigning 
in  order  to  give  President  Cleveland  a 
diance  to  appoint  his  successor.  In  Octo- 
ber, 1887,  he  was  appointed  to  the  bench  of 
the  Seventh  judicial  district  of  Minnesota. 
He  has  sened  continuously  in  that  office 
since  that  time,  and  has  just  been  re-elected 
for  another  six-year  term,  with  no  opx>osi- 
tion.  He  has  made  an  enviable  record  on 
the  bench,  and  has  won  special  credit  by 
his  decisions  in  the  notorious  "pine  land 
ring"  case  and  the  '"Avon  school''  case.  His 
declaration  in  the  latter  case  was  the  most 
direct  and  emphatic  ever  issued  by  any 
court  in  the  country,  prohibiting  sectarian 
jirayers  and  religious  instruction  in  the 
public  schools.  The  same  qualities  which 
united  to  make  Judge  Searle  a  good  lawyer 
serve  him  equ.ally  well  in  discharging  the 
duties  of  judge.  He  is  honest,  painstaking 
and  trustworthy.  In  the  investigations  es- 
sential to  a  correct  decision,  lie  is  just  as 
patient  and  just  as  thorough  as  if  conduct- 
ing a  case  in  court  for  his  client.  There  is 
perhaps  no  judge  in  the  state  more  indus- 
trious in  the  examination  of  authorities, 
and  none  more  desirous  of  reaching  a  right 
conclusion.  During  his  years  of  general 
practice.  Judge  Searle  was  attorney  succes- 
sively for  the  Northern  Pacific,  the  IMinne- 
apolis  &  Manitoba,  the  Great  Northern  and 
the  "Soo"  roads.  In  politics,  he  has  always 
been  a  Republican,  and  previous  to  taking 
the  bench  figured  iii-ominently  in  state  poli- 
tics. He  served  as  a  member  of  the  Repub- 
lican state  central  committee  in  1880  and 
1887,  and  took  an  active  part  in  the  national 
campaign  of  1884.  He  was  nominated  for 
congress  from  the  Sixth  district  in  1892,  and 
made  a  brilliant  campaign,  being  defeated, 
however,  by  a  very  small  majority.  Judge 
Searle  has  always  been  liberal  of  his  time 
in  support  of  public  enterprises  and  given 
his  best  judgment  in  the  proper  conduct  of 
the  municipal  affairs  of  his  own  city.  He  is 
a  prominent  member  of  the  Grand  Army  of 
the  Republic,  and  on  October  24,  1896,  was 
appointed  aide-de-camp,  with  the  rank  of 
colonel,  on  the  staff  of  the  commander-in- 


chief.  He  was  department  commander  of 
the  Department  of  Minnesota  for  the  year 
1899,  and  served  as  senior  vice  commander 
the  year  prior  thereto.  He  is  also  a  Knight 
Templar,  of  the  Columbia  Commandery  of 
Washington,  D.  C,  a  Knight  of  Pythias, 
and  a  member  of  the  Elks.  He  was  united 
in  marriage,  February  Id,  1875,  to  Elizabeth 
Clarke,  of  Worcester,  Mass.  The  only  child 
boi-n  to  Iheiii  died  at  the  age  of  five  years. 


WERNER,  Nils  O.,  the  president  of  the 
Swedish  American  National  Bank  of  Min- 
neapolis, is  a  splendid  representative  of  that 
class  of  American  citizens  who,  coming  to 
this  country  from  the  ice-bound  shores  of 
the  Scandinavian  peninsula,  have  contribut- 
ed so  large  a  share  to  the  upbuilding  of  this 
great  northwest.  He  is  recognized  as  one 
of  Minneapolis'  most  substantial  business 
men,  and  his  careful  and  conservative  busi- 
ness methods  have  won  for  him  the  con- 
fidence of  the  public  in  a  high  degree.  His 
ancestors  for  many  generations  were  tillers 
of  the  soil  in  Sweden  and  representative  of 
that  sturdy  class  which  has  been  the  back- 
hiinc  of  the  nation  and  i)reserved  it  intact 
from  the  grasping  hands  of  other  European 


HISTORY   OF  THE   GUEAT   NORTHWEST. 


NILS   O.    WERNER. 

countries.  He  is  the  son  of  Ola  Werner  and 
Cherstin  (Swenson)  Werner.  His  paternal 
grandfather  was  a  soldier  and  non-commis- 
sioned officer  in  the  regular  army  of  Sweden, 
and  fought  in  the  wars  against  Napoleon  in 
1813-14.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  re- 
turned to  his  farm.  Nils  was  born  on  the 
old  ancestral  homestead  near  Christianstad, 
Sweden,  January  19, 1848.  He  attended  the 
common  schools  of  the  parish  until  he  was 
thirteen  years  old,  when  he  entered  the 
Christianstad  college,  taking  the  full  classi- 
cal course,  and  graduated  in  June,  1868. 
In  September  of  the  same  year  he  emigrated 
to  the  United  States.  His  parents  and 
brother  and  sister  had  preceded  him  a  few 
months,  locating  at  Princeton,  111.  Shortly 
after  his  arrival  at  this  place,  Mr.  Werner 
took  up  the  study  of  law  in  the  office  of  Hon. 
James  S.  Eckles,  remaining  there  for  nearly 
two  years,  when  he  removed  to  Red  Wing. 
Minn.  Here  he  resumed  his  law  studies  in 
the  oflice  of  Hon.  Wm.  W.  Phelps,  one  of  the 
first  congressmen  from  the  state  of  Minne- 
sota. He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  the 
spring  of  1871,  and  commenced  practice  at 
once  in  Red  Wing.  He  continued  in  the 
practice  of  law  until  1888.     From  the  first 


he  won  the  respect  of  the  bar  and  succeeded 
ill  building  up  a  lucrative  law  practice  with- 
in a  comparatively  short  time.  In  1874  he 
was  elected  to  the  office  of  Judge  of  Probate 
foi  (Joodhue  county,  which  office  he  held 
continuously  for  the  next  ten  years  without 
(i]iposition  from  either  of  the  political  par- 
lies. Mr.  Werner,  while  a  resident  of  Red 
^^'ing,  always  found  time  to  take  some  in- 
terest in  the  public  affairs  of  the  town,  and 
for  many  years  served  as  a  member  of  the 
board  of  education  and  the  city  council, 
holding  all  of  these  positions  at  the  same 
time.  His  political  affiliations  have  always 
lieen  with  the  Republican  party,  of  which  he 
has  been  an  active  member  ever  since  his 
residence  in  the  state.  He  represented  his 
district  in  both  state  and  congressional  con- 
ventions for  many  years,  and  was  a  member 
of  the  Republican  state  central  committee 
twice,  from  1886  to  1888,  and  from  1898  to 
1900.  In  1888  he  removed  to  Minneapolis 
and  assisted  in  organizing  the  Swedish 
American  bank,  becoming  its  cashier.  In 
January.  1S!)4,  he  was  elected  president  of 
the  bank.  This  bank  was  organized  as  a 
state  bank  with  a  capital  of  flOO.OOO,  which, 
however,  was  increased  in  1890  to  |1250,000. 
In  April,  1894,  this  institution  was  made  a 
national  bank,  and  given  the  title  of  the 
Swedish  American  National  Bank  of  Minne- 
apolis. It  has  carried  on  a  very  successful 
business  from  the  start  under  the  careful 
and  conservative  business  management  of 
Mr.  Werner.  Mr.  Werner  is  also  connected 
with  a  number  of  other  successful  business 
enterprises.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Minne-. 
apolis  club.  His  church  connections  are 
with  the  St.  John's  English  Lutheran 
church  of  Minneapolis,  of  which  he  is  a 
member,  as  well  as  his  family.  He  was 
married  August  17, 1872,  to  Miss  Eva  C.  An- 
derson, at  Red  Wing.  Mrs.  Werner  is  also 
a  native  of  Sweden.  They  have  three  chil- 
dren: Carl  Alexis,  Anna  Olivia  and  Nils 
Olof. 


HI'LBERT,  Charles  Smith.— Charles 
Smith  Hulbert  is  city  treasurer  of  Minneap- 
olis, to  which  office  he  was  elected  in  March, 


HISTORT   OF   THE   GREAT   NORTHWEST. 


ISnT,  by  the  t-ity  council  of  Minneapolis,  to 
fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  the  resij;nation  of 
A.  C.  Haujran.       Mr.  Hulbert    took   hold  of 
this  office  at  a  time  when  it  seemed  almost 
impossible  to  induce  any  man  to  take  it  and 
furnish  the  large  bond    required.       Such    a 
jteculiar  situation  was  due  to  the  determina- 
tion of  the  city  council  not   to    accej)t   any- 
Ihinji  but  gilt-edged  securities  in  the  shape 
of  bonds.     The  treasurer-elect  had  failed  to 
c|ualify,  and  after  repeated   failures   to    se- 
cure a  successor,  Mr.  Hulbert  stepped  in  to 
till  the  breach.     He  is  a  native  of  New  York 
state,  and  was  born  ^larch  7,  1832,  in  Fay- 
etteville,  Onondaga   county.     His    parents, 
Stephen  and   Anna    \Yright    Hulbert,   were 
both  natives  of  the  Emj)ire  state.     The  fa- 
ther was  a  mechanic  and  acquired  a  moder- 
ate competence  by   working   at    his   trade. 
Charles  attended  the  common  schools  until 
he  was  fourteen  years  of  age,  when  he  began 
working  on  a  farm.     Not  being  strong  phys- 
ii-ally,  he  was  compelled  to  give  up  this  kind 
of  work,  and  coming  west  secured  a  posi- 
tion as   clerk  in   a   store  at   B'elvidere,   111. 
Having  been  frugal  and  industrious   in    his 
habits,  he  was  able,  at  the  age  of  22,  to  em- 
bark in   the   hardware   business   at   Lyons, 
Iowa.     This  business  proved  successful    un- 
til the  winter  of  "oG-'oT,  when  he  suffered 
heavy  losses  by  fire,  which,  followed  by  the 
hard  times  of  the  latter  year,  drove  him  to 
the  wall.       He  settled  up  all  his  indebted- 
ness, however,  and,  with  a  very  limited  capi- 
tal,   moved  to    Minnesota    and    located     at 
Xorthfield  in  the  spring  of  ISOO,  where  he 
lipened  up  a  general  merchandise  store.      In 
1862,  Mr.  Hulbert  moved  to  Chicago  iind  ac- 
cepted a  position  with  the  wholesale  firm  of 
Wm.  Blair  &  Co.     His  health  failing  a  year 
later,  he  returned  to  Xorthfield   and   again 
engaged  in  the   genei'al   merchandise   busi- 
ness.    On  the  opening  up  of  the  Iowa  and 
.Minnesota  division  of  the  Chicago,  Milwau- 
kee &  St.  Paul  railway  in  the  fall  of  1865, 
he  accepted  the  position  of  local  agent  of 
the  company  at  Xorthfield.      In  connection 
with  this,  he  built  up   a  good   business   in 
grain,  lumber,  agricultural  implements,  etc. 
He  also  had  charge,  on  this  division,  of   the 
wheat  buying  for  the  Millers'   Association 


CHARLES    S.    HUI.IiKKT. 

of  Minneapolis.  In  the  spring  of  187G,  Mr. 
Hulbert  moved  to  Minneapolis  and  took  a 
position  as  traveling  agent  for  this  associa- 
tion. In  October.  1878,  he  organized  the 
rillsbury  &  Hulbert  Elevator  Company  for 
the  building  and  operating  of  grain  eleva- 
tors in  the  northwest.  At  this  time,  what 
is  now  the  Great  Xorthern  railway  was  rap- 
idly constructing  its  line,  and  the  new  firm 
followed  closely  in  its  wake  and  soon  had 
1600,000  invested  in  elevators  along  this 
line.  The  venture  proved  a  very  successful 
one.  The  last  year  Mr.  Hulbert  managed 
the  attairs  of  this  company  it  received  from 
fai'uiers'  wagons  more  than  10,000,000  bush- 
els of  grain,  which  is  believed  to  be  the  lar- 
gest amount  of  grain  handled  by  a  like  num- 
ber of  houses  in  one  year.  Breaking  down 
from  over-work,  Mr.  Hulbert  closed  out  his 
interest  in  the  firm  to  C.  A.  Pillsbury  &  Co., 
and  with  his  wife  and  daughter  spent  sev- 
eral years  abroad.  \Miile  absent,  the  Inter- 
State  Grain  Company  and  the  Swedish 
American  National  Bank  were  organized. 
.Mr.  Hulbert  was  largely  interested  in  both 
(if  these  institutions.  He  served  as  presi 
(lent  of  the  Inter-State  company  until  it  sold 
out  to  Van  Dusen  &  Co.,  after   having  en- 


HISTORY   OF  THE   GREAT   NORTHWEST. 


joyed  several  years  of  successful  business. 
lie  has  also  served  as  vice-president  of  the 
Swedish  American  National  bank  ever  since 
its  organization.  In  ]\Iarch,  1897,  he  was 
elected  city  treasurer  of  Minneapolis  by  the 
city  council.  It  was  only,  however,  at  the 
solicitation  of  the  substantial  business  men 
of  the  city  that  Mr.  Hulbert  was  induced  to 
accept  this  position.  He  was  persuaded,  al- 
so, to  take  the  nomination  for  this  office  in 
1898,  and  received  a  handsome  endorsement 
at  the  polls  in  the  election  of  that  year.  He 
was  re-elected  to  the  office  in  1900.  He  has 
made  an  admirable  record  in  that  office,  and 
is  the  best  treasurer  the  city  ever  had.  His 
administration  of  the  office  has  been  on  thor- 
ough business  principles  and  he  has  the  con- 
fidence of  the  business  community  in  a  high 
degree.  Mr.  Hulbert  is  a  Republican  in  pol- 
itics, but  he  has  never  taken  a  very  active 
part  in  political  affairs.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Plymouth  Congregational  church.  In 
September,  1856,  he  was  married  to  Julia 
Jennings  Goodsell,  a  daughter  of  Charles 
Morehouse  Goodsell,  the  founder  of  Carle- 
ton  College,  at  Northfield.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Hulbert  have  one  child,  a  daughter,  now 
Mrs.  Willard  Jerome  Kling,  of  Minneapolis. 


VAN  TUYL,  Charles  White.— After  six- 
teen years  in  railroad  business,  in  which  he 
had  achieved  a  fair  amount  of  success,  the 
subject  of  this  sketch  entered  the  insurance 
business.  He  is  now  the  general  agent  of 
the  State  Mutual  Life  Assurance  Company, 
of  Worcester,  Mass.,  at  Minneapolis,  and 
is  regarded  as  one  of  the  leading  under- 
writers of  that  city.  He  was  born  Decem- 
ber 17,  1859,  in  Addison,  Steuben  county, 
N.  Y.  As  his  name  would  indicate,  he 
is  of  Dutch  descent.  His  ancestors  were 
originally  natives  of  Holland,  and  the  full 
family  name  there  at  present  is  van  Tuyl 
van  Serooskerken.  The  family  is  of  Frisian 
origin,  and  Tuyl  was  the  name  of  a  small 
town  in  that  province.  The  American 
branch  is  descended  from  several  brothers 
who  came  to  this  country  about  1720.  Mr. 
Van  Tuyl's  direct  ancestor  located  in  the 
Mohawk  Valley,  New  York.     It   was   here 


that  Ebenezer  Van  Tuyl,  the  father  of  the 
subject  of  this  sketch,  was  born,  who  died 
in  October,  1900.  He  was  for  many  years 
engaged  in  railroad  business,  and  until  re- 
cently was  manager  of  the  Western  Car 
Service  Association  of  Omaha,  Neb.,  re- 
signing on  account  of  advanced  age  and 
poor  health.  Mr.  Van  Tuyl  had  an  honor- 
able war  record.  He  was  captain  of  Co.  G, 
of  the  1st  New  York  volunteers,  remaining  in 
the  service  about  two  years.  He  was  in  the 
army  of  the  Potomac  during  McClellan's 
peninsular  campaign,  and  the  events  follow- 
ing, until  the  battle  of  Chancellorsville, 
when  he  was  wounded  and  taken  prisoner. 
He  was  so  badly  wounded  that  he  could  not 
be  moved  from  the  battle  field,  and  this  was 
all  that  saved  him,  probably,  from  death  in 
a  Confederate  prison.  He  was  exchanged  a 
few  days  after  this  battle,  which  ended  his 
military  career.  Since  the  war  he  has  been 
engaged  almost  continuously  in  railroad 
business.  The  maiden  name  of  the  mother 
of  the  subject  of  this  sketch  was  Sarah  A. 
McNeil.  She  was  the  daughter  of  a  well-to- 
do  farmer  living  in  Tioga  county.  New  York, 
and  of  Scotch-Irish  descent,  her  ancestors 
having  settled  in  Central  New  York  in  the 
early  days  of  that  colony.  The  first  school 
Charles  attended  was  the  primary  depart- 
ment of  the  village  school  in  Hornellsville, 
N.  Y.  His  family  removed  from  Hornells- 
ville to  a  farm  in  Tioga  county,  about  six 
and  one  half  miles  from  Owego  village,  when 
he  was  six  years  of  age.  From  his  sixth  to 
tenth  year  his  only  schooling  consisted  of  a 
few  months  each  je&v  in  the  district  school. 
He  then  spent  one  year  in  a  first  class 
graded  school  in  Binghamton,  N.  Y.  The 
next  three  years  his  educational  facil- 
ities were  limited  to  the  attendance  of  only 
a  few  months  each  year  in  the  district 
school.  When  he  was  fourteen  his  family 
moved  to  Binghamton,  where  he  enjoyed  the 
advantages  of  the  Binghamton  graded 
school  and  high  school  for  the  next  three 
years.  He  commenced  his  business  career 
in  the  employment  of  the  United  States  ex- 
press company  at  Binghamton,  serving  in 
the  position  of  a  driver  for  a  few  months. 
This    was    in    1875.     He    was    then    given 


u[s-i'<>i:y  oi'  TiiK  (;ki;a'I'  n(ii:tii\vest 


;i  i-Ici-Usliip  in  till'  t'i('i';lit  <ittii-c  of  the  V.v'u' 
railway  al  tlii'.t  pDiiit.  where  he  remained. 
tiliin<.^  variims  ]ii>siiii>iis  iu  the  office,  for 
about  six  veaiis.  He  removed  to  Onialia. 
Neb.,  in  Man-h,  18S2,  joining  his  father  and 
family  who  had  ])i-efeded  liiui  tlieie  six 
montlis.  In  September  of  that  year  he  ob 
tuiiied  :i  rlerkslii]!  in  the  freij;ht  auditor's 
oflice  of  tile  I'nion  I'aritii-  railway.  He  was 
promoted  throuiih  various  <;radations  in  the 
freifiht  auditor's  oHice  until  he  was  appoint- 
ed i-hii'f  rlerk  (if  rhe  freijiht  claiiu  de])art- 
nicut.  wliii-li  was  a  snlidi-parlnieiit  of  the 
former  oflice.  In  October,  ls<s4,  he  was  ap- 
])oiuted  assistant  freijjht  claim  ajijent,  with 
headi|narlers  al  Salt  Lake  I'ity.     In  Di^ceiu 

bi'I-.  of  Ihe  ye.ir  folliiwill.U.  there  oi-c\irred  one 

of  the  periodiral  clian^i's  in  the  nianaj;e- 
meiil  ot  the  I'nion  I'arilir.  and  his  pcisition. 
to<;(*tlier  with  a  host  of  othei-s  of  {jreater  or 
less  importance,  was  abolished  and  the  work 
consolidated  with  other  departments.  He 
leturned  to  Omaha  and  was  fjiven  a  clerk- 
shijj  in  the  freij;ht  claim  department  aj;ain. 
but  subsequently  was  re-appointed  to  his  old 
]iosition  of  chief  clerk  in  that  department. 
He  held  this  position  until  Novemlier  30, 
1S!I2,  when  he  resijined  to  f;o  into  the  insur- 
ance business.  His  first  en<iat;enient  in  this 
line  was  with  the  Xorthwesterii  Mutual  Life 
afiency  at  Omaha.  He  gave  this  uji  to  ar 
ce])t  the  Minneapolis  agency  of  the  State 
Mutual  Life  Assurance  ( V)m])any,  of  Worces- 
ter, romiiig  to  Minneapolis  in  November, 
iS'.t."..  He  has  been  highly  successful  in  this 
]iosition,  and  the  agency  under  his  charge 
has  gi'own  quite  prosfierous.  .Mr.  \',in  Tuyl 
has  always  taken  a  j)roniinent  part  in  the  af- 
fairs of  the  Life  I'nderwriters"  Association. 
At  the  National  T'nderwriters"  convention 
held  in  Chiiago  in  June,  181)4,  he  was  the 
first  winner  of  the  Calef  loving  cuj),  offered 
annually  as  a  prize  for  the  best  essay  on  a 
selected  life  insurance  topic.  Again  at  the 
national  convention  held  in  Minneajtolis  in 
August.  1S!)S,  he  made  an  address  w  liich  has 
attracted  considerable  attention  from  the  in 
surance  press  all  o\er  the  country.  He 
.served  as  president  of  tlii'  Minnesota  asso- 
ciati{Mi  in  1S!».5,  and  in  like  capacity  for  the 
^linneapolis  ass(jciation  the   following   \ear. 


in.\i;i.i;s  w.  v.\N  •ft "VI.. 
.Mr.  \'an  Tuyl  is  a  Hejuililican  in  iniuciple. 
but  does  not  take  an  active  ]iarl  in  politics. 
lie  is  a  meiiil)er  of  tlic  Coiuinercial  Club  and 
of  Westminster  Presbyterian  <hurcl^  In 
September,  ISCO,  he  was  nnirried  to  Kathe- 
rine,  J.  Bingham,  at  Northfield.  .Minn.  Five 
children  have  been  born  to  them.  Kuth. 
Olive.  Hugh  Oliver,  Kiiy  Whittier  and  Kath 
eiiiie.     Hugh  and  Olive  are  deceased. 


FORT,  Greeubury  L.,  was  born  in  Mar- 
shall county,  111.,  June  !l.  is.->(i,  on  his 
father's  farm  near  Lacoi;.  the  county  seat. 
Ilis  father.  Washington  l».  Fort,  was  born 
iu  Scioto  county,  Ohio,  and  moved  with  hia 
parents  in  an  early  day  to  Illinois.  Chicago, 
one  hundred  and  twenty  miles  from  the 
farm  that  he  selected,  though  only  a  small 
village,  was  the  nearest  trading  point.  He 
w.is  a  man  of  great  energy  and  industry,  and 
]pros]iered.  He  became  one  of  the  leading 
men  in  the  townshij),  ever  ready  with  a  help- 
ing h.iiid  to  the  needy,  and  highly  resiiected 
tor  his  siiotless  integrity,  being  frequently 
|ilaccd  by  the  jieople  in  jiositions  of  trust. 
His  wife,  who  was  married  to  him  when  only 
seventeen  years  old.  was  a  native  of  Keii- 
liickv.  born  near  Frankfoii.  and  came  to  Illi- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


GKEEXBURY   L.   FORT. 

nois  with  her  parents  when  in  her  teens. 
Her  maiden  name  was  Sarali  S.  Fostei'. 
Her  father  was  John  Cracraft  Foster,  a 
noted  woodsman  and  hunter,  who,  without 
the  advantages  of  a  school,  became,  by  his 
own  exertions,  a  well-informed  man  of  good 
general  information. 

The  Fort  famil}-  is  of  French  extraction, 
its  progenitors  settling  first  in  Maryland. 
The  original  name  was  De  la  Fuert,  which 
in  English  was  pronounced  "Fort."  The 
descendants,  beginning  with  Mr.  G.  L.  Fort's 
father,  uncle,  and  aunt,  adopted  the  simpler 
English  s[)elling  of  the  name.  His  grand- 
father, lienjamin,  and  grandmother,  Mary, 
born  in  Maryland,  retained  the  old  spelling 
"Feurt." 

The  early  education  of  the  subject  of  this 
sketch  was,  like  that  of  most  farmer  boys, 
in  the  old-fashioned  district  school,  where, 
perhaps  because  of  the  few  studies  pursued, 
pupils  learned  most  thoroughly  the  funda- 
mentals of  education.  Many  believe  that 
the  methods  of  modern  schools,  with  their 
multitude  of  subjects,  do  not  produce  results 
equal  to  those  of  schools  limited  strictly  to 
the  primary  branches  of  reading,  spelling, 
arithmetic,  geography  and   grammar,   with 


the  continuous  and  strenuous  drill  of  the 
olden  time.  When  young  Fort  was  "well 
grounded"  in  the  studies  taught  at  the  old 
"Rosemont"  district  school  he  went  to  the 
Illinois  Wesleyan  University,  at  Blooming- 
ton.  To  obtain  means  to  pursue  his  studies 
he  taught  school  in  Marshall  and  Woodford 
counties.  But,  like  many  other  young  men, 
having  reached  the  sophomore  year  of  his 
college  course  he  concluded  to  take  a  short 
cut  to  his  profession,  and  entered  the  law 
department  of  the  Northwestern  University 
and  graduated  in  the  class  of  1882,  being 
also  a  member  of  the  college  fraternity  Phi 
Gamma  Delta.  He  immediately  pushed  out 
to  Bismarck,  X.  D.,  and  entered  into 
partnership  with  his  brother,  now  Judge 
John  F.  Fort,  who  is  still  on  the  bench  as 
county  judge  of  the  county  of  Burleigh, 
serving  his  second  term.  In  January,  1886. 
Mr.  Fort  came  to  Minneapolis  and  entered 
upon  practice  with  the  result  that  he  soon 
took  influential  rank  in  his  profession.  In 
1S04  he  was  elected  to  the  city  council  from 
the  Tliirteenth  ward  by  a  large  majority,  re- 
ceiving sixty  per  cent  of  the  popular  vote 
against  the  opposition  of  both  the  Democrat- 
ic and  Populist  parties.  In  council  he  was 
chosen  chainnan  of  committee  on  ordinances, 
where  his  legal  talents  were  called  in  requisi- 
tion to  the  advantage  of  that  body.  Owing 
to  the  high  estimate  of  his  character  the 
coiincil,  on  the  expiration  of  his  term,  elected 
him,  in  1809,  city  assessor. 

Mr.  Fort  is  a  staunch  Republican  and  has 
always  taken  an  interest  in  public  affairs. 
He  assisted  in  the  organization  of  the  First 
Regiment  of  the  Dakota  National  Guard, 
the  first  miltary  organization  in  that  ter-- 
ritory.  He  held  successively  the  three  com- 
missioned ofTices  of  Company  "A,"  the  first 
company  formed,  O.  W.  Bennett  being  the 
first  captain.  On  the  organization  of  the 
brigade  he  was  appointed  judge  advocate 
with  rank  of  major. 

In  1887  Major  Fort  was  nuirried  to  Miss 
Clara  Fortier,  of  Granite  Falls,  the  daughter 
of  Joseph  and  Sarah  E.  Fortier,  early  set- 
tlers in  Yellow  Medicine  county.  Joseph 
Fortier  was  one  of  the  very  first  men  in  that 
region,  being  a  post  trader.    He  was  a  mem- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


bei-  of  the  Benville  Rangers  and  fought  in 
the  Indian  war  of  the  frontier  from  ISOl  to 
lS(i5,  receiving  a  severe  wound.  He  then  be- 
came a  merchant,  and  was  for  many  years 
the  sheritT  of  the  county.  The  union  was  a 
liappy  one,  and  they  are  parents  of  one  chihl. 
now  eleven  years  old,  named  Arthur  Fort. 

Mr.  Fort  is  one  of  the  most  influential 
men  in  the  ward  and  his  position  as  city  as 
sessor  gave  him  a  prestige  throughout  the 
whole  city.  He  has  a  bright  future,  which 
his  many  friends  will  be  glad  to  assist  in 
making  hapjiy  and  useful. 


RUNCE.  August  Henry. —  Coolness, 
courage  and  (juick  judgment  are  essential  in 
the  equipment  of  brave  men  who  daily  risk 
their  lives  in  the  hazardous  occupation  of 
protecting  life  and  projterty  from  tii-e  in  our 
large  cities.  No  man  ])ossesses  these  (juali- 
flcations  in  a  higher  degree  than  August 
Henry  Runge,  first  assistant  chief  of  the 
Minneapolis  fire  department.  !Mr.  Runge 
has  been  connected  with  the  lire  department 
of  that  city  for  the  past  twenty-six  years, 
and  takes  high  rank  among  the  fiieflghters 
of  the  country  as  a  brave  and  efficient  ol!i- 
cer.  He  was  born  in  New  York  City  Felnni- 
ard  12,  isr)2,  of  Oermau  descent,  both  his 
l)arents  having  been  born  in  Germany.  His 
father,  Henry  August  Runge,  was  engaged 
in  the  grocery  business  in  the  city  of  New 
York.  He  died  when  the  subject  of  this 
sketch  was  but  four  years  of  age.  His  wife's 
maiden  name  was  Marie  Christina  Sophia 
Kracke.  She  survived  her  husband  for  many 
years,  passing  away  at  her  son's  home  in 
Minneajmlis  in  18S5.  August  attended  the 
public  schools  of  New  York  until  he  was 
twelve  years  of  age,  at  which  time  his  ad- 
venturous spirit  led  him  to  follow  life  on  the 
high  seas.  He  enlisted  in  the  navy  Sejitem- 
ber  22,  1864,  as  an  apprentice  bity  of  the 
third  class.  His  good  behavior  and  close  at- 
tention to  his  duties  won  for  him  in  a  short 
time  promotion  to  the  second  class,  and 
from  there,  by  successive  stei)S,  to  first  class 
landsman,  ordinaiy  seaman  and  seaman. 
He  was  discharged  from  the  navy,  March  1, 
1870,  in  the  latler  class.    Duriu';  his  term  of 


service,  Mr.  Runge  served  in  the  Cnited 
States  ships,  "Savannah,"  "Fah  Kee,"  "Sa- 
bine," "Colorado,"  "Newburu,"  "rensacola," 
"Independence"  and  "Vermont,"  %hich 
were  attached  to  the  North  Atlantic,  Euro- 
pean and  I'acifie  squadrons,  under  Admirals 
Farragut,  I'orter,  (ioldsborough,  Thatcher 
and  Craven.  After  leaving  the  navy,  he 
went  to  the  oil  regions  in  Tennsylvania.  He 
here  learned  all  there  was  to  know  about 
the  drilling  of  wells,  from  running  an  en- 
gine to  dressing  tools.  He  was  unfortunate 
enough,  however,  to  sink  all  his  sui-jjIus 
cash  in  a  "dry  hole.  This  discouraging 
him,  he  decided  to  seek  his  fortune  in  the 
west.  He  arrived  in  Jlinueapolis  October 
28,  1873,  and  was  immediately  engaged  as 
an  engineer  with  the  Tribune  company, 
which  at  that  time  had  its  offices  in  the  old 
city  liall.  He  renutined  with  this  concern 
nufil  May,  iss;^,,  when  he  resigned  to  accept 
the  appointment  of  first  assistant  chief  en- 
gineer of  the  fire  department.  When  Mr. 
Runge  came  to  ^Minneajiolis  the  city  was 
protected  by  only  a  volunteer  fire  depart- 
iiHiii.  He  joined  this  force  October  ."5,  1874, 
Willi  truck  No.  1.  I'pon  the  dispersement 
of  the   VKliinlccrs.   and   the   orgaiiizaticm   of 


HISTORY  OF  THE  (iUlOAl'  NOHTHWEST. 


the  regular  depai-tineiil  in  IST'.I,  he  was  aji- 
pointed  captain  of  Tru(k  >«o.  1.  lu  Decem- 
ber, ISSl,  he  was  appointed  second  assistant 
chief  engineer,  and  in  May  of  the  following 
year  tii-st  assistant  chief  engineer  "at  call."" 
This  (ittice  was  made  permanent  in  May, 
lS8i{,  and  from  that  time  on  Mr.  Kunge  de- 
voted all  his  time  to  the  duties  of  this  posi- 
tion. He  was  appointed  chief  engineer  in 
January,  1S!>0,  and  held  this  position  until 
January,  1895,  when  he  resigned.  In  Janu- 
ary of  the  following  year  he  was  apjiointed 
to  his  present  position  of  first  assistant 
chief  of  the  fire  department.  Mr.  Kunge 
has  made  an  admirable  record  in  this  capac- 
ity. His  judgment  has  been  quick  and  ac- 
curate in  the  handling  of  large  tires,  and  he 
has  won  for  himself  the  complete  contidence 
of  the  business  community.  He  is  a  promi- 
nent member  of  the  G.  A.  R.  and  Jsaral  Vet- 
erans. He  is  present  commander  of  Jacob 
Schaefer  Post,  No.  1G3,  G.  A.  R.;  past  colo- 
nel and  adjutant  of  Gettysburg  Regiment, 
No.  8,  Union  Veterans'  Union;  general  of 
the  Army  of  Minnesota,  Naval  Veterans' 
Union;  ex-captain  of  Minnesota  Naval  Vet- 
erans' Association,  and  lieutenant-command- 
er of  the  National  Association  of  Naval  Vet- 
erans. Mr.  Runge  is  also  prominent  in 
Masonic  circles  and  a  thirty-second  degree 
Mason.  He  is  identified  with  the  Episcopal 
church,  and  is  a  member  of  St.  Andrews. 
February  12,  187(i,  he  was  married  to  Miss 
Louisa  von  Ende,  eldest  daughter  of  the  Hon. 
August  von  Ende.  They  have  two  daugh- 
ters, Mabel  Sophia,  born  March  22,  1878, 
and  Anna  Louisa  Hazel,  born  September 
4,  1885.  Both  the  girls  are  musically  in- 
clined, ^label  sings  soprano  at  the  Church 
of  the  Redeemer,  and  Hazel,  who  is  in  the 
eighth  grade  at  the  Blaine  school,  has  exhib- 
ited considerable  talent  in  songs  and  dan- 
cing. 


BARRET,  Anthony  Hundley.— The  ca- 
reer of  the  present  state  treasurer  of  Mon- 
tana, the  subject  of  this  sketch,  pre.sents  a 
series  of  striking  vicissitudes.  It  is  typical, 
however,  of  the  life  of  many  of  the  men  who 
have  succeeded  in  winning  fortune  and  fame 


in  I  Ills  far  western  state.  The  hardships  of 
frontier  life  only  strengthened  their  moral 
fibre,  and  no  matter  how  many  .set-backs  they 
met  wilh  in  their  struggle  for  a  competence, 
they  commenced  the  battle  anew  with  in- 
creased energy  and  dererniinatiou.  Mr.  Bar- 
ret's unique  exjierienrc  in  falling  back  on  a 
legislative  clerkship  at  earli  succeeding  ses- 
sion for  many  years,  after  a  strenuous  con- 
test with  opposing  elements  wliich  held  him 
down,  makes  very  interesting  reading.  Tlie 
story  will  be  told  in  its  proper  plai-e  in  this 
sketch.  Mv.  Barret  is  a  native  of  Kentucky, 
as  were  his  parents.  His  grandparents  were 
Virginians.  He  was  born  in  Leitchfield, 
(Jrayson  county,  January  25,  1834.  His 
father,  Augustus  Melville  Barret,  for  thirty 
years  served  his  home  county  (Edmondson) 
in  the  capacity  of  county  clerk  and  circuit 
court  clerk.  The  maiden  name  of  the  mother 
of  our  subject  was  Mary  Jane  Cunningham. 
She  died  at  about  the  age  of  28  years.  The 
paternal  grandfather  of  Mr.  Barret  served  as 
a  private  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  becoming 
aftemvards  a  missionary  Baptist  preacher. 
His  father  was  a  colonel  in  that  great  strug- 
gle for  America's  independence.  Tlie  mater- 
nal grandfather  of  Mr.  Barret  was  a  noted 
politician  in  the  Blue  Grass  state.  He  served 
in  botli  houses  of  the  Kentucky  legislature 
for  several  terms.  His  father  was  a  Gen. 
Smith  of  Revolutionary  fame,  and  a  resident 
of  \'irginia.  The  educational  privileges  en- 
joyed by  the  subject  of  this  sketch  were  of  a 
somewhat  meagre  character.  They  were  lim 
ited  to  the  log  school  houses  of  the  early 
days  of  Kentucky,  in  which  the  insti'uction 
afforded  was  very  crude  in  its  nature. 
When  twelve  years  of  age  he  went  to  Texas 
with  an  elder  brother  and  learned  the  har- 
ness and  saddlery  trade.  He  did  not  follow 
this  occupation  very  long,  however,  but  be- 
gan clerking  in  a  country  store.  He  was  en- 
gaged in  this  line  of  work  until  1858,  at 
which  time  he  removed  to  Missouri,  where 
his  father  had  preceded  him,  and  assisted  in 
the  winding  up  of  his  father's  estate.  Dur- 
ing the  session  of  the  Missouri  legislature 
in  'G0-"61,  he  served  as  a  clerk  in  the  house 
of  representatives.  He  then  went  to  St. 
Louis  and  secured  a  position   with  A.   W. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


Sproiile  &  Co.,  a  leading  clothing'  house  in 
that  city.  He  reuiaiiied  with  this  firm  until 
ISO;"),  coiiiiiig  to  Montana  in  the  spring  of 
lliat  yeai-.  His  tirst  eniiiloynient  was  cbo])- 
jiing  wo(j(l  at  the  liead  of  Alder  Gulcli,  in 
whiili  work  he  was  engaged  during  the  fol 
lowing  winter.  In  the  early  jiart  nf  ISlifl 
he  worked  at  jtlacer  mining.  In  March,  he 
was  elected  ilerk  of  the  legislative  council 
of  Montana,  and  later  was  ajjpointed  (iov 
ernor  Aleagliei-'s  pi-ivate  secretary,  also 
clerk  of  Indian  affairs  ((ien.  Meaghei-  being 
ex-olHcio  superintendent  of  Indian  affairs), 
and  assistant  territorial  auditor.  In  Feb- 
ruary, 18()7,  he  was  apjioiuted  S])ecial  In- 
dian agent  for  the  Joco,  or  Flathead,  Indian 
reservation,  and  remained  in  this  position 
until  an  agent  was  appointed  and  arrived  at 
the  agency.  For  some  time  after  this  he 
worked  at  placer  mining,  and  then  engaged 
in  the  grocery  business  at  Springville  and 
Kadei-sburg,  Jefferson  county,  but  failed. 
lie  was  elected  to  the  house  of  representa- 
tives for  the  session  of  1869,  and  after  the 
legislature  adjourned  returned  to  Kaders- 
burg  and  chopped  wood  in  the  mountains 
for  a  year.  He  clerked  in  a  grocery  store 
the  following  year,  and  served  as  chief  clerk 
in  the  house  of  representatives  at  the  next 
session  of  the  legislature.  The  winter  of 
1873  he  was  again  engaged  in  the  laborious 
work  of  chopping  wood  near  ^'^irginia  City. 
He  then  built  a  shop  at  Adobetown,  in  Al- 
der Gulch,  to  take  up  the  trade  he  had 
learned  as  a  youth  in  Texas,  that  of  saddle 
and  hainess  making.  A  short  time  later  he 
moved  to  Madison  county,  and  opened  a 
shop  at  Pony.  In  the  legislative  sessions 
of  '75-'7(i  and  '76-77  he  also  served  as  chief 
clerk  in  the  house.  In  1878,  he  removed  to 
IJutte,  and  succeeded  in  building  up  here 
the  largest  business,  as  a  dealer  in  saddles 
and  harness,  wagons,  carriages  and  farm- 
ing implements,  of  any  of  the  kind  in  the 
state.  Mr.  Barret  retired  from  active  busi 
ness  three  years  ago,  but  still  has  an  inter- 
est in  stores  at  Butte  and  Dillon,  .Mont.  He 
is  held  in  high  esteem  in  business  circles 
for  his  strict  business  integrity,  and  greatly 
admired  for  his  public  spirit  as  well  as  his 
jiersonal   character.     He  has  always   taken 


AN'-niOW    II.    IlAltUET. 

an  acti\e  interest  iu  public  affairs,  and  his 
service  in  the  legislature  is  quite  uiiiciue, 
having  served  as  chief  clerk  of  the  lower 
house  and  the  territorial  council  |pr  ten 
sessions,  and  as  a  member  of  the  house  for 
one  session.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Butte  city  council  for  two  years,  and  justice 
if  peace  for  eight  years.  He  is  a  Democrat 
in  politics,  and  as  a  reward  for  his  long 
services  iu  behalf  of  his  party  was  elected 
state  treasurer,  in  TJOO,  by  a  large  major- 
ity. Mr.  Barret  is  quite  prominent  in  Ma- 
sonic circles.  His  record  in  that  lodge  is 
summed  up  briefly,  as  follows:  Wiis  made 
a  Master  Mason  in  George  Washington 
Lodge,  No.  9,  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  February  U, 
1805;  a  Royal  Arch  Mason  in  Deer  Lodge 
Chapter,  No.  3,  Butte,  Mont.,  May  23,  1879; 
(Council  degrees  in  Helena  Council,  No.  9, 
Koyal  and  Select  Masters,  October  9,  189r); 
was  created  Knights  Templar  in  Montana 
Commandery,  No.  3,  Knights  Temjilar,  at 
Butte,  Nov.  3,  1882;  the  Degrees  of  the 
Scottish  Rite,  in<-luding  the  thirty-second, 
were  communicated  by  Harry  K.  Comley, 
acting  inspector  general  Thirty-third  De- 
gree for  ^Montana,  .lanuary  31,  1882;  was 
elected  K.  C.  of  the  Court  of  Honor,  October 


HISTORY   OF  THE   (JREAT   NORTHWEST. 


L'(i,  l,sS(i:  was  ((iroiR'ltcd  IldiiinahU'  Insjiec- 
lor  (iciicral  of  the  Soiitlicrii  .Iiirisdiction. 
A.  and  A.  IJilc  .Maicli  U,  I'.lOd,  a)  Little 
Hock,  Ai-k.,  l)y  Cluiflcs  K.  Koscnliauiii,  Act- 
inji'  Iusi)ectoi'  (ieiieral  Tliirty-tliii'd  Dejjjree; 
was  W.  M.  of  P.ulte  Lodge.  No.  Ii2,  in  1887; 
Ilisili  Priest  of  Deer  Lodge  ("liapter.  No.  :i. 
in  1S82,  and  Eminent  Coinniander  of  Mon- 
tana Coniniandei y.  No.  :',  in  188G.  AVas 
elected  Junior  (Jraud  Warden  of  the  Grand 
]^odge  in  18!t(i,  and  by  regular  advancement 
became  (Jrand  blaster,  September  21,  189!). 
\^'as  chosen  R.  E.  (Jrand  King  at  the  organi- 
zation of  the  (Jrand  Chapter  in  1891,  and 
^lost  Eminent  (Jrand  High  Priest  in  1893. 
^A'as  first  V.  E.  (Jrand  ('ommander  of  the 
(Jrand  Commandery  of  ilontana  in  1888,  and 
K.  E.  Grand  Commander  in  1889.  Mr.  Barret 
enjoys  the  unifjue  distinction  of  being  the 
only  person  who  has  ever  been  called  upon 
to  serve  at  the  head  of  the  three  Masonic 
Grand  bodie.s.  It  was  upon  his  motion  that 
the  (Jrand  (I'hapter  set  apart  !|!500  from  its 
general  fund,  and  ten  per  cent  of  its  reve- 
nues, for  the  Masonic  home  endowment 
fund.  November  9,  ISSO,  ^Mr.  Barret  was 
married  to  Miss  Lizzie  A.  Brooke,  at  Hel- 
ena, Mont.,  by  the  late  Bishop  Gilbert. 
Mrs.  Barret  is  a  native  of  Morgantown,  Va. 
No  cliildren  have  been  born  to  them.  They 
liavc.  however,  raised  two  adopted  children, 
both  happily  married  now,  and  one  who 
died  at  the  age  of  fourteen.  The  oldest,  a 
boy,  was  sent  to  college  and  is  now  a  prac- 
ticing lawyer  in  Louisville,  Ky.  The  younger, 
a  daughter,  is  living  with  her  husband  in 
Kansas  City,  Mo. 


RUSSELL,  Benjamin  Stillman. — Among 
the  men  of  New  England  lineage  who  have 
exerted  a  powerful  intiueuce  in  moulding  the 
institutions  of  the  great  Northwest,  Benja- 
min S.  Russell  stands  almost  without  a  peer. 
(Joniing  to  the  Territory  of  Dakota  in  1879, 
ten  years  before  it  was  a  state;  controlling  a 
large  body  of  land;  having  a  wide  experience 
in  a  multii)licity  of  atlairs;  well  informed  in 
history;  thoroughly  imbued  with  religious 
and  educational  instincts;  generous  almost 
to  a  fault,  and  abounding  in  energy,  he  could 


not  fail  to  be  an  animating  foice  in  any  in- 
choate community.  -Mr.  Russell's  ancestors 
were  very  early  emigi'ants  to  New  England 
from  (Jreat  ]?ritain.  The  first  settler  of  the 
family  was  AVilliam  Russell,  who  landed  at 
Quinebaug,  now  New  Haven,  Conn.,  August 
2o,  1(!?>S.  His  son,  Noadiah,  was  a  ministei' 
of  the  Congregational  church.  In  his  house 
the  first  steps  were  taken  towards  founding 
Yale  College,  and  the  first  gift  toward  tin' 
institution  was  his  donation  of  books.  Both 
he  and  his  son,  William  Rus.sell,  were  pas- 
tors of  what  is  now  the  Fii-st  (Congregational 
church  of  ]Middletown,  Conn.,  the  father  serv- 
ing tifty-five  j'ears,  and  the  son  twenty-five. 
Benjamin's  father,  Hamlin  Russell,  was  a 
farmer,  bom  in  (Jonuecticut  in  1781,  and 
moved  to  Erie  county.  Pa.,  in  1802.  He 
settled  on  a  farm  on  which  he  lived  until  he 
died  in  1852.  It  is  now  in  possession  of  his 
grandson.  He  was  a  man  of  great  influence 
in  his  day.  He  served  as  quartermaster  to 
the  trooi>s  during  the  building  of  Commodore 
Perry's  fleet  on  Lake  Erie,  during  the  war 
of  1812.  His  wife,  Benjamin's  mother,  was 
Sarah  Norcross,  of  Scotch-Irish  descent.  She 
was  maiTied  to  Hamlin  Russell  in  1810  and 
died  in  1831.  She  was  a  woman  of  strong 
character,  an  excellent  wife  and  mother,  and 
left  an  abiding  influence  on  her  children. 

Benjamin  S.  Russell  was  born  in  Erie  coun- 
ty. Pa.,  in  1822.  His  early  education  was  ob- 
tained in  a  priniative  school  organized  by  the 
neighborhood  before  the  Pennsylvania  "Com- 
mon School  Law"  was  passed.  The  books 
were  few  and  there  were  no  paraphernalia 
common  to  modern  schools.  But  that  the  in- 
structions were  thorough  and  efficient  is 
evident  from  the  scholarship  and  literary 
ability  shown  by  Mr.  Russell,  who  completed 
his  course  when  only  fourteen  j'ears  of  age, 
and  has  had  no  other  scholastic  training.  In 
183C  he  left  home,  went  to  Philadelphia  and 
secured  employment  in  a  wholesale  hard- 
ware store.  The  '"hard  times''  following 
the  panic  of  1837  cut  short  his  term  of 
office  after  four  years.  He  then  obtained 
emjiloyment  as  a  clerk  in  various  occu- 
pations until  1813,  when  he  secured  a 
position  as  teller  and  liookkeejier  in  a  Har- 
risburg  bank,  holding  this  place  until  Sep- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREiAT  NOUnn\KST. 


tcmber,  1850,  when  he  moved  to  Towanda, 
Pa.,  and  formed  a  partnership  for  a  bank 
of  his  own.  When  the  war  brolce  ont  in 
18G1,  although  i)revented  from  enlistment  by 
crippled  arms,  Mr.  Russell  t(M)l<  an  active 
part  in  every  movement  for  tiic  s\iii|iorl  of 
the  government.  He  was  a]ii)ointed  a  tiscal 
agent  for  the  government  under  Salmon  1'. 
C^hase,  the  secretary  of  the  treasury,  and  sold 
the  securities  issued  to  support  (he  bonds, 
selling  many  hundreds  of  thousands  of  dol 
lars  worth  where  government  securitii's  had 
never  before  been  bought.  Failing  health 
compelled  him  to  make  a  change.  In  18()^ 
he  sold  out  his  business  and  moved  to  I'hila- 
deljihia,  taking  a  general  agency  of  a  life  in 
surance  company  with  the  banking  house  of 
E.  W.  Clark  &  Company,  where  he  remained 
until  1871,  when  he  removed  to  Dubitli, 
Minn.,  as  a  partner  of  a  branch  house  of  that 
firm,  and  a  director  of  the  Lake  8ui>erior  \- 
Mississippi — now  St.  Paul  &  Duluth — rail- 
load.  The  business  was  continued  with  suc- 
cess until  the  great  i)anic  of  187;{  shook  the 
financial  world.  Mr.  Russell  struggled  with 
his  affairs  for  two  years  longer,  then  suc- 
cumbed with  the  rest. 

In  187:{  Mr.  Russell  was  appointed  one  of 
the  commissioners,  by  Governor  Austin,  of 
Minnesota,  under  an  act  of  the  legislature,  to 
settle  the  controversy  existing  between  the 
states  of  Wisconsin  and  Minnesota  concern- 
ing the  entrance  of  the  Bay  of  Superior,  the 
jurisdiction  of  which  had  been  in  dispute, 
and  litigation  in  the  United  States  court  for 
five  years,  at  a  cost  of  more  than  one  hunderd 
thousand  dollars  to  the  city  of  Duluth,  one 
of  the  parties  to  the  controversy.  The  com- 
mission met  at  Washington.  There  were  nine 
men  present  at  the  meeting,  including  the 
commissioners:  Governor  Wa.shburn,  Tinio 
thy  O.  Howe,  Senator  Philetus  Sawyer — then 
member  of  the  lowei'  house  and  on  the  com- 
mittee of  commerce  having  in  charge  the 
rivers  and  harbors — Jerry  Rusk,  member  of 
congress;  Senators  Alexander  Ramsey  and 
William  Windom,  and  the  commissioners. 
Sidney  Lnce,  mayor  of  Duluth,  Ex-mayor 
Joshua  B.  Culver,  and  B.  S.  Ru.ssell.  This 
aiTay  of  noted  men  indicates  the  importance 
of  the  subject  under  consideration,  and  the 


HION.IAMIN    S.    IM'SSKLL. 

public  interest  in  the  result  of  the  delibera- 
tions of  the  conference.  Of  the  nine  men 
present  only  two  survive — Alexander  Ram- 
sey and  Mr.  Russell.  The  commissicth  was 
successful  in  devising  a  jilan  of  set  I  lenient. 
It  was,  to  stop  all  controversy  over  the  en- 
trances by  making  them  all  eciually  avail- 
able for  commercial  jiurjMjses.  Tliis  could 
b(  done  by  an  ajtjjropriation  from  the  gov- 
ernment to  imjjrove  I  hem.  The  modest  sum 
of  one  hundred  thousand  dollars  was  asked 
for  this  i)uri)ose,  and  it  was  granted.  Gov- 
ernor Washburn  then  predicted  that  (he  har- 
bor of  Duluth  would  be  "the  best  on  the 
lakes."  This  has  come  to  pass  through  the 
muniflcience  of  (lie  geneial  government, 
which  has  already  expended  (wo  million  of 
dollars  in  improving  the  harbor,  and  has  ap- 
jiropriated  two  millions  more  for  contracts 
extending  over  five  years.  It  is  just  ly  a  inal 
tei-  of  pride  to  Mr.  Russell  that  he  was  iden 
tified  with  this  magnificent  enteqirise  and 
contributed  to  bring  about  the  result. 

The  reverse  at  Dululh  would  have  o\-er 
whelmed  most  men  of  .Mi'.  Russell's  years. 
r.ne  he,  buoyant  by  nalure,  and  with  courage 
undaunted,  again  resumed  his  business  activ- 
i(\-.     After  skirmishing  some  time  in  Phila- 


IIISTOUY  OF  TIIH  i;i!EAT  XOUTIIWEST. 


(li'lltliia,  be  secured  control  of  a  large  body  of 
laud  in  Dakotii — now  the  state  of  North  Da- 
kota— and  in  1S7!)  went  there  to  dispose  of 
if.  He  settled  fii-st  at  Spiritwood.  He  sold 
the  land  within  two  rears  and  removed  to 
Jamestown,  wliere  he  now  resides.  Mr.  Rus- 
sell in  politics  was  a  Whig  until  1854,  a  suj)- 
jtorter  of  David  AVilmot,  of  "Wilmot  I'ro- 
vise''  fame,  and  one  of  the  promoters  of  the 
Kepublican  party.  He  voted  for  John  C.  Fre- 
mont, in  lS,")(i  and  has  voted  for  every  llepuh- 
lican  i)residential  nominee  since.  He  has 
never  sought  oftice  nor  accepted  a  nomination 
when  offered,  but  he  has  chosen  to  be  identi- 
fied with  the  educational  institutions  of  the 
state,  and  with  the  advancement  of  religious 
interests.  He  is  a  trustee  of  the  normal 
schools  of  Xorth  Dakota,  and  a  member  of 
the  board  of  management  of  the  school  at 
Mayville.  He  is  an  active  Ejjiscopalian  and 
the  beautiful,  noble  church  at  Jamestown  is 
one  of  the  evidences  of  his  zeal.  Mr.  Russell 
was  married  to  Mary  Gaskill  at  Philadelphia 
in  1847.  She  died  in  1891.  Five  children 
survive  her,  four  sons  and  one  daughter,  and 
four  preceded  their  mother  to  the  grave. 
The  sons  are  well  settled  in  business.  The 
daughter  was  married  to  Samuel  Bucknell, 
in  1882  ,and  resides  at  East  St.  Louis. 

Notwithstanding  his  business  activity,  Mr. 
Russell  has  found  time  to  cultivate  his  men- 
tal powers.  He  has  a  remarkable  memory 
and  has  made  good  use  of  it.  He  is  a  man  of 
scholarly  attainments  and  among  his  friends 
is  regarded  as  an  authority  in  hi.story,  sacred 
and  profane,  ancient  and  modern.  The  im- 
]»ress  of  his  forceful  character  will  be  re- 
tained in  that  growing  state  for  generations 
to  come,  and  men  will  bless  the  day  when  the 
panic  of  1873  sent  him  to  live  among  them. 


HUNTER,  (Miarles  Henry.— To  nii-et  a 
man  who  has  attained  eminence  as  a  physi- 
cian and  surgeon,  inspires  one's  admiration; 
but  to  know  one,  who  has  not  only  accom- 
I)lished  this,  but  who  is  also  widely  known 
because  of  his  active  interest  in  all  that 
tends  to  the  advancement  of  mankind,  is  as 
unusual  as  it  is  jileasing.  To  be  a  judge  of 
what  is   best   in   literature,   to   be   familiar 


with  the  books  of  the  day,  to  be  able  to  dis- 
cuss intelligently  the  <-omplex  political  prob- 
lems of  the  nation,  to  keep  abreast  of  all 
scientific  advancement,  to  be  actively  inter- 
ested in  athletics,  to  be  in  demand  as  an  after- 
dinner  speaker,  to  appreciate  a  joke,  as  well 
as  know  how  to  tell  one,  in  addition  to  sus- 
taining an  eiivialde  rejiutation  in  a  ])rofes- 
sion  which  ordinarily  demands  all  of  one's 
time  and  energy,  entitles  one,  surely,  to  be 
known  as  a  many-sided  man.  Such  a  man  is 
Charles  Henry  Hunter. 

Rorn  February  (5, 18o:}.  at  ('linton.  Me.,  his 
early  youth  was  spent  in  the  home  of  his  fa- 
ther, (Jeorge  H.  Huntei-,  now  a  meri-hant  of 
the  neighboring  town  of  I'ittstield.  Here 
he  received  his  elementary  education,  after 
which  he  attended  the  Maine  Central  in- 
stitute, located  in  this  village.  In  the  fall 
of  1870  he  entered  Rowdoin  ("ollege,  from 
which  he  graduated  with  honor  in  1874,  re- 
ceiving the  degree  of  A.  M.  in  1886.  The  fol- 
lowing two  years  he  served  as  principal  of 
the  Limerick  academy,  after  which  he  began 
the  study  of  his  chosen  profession,  attending 
first  the  I'ortland  School  of  Medical  Instruc- 
tion, then  the  Medical  School  of  Maine,  and 
afterward  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  in  New  York  City,  from  wliich  he 
received  the  degree  of  doi-tor  of  medicine  in 
1878. 

On  February  9  of  the  same  year  he  was 
married  to  Miss  ilargaret  Orr  Stone,  daugh- 
ter of  Col.  Alfred  J.  Stone,  of  Brunswick, 
Me.,  who  points  with  just  pride  to  a  noble 
line  (if  ancestry,  and  whose  cultured  mind 
and  charm  of  manner  have  won  friends  for 
her  everywhere. 

Dr.  Hunter  settled  for  the  jiractice  of 
his  profession  at  Newport,  Me.,  but  his 
sjihere  of  usefulness  was  to  be  a  broader 
one  than  this,  and  after  one  year  had 
I)assed,  in  company  with  his  wife,  he  went  to 
Europe,  for  the  j)urpose  of  extending  his 
knowledge  of  medicine  and  surgery.  Three 
years  he  remained  abroad,  di\iding  his  time 
among  the  most  celebrated  schools  of  Eng- 
land and  the  continent.  He  heard  the  most 
noted  lecturers  in  the  universities  of  Berlin, 
Vienna,  Strassburg,  Paris  and  London,  and 
attended  the  clinics  where  surgical  science 


HISTORY  OF  THE   GREAT  XORTHWKSP. 


was  demoustrated  by  the  most  euiiiifMit  sur- 
geous  of  the  world. 

Ou  his  retui'u  to  America,  in  1882,  he  set- 
tled iu  Minneapolis,  which  city  has  since 
claimed  him  as  a  resident.  Although  com- 
ing here  a  stranger,  his  splendid  prepara- 
tion, his  tireless  energy,  and  his  pleasing 
personality  (jnickly  won  for  him  a  host  of 
friends,  and  the  confidence  of  the  comniii 
nity. 

He  has  adhered  to  a  general  practice, 
both  in  medicine  and  surgery,  and  his  repu 
tation  has  extended  over  the  entire  North- 
west. 

Dr.  Hunter  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Minnesota  Hos])ital  college,  and  upon  its 
identification  with  the  University  of  Min- 
nesota, which  was  accomplished  largely 
through  his  efforts,  became  and  is  now  i)ro 
fessor  of  theory  and  practice  of  medicine  in 
the  College  of  Medicine  and  Surgery. 

He  is  one  of  the  visiting  physicians  of 
St.  Barnabas  hosjjital  and  is  on  the  attend- 
ing staff  of  the  University  of  Minnesota  free 
dispensary. 

He  has  long  been  a  member  of  the  Hen- 
nepin County  Medical  society,  and  is  activt 
in  promoting  its  interests.  With  him  ori- 
ginated the  idea  of  founding  the  Academy 
of  Medicine,  a  society  composed  of  a  limited 
number  of  medical  men  from  the  twin  cities. 
It  has  existed  since  1887,  is  the  only  organ- 
ization of  its  kind  in  the  Northwest,  and  has 
met  with  marked  success.  It  is  founded  on 
such  broad  scientific  and  social  lines,  that 
its  influence  is  continuous  and  progressive. 

Dr.  Hunter  enjoys  the  social  side  of  life 
and  is  a  member  of  the  Masonic  fraternity 
and  the  Elks.  In  college  he  affiliated  with 
the  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon  fraternity  and  en- 
joys an  occasional  evening  with  the  chapter 
here.  He  was  instrumental  in  founding  the 
Western  Alumni  Association  of  Bowdoin  Col- 
lege, in  1S84,  and  its  annual  meetings  are  to 
him  a  source  of  rare  pleasure. 

He  has  always  been  an  enthusiastic 
wheelman.  Ho  was  for  some  time  state 
centurion  and  is  at  present  chairman  of  the 
National  Sidejiath  committee  of  the  L.  A.  W. 

All  out   of  door  sports  have  for  him   a 


CHAitLKs  II.  iir\Ti:i; 

particular  fascination.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Bryn  Mawr  Golf  club,  Minnetonka  Ice 
and  Yachting  club  and  Long  Meadow  Gun 
club,  and  when  he  is  able  to  steal  a  few 
hours  from  his  professional  duties,  delights 
in  the  recreation  and  sport  to  be  attained 
through  these  mediums. 

The  pleasant  home  of  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Hun- 
ter is  at  Second  avenue  south  and  Ninth 
street.  In  it  the  son  and  daughter  just  grow- 
ing to  young  manhood  and  womanhood  find 
everything  conducive  to  their  happiness  and 
advancement,  and  here  their  hosts  of  friends 
delight  to  call  upon  them,  assured  always  of 
a  hearty  welcome  and  royal  entertainment. 


SHOEMAKER.  Waite  Almon,  is  known 
as  one  of  the  leading  educators  in  Minnesota 
and  has  been  for  many  years  a  resident  of  St. 
Cloud  where  he  has  been  engaged  in  educa- 
tional work  for  nearly  twenty  years.  He  is 
a  son  of  Aehsa  Waite  Shoemaker,  grand- 
daughter of  one  of  the  early  settlers  on  the 
western  reserve,  and  Abraham  Shoemaker, 
a  descendant  from  the  Pennsylvania  family 
of  that  name.  Abraham  Shoemaker  was  for 
over  fifty  years  a  minister  of  the  Disciples  of 


UISTOKY  OF   TlIK  GUEAT   NOltlllWKST. 


WAITE  A.  SHOEMAKER. 

Christ.  \V.  A.  ^>li()Lniuikei-  was  boru  iu  1800, 
on  a  farm  at  Meutor  riain  near  Willoughby, 
Ohio.  When  he  was  but  three  years  of  age 
his  parents  came  to  Minnesota,  settling  near 
Plainview,  but  in  1S70  removed  to  Steai'ns 
cotmty.  He  received  his  early  education  in 
the  country  schools.  In  1S72  he  first  attend- 
ed the  normal  school  at  St.  Cloud,  enrolling 
in  the  model  school.  He  had  a  hard  struggle 
to  secure  his  education  and  was  obliged  to 
do  manual  labor  at  times  to  earn  the  money 
necessary  for  his  expenses.  He  taught  his 
first  school  when  but  fifteen,  and  earned 
enough  to  spend  a  year  in  the  normal  school. 
He  then  taught  for  several  years  in  the  coun- 
try districts.  He  re-entered  the  normal 
school  in  1878  and  was  graduated,  in  1880, 
from  the  elementary  course,  and  was  valedic- 
torian of  the  class,  and  also  class  orator.  He 
then  entered  the  advanced  course  and  was 
graduated  in  1881.  While  a  student  he 
taught  some  of  the  classes  in  mathematics 
and  upon  graduation  received  a  place  on  the 
faculty  of  the  school,  serving  as  principal  of 
the  grammar  grade  in  the  model  school,  and 
was  also  a  critic  teacher.  The  second  year 
he  became  principal  of  the  preparatory  de- 
partment and  again  served  as  critic  teacher. 


The  following  year  saw  him  advancing  in 
his  work.  He  filled  the  position  for  several 
years  of  general  assistant,  but  finally  settled 
upon  mathematics  and  methods  as  his  favor- 
ites. Mr.  Shoemaker  decided  that  a  course 
iu  graduate  work  would  be  of  benefit  and 
secured  leave  of  absence  and  entered  New 
York  university;  in  181)7  he  received  the  de- 
gree of  master  of  pedagogy,  and  in  1898  that 
of  doctor  of  pedagogy.  Dr.  Shoemaker  then 
resumed  his  work  at  the  normal  school,  but 
in  1900  he  was  elected  superintendent  of  city 
schools  at  St.  Cloud,  which  position  he  now 
fills.  He  has  been  engaged  in  furthering  the 
higher  education  of  teachei-s  for  a  number  of 
yeai's.  He  has  taken  special  interest  in  sum- 
mer school  work,  and  has  been  conductor  of 
over  a  dozen  summer  schools  in  this  and 
neighboring  states,  and  has  also  conducted 
classes  at  numerous  "teachers'  institutes." 
He  has  been  a  deep  student  of  psychology, 
metaphysics,  and  methodology;  and  with 
Miss  Isabel  Lawrence,  also  a  worker  along 
educational  lines,  published  a  text  book 
known  as  "The  New  Practical  Arithmetic." 
Dr.  Shoemaker  is  a  member  of  the  Minnesota 
Educational  Association  and  served  as  presi- 
dent of  that  body  during  1899.  He  was  mar- 
reid  in  1881  to  Miss  Louise  Polley  and  they 
have  two  children,  Isabel  and  John. 


TUFTS,  DeWitt  Clinton,  receiver  of  the 
land  office  at  Fargo,  N.  D.,  is  a  native  of 
Maine,  and  was  born  August  9, 1851,  in  Farm- 
ing-ton, Franklin  county,  on  the  old  home- 
stead where  his  grandfather  settled,  on  his 
removal  from  Massachusetts,  over  a  century 
ago.  This  farm  is  still  in  possession  of  the 
Tufts  family.  His  father,  J.  Warren  Tufts, 
followed  the  occupation  of  farming  the 
same  as  his  ancestors  before  him.  He  was, 
however,  of  a  speculative  disposition,  and, 
getting  the  gold  fever  in  18.51,  went  to 
r'alifornia  by  the  way  of  the  Isthmus.  Not 
finding  there,  like  thousands  of  others,  the 
fortune  he  sought,  he  returned  in  a  short 
time  to  his  native  state  and  resumed  farm- 
ing. He  was  a  life-long  Republican  and 
held  various  offices  of  trust  in  his  township 
at  Waterford  in  18.5."i.    His  father  was  I^evi 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


and  home  county.     He  also   served   in   the 
Maine  lejjislature  for  two  terms.     He  was  a 
great  admirer  of  Horace  (ireeley,  and  weni 
with  the  Greeley  party  during  the  hitter's 
j)i-esidential   campaign.     The  maiden   name 
of  the  motlier  of  the  subject  of  this  skctili 
was  5Iartha  A.  Tarbox.     She   vas   born    in 
Oldtown,  Me.,  and  was  a  member  of  a   nii 
merous  and    prosperous    family    wlio    were 
early  settlers  in  New  England.     DcWilf  re 
ceived  his  early  education    in    llic    common 
schools,  and  later  the  free  high  schools  of 
his  native  county.     When  twenty-one  years 
of  age  he  entered  the  Western  State  Normal 
at  Farmington,   Me.,  graduating  from   this 
institution  in  1874.     After  leaving  the  state 
normal,  he  taught  for  the  next  three  years 
in  both  the   common   and   high   schools   of 
Maine.     He  came  west  in  the  spring  of  1877, 
and  spent  a  little  time  in  the    Black    Hills 
mining  country  in  South  Dakota.     In  June, 
however,  he  left  Deadwood  for  Fargo,  going 
over  all  the  railroad  lines  then  constructed 
in  the  two  Dakotas — 35  miles  from  Vermil- 
lion to  Yankton,  and   196  miles  from   Bis- 
marck to   Fargo.     He   settled  on   a   home- 
stead, four  miles  north  of  Fargo,  and  com- 
menced farming.     He   has   been   very   suc- 
cessful in  his  farming  operations  since  that 
time,  and  attained  a  prominent  position  in 
his  own  community.     Shortly  after  remov- 
ing to  North  Dakota  he  taught  school  for 
one  year.     He  has  always  been  a  Republic- 
an in  politics  and  has  taken  an  active  inter- 
est in  political  affairs.     He  was  elected   to 
represent  his  district  in  the  second  session 
of  the  state  legislature,  held  the  winter  of 
1890  and  '91,  after  North  Dakota  was    ad- 
mitted to  statehood,  and  was  one  of  the  orig- 
inal   supporters    of    Senator    Hansbrough, 
remaining  with  him  till  the  unexpected  hap- 
pened, as  it  frequently  does  in  North  1  )akota 
politics,  and  he  was  elected  to  the   United 
States  senate.     Mr.  Tufts   served  for  eight 
years  in  the  state  legislature,  two  terms  in 
the  house  and  two  terms  in  the  senate.     In 
recognition  of  his  eminent  services  1o    the 
party,  he  was  appointed  receiver  of  the  Far- 
go land  office  by  President  McKinley,  in  Jan- 
uary, 1898.   Mr.  Tufts  is  an  attendant  of  the 
Congregational  church,  though  not  a  mem- 


DE  Wri'T  C.  TUFTS. 


ber  of  that  body.  He  was  married  in  the 
fall  of  1881*  to  Miss  Mary  I.  Campbell.  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Tufts  have  eight  children^  four 
boys  and  four  girls. 


BROWN,  Calvin  Luther.— Interest  will 
so  often  warp  calm  judgment  that  it  has 
come  to  be  regarded  as  almost  impossible 
for  an  ordinary  man  to  hold  the  scales  of 
justice  without  prejudice.  There  is,  how- 
ever, a  cast  of  mind — sometimes  called  "ju- 
(lifiar'—which  can  easily  lay  aside  all  bias 
and  then  penetrate  to  the  marrow  of  a  sub- 
ject. It  would  seem  that  the  subject  of  this 
sketch  belongs  to  a  family  distinguished  for 
this  characteristic.  His  father,  John  H. 
Brown,  was  esteemed  such  an  efficient 
judge  that  he  was  elected  and  re-elected 
judge  of  the  Twelfth  judicial  district  of  Min- 
nesota until  he  sei-\ed  for  fifteen  years. 
Judge  Brown  was  a  descendant  of  John 
r.rown,  who  <ame  from  England  in  1632 
and  settled  in  Massachuseils;  also  of  Wil- 
liam Brown,  who  s(>rved  in  the  Revolution- 
;iry  war;  he  was  the  brother  of  the  late  L. 
M.  Brown,  of  Shakopee.  Calvin  L.  Brown's 
mother's  maiden  name  was  Orrisa  Maxfield. 


HISTOKY  OF   JIIE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


CALVIX  L.   BKOWX. 

He  was  born  at  Goshen,  N.  H.,  April  26, 
1854.  His  father,  after  the  fifteen  years  of 
his  judgeship,  was  only  in  moderate  finan- 
cial circumstanfes.  Young  Brown  came  to 
Minnesota  territory  as  an  infant,  with  his 
parents,  in  1855.  The  family  settled  at 
8hakopee.  In  1871  the  home  was  changed 
to  Willmar,  Minn.  He  received  his  educa- 
tion in  the  district  and  higher  schools  of  the 
state.  AMien  of  proper  age  he  very  natur- 
ally took  up  the  study  of  law,  which  seemed 
almost  hereditary  to  him,  both  by  direct 
and  collateral  descent.  He  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  at  Willmar,  in  1876.  Two  years 
later  he  opened  a  law  office  at  Morris,  Minn. 
From  the  outset  he  showed  aptitude  and  spe- 
cial ability  in  his  profession,  as  might  have 
been  expected  from  his  ancestors.  So  marked 
was  his  proficiency  that  in  four  years, 
or  in  1882,  he  was  elected  county  attorney 
of  Stevens  county,  and  discharged  the  du- 
ties so  satisfactorily  that  he  was  kept  in 
office  until  1887,  when  he  was  appointed  by 
Gov.  McGill  judge  of  the  Sixteenth  judicial 
district,  embracing  the  counties  of  Big 
Stone,  Grant,  Stevens,  Pope,  Traverse  and 
Wilkin.  He  was  then  elected  by  the  peo- 
ple, and  held  the  office  for  two  terms,  or  un- 


til 1899.  During  this  time  he  had  so  estab- 
lished his  character  as  a  jurist  that  he  was 
elected,  in  1898,  as  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  the  state,  and.  of  course,  resigned 
the  office  of  district  judge,  and  took  his  seat 
on  the  supreme  bench  in  1899,  which  posi- 
tion he  now  holds.  In  the  meantime  he  had 
not  ignored  his  duties  as  a  citizen.  He  held 
numerous  minor  positions  of  honor  and 
trust,  aside  from  his  judgeships.  The  fidel- 
ity and  integrity  shown  in  what  may  be 
called  obscure  offices  were  no  small  factors 
in  securing  for  him  the  confidence  of  the 
community.  He  was  also  an  enterprising, 
])nblic-spirited  private  citizen,  taking  his 
full  share  of  the  responsibilities  naturally 
falling  to  a  prominent  man.  He  attends 
tlie  Congregational  church  and  contributes 
to  its  various  departments  of  work,  al- 
tliough  not  an  enrolled  member.  He  is  a 
prominent  member  of  the  Masonic  frater- 
nity, and  was  the  Grand  Master  of  the  state 
of  ^Minnesota  in  1895  and  1896.  He  was 
married  September  1,  1879,  to  Miss  Annette 
Marlow,  at  Willmar,  and  they  have  been 
blessed  with  five  children.  Olive,  the  first- 
born, died.  The  others  are  Alice  A.,  Mon- 
treville  J.,  Edna  M.,  and  Margaret  E.  Brown. 
The  judge  is  yet  a  comparatively  young 
man  and  has  a  bright  future.  Taking  the 
brief  outline  given  as  a  true  indication  of 
his  sterling  character,  it  is  a  safe  assurance 
that  the  supreme  bench  will  be  honored  by 
his  service,  and  that  a  brilliant  career 
awaits  him. 


STBLETTE,  George  Washington.— This 
is  pre-eminently  an  engineering  age.  The 
services  of  the  civil  engineer  contribute 
more  to  the  health,  comfort  and  convenience 
of  the  people  than  does  the  work  of  all  the 
other  learned  professions  combined.  Yet 
how  few  value  these  services  at  their  true 
worth.  A  doctor  who  saves  one  life  is  given 
full  credit  for  his  work,  and  is  very  proper- 
ly honored.  But  the  civil  engineer  of  a  city 
may  save  hundreds  of  lives  by  his  skill,  and 
yet  passed  unnoticed.  Minneapolis  is  for- 
tunate in  having  a  competent  and  efficient 
engineer,  in  the  person  of  George  Washing- 


HISTORY   (IF  THK  (JKKAT   NORTHWKST. 


ton  Sublette,  the  distinguished  chief  of  the 
city  engineering  department,  president  of 
the  Minneapolis  Engineers'  Club,  and  uicni- 
ber  of  the  Texas  Academy  of  Science. 

Mr.  Sublette  is  of  French  Huguenot  de- 
scent. His  forefathers  left  France  to  escape 
religious  persecution,  and  settled  in  Vir- 
ginia. They  afterward  became  prominent 
in  the  fur  trade  and  in  the  explorations  of 
the  far  west.  Capt.  Wm.  Sublette,  one  of 
the  brothers  of  the  family,  was  general  man- 
ager of  the  American  Fur  Company.  He  ex- 
j)lored  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  determined 
the  shor-test  route  to  California.  It  was 
from  Capt.  Sublette  that  Sublette  Lake  of 
the  old  geographies  was  named.  It  is  now 
the  Yellowstone  Lake. 

Peter  Jackson  Sublette  was  nianicd  to 
Sarah  Russell  Warfield.  of  a  well  kndwn 
Maryland  family,  and  emigrated  to  Missouri, 
where  he  became  a  prosperous  farmer  in  St. 
Louis  county.  He  was  a  soldier  of  the  Mex- 
ican war  and  a  member  of  the  Missouri  mili- 
tia during  the  Civil  war.  It  was  here  that 
Geo.  \A'.  Sublette,  the  city  engineer,  was 
born. 

Young  Sublette  was  educated  in  ilif  pub- 
lic and  private — or  '"select"" — school,  as  it  is 
called  sometimes,  and  prepared  for  college 
at  the  academy,  graduating  at  the  State 
Normal  at  Kirksville,  Mo.  Later  he  took 
a  post-gi"aduate  course  in  mathematics 
and  engineeiing  in  the  University  of  Min- 
nesota, under  Professors  Downey  and  Pike. 
Mr.  Sublette  had  a  natural  aptitude  for  the 
profession  he  has  chosen.  He  may  fairly  be 
said  to  have  been  born  to  it,  for  having 
taught  school  at  the  age  of  fifteen  years,  he 
surveyed  land  at  sixteen,  joined  a  surveying 
party  at  eighteen,  and  at  twenty-one  be- 
came the  county  surveyor  of  Adair  county. 
Mo.  Such  precocious  ability  was  sure  to 
find  abundant  employment,  ilr.  Sublette's 
subsecjuent  career  has  fully  carried  out  his 
early  promise  of  usefulness.  He  was  en- 
gaged in  railroad  construction — only  a  part 
of  which  can  be  mentioned — the  Wabash, 
the  Chicago  &  Northwestera  and  the  Union 
Dejjot  at  Minneapolis.  Under  city  engineer 
Andrew  Rinker  he  was  placed  in  charge  of 
the  North  Minneapolis  tunnel.     He  was  also 


GEORGK    W.    sriiLETTE. 

engineer  of  construction  for  the  city  of  Aus- 
tin, Tex.,  completing  the  power  house  and 
dam.  He  also  held  the  same  official  position 
for  Helena,  Mont.,  while  constructing  the 
light  and  power  house  at  Canon  Ferry. 

His  election  as  city  engineer  of  Minneap- 
olis in  l>S!t9  was  a  well  merited  recognition 
of  his  practical  experience  and  rich  profes- 
sional acquirements. 

Mr.  Sublette  is  an  active  Odd  Fellow, 
holding  the  highest  office  in  the  subordinate 
lodge.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the  Knights 
of  Pythias,  and  has  his  church  relations 
with  the  Church  of  Christ.  In  politics  he 
has  always  been  a  Republican. 

He  was  married  to  Miss  Anna  B.  Baldwin 
in  1S70.  and  is  the  hapjiy  father  of  two  chil- 
dren, lo  and  Marguerite. 

So  long  as  the  att'airs  of  the  city  are  in 
the  hands  of  such  a  man,  Minneapolis  may 
rest  assured  that  its  physical  welfare  will 
be  efficientlv  conserved. 


BERii.  Otto  C..  secretary  of  state  of 
South  Dakota,  is  a  resident  of  Redfield, 
Spink  .-onnty.  He  was  born  September  10, 
1S4!).  ai  Bn'Miuiii.  Ringsager,  Norway,   and 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GKKAT  NORTHWEST. 


OTTO    C.    BERG. 

is  the  son  of  Cbristence  Berg,  nee  ovre 
Rudd,  and  Cliiistian  T.  Berg.  His  father 
was  a  government  employe  and  was  over- 
seer of  government  roads,  and  other  im- 
j)rovements.  He  received  a  common  school 
education  in  his  native  village  and  at  the 
age  of  sixteen  started  on  a  business  career 
and  was  employed  as  a  clerk  in  a  general 
store  at  Lillehammer,  and  then  for  several 
years  was  bookkeeper  in  a  wholesale  estab- 
lishment at  Drammen.  He  became  dissat- 
isfied with  conditions  in  Norway  and  deter- 
mined to  come  to  America,  and  came  to  this 
country  in  1873,  locating  at  Norwalk,  Mon- 
roe county,  Wis.,  engaging  in  the  mercan- 
tile business.  He  came  to  South  Dakota  in 
1883  and  settled  at  Northville  and  started  a 
general  mercantile  business.  He  after- 
wards located  at  Redfield,  his  present  home. 
Mr.  Berg  is  one  of  the  best  known  men  in 
the  Republican  party  in  the  state.  He  ear- 
ly affiliated  with  the  party  and  has  always 
been  a  hard  and  enthusiastic  party  worker, 
and  his  recent  election  to  the  responsible 
position  of  secretary  of  state  is  a  just  re- 
ward, not  only  for  his  party  work,  but  for 
merit.  He  served  as  postmaster  at  Nor- 
walk, Wis.,   and  also   as   county   clerk   of 


.Monroe  county,  ^Vis.  He  has  served  for  six 
years  as  clerk  of  the  circuit  and  county 
courts  of  Spink  county  and  goes  from  the 
office  of  clerk  to  that  of  secretary  of  state. 
Mr.  Berg  is  a  prominent  member  of  the  Ma- 
sonic bodies  at  Redfield.  He  is  a  member 
of  Redfield  Lodge,  No.  34,  A.  F.  &  A.  M., 
and  has  twice  served  as  master  of  the  lodge. 
He  is  a  member  of  Redfield  Chapter,  No.  20, 
R.  A.  M.,  and  has  served  as  High  Priest. 
Me  is  also  a  member  of  the  Ancient  Order 
of  United  Workmen.  He  was  married 
May  1,  187D,  to  Miss  Edith  Rowe,  daughter 
of  the  late  David  B.  Rowe,  of  Whitewater, 
Wis.  He  has  two  children,  Edna  M.  Berg, 
a  young  lady  of  twenty,  and  Paul  B.  Berg, 
a  boy  of  thirteen. 


HOFOHTON,  James  Gilbert.— One  of 
the  most  important  functions  of  a  city  gov- 
ernment is  that  of  safeguarding  the  people 
against  their  own  folly,  ignorance  and  par- 
simony in  building  their  houses.  If  left 
unrestrained  by  laM%  the  perils  of  the  city 
from  fires,  from  insanitary  homes  and  facto- 
ries, from  flimsy  tenements  for  rent,  and 
from  encroachments  on  the  rights  of  the 
public  would  be  greatly  increased.  Hence 
it  is  necessary  to  have  a  thorough  supervi- 
sion of  all  the  building  operations  in  the 
city.  This  is  an  immense  work  in  a  rapidly 
growing  community.  To  accomplish  this 
properly  requires  system,  combining  ac- 
curacy, care  and  impartiality  with  a  clear 
method  of  registry.  It  can  be  readily  seen 
that  although  the  duties  are  not  showy,  they 
are  of  great  importance.  A  regular  depart- 
ment is  organized  for  the  work,  the  officers 
of  which  are  known  as  building  inspectors. 
To  be  competent  for  the  office  they  must 
have  both  thorough  building  knowledge  and 
experience,  together  with  mechanical  skill 
to  decide  what  is  feasible  and  what  should 
be  prohibited.  In  this  exacting  duty  James 
G.  Houghton  has  made  a  record  for  the  city 
of  Minneapolis  worthy  of  the  highest  credit. 
Mr.  Houghton  is  from  Maine,  a  state  con- 
tributing many  sons  noted  in  the  develop- 
ment of  Minnesota,  and  especially  in  the 
building  up  of  Minneapolis.     He  was  born 


142 


HISTORY  OF  THK  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


Howard  Houghton,  a  farmer  and  a  mason 
in  moderate  circumstances.  His  mother's 
maiden  name  was  Elizabeth  T.  Robbius. 
Both  were  of  Englisli  descent.  Mr.  Hougli- 
ton  liad  the  advantages  of  a  district  school 
education  and  worked  on  his  father's  farm 
at  W'aterford  during  school  age.  He  then 
learned  the  carjienter  ti-ade  in  the  good  old 
way.  Like  most  of  the  energetic  men  in 
that  region,  where  the  towns  are  to  a  large 
degree  finished,  young  Houghton  took  Hor 
ace  (ireeley's  famous  advice  to  "go  West." 
He  landed  in  Minneapolis  June  25,  1880,  a 
date  which  is  a  mile  stone  in  liis  career  never 
to  be  forgotten.  He  immediately  went  to 
work  at  his  trade  and  for  several  years 
served  as  foreman  to  one  of  the  contractors 
in  the  city.  He  then  established  himself  in 
business  on  his  own  account,  and  conducted 
it  until  1894,  when  he  was  appointed  first 
assistant  building  inspector  for  the  city  of 
Minneapolis.  He  was  elected  to  the  of- 
fice of  building  inspector  January  1,  1899, 
which  put  him  in  full  charge  of  the  depart- 
ment. His  superior  fitness  for  the  place 
was  soon  demonstrated  by  the  improve- 
ments he  made  in  the  administration  of  af- 
fairs. In  the  first  place  he  very  materially 
reduced  the  expenses  of  the  ofiSce.  Al- 
though there  was  more  work  than  in  any 
other  year  subsequent  to  1894,  Mr.  Hough- 
ton managed  the  business  with  two  less  men. 
His  thorough  knowledge  and  practical  com- 
mon sense  enabled  him  to  simplify  the  sys- 
tem of  keeping  the  records  so  as  to  keep  them 
in  better  form  with  less  labor.  He  also  insti 
tuted  sevei"al  new  records,  greatly  needed 
and  which  will  be  of  great  value  in  the  work 
of  the  department.  Therefore  the  whole 
labor  is  better  done  and  with  less  expen.se 
than  ever  before  since  the  office  was  estab- 
lished. In  addition  to  this  Mr.  Houghton 
makes  a  jiractice  of  personally  inspecting 
buildings  in  the  course  of  erection. 

Mr.  Houghton  is  a  Republican  in  politics, 
and  was  a  ward  committeeman  in  1898.  He 
is  a  member  of  Hennepin  Masonic  Lodge, 
No.  4  of  which  he  is  also  a  P.  M.;  a 
member  of  Ark  Lodge,  R.  A.  M.,  and  Past 
High    Priest;    member    of    the    Minneajiolis 


Mounted  Commandery,  IS'o.  li:{,  of  Knights 
Templar;  member  of  Minneapolis  Camp, 
No.  445,  Modern  Woodmen,  and  member  of 
Modin  Tent.  No.  '2'\,  order  of  the  Maccfflbbees. 
He  was  married  in  1882  to  Susan  C.  Drew, 
and  has  three  children,  Harry  D.,  Lucy  M., 
and  Robert  J.  Houghton.  He  is  likewise  a 
member  of  the  Simj)Son  Methodist  Episcopal 
church,  so  that  his  social  and  religious  as- 
sociations give  him  a  very  extended  fellow- 
ship with  a  host  of  desirable  friends  by 
whom  he  is  highly  esteemed  and  universally 
respected  as  a  husband,  father,  and  citizen 
without  reproach. 


FTTNK,  William  Albert,  is  a  prominent 
lawyer,  politician  and  real  estate  owner  of 
Mankato,  Minn.  He  is  a  native  of  Illinois, 
and  was  born  in  La  Salle  county,  February 
25,  1854.  His  father,  Abraham  Funk,  was 
born  in  Virginia,  but  moved  to  Ohio  with 
his  i)arents  when  he  was  but  a  mere  child. 
He  grew  up  to  manhood  in  the  Buckeye 
state,  and  for  several  years  taught  school. 
Later  he  engaged  in  the  occupation  of  farm- 
ing in  this  state,  and  afterwards  in  Illinois, 
where  he  removed  in  1852.    For  the  last  fif- 


HISTOKY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


WILLIAM  A.    ITNK. 

teeu  years  Le  has  lived  in  the  vilhige  of 
Odell,  111.  He  was  married  in  1840  to  Mar- 
garet Jane  Hutchinson,  the  mother  of  the 
subject  of  this  sketch.  She  was  born  in 
Fairfield  county,  Ohio,  and  was  of  English 
descent.  The  ancestors  of  Abraham  Funk 
were  Swiss-Germans.  The  American  branch 
of  the  family  is  descended  from  three  broth- 
ers who  came  to  this  country  from  Switzer 
laud  about  176.5,  aud  settled  in  Virginia  and 
Pennsylvania.  The  subject  of  this  sketch 
received  his  early  education  in  the  public 
schools  of  La  Salle  county.  111.,  which  was 
supplemented  by  an  attendance  at  an  acad- 
emy. Desiring  to  take  up  the  legal  profes- 
sion as  his  vocation  in  life,  he  entered  upon 
the  study  of  law  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  by  the  supreme  court  of  Illinois  in  Sep- 
tember, 1875,  when  21  years  of  age.  He  be- 
gan the  practice  of  his  profession  in  Odell, 
HI.,  forming  a  partnership  with  J.  H.  Funk, 
lately  speaker  of  the  Iowa  house  of  repre- 
sentatives. This  partnership  continued  until 
1878,  when  the  subject  of  this  sketch  remov- 
ed to  Streator.  111.  He  formed  a  partnership 
there,  in  1880,  with  Joel  T.  Buckley,  the  firm 
being  known  as  Buckley  &  Funk.  This  part- 
nership continued  until  1882,  when  he  associ- 


ated himself  with  (Jeorge  E.  (Jlass,  the  pres- 
ent mayor  of  Streator,  under  the  firm  name 
of  Funk  &  (jlass.  In  1885,  this  partnership 
was  dissolved  and  Jlr.  Funk  practiced  his 
lirofession  alone.  In  March,  1887,  he  remov- 
ed to  Minnesota  and  located  at  Lakefield,  in 
Jackson  county,  where  he  practiced  law  until 
November,  1895,  when  he  removed  to  Man- 
kato,  where  he  now  resides.  From  the  first, 
Mr.  Funk  enjoyed  a  lucrative  practice,  and 
assumed  a  prominent  position  in  legal  cir- 
cles. He  has  held  many  jwsitions  of  public 
trust,  and  has  always  taken  an  active  inter- 
est in  political  affairs.  He  has  been  a  life- 
long Republican,  and  has  done  effective 
work  for  his  party  on  the  stump.  He 
stumped  the  state  of  Illinois  during  the 
campaign  of  187G,  and  has  contributed  like 
service  to  his  party  in  every  campaign  since 
that  time,  both  in  Illinois  and  in  Minnesota. 
He  ser\-ed  as  an  alderman  in  Streator,  111., 
for  two  years,  also  three  years  as  chairman 
of  the  Rex)ublican  city  committee  of  Strea- 
tor. In  1890  he  was  elected  county  attor- 
ney of  Jackson  county,  Minn.,  and  was  re- 
elected in  1892  and  1894,  making  an  enviable 
record  in  that  office.  He  resigned  this  posi- 
tion in  1895  on  his  removal  to  Mankato. 
In  1896  he  served  as  chainuan  of  the  execu- 
tive committee  of  the  Mankato  McKinley 
club,  and  was  on  the  stump  for  forty-seven 
nights  during  that  exciting  campaign.  In 
1898  he  served  as  a  member  of  the  executive 
committee  of  the  Republican  state  central 
committee.  He  was  a  candidate  for  the 
congressional  nomination  from  his  district 
in  1900,  but  withdrew  after  the  result  of  the 
first  caucuses  was  announced,  it  being  ad- 
verse to  his  candidacy.  During  the  cam- 
paign of  this  year  Mr.  Funk  served  as  presi- 
dent of  the  McKinley  and  Roosevelt  club  of 
Mankato.  He  has  always  been  a  prominent 
worker  in  his  party's  interests,  and  is  recog- 
nized as  one  of  the  leading  political  speak- 
ers in  the  North  Star  state.  Mr.  Funk  has 
also  interesed  himself  largely  in  real  estate 
and  is  the  owner  of  the  unsold  portion  of  the 
town-site  of  Lakefield,  Minn.,  as  well  as 
several  hundred  acres  of  land  adjacent  to 
that    town.     He    also    owns    rich    farming 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHAVEST. 


lands  in  several  oilier  sections  of  Minne- 
sota, as  well  as  in  Wisconsin.  Mr.  Funk 
has  been  an  Odd  Fellow  for  many  years, 
and  is  a  member  of  the  grand  lodge,  both  in 
Illinois  and  ^[innesota.  He  also  served  as 
consul  of  Camp  No.  4,  M.  W.  A.,  when  that 
order  was  organized  in  Illinois.  He  also 
held  this  position  later  at  Lakefield,  Minn. 
He  is  also  a  member  of  the  Knights  of 
Pythias.  He  is  identified  with  the  Presby- 
terian body,  and  is  a  member,  trustee  and 
elder  of  the  First  Presbyterian  church  of 
Mankato.  He  has  been  the  superintendent 
of  Hope  Mission  Ir^unday  school,  of  Mankato. 
for  three  and  one-half  years,  and  is  a  trustee 
of  Alb(n't  Lea  college.  He  was  married  in 
October,  1879,  to  Nellie  Douglass,  at  Strea- 
tor,  111.  They  have  four  children:  William 
D.,  aged  20;  Nettie  M.,  aged  IS;  Leslie  A., 
aged  14,  and  Edgar  N.,  born  in  September, 
I'JOO. 


HKNUY   It.  PORTER. 


PORTER,  Henry  Rinaldo.— The  duties  of 
an  ordinary  busy  physician  are  said  to  be 
exceedingly  depressing.  Some  go  as  far  as 
to  say  that  the  drain  of  vitality  is  greater  in 
the  work  of  a  medical  man  than  in  that  of  any 
other  occupation,  however  laborious.  Cou- 
tinually  in  contact  with  suffering — for  when 
absent  from  the  patient  his  case,  if  critical, 
is  ever  in  the  mind  of  a  faithful  doctor; 
pouring  out  sympathy  on  friend  and  stranger 
day  by  day;  listening  to  complaints  of  all 
sorts  of  ailments;  called  up  at  all  hours  of 
the  night,  sometimes  on  frivolous  pretexts, 
and,  the  worst  of  all,  constantly  reminded 
of  his  utter  impotence  where  he  most  desires 
to  be  of  help,  it  is  not  strange  that  with 
the  weight  of  these  anxieties  he  should  be 
borne  down  with  weariness  of  mind  and 
body.  His  sympathies,  his  emotions  and  his 
intellectual  powers  are  on  the  rack  with  but 
little  relief.  If  a  doctor  in  ci^^l  life,  pro- 
fessionally associated  with  whom  he  may 
consult,  with  friends  who  may  atlord  him 
some  cheer,  and  with  social  amenities  to  re- 
lieve the  monotony  and  perhaps  furnish  some 
recreation,  must  undergo  the  anxieties  and 
anguish  of  spirit  portrayed,  what  must  be 
the  condition  of  the  anny  surgeon  subject  to 


the  same  or  greater  strain,  and  yet,  not  only 
deprived  of  these  alleviating  items,  but  re- 
stricted intheappliancesof  his  profess^pu  and 
curtailed  in  his  medicinal  supplies?  Can  his 
situation  be  less  than  positive  torture?  Yet 
how  little  consideration  is  given  to  the  army 
surgeon.  The  public  is  prone  to  find  fault 
with  the  hospital  service  on  the  slightest 
pretext,  while  the  extraordinary  achieve- 
ments of  the  medical  staff  have  only  meager 
mention.  Dr.  Henry  R.  Porter,  the  eminent 
surgeon  and  medical  practitioner  of  Bis- 
marck, N.  D.,  has  had  the  chastening  experi- 
ence of  both  civil  and  military  life,  so  that  if 
ihe  adage  be  true  that  "practice  makes  per- 
fect" he  ought  to  be  well  nigh  the  goal.  Be- 
sides, with  him  the  profession  may  be  called 
hereditary,  for  his  father,  Henry  N.  Porter, 
M.  D.,  was  a  distinguished  physician  in  the 
state  of  New  York,  having  practiced  in 
Oneida  county  of  that  state  for  thirty-live 
years.  He  then  retired  and  moved  to  the 
less  rigorous  climate  of  Washington,  D.  C, 
where  he  died  in  189!).  His  wife  was  of 
Scottish  birth  and  came  to  this  country  when 
seven  years  of  age.  Her  maiden  name  was 
Helen  Poison.  Dr.  Henry  R.  Porter,  the  son, 
was  born  at  Lee  Center,  Oneida  county,  N. 


HISTORY   OF  THE  CRKAT   NORTHWEST. 


Y.,  in  1848.  He  was,  of  couisp,  surrounded 
with  the  atmosphere  of  his  profession. 
When  he  had  completed  his  literary  prepara- 
tion, he  went  to  the  Mic-hi<?an  university  at 
Ann  Arbor,  the  medical  department  of  the 
school  having  a  high  rank.  He  finished  his 
professional  course  at  Georgetown,  District 
of  Columbia,  graduating  in  1872.  He  then 
served  as  resident  physician  of  the  Columbia 
Lying-in  Hospital  at  Washington,  D.  C,  un- 
til appointed  acting  assistant  surgeon  of  the 
United  States  army.  He  was  assigned  to 
duty  with  the  troops  in  the  field  against  the 
Apache  Indians  under  (ien.  Crook,  command- 
ing the  department  of  Arizona.  During  the 
arduous  service  in  this  Indian  war  campaign. 
Surgeon  Porter  won  the  encomiums  of  his 
commanding  ofiicers  and  secured  public 
recognition  in  an  unusual  degree  for  a  medi- 
cal staff  officer.  In  the  battle  of  vSupersti- 
tion  Mountains  Dr.  Porter's  gallantry  and 
services  were  so  conspicuous  that  he  was 
commended  by  Gen.  Crook  in  general  order 
Xo.  14,  of  date  April  !),  1873.  He  was  like- 
wise distinguished  for  gallantry  and  con- 
spicuous service  in  the  campaign  which 
closed  the  war  against  the  Tonto  Apaches  in 
February  and  March,  1873.  Dr.  Porter  was 
the  only  surviving  surgeon  of  the  Custer- 
Reno  fight  at  Little  Big  Horn  on  the  2oth  day 
of  June,  1870,  when  Gen.  Custer  and  his 
entire  force  were  slaughtered.  Dr.  Porter 
was  with  Gen.  Eeno  and  had  charge  of  all 
the  wounded,  about  fifty  in  number.  He  had 
also  about  fifty  dead  to  take  care  of  to  pre- 
vent the  enemy  from  outraging  them.  For 
his  bravery  and  for  the  character  of  the  work 
performed  under — as  the  commendatory  or- 
dei's  recite — 'most  trying  circumstances,'"  he 
received  great  praise  from  both  Gen.  Terry, 
the  military  commander,  and  from  Medical 
Director  Sloan,  in  charge  of  the  medical  staff. 
Dr.  Porter  is  married  and  has  one  son,  Hal, 
now  attending  Oberlin  College.  Mrs.  Por- 
ter's maiden  name  was  Lotta  Viets,  and  her 
home  was  at  Oberlin,  Ohio.  Dr.  Porter  en- 
joys the  respect  and  confidence  of  all  who 
know  him.  That  his  skill  is  recognized  is 
evident  from  the  large  general  practice  which 
he  has  secured  at  home  and  in  the  surround- 
ing districts. 


MOORE,  Joseph  Boone. — In  September, 
1880,  a  young  man  or  boy,  rather,  seventeen 
years  of  age,  might  have  been  seen  tramp- 
ing into  the  village — now  city — of  Lead,  Da- 
kota Territory.  He  had  only  twenty-five 
cents  in  his  pocket,  and  that  he  soon  paid  to 
a  barber  for  a  shave.  The  next  morning  he 
went  to  work  with  a  pick  and  shovel,  dig- 
ging a  ditch  for  a  water  pipe,  for  which  labor 
he  was  paid  two  dollai's  and  a  half  per  day. 
Ill  a  few  days  he  got  a  job  as  a  common  labor- 
er at  three  dollare  a  day  with  the  Homestake 
Mining  Company.  That  lad  was  Joseph  B. 
31oore,  the  present  judge  of  the  Eighth  ju- 
dicial circuit  of  the  state  of  South  Dakota. 
Mr.  Moore  v>as  born  at  Nashville.  Tenu.,  Oc- 
tober 13,  1802.  His  father,  James  G.  Moore, 
was  of  Scotch-Irish  descent,  and  was  born 
in  Strabane,  County  Tyrone,  Ireland.  He 
learned  the  saddler's  trade.  When  he  came 
to  Nashville  he  engaged  as  a  merchant  in 
the  harness  and  saddlery  business,  and  be- 
came well-to-do.  During  the  Civil  war  he 
lost  a  large  amount  of  cotton,  and  by  the 
emancipation  x>roclaniation  of  course  lost  all 
his  slaves.  Mr.  Joseph  B.  Moore's  mother 
belonged  to  the  Hiter  family,  of  Virginia. 
They  were  of  Irish  extraction.  Her  name 
was  Mary  Ewing  Hiter.  The  middle  name 
indicates  a  connection  with  that  well  known 
family.  Young  Moore  «as  educated  in  the 
schools  of  his  native  city,  Nashville,  and  was 
what  is  sometimes  called  "city-bred."  Un- 
der such  circumstances  his  first  entrance  into 
the  field  of  Lead,  as  a  day  laborer,  was  not 
far  from  the  heroic.  From  that  time  on  he 
worked  as  a  laborer  in  the  saw-mill,  in  the 
mine  as  a  shoveller,  then  as  tool-packer, 
miner,  and  timekeeper  for  the  Deadwood- 
Terra  Mining  Comjiany,  one  of  the  group  be- 
longing to  the  Homestake  Mining  Company. 
In  the  spring  of  1883  he  began  work  on  the 
Homestake  railroad,  known  as  the  Black 
Hills  &  Fort  Pierre  railroad,  as  brakeman, 
and  continued  to  work  for  this  company  as 
brakeman,  fireman,  and  conductor  until 
April  5,  1884,  when  in  attempting  to  get  on 
a  moving  train  he  fell  under  the  cars  and 
lost  his  left  leg  just  below  the  knee  and  the 
four  smallest  toes  on  his  right  foot.  In- 
capacitated for  manual  labor  by  this  terrible 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NOUTHWEST. 


accident  lie  left  Lead  for  his  did  liniiic  at 
Nashville,  Tenn.  In  the  fall  of  1884  he  en- 
tered the  law  department  of  the  Vanderbilt 
University.  He  doubled  his  studies,  taking' 
a  two  years"  course  in  one  year,  and  gradu- 
ated with  honors  the  followinjj;  spiinji',  bcinu 
one  of  the  iloot  Court  coiuniencenient  day 
orators,  winning  the  Moot  Court  case  on  the 
trial.  He  then  returned  to  Lead  and  began 
to  practice  his  profession  with  inuuediate 
success.  In  1889  he  was  made  city  attorney 
of  Lead.  He  held  this  office  until  May  1. 
lSlt2.  He  was  then  ai)])ointed  state's  attor- 
ney for  Lawrence  county,  and  served  during 
1893  and  1S94.  In  1S97  he  was  elected  judge 
of  the  Eighth  judicial  circuit  of  South  Da- 
kota, which  position  he  now  holds,  and  the 
term  of  which  will  not  expire  until  Decem- 
ber, 1901.  In  the  campaign  of  1900  he  was 
one  of  the  candidates  for  congress  on  the 
"fusion"  ticket,  a  union  of  Democrats  and 
Populists,  but  was  defeated,  although  run- 
ning ahead  of  his  ticket  several  hundred 
votes.  Mr.  Moore  was  a  South  Dakota  mem- 
ber of  the  National  Populist  convention 
which  met  at  Sioux  Falls,  in  1900,  and  se- 
cured the  insertion  of  a  resolution  in  the 
platform  denouncing  the  incarceration  of 
miners  in  the  Cneur  d"Alene  bull  pen  as  an 
outrage.  He  had  also  represented  South  Da- 
kota in  the  National  Populist  convention 
held  at  St.  Louis  in  1890.  He  has  always 
been  a  constant,  consistent  fnend  of  the  la- 
boring men,  being  himself  one  for  years.  It 
is  said  of  him  that  he  never  refused  to  take 
a  law  case  for  a  poor  man  or  woman,  for 
lack  of  fees.  ITnable  to  go  to  the  Spanish 
war,  he  had,  nevertheless,  a  warm  interest 
in  it.  When  troop  "A"  of  the  Cowboy  regi- 
ment United  States  Volunteer  Cavalry  of 
South  Dakota  perfected  a  permanent  organi- 
zation, Mr.  Moore  was  made  an  honorary 
member,  then  the  list  of  honorary  members 
was  closed.  The  troop  presented  him  with 
a  button  badge,  which  he  takes  pride  in 
wearing  on  the  right  lapel  of  his  coat,  in- 
tending, he  avers,  to  so  wear  it  as  long  as 
he  lives.  June  2,  188G,  he  was  married  to 
Susie  B.  Jordan,  born  near  Franklin,  Wil- 
liamson county,  Tenn.  Her  father  was  one 
of  the  great  landed  proprietors  of  middle 


Tennessee,  owning  a  large  number  of  slaves. 
There  is  a  coincidence  between  his  marriage 
and  that  of  Grover  Cleveland,  which  was  on 
the  same  day.  This,  however,  was  unpre- 
meditated on  the  part  of  Mr.  :Moore,<or  his 
coming  wedding  was  aniiounced  to  his 
friends  several  weeks  before  it  took  place, 
while  the  i)residenfs  was  announced  only  a 
few  days  before  his  marriage;  therefore  Mr. 
Moore  is  accustomed  to  say  jocularly,  "Grov- 
er Cleveland  married  the  same  day  I  did." 
They  have  three  children — Rupert  E.,  twelve 
years  of  age,  ilary  Alice,  nine  years  old,  and 
Norma  Elizabeth  Moore,  born  March  15, 
1899.  Judge  Moore  holds  the  office  of  Lead- 
ing Knight  in  Deadwood  Lodge  No.  .508  of 
the  Benevolent  and  Protective  Order  of  Elks. 
In  religion  he  is  a  liberal,  not  belonging  to 
any  denomination  or  church,  while  a  firm  be- 
liever in  the  Supreme  Being.  The  golden  rule, 
— "Do  unto  others  as  you  would  they  should 
do  unto  you,"  is  his  creed  that  governs  every 
act  of  his  life,  and  has  given  him  success  as 
a  lawyer  and  distinction  as  a  jurist.  He  be- 
lieves in  the  broadest  religious  liberty  and 
accords  to  every  man  the  right  to  worship 
God  and  to  vote  as  he  pleases,  claiming  for 
himself  the  same  right.     He  is  one  of  South 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


Dakota's  best  known  men,  and  has  made  a 
reeord  since  going  upon  the  bench  as  being 
one  of  the  fairest,  most  courteous  and  abh' 
of  trial  judges,  whose  decisions  are  seldom 
reversed  by  the  supreme  court.  In  the  cam- 
paign of  1900  he  gained  a  national  reputa- 
tion by  reason  of  his  pronounced  views  and 
utterances  in  opposition  to  the  Philii)pine 
war.  Judge  Moore  still  resides  at  Lead.  S. 
D.,  among  the  friends  of  his  early  manhood, 
and  is  a  prominent  figure  in  South  Dakota 
politics,  whose  friends  predict  for  him  a  bril- 
liant future. 


KELLAE,  Andrew  Jackson. — The  lapse 
of  time  and  the  dissipation  of  the  prejudices 
that  swayed  men's  judgment  for  a  number 
of  years  after  the  close  of  the  War  of  the 
Eebellion  have  caused  us  to  view  in  a  new 
light  the  sacrifices  of  the  men  who  wore  the 
Confederate  uniform,  and  we  have  come  to 
admire  their  devotion  to  the  principles  for 
which  they  fought.  The  bitter  feelings  en- 
gendered by  that  fierce  internecine  strife 
two  score  years  ago  have  passed;  we  are 
now  a  united  nation  and  proud  of  the  flag 
which  commands  respect  the  world  over. 
We  have  learned  to  love  those  true  gentle- 
men of  the  South  who  represent  all  that  is 
noble  and  inspiring  in  man,  and  have  come 
to  appreciate  the  unselfish  motives  which 
prompted  the  men  who,  accepting  the  out- 
come as  final,  bowed  gracefully  to  defeat, 
and  strove  to  unite  the  former  opposing  ele- 
ments. Such  a  man  was  Col.  Andrew  J. 
Kellar,  now  a  resident  of  Hot  Springs,  S. 
I).  After  giving  four  years  of  early  youth 
to  the  Confederate  service,  he  returned 
home  imbued  with  the  desire  of  uniting 
North  and  South.  His  soldierly  heart  was 
won  by  Grant's  magnanimity  at  the  surren- 
der of  the  Confederate  armies;  his  admira- 
tion was  open  and  enthusiastic.  He  wel- 
comed northern  men  and  capital  to  the 
South  when  it  was  not  the  popular  thing  to 
do.  His  stand  antagonized  the  secession 
politicians  who  opposed  his  efforts  with  all 
the  bitterness  of  the  period.  His  fighting, 
however,  had  ended  with  Lee's  surrender. 
Col.  Kellar  is  a  native  of  Tennessee,  and  a 


scion  of  heroes  of  Revolutionary  days.  His 
paternal  grandfather  was  born  in  France, 
came  to  this  country  in  the  early  days, 
fought  as  a  volunteer  soldier  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary War,  was  captured  by  the  British 
near  Newport,  R.  I.,  and  was  sent  to 
England  a  prisonei*,  where  he  remained 
until  peace  was  made  between  the  United 
States,  England  and  France.  He  returned 
to  this  country  from  France  in  1800  and 
settled  in  Maryland,  and  was  a  soldier  in 
the  War  of  1812,  serving  in  the  army  that 
defended  Kaltimore  against  the  British. 
Col.  Kellar's  maternal  grandfather  was  an 
Irishman,  and  served  as  a  corporal  in  the 
E'irst  Kentucky  riflemen  under  Gen.  Jack- 
son, in  the  war  with  England  in  1812-1815. 
He  came  to  the  L'nited  States  from  Ireland 
in  179G,  under  charge  of  the  father  of  Gov. 
Wise,  of  Virginia,  and  was  a  member  of  the 
Society  of  United  Irishmen.  He  died  after 
the  battle  of  New  Orleans  while  on  his  way 
to  his  home  in  Kentucky.  The  subject  of 
this  sketch  is  a  son  of  George  Philip  Kellar 
and  Sarah  Conley  Kellar,  and  was  born  in 
1838.  When  fourteen  years  of  age  he  en- 
tered the  state  university  at  Columbus, 
Tenn.,  remaining  in  this  institution  for  two 
years.  Afterwards  he  pursued  his  studies 
in  New  Orleans  with  Professors  Lanier  and 
Dimitry.  He  began  the  study  of  law  under 
the  direction  of  Mr.  Miles  Taylor,  a  distin- 
guished member  of  the  bar  of  New  Orleans, 
and  who  was  then  a  member  of  the  lower 
house  of  congress.  Later  he  went  to  Som- 
erville,  Tenn.,  and  prepared  himself  for  ad- 
mission to  the  bar  in  the  office  of  Gen. 
Thomas  Rives.  He  was  admitted  to  prac- 
tice law  in  the  circuit  courts  in  18.50,  and  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  of  the  supreme  court  of 
Tennessee  in  1860.  The  following  year,  on 
the  outbreak  of  the  war,  he  enlisted  in  the 
Confederate  ai-my  at  Memphis,  Tenn.,  and 
was  mustered  in  as  captain  of  Company  D, 
Fourth  Tennessee  Regiment  of  Infantry. 
In  July,  1862,  he  was  commissioned  lieuten- 
ant-colonel of  the  same  I'egiment,  and  in 
July  of  the  following  year,  colonel.  He  was 
paroled  May  1,  1865.  The  regiment  served 
in  Cheatham's  division  in  the  army  com- 
manded by  Generals   Albert    Sidney   John- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GKKAT  NOUTinVEST. 


son,  Beauregard,  Bragg,  Hood  and  Joseph 
E.  Johnson.  After  the  war  he  returned 
home  and  resumed  the  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession. He  took  a  prominent  part  in  polit- 
ical affairs,  ever  having  the  highest  inter- 
ests of  his  country  at  heart.  This  spirit 
dominated  him  to  the  exclusion  of  personal 
ambition.  In  the  stormy  days  at  Wash- 
ington, in  the  contest  of  Tilden  against 
Hayes,  he  was  a  quiet  factor  in  "stilling  the 
ugly  temper  of  the  nation";  but  he  accepted 
no  favors  for  his  conscientious  work.  It 
was  done  for  the  republic,  not  for  himself. 
Not  without  laudable  ambition,  he  yet  de- 
clined honors  lest  his  motives  be  misunder- 
stood. He  had  an  intimate  acquaintance 
with  distinguished  men  and  was  a  i)ersonal 
friend  of  Andrew  Johnson,  Hayes  and  (Jar- 
field.  An  incident  at  a  dinner  at  Delmoni- 
co's,  where  Whitelaw  Reid,  Blaine  and  oth- 
er distinguished  men  were  guests,  shows  the 
impression  Col.  Kellar  made  on  older  men. 
When  the  feast  ended  and  the  party  was 
discussing  the  situation  of  the  day,  Blaine 
laid  his  hand  kindly  on  Col.  Kellar's  shoul- 
der and  exclaimed:  "You  are  a  very  auda- 
cious young  man."  That  Col.  Kellar's  able, 
unselfish  course  made  him  honored  by  his 
peers  is  evidenced  by  the  following  extract 
from  the  Memphis  Scimiter,  of  January  8, 
1889,  when  his  friends  in  Kentucky  and 
Tennessee  wanted  him  in  Harrison's  cabi- 
net: 

"More  than  any  other  man  in  the  South, 
perhaps,  did  he  contribute  to  that  pacifica- 
tion of  our  section  with  Haj'es'  administra- 
tion which  enabled  it  to  secui-e  the  victory 
that  the  South  achieved  over  the  carpet-bag 
government.  Of  Col.  Kellar's  equipment  for 
any  service  under  the  new  administration, 
which  he  would  accept,  none  can  doubt. 
He  is  a  very  able  man,  whether  at  the  bar, 
in  the  military  field,  in  the  editorial  room, 
or  in  business  life,  with  all  of  which  he  has 
enlarged  and  successful  experience.  He 
could  have  had  anything  for  the  asking  un- 
der Hayes,  but  he  was  not  in  politics  for 
revenue,  nor  for  the  other  delights  of  offi- 
cial power  and  place.  He  held  a  very 
unique  post  in  the  work  he  had  undertaken, 
and  felt,  no  doubt,   that    he   would   forfeit 


ANDREW  J.   KELLAR. 

what  induence  he  hoped  to  exert  on  either 
side  if  there  should  be  a  suspicion  that  he 
was  engaged  in  the  advocacy  of  his  schemes 
of  pacification  for  the  selfish  ends  to^be  at- 
tained by  accepting  office,  and  so  he  de- 
clined." 

Col.  Kellar  came  to  South  Dakota  from 
Kentucky  in  1893  and  located  at  Hot 
Springs,  where  he  is  engaged  in  the  prac- 
tice of  law.  In  politics,  he  was  a  Douglas 
Union  Democrat  in  1800,  voted  for  Grant  in 
1868,  for  Greeley  in  1872,  Peter  Cooper  in 
18T(),  Garfield  in  1880,  Blaine  in  1884,  Har 
rison  in  1888  and  1892,  Bryan  in  180(1  and 
1900.  The  only  office  held  by  Col.  Kellar 
was  that  of  member  of  the  state  senate  of 
South  Dakota,  elected  on  the  Silver  Repub- 
lican ticket  in  1896.  He  served  as  chair- 
man of  the  judiciary  committee.  In  1874, 
he  was  an  earnest  supporter  of  Andrew 
Johnson  for  the  United  States  senate  and 
contributed  in  no  small  degree  to  the  lat- 
ter's  success  in  securing  his  election.  In 
1S77,  he  was  tendered  the  governorship  of 
Washington  territory,  by  President  Hayes, 
which  he  declined.  November  28,  1865,  he 
was  married  to  Miss  Margaret  Agnes 
Chambers,  of  Mississippi,  a  cousin  of   Hon. 


HISTORY  OF  TIIK  GREAT  ^■ORTII^YEST. 


rTn<rh  Lawson  White.  She  is  descended 
from  the  Kevolntionarv  {generals,  William 
Davidson  and  Griflith  Rutherford.  Five 
children  were  born:  Chambers,  who  grad- 
nated  with  first  honors  at  Vanderbilt  uni- 
versity, and  is  now  a  leading  attorney  of 
Dead  wood,  S.  D.;  Andrew  Conley,  connect- 
ed with  a  Sioux  City  commission  house; 
Werdna,  graduated  with  first  honors  in  mu- 
sic at  Hellmuth  college,  Canada;  Philip 
TJutherford,  admitted  to  the  bar  of  South 
Dakota  by  the  supreme  court  of  the  state, 
but,  preferring  literature  and  journalism  to 
the  law,  is  now  in  Chicago,  engaged  in  news- 
I)ayer  work. 


WIXSHIP,  George  Bailey. — For  more 
than  twenty  years  George  B.  Winship,  the 
founder  and  pre.sent  publisher  of  the  Her- 
ald, Grand  Forks,  N.  D.,  has  been  one 
of  the  leading  forces  in  shaping  the  develop- 
ment of  the  Northwest.  He  was  born  in 
Saco,  Me.,  in  1847.  His  father,  George 
D.  Winship,  was  a  native  of  New  Hamp- 
shire, his  ancestors  being  early  settlers  of 
English  descent  who  were  principally  farm- 
ers, stock  raisers  and  fruit  growers,  in  mod- 
erate financial  circumstances.  George  D. 
Winship  was  a  carpenter  by  trade.  He  was 
married  in  1840  to  Abigail  Bailey,  also  New 
Hampshire  boin  and  reared.  She  died  at 
Pine  Island,  Minn.,  in  1880.  They  moved 
to  Dodge  county.  Wis.,  in  1850,  and  the  next 
year  moved  to  La  Crosse,  in  the  same  state, 
where  he  worked  at  his  trade.  Six  years 
later,  in  1857,  he  crossed  the  Mississippi  with 
his  family  and  settled  at  La  Crescent,  Minn. 
On  the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil  W'm\  at  the 
fii-st  call  for  troops  in  1861,  he  enlisted  in  the 
First  Minnesota  Rangers,  and  on  the  expira 
tion  of  his  term  of  service  in  186.3,  entered 
tlie  Second  Minnesota  cavalry  and  served 
until  the  close  of  the  war,  making  a  service 
of  four  years.     He  died  in  1899. 

Young  George,  when  the  family  moved 
to  La  Crescent  attended  the  district  school 
until  he  was  thirteen  years  of  age,  when  he 
was  so  proficient  in  his  studies  that  he  was 
apprenticed  as  a  printer  in  the  office  of  the 
La  Crescent  Plaindealer,  a  weekly  paper, 


with  a  job  printing  outfit  such  as  will  gen- 
erally be  found  in  a  country  newspaper  of- 
fice. Such  establishments  are  the  true 
])rinting  schools  of  the  nation.  There  the 
typo  learns  all  the  fundamentals  of  the  art, 
from  the  casting  of  the  roller  to  the  making 
ready  of  the  forms,  and  generally,  under  cir- 
cumstances which  test  the  fertility  of  his  re- 
resources  and  ingenuity  to  the  limit  of  his 
capacity.  It  is  doubtful  if  a  person  can  be 
a  thorough  newspaper  man  without  graduat- 
ing from  one  of  the  primitive  institutions. 
After  two  jears'  work  he  quit  and  offered  to 
enlist  for  the  war,  although  only  fifteen 
years  old.  He  was  rejected  because  of  his 
age.  He  then  went  to  work  in  the  brick 
yard  of  William  E.  Potter,  "sanding 
moulds."'  At  the  end  of  the  year  he  offered 
himself  again  for  a  soldier  and  was  accept- 
ed, enlisting  as  a  member  of  Company  "A" 
of  the  2d  Minnesota  Cavalry,  with  which  he 
served  two  years  and  thi>ee  months,  until 
the  end  of  the  war.  When  mustered  out  of 
service  he  picked  up  whatever  job  he  could 
find,  among  other  things  chopping  cord 
wood  for  Luke  Blair,  a  Winona  county  farm- 
er. In  1867  he  started  for  the  Idaho  gold 
fields  with  Captain  Davy's  expedition, 
which  was  to  leave  Fort  Abercrombie  on  the 
first  of  June,  that  year.  Part  of  the  outfit 
failed  to  arrive  and  Mr.  Winship  declined 
to  go.  The  few  who  determined  to  proceed 
reorganized  and  started  late  in  the  summer, 
but  on  reaching  the  Missouri  river  late  in 
the  fall  they  were  massacred  by  the  Indians. 
Mr.  Winship  engaged  to  drive  a  freight 
team  hauling  goods  from  St.  Cloud,  the  rail- 
road terminus,  to  the  various  military  posts 
in  the  west.  The  next  year,  18G8,  he  re- 
sumed his  old  business  of  printing,  in  the 
Winnipeg,  Man.,  "Northwestern,'"  under  the 
charge  of  Dr.  Schultz,  afterwards  lieutenant 
governor  of  the  province.  This  was  the  only 
paper  north  of  St.  Cloud.  Mr.  Winship 
remained  there  about  two  years,  during 
which  the  Riel  rebellion  broke  out.  In  1870 
he  went  to  Pembina,  and  was  employed  as 
clerk  in  a  post  trader's  establishment. 
When  the  Blakeley-Carpenter  lines  of  stages 
were  put  on  between  Breckenridge  and 
\Vinnipeg,   Mr.  ^^'insllip  formed  a  partner- 


GEOKGE   BAILEY  WINSHIP. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


ship  with  William  TSudsp  and  established 
a  stage  station  at  Turtle  River— now  Man- 
vel — fourteen  miles  north  of  Grand  Forks. 
In  1873  he  sold  out  his  interest  in  this  en- 
terprise and  went  to  St.  Paul,  where  he  re- 
sumed his  trade  as  printer,  being  employed 
on  all  the  papers,  at  times.     He  was  em- 
ployed on  the  Pioneer  as  compositor  when 
it  was  consolidated  with  the  Press,  and  af- 
terwards on  the  Pioneer  Press  until  1877, 
when    he   started    a    weekly    paper   named 
the    "Courier,"    at    Caledonia,    Minn.,  inde- 
pendent in  politics.     In  187U  the  plant  was 
transferred  to  Grand  Forks,  Dakota  Terri- 
tory, where  the  weekly  Grand  Forks  Herald 
was   established.     In   November,   1881,  the 
Daily  Herald  was  launched  as  an  evening 
paper.     In  the  meantime  the  facilities   of 
the    office    were    continually    increased    to 
meet  the  wants  of  the  growing  business, 
which  required  not  only  new  material,  but 
more  house  room.     In  1891  the  full  Asso- 
ciated Press  franchise  was  secured  and  the 
paper  entered  upon  its  career  as  a  metro- 
politan morning  daily  paper.     It  has  now 
all  the  most  modern   appliances — Mergen- 
thaler  typesetting  machines,   rapid  Miehle 
presses,  together  with  a  complete  modern 
bindery   from    which    is   turned    out   every 
form  of  blank  books  for  state,  county,  and 
minor  officials,  and  blank  forms  carefully 
prepared  for  every  use  in  the  state.     These 
are  kept  in  stock  for  immediate  delivery. 
Mr.  Winship  has  been  the  animating  spirit 
of  the  vast  enterprise  from  its  inception,  the 
Herald  being  in  his  control  ever  since  its 
establishment.     The     energy,     perseverance 
and  business  sagacity  required  to  overcome 
obstacles,  harmonize  interests  and  to   un- 
tangle  the   complications   involved    in   the 
development  of  such  an  enterprise  and  in 
bringing  it  to  its  present  commanding  posi- 
tion, is  an  achievement  worthy  of  the  high- 
est   honor.     Mr.    Winship,    in    addition    to 
this  immense  labor,  has  not  neglected  his 
duties  as  a  plain  citizen.     While  his  great- 
est   inlluence   has,    perhaps,    been    exerted 
through  the  Herald,  his  strong  personality 
has  been  a  large  factor  in  directing  public 
affairs.     In  early  life  he  was  a  Democrat. 
In  the  Hayes  campaign  he  was  an  enthusi- 


astic supporter  of  the  Republican  party  and 
voted  for  its  nominees.  He  has  since  been 
a  consistent  Republican.  He  was  the  first 
state  senator  from  the  Seventh  legislative 
district  of  the  state.  He  championed  the 
])rnhibition  law  and  has  always  advocated 
its  rigid  enforcement.  He  led  the  forces 
opposed  to  the  Louisiana  lottery  when  an 
effort  was  made  to  establish  it  in  the  state. 
He  served  one  term  as  oil  inspector  under 
Governor  Allen,  and  was  strongly  sup- 
ported in  the  state  Republican  conventions 
of  1898  and  1900  as  a  candidate  for  gover- 
nor; in  the  latter  convention  a  large  ma- 
jority of  the  delegates  were  favorable  to 
him,  but  through  deft  maneuvering  the 
nomination  went  elsewhere.  Mr.  Winship 
was  appointed  and  served  as  provisional 
department  commander  when  the  Grand 
Army  of  the  Republic  department  was  in- 
stituted in  the  state.  He  was  subsequently 
first  department  commander  of  North  Da- 
kota, and  had  previously  served  as  senior 
vice  commander  of  the  Dakota  Territorial 
department,  besides  being  a  post  command- 
er, having  been  a  member  of  the  Grand 
Army  of  the  Republic  sixteen  years.  He 
has  been  active  also  in  the  Masonic  order, 
being  a  member  of  the  Blue  Lodge,  Chapter, 
Commaudery,  Lodge  of  Perfection,  and 
El  Zagel  Temple.  He  is  one  of  the  charter 
members  of  Acacia  Lodge  of  Grand  Forks, 
and  has  served  as  senior  warden.  He  was 
married  to  Josephine  Minshall,  at  La  Cres- 
cent, in  1874,  but  they  have  no  children  ex- 
cept an  adopted  daughter,  Barbara,  mar- 
ried to  Francis  W.  Weego,  Dec.  27,  1899. 
Mr.  Winship,  although  not  enrolled  as  a 
member,  is  a  regular  attendant  and  sup- 
porter of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church  at 
Grand  Forks. 


HEINRICH,  Julius  J.,  the  efficient  head 
of  the  department  of  oil  inspection  of  the 
state  of  Minnesota,  under  Gov.  Lind's  ad- 
ministration, came  to  the  state  with  his  pa- 
rents, John  Heinrich  and  ^Minnie  Heinrich, 
when  a  mere  lad,  in  18G5.  His  father  en- 
gaged in  brewing,  an  industry  then  in  its 
infancy  in  the  state.     He  was  an  energetic, 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


practkal  man,  and  determined  to  train  his 
sou,  Julius,  to  be  a  like  character.  Accord- 
iufily,  after  Julius  had  completed  his  educa- 
tion in  the  public  schools,  he  went  to  the 
business  college,  where  he  was  duly  indoc- 
trinated in  the  intricacies  of  accounts  and 
in  business  routine.  He  then  went  in  busi- 
ness with  his  father,  continuing  in  that  pur- 
suit until  1S90.  He  had,  in  the  meantime, 
taken  an  active  interest  in  politics,  and  had 
become  a  recognized  leader  in  the  Demo- 
cratic party.  Being  a  man  of  genial  man- 
ners, attractive  personality,  and  of  a  gener- 
ous disposition,  he  was  very  XJopul'U'  with 
all  who  knew  him.  A  natural  result  fol- 
lowed. He  was  nominated  to  one  of  the 
most  important  oflBces  in  the  city,  that  of 
register  of  deeds,  on  the  Democratic  ticket, 
and  triumphantly  elected.  Upon  entering 
upon  the  duties  of  the  office,  he  sold  his  in- 
terest in  the  brewing  business,  and,  with 
characteristic  fidelity,  devoted  his  whole  at- 
tention to  the  public  service.  The  city  of 
-Minneapolis  has  never  had  a  more  satisfac- 
tory discharge  of  those  duties  than  during 
the  administration  of  Julius  J.  Heinrich. 

The  whirligig  of  politics  let  Mr.  Hein- 
rich out  of  office  at  the  close  of  his  term. 
But  a  man  of  his  activity,  fertile  in  re- 
sources, could  not  remain  idle.  He  engaged 
in  various  pursuits,  among  them  the  laun- 
dry enterprise.  He  is  still  president  and 
treasurer  of  the  Phoenix  Laundry  company, 
the  well  known  establishment  at  315  Third 
avenue  south.  Yet  his  interest  in  public 
affairs  did  not  abate.  His  practical  com- 
mon sense  made  him  one  of  the  leaders  in 
the  broader  field  of  state  politics. 

A  proof  that  his  sterling  qualities  were 
fully  ajtpreciated  is  shown  by  the  fact  that 
he  has  been  twice  nominated  by  his  party 
for  secretary  of  state.  When  Gov.  Lind 
was  elected  lie  appointed  Mr.  Heinrich  to 
the  important  position  of  state  oil  inspector. 
Mr.  Heinrich  is  no  less  popular  in  the 
social  sphere  than  he  is  in  business  life  and 
in  political  circles.  This  is  evident  from 
his  fr.aternal  associations.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  Elks,  Modern  Woodmen,  Druids, 
Knights  of  Honor,  besides  being  an  Odd 
Fellow  and  a  Mason.    He  was  happily  mar- 


JULIUS  J.  HEIMtlCH. 

ried  in  18S2  to  Hattie  A.  Stremel,  and  re- 
joices in  a  daughter  and  son,  Minnie  A. 
Heinrich,  16  years  of  age,  and  Gustaf  A. 
Heinrich,  12  years  of  age.  His  hoifte  is 
1115  Sixth  street  north,  where  he  has  lived 
twenty-five  years,  honored  as  a  citizen  and 
respected  as  a  man,  in  every  relation  of  life. 
As  if  to  emphasize  this  high  regard,  his 
friends  determined  to  confer  other  honors 
upon  him.  In  the  campaign  of  1900  they 
made  him  the  nominee  of  the  Democratic 
party  for  the  responsible  office  of  city  treas- 
ui-er  of  the  city  of  Minneapolis,  a  position  of 
trust  of  the  very  highest  character.  A  man 
wlio  can  inspire  such  confidence  may  well 
feel  that  he  has  not  lived  in  vain. 


WILSDN,  Samuel  Bailey,  county  attor- 
ney of  Blue  Earth  county,  is  a  resident  of 
Mankato.  His  career  can  but  show  the 
possibilities  awaiting  a  young  man  who  has 
iduck  and  energy  supplemented  by  an  edu- 
cation. Samuel  B.  Wilson  was  born  May 
12,  1873,  at  Price's  Branch,  Montgomery 
county.  Mo.,  and  is  a  son  of  Rebecca  (Suth- 
erland) Wilson  and  Charles  Wilson.  His 
father  was  at  one  time  a  prosperous  farmer 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


SAMUEL    B.    WILSON. 

owning  a  large  farm  on  the  Missouri  river, 
but  a  sudden  change  in  the  current  of  that 
treacherous  river  washed  it  all  awaj',  leav- 
ing him  with  what  little  personal  property 
be  could  save.  He  died  in  1878  and,  while 
fairly  well  situated,  left  but  a  small  amount 
for  his  large  family.  Mrs.  Wilson  died 
soon  after  and  Samuel,  at  an  early  age,  was 
obliged  to  hire  out  to  a  farmer  for  his  board 
and  clothes.  He  was  thus  employed  for 
several  years  and  received  but  scanty 
schooling  during  this  time,  as  he  was  only 
able  to  attend  school  during  the  winter 
mouths,  and  then  had  no  time  for  outside 
study.  For  the  next  five  years  young  Wil- 
son was  emi)loyed  as  farm  hand,  day  labor- 
er, section  hand  and  railroad  brakeman; 
any  employment  that  was  honest  being 
gladly  accepted.  In  1889  he  rented  a  farm 
in  Montgomery  county,  Mo.,  and  after  a 
year  of  fairly  successful  farming,  sold  the 
proceeds  and  decided  to  attend  school,  and 
entered  the  high  school  at  Mexico,  Mo.,  but, 
for  financial  reasons,  had  to  leave  before 
the  year  was  finished.  He  then  came  to 
Minnesota  and  entered  the  state  normal 
school  at  JIankato,  working  on  a  neighbor- 
ing farm  for  his  board.     The  next  few  years 


saw  a  struggle  for  means  to  complete  his 
normal  course.     He  was  employed  as   farm 
hand,  carpenter,  bookkeeper,  salesman,  etc. 
Perseverance  won   and   he   was    graduated 
from  the  normal  school  in  1894  with  special 
mention  from  the  faculty.     Mr.  ^^'ilson  now 
determined  to  become  a  lawyer  and  went  to 
Miuneajjolis  to  attend  the  law   department 
of  the  state  university.     In  connection  with 
his  college  work  he  was  employed  by  a  col- 
lection agency,  but  before  the  year  was  over 
was  appointed  assistant  librarian  and  later 
librarian  of  the  library  at  the   law   school, 
which  position  he   filled    until    graduation. 
While  in  college  he  was  very  prominent  in 
college  affairs  and  was  law  editor  of  the 
college  paper.     He  was  a  delegate  from  the 
TTniversity  of  Minnesota  Eepublican  club  to 
the  national    convention   of   the   American 
College   Eepublican    League,    and   as   such 
took  a  prominent  part    in   the   proceedings 
and   secured  the  following  convention   for 
the  University  of  Minnesota.     He  was  also 
appointed   chairman  of   the  Ninth   district, 
comprising  Minnesota,    Iowa    and   Wiscon- 
sin.    He  is  a  member  of  the  legal  fraternity 
of  Phi  Delta  Phi.     Mr.  Wilson  was  gradu- 
ated in  the  class  of  1896  and  located  in  Man- 
kato,  where  he  has  built  up  a  steadily  grow- 
ing practice.     In  1896  Governor  Clough  ap- 
pointed him  judge  of  probate,  to  fill  an  un- 
expired term,  and  he  was  at  the  time  the 
youngest  judge  of  probate  in  the  history  of 
the  state.     He  did  not  seek  a  re-election  as 
the    position    interfered   with   his    private 
practice.     Judge  Wilson  is  an  enthusiastic 
Republican  and  has  been  rewarded  in  sev- 
eral ways  for  his  faithful  work.     In  1897 
and  again  in  1899  he  was  elected  a  member  • 
of  the  board  of  education  of  Mankato.     In 
1900  he  was  elected  county  attorney  of  Blue 
Earth  county.     The  judge  is  a  member  of 
several  secret    societies,   among   them    the 
Royal     Arcanum,     Modern    Woodmen    of 
America,  Eastern  Star,  Masonic  Order  and 
the  Elks.     He  has  filled  several  chairs  in 
the    blue   lodge   of   the   Masons,    and   has 
served  in  like  capacities  for  the  Elks,  in- 
cluding two  years  as  Exalted  Ruler,  and  as 
delegate  to  the  grand  lodge  at  Atlantic  City, 
X.  J.,  in  July,  1900.     He  was  married  on 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


June  21,  1899,  to  Miss  Daisy  Sheehau,  a 
critic  teacher  in  the  Mankato  state  normal 
school.  Judge  and  Mrs.  Wilson  attend  the 
Presbyterian  church,  the  latter  being  a  mem- 
ber of  the  same. 


KENT,  Ernest  Howard.— North  Dakota 
has  become  known  throughout  the  country 
for  the  prominence  of  its  young  men  in  pub- 
lic affairs,  and  its  remarkable  growth  is  in 
no  small  way  indebted  to  the  push  and  vig- 
or of  this  young  blood.  Ernest  Howard 
Kent,  of  Lakota,  was  appointed  register  of 
the  TJnlted  (States  land  office  at  (Jraud 
Forks  in  1898,  when  he  was  barely  thirty, 
and  his  career  previous  to  that  time  shows 
that  the  people  of  his  state  had  long  known 
his  abilities.  He  was  born  February  10, 
1868,  at  Osceola,  Wis.,  where  his  father, 
John  folk  Kent,  born  and  raised  in  Maine, 
followed  the  business  of  boat  builder;  in 
fact,  most  of  the  upper  Mississippi  and  St. 
Croix  boats  of  that  time  were  built  by  him. 
The  mother  of  the  subject  of  this  sketch, 
Mary  Jane  Wilson,  was  born  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  is  a  direct  descendant  of  John 
Alden,  the  pilgrim.  Young  Kent  spent  his 
boyhood  days  on  the  pictures(iue  banks  of 
the  St.  Croix,  near  Osceola,  and  when  eight 
years  old  the  family  removed  to  Ashland, 
Wis.,  where  he  received  most  of  his  early 
education.  In  1880,  James  P.  Kent  first 
heard  of  the  then  newly  opened  Red  River 
valley  country  and  made  his  plans  to  move 
there  with  his  family,  but  died  before  ma- 
turing his  arrangements.  However,  Mrs. 
Kent,  too,  had  become  enthused  with  the  fu- 
ture of  the  new  country  and  located  at 
Crookston,  Minn.  In  1883,  Ernest  followed 
the  extension  of  the  then  St.  P.,  M.  &  M. 
railway,  and  located  at  Bartlett,  N.  D.,  at 
that  time  the  end  of  the  line.  He  had  a 
varied  experience,  as  the  only  boy  in  a  new 
western  town.  He  clerked  in  various 
stores  and  gained  valuable  business  experi- 
ence. In  company  with  other  residents  of 
Bartlett,  he  removed  to  Lakota,  as  the  old 
town,  ruined  by  a  disastrous  fire  and  the  at- 
titude of  the  railroad  company,  praclicall.y 
went  out  of  existence.     In  1885  young  Kent 


KUNKST   H.   KENT. 

formed  a  partnership  under  the  name  of 
Kent  &  Brown,  and  carried  on  an  extensive 
mercantile  business.  Ernest  Kent  has  al- 
ways been  an  ardent  supporter  of  Ifte  Re- 
publican party  and  in  1888,  before  he  was  of 
age,  was  sent  as  a  delegate  to  the  last  ter- 
ritorial convention,  held  at  Watertown,  and 
has  since  attended  several  conventions,  both 
state  and  national.  The  first  public  office 
held  by  Mr.  Kent  was  that  of  postmaster  at 
Lakota,  which  position  he  filled  for  about 
five  years.  He  was  not  of  age  at  the  time 
he  received  his  appointment  and,  in  1889, 
when  he  was  sworn  in,  was  the  youngest 
postmaster  in  the  United  States.  In  1891 
Mr.  Kent  retired  from  business  to  become  a 
newspaper  man,  he  having  purchased  the 
Xelson  County  Herald,  a  Democratic  paper 
struggling  for  an  existence.  He  changed 
the  politics  of  the  paper  and  has  made  it  a 
success,  and  to-day,  known  as  the  Lakota 
Herald,  it  is  regarded  as  one  of  the  leading 
])aj»ers  in  the  state.  Mr.  Kent  was  the  orig- 
inal McKinley  man  in  North  Dakota,  and 
in  1893  wired  Wm.  McKinley  congratula- 
tions on  being  elected  governor  of  Ohio,  and 
pledged  North  Dakota  for  him  in  189(5.  He 
was  the  only  North  Dakotau  in  attendance 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


at  the  banquet  of  the  Marquette  club  in  Chi- 
cago, February,  1806,  when  the  formal  can- 
didacj  of  Wm.  McKinley  for  the  nomina- 
tion of  president  was  announced.  He  was 
an  alternate  to  the  St.  Louis  convention 
when  McKinley  was  first  nominated.  March 
2,  1898,  President  McKinley  ajtpointed  him 
register  of  the  United  States  land  office  at 
Grand  Forks,  and  he  is  now  filling  that  ])()- 
sition.  Mr.  Kent  served  and  is  now  secre- 
tary of  the  North  Dakota  State  Business 
Men's  Union.  He  is  also  president  of  the 
North  Dakota  State  Press  association.  As 
a  true  Dakotan,  he  is  much  interested  in  the 
Chautauqua  movement  and  is  a  member  of 
the  board  of  trustees  of  the  organization  at 
Devils  Lake.  While  acting  in  his  present 
position,  Mr.  Kent  is  putting  in  his  spare 
time  by  taking  a  course  at  the  law  school 
connected  with  the  state  university  at 
Grand  Forks.  He  is  a  thirty-second  degree 
Scottish  Rite  Mason  and  belongs  to  the 
lodge  at  Lakota  and  the  consistory  at  Far- 
go. He  is  also  a  member  of  El  Zagel  Tem- 
ple of  the  Shrine. 


KOEHLER,  Robert.— One  of  the  promi- 
nent members  of  his  profession  in  the  United 
States  is  Robert  Koehler,  director  of  the 
Minneapolis  School  of  Fine  Arts.  He  is  rec- 
ognized as  one  of  the  leading  instructors  in 
art,  and  the  Northwest  is  proud  of  the  dis- 
tinction of  having  such  a  talented  artist  in 
its  midst.  Mr.  Koehler  is  a  native  of  Ger- 
many. His  father,  Theodore  Alexander 
Ernst  Koehler,  was  a  resident  of  Berlin, 
where  he  was  born  in  1816.  His  ancestors, 
as  far  back  as  1690,  were  weavers.  He  was 
a  mechanic,  possessed  of  unusual  skill.  As 
was  the  custom  in  Germany,  Mr.  Koehler 
entei-ed  upon  his  ''wanderjahre''  after  leaving 
school,  visiting  various  foreign  countries. 
Returning,  he  established  himself  in  business 
in  Hamburg.  He  was  married  in  1846  to 
Louise  Charlotte  Christiane  Bueter,  who  was 
the  eldest  child  of  Nicolas  Basilius  Bueter,  a 
master-builder  in  Hamburg.  She  was  a  lady 
of  artistic  tastes  and  attainments,  especially 
in  the  line  of  fine  needlework,  to  the  teach- 
ing of  which  she  devoted  many  years  of  her 


life,  both  before  and  after  marriage.  In 
Mai'ch.  18.54,  Mr.  Koehler  came  with  his  fam- 
ily to  New  York,  subsequently  locating  in 
Milwaukee,  which  he  made  his  permanent 
home.  Mr.  Koehler  (^tablished  here  a  little 
machine  shop  of  his  own  which  enabled  him 
to  give  a  good  private  school  education  to  his 
cliildren,  the  public  schools  at  that  time  not 
offering  such  advantages  as  he  was  anxious 
to  provide  them.  This  appeal's  to  have  been 
his  chief,  if  not  his  sole,  ambition.  He  was 
not  aggressive,  and  did  not  care  for  public 
distinction  of  any  kind,  but  in  private  organi- 
zations of  an  educational  character  he  was  a 
wise  counsellor  and  an  active  worker.  He 
died  in  his  eightieth  year,  after  a  short  ill- 
ness, in  the  fullest  posse,ssion  of  his  mental 
powers,  though  failing  strength  had  for  some 
time  prevented  his  continuing  his  wonted 
work.  His  faithful  wife  did  not  long  survive 
him,  dying,  at  the  age  of  81,  the  following 
year  (1897).  Three  children,  two  boys  and 
one  girl,  were  born  to  them.  The  subject  of 
this  sketch,  who  was  the  second  born,  first 
saw  the  light  of  day  November  28,  1850,  at 
Hamburg.  He  received  his  early  education 
at  the  "AVest  Side  German  and  English  High 
School"  in  Milwaukee,  where  all  the  regular 
branches  of  study  were  gone  through  in  both 
the  English  and  (ierman  languages.  Besides 
the  regular  courses  in  languages  and  the 
higher  mathematics,  considerable  attention 
was  given  to  chemistry,  physiology,  literat- 
ure, and  drawing,  free  hand  and  mechanical. 
In  the  latter  branches  Robert  easily  excelled, 
so  that  some  career  in  which  he  could  apply 
his  skill  in  these  directions  was  decided  upon, 
and  he  was  apprenticed  to  a  lithographer  on 
quitting  school.  His  dislike  for  the  purely 
uu'clianical  part  of  the  profession  grew  apace 
with  his  more  artistic  leanings,  and  he  re- 
solved to  devote  himself  for  some  time  ex- 
clusively to  the  study  of  drawing,  finally 
choosing  this  more  congenial  and  artistic 
branch  of  lithography  as  his  future  occu- 
pation. After  having  served  his  appren- 
ticeship in  Milwaukee,  he  accepted  a  posi- 
tion in  a  lithographic  establishment  at  Pitts- 
burg in  1871,  removing  to  New  York  the 
same  year  in  order  to  have  his  eyes  treated. 
Having  undergone  a  successful  operation  he 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


decided  to  remain  tliere,  but  suffered  a  short 
jieriod  of  disajnioiutment  before  be  was  able 
to  secure  a  paying-  situation.  This  he  finally 
did  in  a  lithographic  establishment,  where 
he  continued  to  ply  his  vocation  for  the  next 
year  and  a  half,  in  the  the  meantime  attend- 
ing night  classes  at  the  National  Academy 
of  Design.  Having  now  saved  enough  mon- 
ey for  the  purpose,  he  went  to  Europe, 
where  he  took  up  the  study  of  art  in  Munich 
in  187:3.  His  funds  giving  out  at  the  expira- 
tion of  two  years  he  returned  to  New  Yoik 
and  began  the  struggle  for  existence  anew. 
For  four  years  he  had  a  hard  contest  with  ad- 
versity; but,  finally,  through  the  munificence 
of  George  Ehret,  the  wealthy  New  York 
brewer,  he  was  enabled  to  resume  his  studies 
abroad.  The  next  dozen  years  he  sjjent 
chiefly  in  Europe,  coni])leting  his  course  at 
the  Royal  Academy  at  Munich,  under  Profes- 
sors LoelTtz  and  Defregger,  finishing  with  his 
laVge  painting  "Tlie  Strike"'  (now  on  exhibi- 
tion in  the  Minneapolis  Public  Library),  for 
which  he  received  a  silver  medal  at  Munich, 
and  a  Mention  Honorable  at  the  World's  Fair 
in  Paris  in  1889.  After  leaving  the  academy 
he  assumed  charge  of  a  private  art  school 
in  Munich,  which  he  conducted  for  several 
years  until  he  decided  on  his  return  to  Amer- 
ica in  the  fall  of  1892.  He  took  up  his  abode 
in  New  York,  where  he  occupied  one  of  the 
Van  Dyke  studios  for  the  next  nine  months, 
when  he  received  and  accepted  the  offer  of 
the  directorship  of  the  Minneapolis  School  of 
Fine  Arts,  which  he  has  filled  ever  since, 
coming  to  Minneapolis  in  September,  1893. 
While  in  Munich  he  was  twice  delegated  to 
America  by  the  Munich  Artists'  Association 
for  the  purpose  of  organizing  an  American 
department  at  the  International  Art  Exhibi- 
tion of  1883  and  1888,  the  successful  accom- 
plishment of  which,  in  the  face  of  very  dis- 
couraging conditions,  gave  proof  of  energy 
and  executive  ability  of  no  mean  order,  and 
earned  him  official  recognition  by  the  Bavari- 
an government  in  the  bestowal  of  the  cross  of 
the  order  of  St.  Michael.  During  his  sojourn 
in  Munich  he  took  a  prominent  part  in  all  af- 
fairs of  the  American  colony  there,  being 
four  times  elected  president  of  the  American 
Artists'  club.     The  experience  thus  gained, 


OniOUT  KOEHLER. 


while  holding  various  oflices  and  as  a  teacher 
of  ai-t,  tended  to  qualify  him  exceptionally 
for  the  position  he  now  holds.  When  the 
history  of  the  art  development  in  the  North- 
west will  be  written,  Mr.  Koehler's  earnest 
and  conscientious  work  will  appear  as  of  the 
greatest  importance.  His  faith  in  the  future 
of  art  in  the  great  Northwest  keeps  his  en- 
thusiasm fresh  and  finds  him  ever  ready  to 
sui)j(()rt  with  advi(e  and  assistance  every 
artistic  enterprise,  ^^'ith  pen  and  pencil,  on 
the  lecture  platform  and  in  the  class  rooms, 
he  works  indefatigably  and  unselfishly  for 
the  cause  of  art.  In  September.  1895,  Mr. 
Koehler  married  Marie  Fischer,  born  in 
Rochester,  N.  Y.,  of  German  parents,  her 
father  being  a  civil  engineer  of  great  ability. 
Mr.  Koehler  met  his  wife  some  years  previ- 
ously on  the  beautiful  shores  of  Lake  Con- 
stance, in  Germany.  Mr.  Koehler  has  built 
himself  a  handsome  residence  on  Portland 
avenue,  within  two  blocks  of  lovely  Min- 
nehaha creek.  The  house  is  of  striking  ap- 
]iearance,  being  modelled  after  the  old  Ger- 
man houses  of  Nuremburg.  Tlie  second  floor 
is  mainly  occupied  by  the  artist's  studio,  and 
in  this  ideal  sanctum  Mr.  Koehler  spends 
what  time  is  left  from  his  vocation  of  teach- 


HISTORY  OP  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


ing — considerably  less  than  he  could  wish. 
Among  the  pictures  Mr.  Koehler  has  painted, 
aside  from  the  aforementioned  "Strike"'  are 
"A  Holiday  Occupation"  (owned  by  the  Penn 
sylvania  Academy  of  Fine  Arts);  "Her  Only 
Support,"  "Love's  Secret,"  "The  Socialist," 
"In  the  Cafe,"  "The  Carpenter's  Family,"' 
"Bainy  Evening  in  Munich,"  "Evening,  I'l'om- 
enade  I'latz,  Munich,"  (referred  to  by  Pi'o- 
fessor  Muther  in  his  "History  of  Modern 
Painting"");  "The  First  Guests,"  "Violet,"' 
"Judgment  of  Paris,"  "Spanish  Nobleman," 
"Listening  to  the  Sermon,"'  "Lunch  Time," 
"In  Summer,"  "The  Sower,"  "Homeward 
Bound,"  and  "At  Lake  Minnetonka";  also  a 
num])er  of  portraits. 


WULLING,  Frederick  John. — Pharmacy 
as  an  art  is  as  old  as  history,  but  phamiacy 
as  a  science,  like  chemistry,  is  of  compara- 
tively recent  development.  The  old-time 
doctors'  materia  medica  M'as  limited  to  the 
few  organic  drugs  they  collected  themselves 
and  carried  about  with  them.  The  advance 
of  the  profession  of  medicine  compelled  ex- 
pert knowledge  to  such  an  extent  that  the 
compounding  of  drugs  gradually  developed 
from  a  mere  adjunct  to  a  doctor's  qualifica- 
tions into  a  separate  and  true  profession. 
I'harmacy  is  now  recognized  as  one  of  the 
most  important  arts  and  sciences  in  the  cir- 
cle of  the  professions,  and  takes  rank  with 
and  includes  chemistry.  When  the  LTniver- 
sity  of  Minnesota  was  expanding  its  curricu- 
lum to  more  fully  embrace  the  field  which 
its  name  implies — university — a  college  of 
pharmacy  was  included  and  a  young  man  of 
superior  attainments  and  practical  expei>i- 
ence  was  secured  to  organize  it.  Tliat  man 
was  the  present  dean  of  the  college,  Frede- 
rick J.  Wulling.  He  was  born  at  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.,  December  24,  1866.  His  father  was 
John  J.  Wulling.  an  architect  by  profession. 
He  was  also  a  manufacturer  of  artistic  in- 
terior woodwork.  During  one  of  the  almost 
periodical  depressions  of  the  country  he 
became  so  involved  that  he  closed  out 
this  business,  stripping  himself  and  fam- 
ily of  all  but  the  necessaries  of  life  to 
meet    his    obligations,    which    he    paid   to 


the  last  dollar,  sacrificing  even  his  home- 
stead for  this  purpose.  The  family  is 
of  German  descent  and  can  be  traced  back 
to  the  fourteenth  century.  It  held  a  landed 
estate  in  Germany  up  to  about  the  middle 
of  the  last  century,  when  so  many  changes 
took  place.  The  name  was  originally  Von 
Wullingen.  This  was  changed  by  Mr.  Wul- 
ling's  great-grandfather  to  its  present  fonn. 
In  1870  John  J.  Wulling  moved  from  Brook- 
lyn to  his  summer  home  at  Carlstadt.  N.  J., 
eight  miles  from  Xew  York.  Here  Frederick 
received  his  earh'  education  and  spent  his 
boyhood  days.  He  passed  through  tlie  gram- 
mar and  high  s<-hools,  graduating  from  the 
latter  at  the  head  of  his  class.  Besides  this, 
during  the  last  two  years  of  his  high  school 
course,  he  attended  Bryant  &  Stratton's  busi- 
ness college  at  night,  and  was  emjdoyed  on 
Saturdays  in  the  office  of  a  wholesale  import- 
ing house  in  New  York  city.  This  shows  the 
indomitable  energy  of  the  boy  and  his  capac- 
ity for  work.  His  father's  reverses  came 
at  about  the  close  of  Frederick"s  high  school 
course.  After  graduating  he  took  up  the 
univei'sity  studies  under  tutors,  and  then  be- 
gan the  study  of  medicine  and  phanuacy. 
His  father  was  so  broken  down  by  his  busi- 
ness troubles  that  the  support  of  the  family, 
grown  to  be  a  large  one,  devolved  upon  Fred- 
erick, who  was  the  oldest,  although  scarcely 
more  than  a  boy,  but  the  responsibility  in 
stead  of  discouraging  him  stimulated  him  to 
increa.sed  energy.  He  took  a  position  with 
college  privileges  with  Dr.  C.  W.  Braeutigan, 
of  Brooklyn.  A  part  of  his  time  was  given 
to  the  Columbia  University,  and  to  translat- 
ing articles  on  chemistry,  pharmacy  and 
medicine  from  French.  Gemian,  Italian  and 
Spanish  journals.  He  did  this  so  rapidly 
and  well  that  he  earned  enough  to  support 
his  father's  family  and  to  provide  for  his  own 
college  course.  In  1885  he  passed  the  senior 
examination  in  pharmacy  and  allied  branch- 
es before  the  boards  of  New  York  and  Brook- 
lyn, and  of  New  Jersey.  He  had  matricu- 
lated at  the  College  of  Pharmacy  of  the  city 
of  New  York  in  1884.  After  the  final  junior 
examination  of  the  college  in  1886  it  was 
made  known  to  him  that  his  rating  was  the 
highest  of  the  class,  and  that  he  was  entitled 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


to  enter  the  competitor's  examination  for  the 
free  scholarship  of  the  senior  year.     He  won 
the  scholarship — the  first  that  had  been  won 
for  several  years,  because  of  the  failure  of 
candidates  to  reach  the  required  percentage. 
lu  1887  he  graduated  at  the  head  of  a  class 
of  one  hundred  and  six,  taking  as  prizes  the 
gold  medal,  one  hundred  dollars  in  gold,  a 
microscope,  and  an  analytical  balance — all 
the  prizes  possible  for  one  person  to  take. 
His  general   average  in  marking  was  98f. 
This  has  not  since  been  equalled  in  the  col- 
lege.    During  the  three  years  at  the  College 
of  Pharmacy  and  after — as  time  permitted, 
while  keeping  up  with  his  class — he  attend- 
ed the  College  of  I'hysicians  and  Surgeons 
in  the  Columbian  University.     In  the  spring 
of  188G  he  resigned  the  position  with  Dr. 
Braeutigan  to   accept  one  in  Dr.   S.   Fleet 
Speir's    laboratories   on   Brooklyn    Heights, 
where  he  was  promoted  so  rapidly  that  he 
became   managing   chemist    before   he    had 
graduated  from  college,  and  when  he  had 
just  turned  twenty  years  of  age.     In  1880  he 
was  appointed  lecture  assistant  to  I'rofessor 
Bedford,  the  foremost  pharmacist  of  the  pro- 
fession.    In  1887  he  was  promoted  to  the  in- 
structorship,   and  in  1890  to  the  assistant 
professorship  of  phannacy  in  the  New  York 
College  of  I'harmacy.     From  1889  to  1891 
he  was  associate  editor  with  Editoi-in-Chief 
Professor   Bedford   on   the   Pharmaceutical 
Record    of    Xew    York.     During   the    early 
spring  and  summer  of  1S87  he  visited  the 
chief  universities  of   Eurojje,   studying  for 
brief  periods  at  Munich,  Berlin,  (joettingen 
and  Paris.     Before  he  returned  home  he  vis- 
ited every  country  in  Europe  except  Eng- 
land.    The  versatility  and  activity  shown  by 
Mr.  Wulling  during  the  yeai-s  from  1887  to 
1891   exhibit   his   ability   and   capacity    for 
work.     He  was  managing  chemist  in  a  large 
laboratoiy,  teacher  at  the  New  York  College, 
doing   post-graduate  and   original   research 
work  with   Professor  Charles  F.   Chandler, 
and  later  with  Professor  Parsons,  attending 
the    College    of    Physicians    and    Surgeons 
three  times  a  week,  ti'anslating,  doing  edi- 
torial work,  and  writing  of  articles  on  chem- 
ical, pharmaceutical,  medical  and  allied  sub- 
jects, attending  the  Hoagland  Laboratory  of 


FItEDEiaCK  J.  WULLING. 

Bacteriology  at  Long  Island  College,  lectur- 
ing before  the  Brooklyn  Institute,  and  be- 
fore the  Brooklyn  Ethical  Association,  be- 
sides doing  work  for  physicians  in  clinical 
microscopy,  and  instructing  private  c*asses 
in  chemistry.  During  this  time  he  recovered 
his  father's  old  home  and  added  surrounding 
ground  to  it  and  acquired  other  real  estate. 
He  also  entered  into  partnership  in  drug 
stares  with  some  of  his  most  successful  stu- 
dents. In  1889,  as  might  have  been  expect- 
ed from  this  multifarious  activity,  his  health 
began  to  fail  and  he  took  another  trip  to 
Europe  for  a  rest,  but  did  some  advanced 
work  in  chemistry  at  Munich.  He,  however, 
returned  fully  recovered.  In  1891  Professor 
AVulling  was  called  to  the  chair  of  Inorganic 
I'harmaco-Diagnosis  at  the  Brooklyn  College 
of  Pharmacy.  He  resigned  from  the  New 
York  College  to  devote  his  attention  to  his 
new  duties  and  to  a  larger  business  venture 
with  his  uncle,  which,  not  proving  i)rorttable, 
was  disposed  of.  In  1892  he  published  his 
work  "Phannaceutical  and  Medical  Chem- 
istry" which  lias  now  reached  its  third  edi- 
tion. A  brief  history  of  botany,  which  he 
wrote  in  1891,  has  passed  through  ten  edi- 
tions of  a  thousand  each.     In  the  spring  of 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


1892  Professor  Wulling  was  called  to  the 
University  of  Minnesota  to  organize  a  de- 
partment of  pharmacy.  This  work  he  did, 
surmounting  many  obstacles.  The  depart- 
ment took  high  rank  from  the  start,  and  it 
is  now  one  of  the  leading  colleges  of  the 
United  States.  He  was  at  once  given  the 
title  of  dean  of  the  faculty  and  made  an  ex- 
ecutive officer  of  the  university.  He  has  giv- 
en his  time  and  energy  exclusively  to  the 
college  and  higher  pharmacy  since  his  ap- 
pointment as  dean.  In  1894  Dean  Wulling 
made  a  trip  to  England,  Scotland,  France 
and  Belgium.  He  there  enlarged  his  ac- 
quaintance with  men  i^rominent  in  his  own 
field  and  in  other  sciences.  He  has  been  in 
all  the  states  of  the  Union,  and  has  visited 
Canada.  Soon  after  his  return  from  Eng- 
land he  was  elected  Fellow  of  the  Society  of 
Science  at  London.  To  sum  up  his  literary 
work  it  may  be  mentioned  that  besides  being 
the  author  of  the  two  standard  books  men- 
tioned he  is  the  author  of  more  than  four 
hundred  original  essays,  papei's  and  lectures 
outside  of  college  work,  and  of  a  work  pub- 
lished serially  in  "Merck's  Report"  on  the 
subject  of  "Carbon  Compounds."  This  work 
is  now  complete  and  will  shortly  appear  in 
book  form.  His  writings  are  widely  copied 
in  journals  in  the  United  States  and  in  the 
leading  countries  of  Europe.  In  1897  Dean 
Wulling  was  married  to  Miss  Lucile  T.  Gis- 
sel,  daughter  of  Henry  Gissel,  a  pi'ominent 
citizen  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  and  a  well-to-do 
merchant.  He  has  four  sisters  and  three 
brothers,  for  whom  he  has  provided  a  liberal 
education,  besides  contributing  liberally 
every  month  to  his  parents.  In  1896  he 
graduated  from  the  law  school  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Minnesota  with  the  degree  of 
Bachelor  of  Laws,  and  in  1898  took  the  de- 
gree of  Master  of  Laws.  He  has  therefore 
earned  the  degrees  of  Ph.  G.,  Ph.  C,  Phm. 
D.,  LL.  B.,  F.  S.  C,  and  LL.  M.  He  is  also 
affiliated  with  the  following  organizations: 
Honorary  member  of  the  Brooklyn  College 
of  Pharmacy  and  of  Alumni  associations  of 
the  College  of  I'harmacy  of  the  city  of  New 
York  and  of  the  Minnesota  University  Col- 
lege of  Pharmacy.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  American  Pharmaceutical  Association, 


American  Chemical  Society,  Chemists'  Club, 
New  York;  New  York  State  Pharmaceuticjil 
Association,  Minnesota  Pharmaceutical  State 
Association,  Brooklyn  Institute  of  Arts  and 
Letters,  Brooklyn  Ethical  Association,  Min- 
nesota Bar,  and  of  other  minor  associations. 


TUENBLAD,  Swan  Johan,  is  owner  and 
publisher  of  the  Svenska  Amerikanska  Pos- 
ten,  published  at  Minneapolis.  This  publica- 
tion is  the  most  influential  Scandinavian 
weekly  issued  from  the  presses  of  this  coun- 
try, it  has  a  circulation  of  over  50,000 
copies,  exceeding  by  a  good  many  thousand 
that  of  any  other  paper  of  its  nationality,  and 
is  the  largest  in  point  of  size,  running  usually 
from  sixteen  to  twenty  pages.  Mr.  Turn- 
hlad  is  in  every  sense  of  the  world  a  self- 
made  man.  He  is  a  prominent  representa- 
tive of  that  class  of  American  citizens  who 
make  up  such  a  large  portioni  of  the  popula- 
tion of  this  great  Northwest.  What  success 
he  has  achieved  is  due  entirely  to  his  own 
unaided  efforts.  Taking  hold  of  the  Svenska 
Amerikanska  Posten  in  the  second  year  of 
its  existence,  when  it  had  only  1,400  sub- 
scribers and  an  indebtedness  of  $5,000 
weighing  it  down,  his  business  sagacity  has 
succeeded  in  thirteen  years  in  making  it  one 
of  the  best  paying  newspaper  properties  in 
the  Northwest.  Mr.  Turnblad  was  born  Oc- 
tober 7,  1860,  in  Tubbemala,  Sweden.  He  is 
the  son  of  Olof  Monson  and  Ingjard  Turn- 
blad, who  came  to  this  country  when  he  was 
but  nine  years  of  age.  His  father  had  pos- 
sessed a  considerable  fortune  in  the  old  coun- 
try, but  he  lost  it  all  through  the  unfortunate 
endorsement  of  worthless  notes.  On  his  ar- 
rival in  America,  he  came  directly  to  Minne- 
sota and  located  at  Vasa,  in  Goodhue  county, 
where  he  engaged  in  farming.  The  subject 
of  this  sketch  attended  the  Vasa  public 
schools  and  P.  T.  Lindholm's  high  school  in 
that  place.  He  taught  school  for  two  terms 
after  leaving  the  high  school.  Quite  early 
in  life  Mr.  Turnblad  exhibited  a  strong  pre- 
dilection for  the  art  of  printing.  While  at- 
tending school  he  sent  away  for  a  set  of  t3'pes 
and  a  small  hand  press.  Up  to  this  time  he 
had  never  seen  a  printer's  case,  but  through 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


a  small  instruction  book  he  obtained  he 
quickly  learned  how  to  use  the  small  printin}^ 
equipment  he  had  ordered.  That  he  was 
ambitious  may  be  judged  by  the  fact  that  he 
attempted'  to  publish  ;iu  arithmetic  compiled 
by  Professor  P.  T.  Liudholm.  He  had  to 
distribute  his  type  after  setting  and  printing 
each  page,  but  in  six  months'  time  he  suc- 
ceeded in  getting  out  a  book  of  120  pages. 
He  was  but  seventeen  years  old  when  he  com- 
pleted this  pretentious  task.  In  1S79  he  re- 
moved to  Minneapolis  and  worked  as  a  type- 
setter on  the  Minnesota  Stats  Tidning  and 
Svenska  Folkets  Tidning.  He  followed  this 
line  of  work  for  the  next  eight  years,  part  of 
the  time  soliciting  in  the  insurance  business. 
In  18S7  he  took  charge  of  the  management 
of  the  Svenska  Amerikanska  Posten,  which 
at  that  time  was  in  a  bad  financial  condition, 
but  under  his  able  management  it  was  soon 
put  on  a  solid  footing.  The  paper  is  inde- 
pendent in  politics,  and  is  an  advocate  of 
temperance  principles.  It  may  be  men- 
tioned in  this  connection  that  at  one  time 
Mr.  Turnblad  took  a  prominent  part  in  tem- 
perance work.  He  assisted  in  organizing  the 
first  Scandinavian  temperance  society  in  Min- 
neapolis, meetings  being  held  at  the  old  Har- 
rison hall  every  Sunday  afternoon  to  crowd- 
ed houses.  He  was  also  a  Good  Templar  and 
helped  to  organize  several  lodges  throughout 
the  state  of  Minnesota.  When  3Ir.  Turnblad 
first  came  to  Minneapolis  he  did  not  have 
over  |5  to  his  name,  but  by  industry  and  fru- 
gal habits  ho  has  now  amassed  a  comfortable 
fortune.  In  the  days  when  he  worked  at  the 
printer's  case,  his  inventive  mind  evolved  a 
secret  letter  writer,  which  is  now  extensively 
used.  He  sold  the  sole  right  to  its  patent  to 
an  eastern  party  at  a  handsome  figure,  thus 
first  securing  his  start  in  life.  He  owns  the 
Cecil  flats  at  1511  Stevens  avenue,  one  of  the 
handsomest  and  best  paying  apartment  build- 
ings in  Minneapolis,  and  also  possesses  con 
siderable  other  real  estate  property.  He  is 
now  erecting  a  handsome  grey-stone  resi- 
dence on  some  property  he  owns,  on  Central 
Park  and  Oak  Grove  street,  at  a  cost  of 
1100,000.  Mr.  Turnblad  is  independent  in 
his  political  affiliations,  but  has  always  re- 
fused to  accejit  [tolitical  jirefciuicut  for  him- 


SWAN  J.  TUUM'.LAl). 

self,  with  the  exception  of  his  appoiutment 
as  a  member  of  the  board  of  umuagers  of  the 
state  reformatory  at  St.  Cloud,  which  he 
was  ottered  by  (iovernor  Lind  in  1899^  He 
is  a  projuinent  nu'mher  of  the  Masonic  lodge, 
having  taken  all  the  degrees  up  to  the  thirty- 
second  in  the  York  and  Scottish  Rites.  He 
is  also  a  Shriner.  He  is  identified  with  the 
Presbyterian  church,  and  is  a  member  of 
Westminster.  In  18S;!  he  was  married  to 
Christina  Nelson,  of  Worthing-ton,  Minn. 
They  have  one  child,  Lillian  Zeuobia.  Mr. 
Turnblad  and  his  family,  in  the  last  few 
years,  have  enjoyed  considerable  traveling, 
and  in  1895,  1897  and  1S99  they  made  ex- 
tensive Eiuoiiean  tours. 


MARSHALL,  Cla ranee  Alden,  came  to 
Minneapolis  in  1891  from  Boston,  to  take  the 
directorship  of  the  Northwestern  ('ouserva- 
tory  of  Music. 

His  father  was  Alden  B.  Marshall,  a  con- 
tractor and  builder  of  Newton,  Mass.,  a  vete- 
ran of  the  Civil  war,  and  a  man  of  sterling 
character,  universally  resix'cted  in  the  com- 
munity. His  nu)tlier  was  Clarissa  Hemeu- 
way,   a    member  of  a   prominent   family    in 


HISTORY  OF  THE  OREAT  XORTHAVEST. 


CLARAXCE    A.    MAltSHALL. 

Fi-auiingliam,  Mass.  Both  families  came 
from  the  oldest  Puritan  stock. 

Clarance  A.  Mai-sliall  was  born  at  Marl- 
boro, Mass.,  March  15,  1859.  His  education 
was  obtained  in  the  public  schools  of  New- 
ton, Mass.,  where  his  parents  removed  in 
his  ninth  year,  attracted  by  the  i-eputation  of 
the  public  school  sj'stem  of  the  city.  He 
graduated  from  Newton  High  School  at  the 
age  of  eighteen,  and  entered  Harvard  Col- 
lege a  year  later  as  special  student  in  art  and 
music.  Here,  for  a  period  of  six  years,  he 
pursued  his  studies  in  music  and  art  under 
John  Knowles  Paine  and  others. 

His  musical  education  was  continued  un- 
der some  of  Boston's  most  famous  instru- 
mental and  vocal  artists,  with  a  large  num- 
ber of  whom  he  was  associated  as  pupil  or 
in  some  higher  capacity  until  he  became  asso- 
ciate conductor  with  Carl  Zerrahn,  the  well- 
known  director  of  the  famous  Handel  and 
Haydn  Oratorio  society.  Positions  as  church 
organist  and  choir  director  were  held  in  Wa- 
tertown,  Eoxbury  and  Boston,  and  as  direc- 
tor of  choral  societies  in  Watertown,  Dor- 
chester and  other  Massachusetts  cities,  also 
in  Bangor,  Waterville,  Augusta  and  other 
Maine  and  New  England  towns. 

In  the  fall  of  1887,  a  choir  and  three 


choral  societies  in  Saginaw,  Mich.,  held  out 
inducements  which  were  accepted,  and  a  sea- 
son was  spent  in  that  state.  The  next  au- 
tumn, poor  health  making  a  southern  climate 
preferable,  he  went  to  Nashville.  Tenn.,  as 
leader  of  a  surpliced  choir  and  vocal  instruc- 
tor in  a  large  young  ladies'  seminary.  In 
the  spring  of  18S9  he  organized  and  made 
a  success  of  the  first  great  musical  festival 
ever  held  in  the  city.  In  the  fall  of  that 
year  he  accepted  an  offer  from  the  Mozart 
Society,  of  Richmond,  Va.,  where  two  years 
were  spent  as  director  of  the  chorus  and  or- 
chestra of  the  society,  and  booking  ai'tists 
for  the  semi  monthly  concei'ts.  Here  two 
large  and  successful  festivals  were  organized 
and  a  great  stimulus  given  musical  matters. 

In  the  summer  of  1891  he  purchased  the 
Northwestern  Conservator}'  of  Music  at  Min- 
neapolis, immediately  assuming  active  direc- 
tion. The  institution  had  been  in  operation 
for  six  years,  and  his  first  year  showed  an 
attendance  of  about  130.  During  the  nine 
years  following,  energy  and  ability  in  man- 
agement has  increased  the  annual  attendance 
to  nearly  500,  the  last  graduating  class  num- 
bering 24.  Over  3,500  students  have  been 
connected  with  the  school,  and  an  alumni 
association  of  over  100  organized,  the  quar- 
ters occupied  have  been  enlarged,  and  a  great 
school,  exerting  a  wide  influence  over  the 
Northwest,  has  been  firmly  established. 

Mr.  Marshall  became  a  member  of  the 
Immanuel  Baptist  church  of  Newton,  Mass., 
when  a  lad,  and  still  retains  the  membership, 
his  professional  connection  with  churches  of 
various  denominations  making  a  transfer  im- 
{tracticable.  During  his  residence  in  Minne- 
apolis he  has  been  organist  and  choir  direc- 
tor of  Westminster  Presbyterian,  Gethsem-' 
ane  Episcopal,  and  the  First  Congregational 
churches. 

He  was  married  in  1891  to  Miss  Marion 
Howard,  of  Waterville,  Me.,  and  has  one 
child,  a  daughter. 


HUGHES,  Thomas,  is  one  of  the  leading 
lawyers  of  Southern  Minnesota,  and  has  been 
practicing  his  profession  in  Mankato  since 
1882.  He  is  a  native  of  Ohio,  and  was  born 
in  Miuersville,  Meigs  county,  September  23, 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


1854.     His  father,  Henry  Huolies,  was  bora 
in   Monnioutlisliii-e,    Soutli    Wales,   in    lS:?;i, 
and  came  to  this  country  in  1851,  settling  at 
Minersyille,  where,  two  years  later,  he  was 
married  to  Eliza  Davis,  a  native  of  Cardi- 
ganshire, Wales,  who  had  emigrated  to  this 
country  the  same  year  as  her  husband.     Mv. 
Hughes  moved  with  his  family  to  Minnesota 
in  October,  1855,  and  settled  on  a  farm  in 
the  present  town  of  Cambria,  Blue  Earth 
county,  and  was  one  of  the  first  settlers  in 
that  section  of  the  state.     He  retired  from 
his    farm    in    1880,    removing    to    Mankato, 
where  he  now  resides  in  fairly  good  circum- 
stances.    He  always  took  an  active  interest 
in  all  matters  of  a  public  nature,  has  been 
a  leader  in  local  affairs,  and  held  a  number 
of  town  and  school  offices.     The  subject  of 
our  sketch  enjoyed  the  best  educational  ad- 
vantages the  country  schools  afforded,  and 
when  twenty  years  of  age  went  to  Northfleld 
and  entered  the  preparatory  department  of 
Carleton  College,  graduating  in  the  regular 
classical  course  in  1880,  with  first  honors. 
He  then  took  up  the  study  of  law  in  the  of- 
fice of  the  late  Judge  F.  H.  Waite,  of  Man- 
kato, Minn.,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1882.     He  formed  a  partnership  with  Mr.  M. 
Z.  Willard  in  1884  under  the  firm  name  of 
Willard  &  Hughes,   which  continued   until 
1887.     For  the  past  ten  years  his  brother, 
Evan  Hughes,  has  been  associated  with  him, 
but    the    finn    name    has    been     "Thomas 
Hughes."     Ho  enjoys  an  extensive  practice 
and  has  the  respect  of  his  clients  and  fellow- 
members  of  the  bar  in  a  high  degree.     Ik- 
has   been   attorney    for   the   First    National 
IJank    of    Mankato,    the    Mankato    Mutual 
Building  and  Loan  Association,  and  several 
other  corpoi'ations,  for  a  number  of  yeare. 
During  his  practice  he  has  handled  a  large 
number  of  important  cases,  and  with  very 
good  success.     In  189C  he  was  elected  coun- 
ty attorney  of  Blue  Earth  county  and  was 
re-elected  by  a  large  majority  in  ISflS.     His 
record  in  that  office  is  acknowledged  to  have 
been  second  to  none  in  the  state.     In  politics 
he  has  always  been  a  Eepublicau  and  a  con 
sistent   supporter  of  Kepublican   ])rinciples, 
taking  an  active  interest  in  the  party's  wel- 
fare.    He  has  been  identified  with  evei'y  piib- 


TIIO.MAS  HUGHES. 

lie  enterprise  tending  to  build  uji  and  pro- 
mote the  best  interests  of  his  adopted  city, 
and  has  been  a  director  of  the  Mankato 
Mutual  Building  and  Loan  Association  for 
a  number  of  years.  He  is  also  a  member  of 
and  on  the  board  of  directors  of  the  Man- 
kato Board  of  Trade,  is  a  director  of  the  Y. 
M.  C.  A.  of  that  city,  and  is  connected  with 
a  number  of  other  associations.  The  only 
fraternal  organization  with  which  he  is  con- 
nected is  the  Knights  of  I'ythias.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Congregational  Church  of 
Mankato,  a  trustee  and  deacon,  and  superin- 
tendent of  the  Sunday  school.  November 
25,  1885,  he  was  married  to  Miss  Alice  O. 
Hills,  daughter  of  Amos  B.  and  Sybil  Hills, 
of  Faribault,  Minn.  Tlieir  union  has  been 
blessi^i  with  two  children,  Burton  E.  and 
Evan  Raymond.  Mrs.  Hughes  is  a  graduate 
of  Cai-leton  College  in  the  class  of  1881. 


WINTEKEK,  Herman.— North  Dalvota 
has  allorded  boundless  ojiportunities  to  the 
young  man  of  pluck  and  determination. 
Success,  however,  was  not  to  be  achieved 
without  a  struggle,  and  the  ambitious  youth 
who  took  lip  his  residence  in  the  Territory 


HISTOUY  OK  THE  GREAT  ^•OUTH^A•EST. 


HERMAN   WIXTEUEIl. 

of  Dakota  in  the  early  clays  liad  his  share  of 
adversity  and  misfortune.  When  the  sub- 
ject of  this  sketch  first  settled  in  the  Flicker- 
tail  state  and  hung  out  his  shingle  he  had 
neither  money  nor  books  nor  experience  as 
a  lawyer.  He  did,  however,  jjossess  a  facul- 
ty for  persevering  and  the  prominence  he 
has  attained  in  the  legal  profession  is  due 
largely  to  this  particular  part  of  his  make-up. 
Mr.  Winterer  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
January  1,  18.57.  His  father  was  a  native 
of  Gennany,  and  was  born  and  reared  in  Et- 
tenheim.  Grand  Duchy  of  Baden,  and  here 
he  learned  the  trade  of  a  locksmith.  He 
came  to  the  United  States  when  a  young 
man  and  located  in  Philadelphia,  where  he 
secured  employment  in  a  locomotive  shop. 
He  was  married  here  to  Francisca  Kohlif- 
rath,  who  was  also  a  native  of  Ettenheim. 
In  1858  they  migrated  west  and  settled  in 
Sibley  county,  Minn.  The  Sioux  uprising  in 
the  early  sixties  compelled  the  family  to 
move  away  for  a  time  from  the  claim  on 
which  they  had  settled,  and  in  1867  Mr.  Win- 
terer purchased  another  farm  at  Lake  I»rai- 
rie,  in  Nicollet  county.  He  died  in  1889,  his 
wife's  death  preceding  his  about  seven  years, 
leaving  a  large  family  sui'viviiig  them.     Her- 


man's early  education  was  received  in  the 
district  schools,  but  the  instruction  afforded 
was  crude  in  its  character.  The  desire  of 
the  parents  to  give  their  children  the  best 
education  at  their  command  inspired  the  lad 
to  make  diligent  use  of  his  time  after  the 
evening  chores  were  done.  He  taught  school 
and  later  he  attended  the  high  school  at  Le 
Sueur,  Minn.  lu  1877  he  entered  the  State 
Tni versify,  and  after  comjileting  the  four 
year's  work  at  this  institution,  took  up  the 
law  course  in  the  University  of  Iowa,  gradu- 
ating in  the  class  of  1882.  The  following 
spring  he  went  to  Dakota  and  located  at 
^'alley  City,  where  he  began  the  i)ractice  of 
his  profession.  A  few  months  later  he 
formed  a  partnership  with  Judge  Seth  Mills. 
^Mr.  Mills  died  shor-tly  afterwards,  however, 
and  Mr.  Winterer  continued  his  practice 
alone  until  his  younger  brother,  Edward,  be- 
came a  partner  and  the  law  firm  of  Winterer 
&  Winterer  was  established.  Ever  since  his 
residence  in  Dakota  Mr.  Winterer  has  taken 
an  active  interest  in  politics.  Although 
not  a  partisan,  he  has  generally  asso- 
ciated himself  with  the  Democratic  party. 
He  was  first  an  applicant  for  political  hon- 
ors in  1800,  when  he  aspired  to  the  office  of 
state's  attorney  for  Barnes  county,  and  was 
elected  by  a  two-thii-ds  vote  of  the  county 
against  strong  opposition.  He  was  i-e-elect- 
ed  in  1892,  and  again  in  1891,  without  oppo- 
sition. His  brother  succeeded  him  in  this 
office  at  the  close  of  his  third  term.  While 
serving  as  state's  attorney  he  successfully 
conducted  a  number  of  important  tax  cases 
growing  out  of  the  Northern  Pacific  land 
grant.  Both  in  189G  and  in  1900  Mr.  Win- 
terer was  solicited  to  become  a  candidate 
for  district  judge  of  his  home  district,  but 
in  each  instance  declined,  feeling  that  he 
could  not  aftord  to  give  up  his  practice  for  a 
judgeship).  In  1890  he  was  elected  vice 
president  of  the  First  National  Bank  of  Val- 
ley City,  which  position  he  still  holds.  He 
has  also  served  for  a  number  of  years  on 
the  board  of  education  of  that  city  and  is 
president  of  the  board  at  the  present  time. 
Since  his  graduation  from  the  Iowa  law 
school  Mr.  Winterer  has  been  admitted  to 
practice  in  the  state  and  federal  courts  of 


HISTORY  OF  TUE  (JUEAT  NORTHWEST. 


Iowa,  Minnesota,  North  and  Soutli  Dakota, 
and,  on  March  28, 1898,  was  granted  the  priv- 
ilege to  practice  before  the  snpreme  court  of 
the  United  States.  He  is  prominent  in  ^Ma- 
sonic  circles,  is  Eminent  Commander  of  St. 
Elmo  Commandery,  No.  5,  Valley  City,  and 
Warden  of  the  Grand  Commandery  of  the 
state  of  North  Dakota.  He  is  also  a.  mem- 
ber of  El  Zagal  Temple  of  the  Mystic  Shrine 
of  Fargo,  also  a  member  of  the  A.  O.  U.  "W. 
January  1,  1887,  he  was  married  to  Emma 
A.,  daughter  of  Cyrus  (1.  Myrick,  of  Le 
Sueur,  Minn.  Mr.  Myrick  is  a  Vermonter 
and  a  graduate  of  the  Norwich  ^Military 
School  and  Middlebury  Colk^ge.  Althougli 
84  years  of  age  he  is  able  to  read  Creek  and 
Latin  and  handle  the  higher  branches  of 
mathematics  as  easily  as  though  he  had  just 
graduated.  Mrs.  Winterer  is  a  graduate  of 
the  Le  Sueur  High  School,  and,  thereafter, 
the  recipient  of  special  instruction.  Three 
children  have  been  born  to  them:  Florence 
Nightingale,  Francisca  Eloise  and  Hermione 
Winterer. 


MARTIN,  Eben  W.— The  congressman- 
elect  from  South  Dakota,  Eben  W.  Martin, 
might  be  said  to  be  indigenous  to  the  soil, 
for  he  is  by  birth,  training,  education  and 
exi)erience  a  product  of  the  Northwest  and 
a  fair  example  of  what  its  institutions  can  do 
for  its  citizens.  Mr.  Martin  was  born  in 
Maquoketa, — a  name  suggestive  of  westeni 
ozone, — ^lowa,  in  185.5.  On  his  father's  side 
the  ancestry  is  Scotch-Irish,  while  his  mother 
is  of  English  descent,  from  a  family  which 
settled  at  Stonington,  Conn.,  in  the  seven- 
teenth century.  Her  maiden  name  was  Lois 
Hyde  Wever,  and  she  was  the  youngest 
child  of  Rev.  John  M.  Wever,  a  Methodist 
Episcopal  minister  of  the  Troy  (N.  Y.)  con- 
ference. Mr.  Martin's  father,  James  W. 
Martin,  was  a  traveling  salesman  in  modest 
iinancial  circumstances,  who  served  in  the 
war  of  the  Rebellion  as  captain  of  Company 
I,  Twenty-fourth  Iowa  Volunteers.  Eben 
\V.  Martin's  great-great-grandfather  was  a 
soldier  of  the  Revolutionary  war,  and  served 
under  General  Washington.  By  reaso7i  of 
this  military  lineage  Mr.  Martin  is  a  member 
of   the  Loyal  Legion   through   his   father's 


EI'.KN    W.    1I.\UTIN. 

service,  and  a  member  of  the  South  Dakota 
Chapter  of  the  Sons  of  the  American  Revolu- 
tion by  virtue  of  his  great-great-grandfa- 
ther's record  in  the  struggle  for  indepen- 
dence. Mr.  Mai'tin's  early  education  1<ras  ob- 
tained in  the  district  school  of  Ma(]Uoketa, 
Jackson  county,  Iowa,  and  in  the  grammar 
and  high  school  of  Mount  Pleasant,  Iowa, 
where  he  prepared  for  college.  He  entered 
Cornell  College,  Mount  Vernon,  Iowa,  and 
took  the  classical  course,  graduating  with 
the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts  in  the  class 
of  1S70,  and  three  years  later  received  from 
the  institution  the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts. 
^^'llile  in  college  he  was,  in  1877,  president 
of  tlie  Interstate  Oratorical  Association — a 
fact  which  speaks  well  for  his  oratorical 
stan<ling  at  college.  Having  chosen  law  as 
his  jirofession,  he  commenced  his  legal  stud- 
ies in  the  office  of  George  B.  Young,  Clinton, 
Iowa,  and  then  entered  the  law  department 
of  the  University  of  Michigan,  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1880.  He  was  i)r('sid»'nt 
of  the  law  class  of  the  university  while  he 
was  a  student.  In  August.  18S0,  he  came 
to  South  Dakota  and  settled  at  Deadwood 
when  the  region  was  known  as  the  •'Black 
Hills,"  where  he  has  ever  since  lived.  Here 
he   devoted  himself   to   his   profession    with 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


great  assiduity  and  soon  had  a  lucrative 
practice  in  all  the  courts  accessible.  In  1887 
he  formed  a  partnership  with  ISTorman  T. 
Mason,  Esq..  under  the  style  of  Martin  & 
Alasou.  The  firm  at  once  took  a  leading  po- 
sition at  the  bar  and  has  since  had  a  large 
share  of  the  important  litigation  in  all  the 
higher  courts  of  the  state.  Some  of  the 
cases  conducted  by  the  finu  have  been  noted 
for  the  abstruse  law  points  involved,  and  for 
the  array  of  legal  talent  employed.  One  of 
the  more  recent  cases  is  that  of  the  Buxton 
Mining  Company  vs.  Golden  Reward  Com- 
pany, in  the  Circuit  Court  of  the  United 
States  at  Deadwood,  and  in  the  United 
States  Circuit  Court  of  Appeals  at  St.  Paul, 
^lartin  &  Mason  were  attorneys  for  the 
plaintiff.  This  was  a  jury  case.  The  trial 
consumed  five  weeks,  resulting  in  a  verdict 
for  about  seventy  thousand  dollars  for  the 
plaintiff.  Mr.  Martin  has  always  been  a 
Republican,  and  has  generally  taken  part  in 
all  campaigns  so  far  as  his  business  would 
permit,  but  not  in  a  personal  way,  except 
when  he  was  elected  to  the  territorial  legisla- 
ture in  1884—85,  until  the  recent  campaign. 
In  1900  he  was  elected  to  congress  as  a  mem- 
ber at  large  from  South  Dakota.  He  has 
always  taken  an  interest  in  educational  mat- 
ters, as  might  be  expected  from  his  own 
thorough  equipment.  He  was  for  several 
years  president  of  the  board  of  education  of 
the  city  of  Deadwood.  and  has  served  at  dif- 
ferent times  as  a  member  of  the  board  of 
trustees  of  the  State  Normal  School  at  Spear- 
fish,  S.  D.,  and  of  other  educational  institu- 
tions. He  is  a  member  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  church  and  in  May,  1900.  was  a 
lay  delegate  to  the  quadrennial  general  con- 
ference of  the  denomination,  held  at  Chicago. 
In  1883  he  was  married  to  Jessie  Arvilla 
Miner,  daughter  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  George  N. 
Miner,  formerly  of  Cedar  Falls,  Iowa,  now 
of  Hot  Springs,  S.  D.  They  have  five  chil- 
dren: George  M.,  IG  years  old;  Lois  W.,  14; 
Paul  E..  11;  Charles  E.,  8,  and  Jessie  A. 
Martin,  4  vears  old. 


YOUNG,  Newton  Clarence. — Judge  N. 
C.  Young,  who  is  now  serving  as  one  of  the 
three  justices  of  the  supreme  court  of  North 


Dakota,  was  born  at  Mt.  Pleasant,  Iowa,  on 
January  128,  1802.  His  parents  are  natives 
of  Oliio  and  are  farmers.  In  1850  and 
shorfly  after  their  marriage,  they  emigrat- 
ed to  Iowa,  where  they  still  reside.  Their 
family  consisted  of  ten  children,  six  of 
whom  are  living.  Newton,  who  is  the 
fourth,  received  his  entire  education  in  the 
schools  of  his  native  state.  Until  he  was 
eleven  years  of  age  he  attended  a  countrv 
school.  Later  he  attended  the  preparatory 
department  of  Tabor  college.  Following 
this  he  was  compelled  to  remain  out  of 
school  for  four  years  and  assist  his  father 
on  the  farm.  In  1879  he  entered  the  Iowa 
City  academy,  from  which  he  graduated  in 
1882.  In  the  same  year  he  entered  the 
state  universit.v,  taking  the  classical  course, 
and  graduated  in  1880  with  the  degree  of 
B.  A.  and  on  the  honor  list.  In  his  second 
year  in  the  university  he  was  elected  to  the 
editorial  staff  of  the  Yidette  Reporter,  the 
then  official  newspaper  of  the  university, 
and  later  became  its  managing  editor.  He 
was  a  member  and  one  of  the  presidents  of 
the  Letagathian  Literary  Society  and  later 
became  a  member  of  the  Phi  Delta  Theta 
fraternity.  In  the  annual  university  ora- 
torical contest  of  1880  he  was  awarded 
second  honors.  In  1890  his  Alma  Mater 
conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  Master  of 
Arts.  In  the  year  of  his  graduation  from 
the  collegiate  department  of  the  university 
he  entered  the  law  department  of  the  same 
institution  and  graduated  therefrom  in 
1887.  On  June  2.3,  1887,  two  days  after  his 
graduation,  he  was  married  to  Miss  Ida  B. 
Clarke,  who  had  just  graduated  from  the 
philosophical  course  of  the  same  university. 
They  immediately  moved  to  Bathgate,  in 
Pembina  county,  in  the  then  territory  of 
Dakota,  where  ^Ir.  Young  entered  upon  the 
practice  of  his  profession.  He  soon  became 
a  useful  member  of  the  community  in  which 
he  had  taken  up  his  residence  and,  in  addi 
tion  to  enjoying  a  lucrative  practice,  he  was 
called  to  fill  a  number  of  local  offices.  In 
1892,  at  the  instance  of  those  of  his  fellow 
citizens  favoring  a  better  enforcement  of 
the  law,  he  became  a  candidate  for  state's 
attornev  and  was  elected.     In  1894  he  was 


NEWTON    CLARENCE    YOUNO. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  (HiEAT  NORTHWEST. 


re-elected  to  the  same  position  without  op- 
position. In  1896  he  was  one  of  three  nomi- 
nees for  district  judye  of  the  Seventh  ju- 
dicial district,  and  was  defeated.  His  suc- 
cessful administration  of  the  state's  attor. 
ney's  office  had,  however,  established  his 
reputation  from  one  end  of  the  state  to  the 
other,  as  a  conscientious  and  fearless  at- 
torney, so  that,  two  years  later,  notwith- 
standing his  defeat,  the  Republicans  of 
Pembina  county  presented  his  name  to  the 
state  convention  as  their  choice  for  the  su- 
I)reme  bench  of  the  state,  to  succeed  Judf^e 
("orliss,  and  he  was  nominated  by  acclama- 
tion. Shortly  after  the  convention  Judge 
('orliss  resigned  and  Mr.  Young  was  ap- 
l)ointed  by  Gov.  Devine  to  fill  out  the  un- 
expired term.  The  ensuing  election  result- 
ed in  his  election  by  a  large  majority,  the 
endorsement  from  his  home  county  being 
particularly  complimentary  and  largely 
non-partisan.  Judge  Young  is  making  an 
honorable  record  on  the  supreme  bench  and 
is  a  striking  example  of  what  may  be  ac- 
complished by  a  young  man  of  energy  and 
fidelity  to  principle  and  purpose.  In  1898, 
after  his  election  to  the  supreme  bench. 
Judge  Young  moved  his  family  to  Fargo, 
because  of  the  greater  convenience  in  his 
work,  and  the  excellent  educational  advan- 
tages of  that  city.  Their  family  consists  of 
three  children,  Laura  B.,  aged  12;  Horace 
Clarke,  aged  10,  and  Dorothea  P.,  aged  8. 


HARVEY,  Thomas  Edmond,  was  born  in 
New  York  City,  November  23,  1844,  and  is 
the  oldest  of  seven  children  of  Michael  L. 
and  Ellen  Harvey,  both  of  whom  were  na- 
tives of  the  north  of  Ireland,  but  of  English 
and  Scotch  ancestry, — the  maiden  name  of 
Mrs.  Harvey  being  McGill.  In  May,  1850, 
the  family  emigrated  to  the  state  of  Illinois 
and  settled  on  a  farm  near  Dixon,  the  county 
seat  of  Lee  county,  where  Thomas  E.  re- 
ceived his  early  education,  attending  the  com- 
mon schools  in  the  winter  months  and  work- 
ing on  the  farm  during  the  summer.  He  was 
a  studious  reader  of  biography  and  history, 
in  which  he  was  greatly  assisted  and  directed 
by  his  father,  who  was  a  graduate  of  the  Uni- 


A'ersity  of  Dublin.  In  1861  he  entered  Bry- 
ant &  Stratton's  Commercial  College  in  Chi- 
cago, but  before  graduating  he  enlisted  in 
the  65th  Illinois  Infantry,  and  went  to  the 
front,  participating  in  the  battle  of  Harper's 
Ferry  in  September,  1862,  where  General 
Miles  surrendered  to  Stonewall  Jackson. 
From  a  private  soldier  Mr.  Harvey  rose  to 
the  rank  of  second  lieutenant,  and  in  June, 
1865,  when  peace  was  declared,  the  spirit  of 
adventure  still  strong  in  him,  he  started  west 
and  crossed  the  plains,  arriving  in  Denver  on 
the  6th  of  August,  and  returned  to  Omaha, 
Xeb.,  in  December  of  the  same  year.  Here 
he  first  began  the  study  of  the  law  under  the 
tuition  of  Hon.  Charles  H.  Brown,  then  the 
leading  criminal  lawyer  of  the  state.  In  Feb- 
ruary, 1868,  he  left  the  office  of  Mr.  Brown 
and  removed  to  North  Platte,  Neb.,  where 
he  enteied  the  law  office  of  Hon.  Beach  I. 
Hinman.  afterwards  taking  a  course  in  a  law 
school  of  one  year,  in  Chicago,  and  returning 
to  his  old  preceptor  at  North  Platte,  where 
he  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  September  23, 
1873,  remaining  with  Mr.  Hinman  until  the 
fall  of  1875.  About  this  time  reports  of  the 
discovery-  of  gold  in  the  Black  Hills  of  Da- 
kota attracted  the  attention  of  Mr.  Harvey, 
and  he  resolved  to  set  out  for  that  Eldorado. 
Leaving  Chejenne  on  the  12th  day  of  Janu- 
ary, 1876,  after  many  hardships,  and  their 
horses  having  been  stolen  by  the  hostile  In- 
dians, Mr.  Harvey  and  his  brother  James  ar- 
rived in  Custer  City,  February  14,  1876.  At 
that  time  the  Black  Hills  was  a  part  of  the 
Indian  reservation,  and  the  territorial  laws 
were  not  in  force,  but  the  people  at  once 
organized  a  provisional  goverament,  and  al 
the  election  on  the  25th  of  March,  1876,  a 
code  of  laws  was  adopted  and  a  full  set  of 
oflicers  elected,  Mr.  Harvey  being  elected  the 
first  judge  of  the  superior  court,  having  ap- 
pellate jurisdiction  from  the  justices  of  the 
peace.  This  office  he  resigned  to  engage  in 
the  practice  of  law,  and  he  was  the  first  law- 
yer to  practice  in  the  Black  Hills,  and  was 
engaged  in  every  case  tried  in  the  courts 
there  until  he  removed  to  Deadwood  in  July, 
1877.  While  at  Custer  he  was  appointed 
the    first     United    States    postmaster,    his 


168 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


commission  bearing  date  March  14,  1877. 
In  July  of  that  year  Mr.  Harvey  removed 
to  Deadwood,  where  lie  had  a  lucrative  law 
practice  until  1889,  when  he  was  apijoiuted 
the  first  district  attorney  of  Meade  county. 
After  a  year  and  eight  months  in  this  office 
he  resigned,  on  account  of  his  growing  prac- 
tice, and  the  large  fees  olTered  him  in  the 
defense  of  crininial  cases;  his  success  in  this 
line  was  so  great  that  there  was  not  one 
conviction  for  felony  for  two  years  and  four 
months,  although  over  fifty  parties  were  in- 
dicted tor  ditTerent  crimes,  including  seven 
murder  indictments.  The  citizens  becoming 
alarmed  at  the  condition  of  ali'airs  in  their 
county,  requested  him  to  accept  the  nomina- 
tion for  state's  attorney  on  the  Democratic 
ticket  in  the  fall  of  1892,  and  feeling  that  he 
should  resjKind  to  the  wishes  of  the  best  ele- 
ments of  all  political  parties,  he  accepted  the 
nomination  and  was  elected  bj'  a  large  ma- 
jority over  both  the  Republican  and  Populist 
candidates.  Mr.  Harvey  justified  the  hopes 
of  his  friends  and  supporters  by  succeeding 
in  convicting,  and  sending  to  the  state  peni- 
tentiary, sixteen  persons  for  different  crimes 
including  murder  and  manslaughter,  and  an- 
other (Jay  Hicks)  was  executed  at  Sturgis, 
November  1.5,  1894,  for  the  robbery  and  mur- 
der of  a  stockman,  committed  in  November, 
1893,  thus,  in  two  years'  time,  effectually  put- 
ting an  end  to  the  reign  of  terror  in  that 
county,  and  making  it  one  of  the  most  peace- 
able and  law-abiding  counties  in  the  state. 

Mr.  Harvey's  reputation  as  a  criminal 
lawyer  is  not  confined  to  his  own  state.  He 
is  frequently  employed  to  try  important  crim- 
inal cases  in  Montana,  Wyoming,  Utah  and 
Nebraska.  In  politics  he  is  a  Republican, 
having  renounced  the  Democratic  party  in 
189.5  during  Cleveland's  last  administration; 
he  is  valued  very  highly  as  a  campaign  or- 
ator and  is  engaged  by  the  Republican  state 
and  county  coituiiittees  in  every  ])olitical  con- 
test. 

In  1885  Mr.  Harvey  was  mai-ried  to  Miss 
Lizzie  J.  Martin,  of  Houghton.  Mich.  Four 
children  were  born  to  them,  two  only  of 
whom  are  now  living,  Vivian  Clarence,  aged 
ten  years,  and  James  Edward,  aged  eight 


years.  He  is  not  a  church  member,  but  en- 
tertains the  highest  respect  for  religion  and 
its  good  infiuence  in  society  and  the  home, 
and  donates  liberally  to  the  different  churfties. 
In  the  month  of  April,  1897,  Mr.  Harvey, 
with  his  wife  and  two  boys,  located  in  the  city 
of  liead,  S.  D.,  the  richest  town  in  the  state, 
having  a  population  of  over  (i.OOO  people. 
Here  the  great  Homestake  mines  and  mills 
are  located,  where  the  mines  and  mills  em- 
ploy over  two  thousand  men,  and  the  output 
of  the  Homestake  mines  alone  exceed  ,1f:!,0()(),- 
0(1  a  year  in  gold.  Lead  City  is  situated  about 
three  miles  southwest  of  Deadwood,  the 
county  seat  of  Lawrence  county,  and  is  des- 
tined to  become  the  most  populous,  as  it  now 
is  the  richest,  city,  in  the  state  of  South  Da- 
kota. 

In  a  country  like  ours  with  the  great  op- 
l)ortunities  which  are  constantly  arising, 
those  who  have  the  requisite  amount  of 
stamina,  haye  a  field  before  them  of  almost 
unlimited  space  in  w-hich  to  become  a  great 
personal  power  from  the  results  of  their 
strenuous  work  and  great  prestige  they  are 
sure  to  gain.  The  subject  nf  this  sketch  is 
surelv  in  this  class. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GRKAT  NORTHWEST. 


THOMAS   (fUUUMA.X. 

O'GORMAN,  Thomas.— It  is  with  pleas- 
ure that  the  biographer  turns  to  a  contem- 
plation of  the  life  of  a  spiritual  teacher,  no 
matter  what  creed  or  faith  he  professes. 
He  has  no  evidence  before  him  that  speaks 
of  victories  won  in  a  contest  for  worldly  hon- 
ors. He  sees  only  the  self-effacing,  modest 
hero  who  has  devoted  his  life  to  the  uplifting 
of  humanity.  His  own  heart  is  refreshed 
and  comforted  by  the  mental  vision  called 
forth  by  the  self-sacriliciug,  noble  life  of  one 
of  these  humble,  never-tiring  agents  for  good. 
In  the  early  days  of  this  great  Northwest, 
the  forerunners  of  civilization  were  the  mis- 
sionaries of  the  Catholic  church.  A  true 
history  cannot  leave  out  the  important  part 
taken  by  these  men  in  the  work  of  upbuild- 
ing. The  priest  of  today  has  not  the  difficul- 
ties to  contend  with  that  his  early  brethren 
had.  His  work,  however,  is  none  the  less 
trying,  and  he  is  just  as  much  the  spiritual 
father  of  his  people  as  were  his  predecessors. 
A  good  and  true  priest  is  a  burden  bearer. 
His  motto  is  alter  alterius  onera  portate; 
bear  ye  one  another's  burdens.  The  cast-otf 
sorrows  of  those  he  has  comforted  enrich  his 
soul  and  bring  happiness  and  spiritual  con- 
tentment to  his  heart.     We  now  take  up  a 


brief  re\iew  of  the  life  work  of    Thomas 
O'Ciorman,    bishop    of    Sioux    Falls.     This 
good  man  has  served  his  church  for  nearly 
thirty  years  in  the  Northwestern  Held,  and 
was  consecrated  bishop  of  the  Sioux  Falls 
diocese  after  long  and  faithful  labors  as  a 
minister  of  the  gospel.     Bishop   O'Gorman 
was  born  May  1,  1843,  at  Boston,  Mass.,  the 
son  of  John  0"Gornian  and  Margaret  Keefe. 
His  father  came  west  and  settled  in  St.  Paul, 
Minn.,  in  1852,  when  Thomas  was  but  a  mere 
boy.     He  took  an  active  interest  in  public 
affairs  and  served  as  chief  of  police  and  in 
other    important    municipal    offices    in    the 
period   between  1852  and   1870.     The  fore- 
bears of  our  subject  came  to  this  country 
from    County    Kilkenny,    Ireland.     Thomas 
attended  the  Catholic  and  public  schools  of 
Chicago  and  St.  Paul  between  his  seventh 
and   tenth   year.     In   1853  he  was  sent  to 
France  to  receive    a  thorough  educational 
training,  with  the  purpose  in  view  of  later 
entering  the  priesthood.     He  was  placed  in 
the  Petit   Seminaire  at  Meximieux,   in  the 
Department  of  the  Ain,  where  he  remained 
until  his  graduation  in  18G0,  making  a  bril- 
liant record  as  a  student  and  generally  car- 
rying oft'  the  class  honors.     He  then  entered 
the  Theological  Scholasticate  at  Montbel,  De- 
jjartment  of  the  ^'ar,  and  prepared  for  the 
ministry.     He  returned  to  America  in  1864, 
and  was  oi-dained  a  priest  in  St.  Paul  by  the 
late  Bishop  Grace,  second  Roman  Catholic 
bishop  of  St.  Paul,  Nov.  5,  1865.     In  Janu- 
ary, 1866,  he  was  sent  to  Rochester,  Minn., 
by  Bishop  Grace,  and  here  entered  upon  his 
ministry.     He  remained  in  this  field  until 
July,  1878,  when  he  became  attached  to  the 
Church  of  the  Paulist  Fathers  of  New  York. 
He  was  identified  with  the  work  of  this  com- ' 
munity  until  1882,  when  he  returned  to  Min- 
nesota and  was  assigned  to  the  pastorate  at 
Faribault.     He  remained  here  for  two  years, 
removing  in  1885  to  Merriam  Park,  where  he 
became  attached  to  the  College  of  St.  Thomas 
as  first  president  and  professor  of  dogmatic 
theology.     He  severed  his  connection  with 
St.  Thomas  College  in  1891  to  accept  the 
chair  of  professor  of  church  history  in  the 
Catholic   University  at  Washington,  D.  C, 
which  he  held  for  five  years.     While  at  this 


HISTORY  OP  THE  GKB^AT  NORTHWEST. 


institution,  in  1893,  he  was  honored  with  the 
bestowal  of  the  title  of  D.  D.  by  Pope  Leo 
XIII.  April  19.  1S9(;,  he  was  consecrated 
bishop  of  Sioux  Falls  in  St.  Patrick's  church, 
\A'asliington.  by  Cardinal  Satolli,  Archbishop 
Ireland  preaching  the  ciinsecration  sermon. 
Bishop  O'Gorman  is  greatly  loved  and  es- 
teemed in  this  diocese.  He  is  staunch  and 
unswerving  in  his  devotion  to  the  church; 
yet,  while  strict  in  his  adherence  to  her  rites 
and  doctrines,  he  never  hesitates  to  join 
heartily  in  all  movements  tending  to  uplift 
and  benefit  society.  He  is  a  man  of  rare 
scholarly  attainments,  and  is  greatly  ad- 
mired by  all  with  whom  he  comes  in  contact, 
not  only  for  his  intellectual  accomplishments, 
but  his  endearing  personal  qualities  as  well. 
The  bishop  was  a  contributor  to  Charles 
Scribner's  Sons  American  Chui'ch  series,  and 
wrote  the  volume  entitled  "The  Histoi-y  of 
the  Roman  Catholic  Church  in  the  United 
States."  His  residence  is  at  Sioux  Falls, 
S.  D. 


PINE,  Oran  Steadman. — The  surgeon  of 
the  Minnesota  Soldiers'  Home,  O.  S.  Pine — 
as  he  usually  writes  his  name — is  a  "Green 
Mountain  Boy''  worthy  of  the  lineage  by  his 
own  personal  experience  and  war  service. 
He  was  born  in  the  town  of  Underbill,  Vt., 
October  13,  1845.  His  father,  Joseph  Pine, 
still  living  in  1900,  at  the  age  of  eighty  years, 
was  a  farmer  in  moderate  circumstances. 
The  family  dates  from  pre-revolutionary 
times.  Joseph  Pine's  grandfather  served  in 
the  Revolutionary  War  under  the  noted 
Ethan  Allen.  His  mother  was  sister  to 
Judge  Randall,  of  New  York,  the  father  of 
Alexander  W.  Randall,  one-time  governor  of 
Wisconsin  and  postmaster  general  under 
President  Johnson.  Dr.  O.  S.  Pine's  moth- 
er's maiden  name  was  Perlina  Dike,  the 
daughter  of  Rev.  Orange  Dike,  a  Free  Will 
Baptist  minister  of  the  Vermont  conference. 
She  died  in  1894,  after  more  than  fifty  years 
of  married  life,  having  had  five  children, 
three  sons  and  two  daughters,  of  whom  two 
sons  and  one  daughter  survive.  She  was  of 
Scotch-Irish  extraction,  while  the  I'ines  were 
refugees  from  Naples,  Italy,  who  fled  from 


ORAN  S.  PINE. 

persecution  in  the  early  part  of  the  eight- 
eenth century.  Dr.  Pine  received  his  early 
education  in  one  of  Vermont's  "little  red 
schoolhouses."  This  literary  education ^vas 
supplemented  by  two  fall  terms  at  the  Willis- 
ton  (Vt.)  Academy,  which  prepared  him  for 
teaching  a  district  school,  although  only  six- 
teen years  of  age.  He,  however,  jiromptly 
began  the  work  and  continued  teaching  dur- 
ing the  following  winter.  In  the  spring  he 
went  to  New  York  and  secured  a  position  in 
a  drug  store,  whcih  probably  determined  his 
future  career.  But  it  was  for  a  time  inter 
ru])ted.  In  1S63  he  enlisted  in  a  company 
which  went  to  fill  up  the  thinned  ranks  of 
the  somewhat  famous  Fourteenth  Brooklyn 
regiment,  after  the  battle  of  Gettysburg. 
This  regiment  went  with  the  rest  of  the  army, 
young  I'ine  serving  in  the  ranks,  sharing  in 
the  hardships  of  the  battles  of  the  Wilder- 
ness, Spottsylvauia,  and  Cold  Harbor,  at  the 
last  of  which  he  was  taken  ])risoner  with 
fourteen  others,  at  the  charge  made  by  the 
regiment  on  the  second  day  of  June,  ]S(i4. 
He  was  confined  in  Libby  prison  until  the 
sixteenth  of  June,  when  he  was  started  with 
other  prisoners  in  a  train  for  the  infamous 
prison  pen  at  Andersonville.     During  a  halt 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GItEAT  XOUTHWEST. 


at  Charlotte,  N.  C,  while  awaiting  transpor- 
tation, although  surrounded  hj  a  strong 
guard,  he  made  his  esrape,  going  westward 
through  Lincolnton  and  Morgantown,  cross 
ing  the  great  Catawba  river  near  the  latter 
place.  He  found  two  colored  boys  at  a  i>lan- 
tation  near  the  foothills  leading  to  the  Iron 
Range  dividing  North  Carolina  and  Tennes- 
see, who  volunteered,  with  the  consent  of 
their  slave  parents,  to  pilot  him  over  the 
mountains,  and,  it  was  hoped,  to  liberty. 
After  many  hardships  and  nights  of  travel 
they  came  to  a  detachment  of  one  hundred 
Union  soldiers  belonging  to  the  Third  North 
Carolina  Mounted  Infantry,  commanded  by 
Colonel  George  W.  Kirk.  The  detachment 
was  under  orders  from  (Jeneral  Schofield  to 
cross  tlie  mountains  into  North  Carolina,  to 
destroy  some  railroad  bridges.  When  I'ine 
informed  them  of  a  rebel  camp  of  instruc- 
tion, called  Camp  Vance,  near  Morgantown, 
N.  C,  they  determined  to  attempt  its  cap- 
ture. Dr.  Pine  and  his  two  colored  guides 
volunteered  to  go  with  the  command.  The 
command  was  surprised  on  the  28th  of  June. 
Under  a  flag  of  truce  borne  by  Dr.  Pine  and 
Oscar  M.  Coburn,  who  had  been  discharged 
from  the  First  Ohio  Heavy  Artillery  to  re- 
ceive a  first  lieutenant's  commission  in 
Colonel  Kirk's  regiment.  Lieutenant  Bullock 
and  about  three  hundred  men  under  his  com 
mand  surrendered  without  firing  a  shot. 
The  camp  of  supj)lies,  railroad  station  and 
other  property  were  destroyed.  On  the  se- 
vei'e  march  out  of  the  country,  some  of  the 
more  delicate  prisonei-s  were  paroled. 
About  two  hundred  were  safely  landed  at 
Knoxville.  In  an  action  with  a  force  which 
had  been  sent  to  rescue  the  prisoners,  one 
man  was  killed,  and  five  wounded.  Dr.  Pine 
received  a  flesh  wound,  near  Piedmont 
Springs.  This  has  been  regarded  as  one  of 
the  daring  and  successful  of  the  minor  ejii- 
sodes  of  the  war.  Dr.  Pine  rested  at  Knox- 
ville, and  assisted  in  recruiting  Cokmel  Kirk's 
regiment.  He  then  received  a  furlough  of 
sixty  days  as  an  escai)ed  jirisouer,  so  that  he 
did  not  join  his  regiment  until  November, 
and  then  only  to  be  captured  again  before 
Petersburg,  while  trying  to  take  from  the 
field  the  wounded  adjutant  of  his  regiment. 


He  was,  however,  liberated  after  two  days 
in  Ri<hmond  and  thereafter  served  without 
incident  until  mustered  out  at  the  close  of 
the  war,  at  Camp  Parole,  Md.  He  then  took 
up  again  the  study  of  medicine.  He  entered 
Pellevue  Hospital  and  College,  New  York 
("ity,  and  graduated  in  1870.  He  soon  went 
to  Kansas,  remaining  two  yeai-s,  when  he 
returned  to  Brooklyn,  N.  Y,  where  he  prac- 
liced  four  years.  In  1870  he  removed  to 
Chicago.  In  1880  he  was  married  to  Irene 
E.  Duncan,  of  Lafayette,  Iowa,  and  removed 
to  Milbank,  Teiritory  of  Dakota,  and  built 
up  a  large  jiractice  there  and  at  Aberdeen. 
v  here  he  was  surgeon  of  the  Chicago.  Mil- 
waukee &  St.  Paul  railway.  His  wife  died 
at  Aberdeen  in  1885.  He  was  married  to 
Dr.  Alrinda  Auten,  of  St.  Paul,  in  1888.  since 
which  time  he  has  practiced  his  profession  in 
that  city.  In  February.  1800,  he  was  ap- 
I)ointed  trustee  of  the  Minnesota  Soldiers' 
Home,  by  Governor  Lind,  in  place  of  H.  A. 
Castle,  whose  tenn  expired.  At  the  annual 
meeting  of  the  board  of  trustees  in  the  fol- 
lowing August,  Dr.  Pine  was  elected  surgeon 
of  the  Home,  which  position  he  now  fills. 
He  has  been  very  enei'getic  in  improving  the 
administration  of  his  dejiartment,  both  in 
methods  and  in  service.  He  has  introduced 
trained  women  nurses,  which  secures  much 
better  care  of  his  invalid  comrades,  with 
whom  he  is  in  hear-ty  sympathy.  His  aim 
has  been  to  make  the  Soldiers'  Home  hospital 
perfect  in  all  its  appointments,  and  an  insti- 
tution of  which  the  state  may  be  justly 
jirond.  Dr.  IMne  is  a  member  of  the  Ameri- 
can Medical  Association.  He  was  the  first 
delegiite  to  the  association  from  Dakota  Ter- 
ritory. He  also  organized  the  Dakota  State 
Medical  Society.  He  is,  besides,  a  member 
of  both  the  ^Minnesota  State  and  the  Ramsey 
County  Medical  societies.  He  is  also  a  mem- 
ber of  Summit  Lodge  of  Masons,  St.  Paul, 
of  the  Ex-Prisoners  of  War  Association — of 
which  in  1800  he  was  commander — a  mem- 
ber of  (Jarfield  i)Ost,  G.  A.  R.,  of  which  he  is 
a  past  commander.  Dr.  Pine  came  from  New 
England  anti-slavein*  and  Republican  stock. 
He  has  always  been  allied  with  the  party  of 
Lincoln,  until  1800.  when,  believing  Cleve- 
land demoi-racv  and  the  reiinl)licanism  of  the 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GUIOAT  NOKTHWEST. 


St.  Louis  convoutioii  to  hv  identical  in  prin- 
ciples, he  supported  Hi'ViUi.  In  1S!18  he  was 
the  candidate  of  tlie  fusion  parl.v  for  coroner 
of  Ramsey  count \. 


EUSTIS,  William  Henrv.— Anions  the 
many  successful  men  who  have  contributed 
in  a  marked  degree  to  the  development  of 
the  Northwest  there  is  occasionally  one,  here 
and  there,  whose  achievements  border  on  the 
marvellous.  liefjinninji  jierhaps  under  cir- 
cumstances exceedinjily  unitro](i(ions;  im- 
peded by  conditions  thai  clogged  every  stej) 
in  advancement;  confronted  with  ol)stacles 
seemingly  unsurmountable,  yet  in  S])ite  of 
all  difficulties  such  signal  success  has  been 
won  as  to  make  the  career  an  inspiration  to 
all  who  struggle  against  adverse  environ- 
ments. William  H.  Eustis  is  a  conspicuous 
exami)le  of  this  number,  far  too  snmll  to  be 
called  a  "class'"  of  7nen.  He  is  of  English 
ancestry.  His  father,  Tobias  Eustis,  came 
from  Cornwall,  England,  when  a  young  man 
and  learned  the  trade  of  wheelwright,  which 
he  followed,  although  his  forefathers  had 
been  Cornish  miners.  He  was  married  to 
^lary  Markwick,  who,  like  himself,  was  of 
English  lineage.  They  finally  settled  at  the 
village  of  Oxbow,  Jefferson  county,  N.  Y., 
where,  in  1,S4;"),  AA'illiam  H.  Eustis  was  born, 
the  second  of  a  family  of  eleven  children. 
As  soon  as  able  he  was  obliged  to  assist  in 
the  support  of  the  fiimily.  For  this  purpose 
he  was  taken  from  school  al  an  early  age. 
The  diminutive  size  of  the  \illage  made  op- 
portunities for  work  not  over-abundant.  One 
of  the  chief  industries  of  the  neighborhood 
was  a  tan  yard.  In  this  young  Eustis  ob- 
tained intermittent  employmc-nt,  tending  a 
mill  for  grinding  tan  bark.  When  about  fif- 
teen years  of  age  he  mel  wilh  an  accident, 
which  caused  such  an  injniy  that  his  life 
was  for  a  long  time  in  peril  ,ind  was  barely 
saved  by  a  naturally  vigorous  constitution 
assisted  by  an  indomitable  will,  by  his  own 
careful  study  of  his  condition  and  by  perse- 
vering attention  to  the  treatment  which  he 
himself  devised.  His  coni])lete  recovery  was 
hopeless,  but  he  did  not  let  that  discourage 
him.     Being  incajiacitaled  for  maniial  labor. 


WII.LIA.M   II.  ins'i'it^ 


which,  had  not  what  was  deemed  a  great 
calamity  o\ertaken  him,  he  woiild  in  all 
probability  have  followed,  he  prepared  him- 
self for  a  teacher.  .Vfter  teaching  dj^trict 
schools  for  several  winters  he  aimed  at 
something  better  adapted  to  his  physical  con- 
ditiiin.  He  was  compelled,  however,  to  de- 
pend upon  his  own  exertions  for  a  higher 
education.  His  courage  under  the  ciniim- 
stances  may  be  deemed  heroic  He  deter- 
mined to  .secure  a  college  educatien.  .\s  a 
stej)  towards  it  he  leai'ned  telegra|ihy  and 
bookkeeping  and  taught  them  to  select 
classes.  This  service,  supplemented  by  what 
he  earned  in  soliciting  life  insurance,  enabled 
him  to  take  a  preparatory  college  coiii-se  at 
the  seminary  at  (Jouverneur,  St.  Lawrence 
(  ounty.  N.  V.  He  pre])ared  so  thoroughly  at 
this  institution  that  he  was  able  to  enter  the 
\Vesleyan  I'ni versify  at  Middletown,  Conn., 
as  a  sophomore  in  1S71,  and  graduated  in 
the  class  of  IS":',.  The  Xew  England  colleges 
of  that  era  had  long  vacati(ms  in  winter, 
which  gave  students  an  opjiortunity  to  teach. 
Leave  of  absence  was  also  granted  for  a  lew- 
weeks  before  and  after  this  vacation  to  such 
as  wished  to  teach.  ^Ir.  Eustis  ai)iiropriated 
these  advantaucs  and  keiit  nii  with  the  class 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


while  teaching.  He  chose  as  his  life  work 
tlie  profession  of  law.  His  next  step  was 
perhaps  the  hardest  pull  of  all.  He  went  to 
New  York  City  and  entered  the  Columbia 
Law  School.  By  doing  two  years'  work  in 
one  he  finished  the  course  in  1874,  but  was 
a  thousand  dollars  in  debt.  The  quickest 
way  to  discharge  this  seemed  to  be  to  resort 
to  his  old  occupation  of  teaching,  for  it  often 
happens  that  a  young  lawyer  must  grow  a 
beard  before  he  secures  paying  clients.  The 
course  adopted  proved  to  be  wise,  for  the 
end  of  the  year  made  him  a  free  man.  He 
bought  a  new  suit  of  clothes,  paid  his  fare  to 
Saratoga  Springs,  and  had  fifteen  dollars  left 
as  a  nest  egg  for  a  fortune.  He  had  previ- 
ously formed  the  acquaintance  of  Mr.  John 
R.  Putnam,  a  member  of  the  Saratoga  bar, 
who  offered  Mr.  Eustis  a  partnership.  It 
proved  to  be  a  fortunate  event  for  both  men, 
for  the  ]n*actice  of  the  firm  became  large  and 
remunerative.  The  partnership  was  contin- 
ued for  six  years,  and  was  dissolved  in  1881, 
when  Mr.  Eustis  detennined  to  visit  Europe. 
He  had  taken  an  active  part  in  public  alfairs 
and  had  gained  celebrity  as  a  public  speaker, 
traveling  over  the  state  in  political  cam- 
paigns. He  had  but  few  equals,  and  none 
superior  in  this  field,  being  not  only  an  elo- 
quent advocate,  but  a  singularly  entertaining- 
speaker,  judiciously  interspersing  his  argu- 
ments with  apt  historical  allusions,  poetry 
and  anecdote  in  illustration.  He  has  the  fac- 
ulty of  holding  his  audience  apparently  up 
to  any  pitch  of  enthusiasm  desired.  Al- 
though Mr.  Eustis  planned  to  be  gone  two 
years  when  he  left  for  Europe  in  the  spring 
of  1881,  political  events  drew  him  home  in 
a  few  months.  He  then  set  out  in  search  of 
a  new  home,  and  being  satisfied  that  the 
progressive  west  oilered  better  opportunities 
than  the  eastern  states,  he  made  a  very  thor- 
ough examination  of  the  condition  of  the 
principal  cities  west  of  the  Mississippi,  finally 
concluding  that  Minneapolis  was  the  most 
promising  and  attractive.  The  twenty-third 
day  of  October,  1881,  is  the  date  which  marks 
his  fortunate  settlement  in  the  city  of  his 
choice,  and  with  the  growth  and  prosperity 
of  which  he  has  been  ever  since  so  closely 
related.     With    the    same    self-reliance    and 


courage  which  had  made  him  a  victor  in  his 
early  struggles  he  began  immediately  to 
practice  his  jirofession  without  the  advan- 
tage of  an  established  partner.  He  had  faith 
in  the  future  of  the  city,  and  while  pursuing 
his  law  business,  which  gave  promise  of 
meeting  his  most  sanguine  expectations,  he 
boldly  invested  in  real  estate  his  compara- 
tively small  savings  of  previous  years,  and 
contributed  with  enthusiasm  to  the  extent 
of  his  ability  in  purse  and  brain  to  commer- 
cial and  industrial  enterprises  designed  to 
build  up  the  material  interest  of  the  com- 
munity. The  wide  range  of  his  public  spirit 
can  be  judged  by  the  character  of  a  few  ex- 
amples. He  erected  the  building  at  Henne- 
pin and  Sixth  street,  so  long  occujtied  as  the 
Republican  Union  League  headquarters  and 
now  known  as  Elks  hall ;  the  Flour  Exchange 
and  the  Corn  Exchange,  besides  other  busi- 
ness edifices  less  known.  He  was  a  director 
of  the  building  committee  in  charge  of  the 
erection  of  the  Masonic  Temple.  He  was 
one  of  the  projectors  of  the  North  American 
Telegraph  Company,  designed  to  secure  com- 
petitive telegraph  service  for  the  Northwest, 
serving  both  as  director  and  secretary  of  the 
enterprise.  He  was  one  of  the  incorporators 
of  the  "Soo"  railroad,  built  to  furnish  cheap 
transportation  by  a  new  route  to  the  east, 
and  he  was  one  of  its  board  of  directors.  Mr. 
Eustis  was  in  1892  elected  mayor  of  Minne- 
apolis. His  administration  was  one  of  the 
most  careful  and  economical  in  the  history 
of  the  city,  for  Mr.  Eustis  brought  to  his 
public  duties  all  the  ability  which  had  made 
his  private  affairs  such  a  success.  He  was 
also  as  conscientious  in  the  discharge  of 
these  public  duties  as  if  they  pertained  to 
his  religion.  No  obligation  could  have  been 
given  a  more  thoughtful  consideration  and  a 
more  scrupulous  observance  than  Mr.  Eustis 
lavished  upon  his  office  of  mayor.  His  term 
stands  as  a  landmark  in  the  progress  of  the 
city.  Its  many  excellencies  are  unquestioned, 
nor  are  the  absolute  honesty,  fidelity  and 
sincerity  of  Mr.  Eustis  ever  doubted.  In 
dealing  with  the  liquor  tratfic,  however,  he 
was  in  advance  of  his  age.  Although  he  put 
into  operation  in  dealing  with  licensed  sa- 
loons a  system  which  has  proved  by  the  rec- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GRKAT  NORTHWEST. 


ords  more  effective  in  restricting  the  evils 
of  the  Irafflc  than  liatl  been  the  method  here- 
tofore tried,  he  met  with  serious  objections 
in  his  plans,  and  that,  too,  in  circles  where 
he  expected  to  receive  support,  when  the 
efficiency  of  the  method  had  been  fully 
demonstrated.  But  he  was  disappointed 
and  made  no  effort  for  a  reelection.  He  was 
subsequently  nominated  by  the  Republican 
party  as  a  candidate  for  governor  of  the 
state.  His  defeat  was  not  personal  to  him, 
but  entirely  due  to  the  nationality  of  his  op- 
jjonent.  It  was  generally  acknowh'dged, 
however,  that  eminent  ability  and  valual)le 
services  to  the  city,  state,  and  party  were 
unfortunately  ignored  in  the  heated  contest 
of  the  campaign.  Mr.  Eustis  was  not  soured 
by  his  defeat.  He  has  continued  in  his  ac- 
tive support  of  the  party  as  of  old.  No  one 
is  in  greater  demand  for  service  as  a  public 
speaker.  His  versatility  is  also  as  great  as 
his  ability.  His  gift  for  speaking  acceptably 
on  almost  any  subject  at  the  shortest  notice 
has  often  been  compared  to  that  of  Henator 
Chauncey  M.  Depew  of  New  York — the 
highest  compliment  that  could  be  paid.  Mr. 
Eustis  is  a  man  of  scholarly  habits  and  has 
a  fine  library,  which  is  one  of  his  chief 
pleasures.  He  is  a  bachelor  and  a  member 
of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church.  He 
contributes  liberally  to  benevolent  objects, 
while  his  private  assistance  in  a  (piiel  man- 
ner makes  manv  a  heart  glad. 


LINDWAV,  William.— In  politics,  the  un- 
deviatiug  path  of  duty  is  a  difficult  way  to 
follow.  Treacherous  are  the  by-ways  to  en- 
tice the  wayfarer,  and  he  is  a  brave  man  who 
walks  a  highway  of  his  own  in  company  with 
his  self-respect.  ^Villiam  Lindsay,  ex-mem- 
ber of  the  Montana  legislature,  is  an  ideal 
representative  of  the  people  who  hold  honor 
dear  at  heart.  He  achieved  a  reputation  in 
the  exciting  days  at  the  capitol  in  Helena,  in 
the  winter  of  1899,  which  is  not  confined  ex- 
clusively to  the  state  lines  of  Montana.  In 
the  midst  of  corruption  and  treachery  he 
stood  out  firmly  against  the  attempts  made 
to  bribe  his  vote,  his  reputation  for  integrity 
remaining  unsullied.     The  conspicuous  posi- 


AMI,I,I.\^r   LINDSAY. 

tion  which  he  assumed  in  that  famous  sena- 
torial contest  contributed  in  no  small  meas- 
ure to  make  the  light  more  bitter  and  pro- 
longed. But  Mr.  Lindsay's  promin^ce  in 
public  life  does  not  rest  solely  upon  the 
stand  he  took  in  the  legislature  two  years 
ago.  He  has  taken  an  active  part  in  Mon- 
tana politics  for  several  years  past,  and  as  a 
business  man  is  highly  esteemed  for  his 
strict  integrity  and  business  enterprise.  He 
is  extensively  engaged  in  the  sheep  business 
and  has  shown  an  exceptional  ability  in  the 
carrying  on  of  that  enterprise.  Mr.  Lindsay 
was  born  April  20,  1852,  in  Poland,  Mahon- 
ing county,  Ohio.  His  father,  James  M. 
Lindsay,  was  a  mechanic  by  trade,  in  mod- 
erate circumstances.  He  was  of  Scotch  de- 
scent, and  his  ancestors  were  among  the 
early  settlers  of  the  state  of  New  Jeraey. 
His  wife,  Elizabeth  J.  Bebout,  was  a  member 
of  a  well-to-do  family  living  in  Beaver 
county,  Pa.  William  did  not  enjoy  the 
advantages  of  a  liberal  education,  being 
thrown  upon  his  own  resources  at  the 
age  of  fifteen  and  compelled  to  leave 
school.  He  learned  the  tinsmith  trade, 
but  did  not  follow  this  vocation  very 
long,  the  work  being  obnoxious  to  him.     In 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GIJEAT  NORTHWEST. 


ISTO,  hf  \v<-nt  to  Micbigau  and  was  employed 
in    tlie    lumber   business  for    a    number   of 
jears.     By  his  industry   and  frugal  habits 
he  was  able  to  lay  up  sufficient  money  to  set 
himself     up    in    the    hardware    business    in 
Beaver  Falls,  I'a.,  where  he  removed  in  18T(>. 
Tliis   venture  proved   very    suctessful;   but 
believing  that  the  west  attorded  wider  op- 
portunities and  would  give  better  returns  for 
the  money  invested,  he  sold  out  in  1883,  com- 
ing to  Montana  the  year  following.     He  lo- 
cated on  the  Missouri  river,  near  Gleudive, 
and  engaged  in  the  wool-growing  industry, 
in  which  he  has  been  highly  successful.     In 
politics  he  is  a  staunch  Republican  and  an 
earnest    supporter    of    party    interests.     He 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  board  of  county 
commissioners  of   Dawson  county   in    1892 
and  served  as  a  member  of  that  board  for 
four  years.     It  was  largely  due  to  his  influ- 
ence, and  as  a  result  of  his  activity  in  that 
office,  that  the  magnificent  steel  arch  bridge 
over  the  Yellowstone  at  Glendive  was  built. 
In  1890  he  was  elected  to  the  lower  house 
of  the  legislature,  and  was  re-elected  in  1898. 
His  record  in  the  house  has  been  one  of  which 
his  friends  feel  proud.     His  devotion  to  the 
best  interests  of  the  state  in  standing  out 
uncompromisingly    against    legislative    cor- 
ruption won  for  him  many  warm  friends,  but 
made  luany  bitter  enemies.     He  was  a  can- 
didate for  the  state  senate  in  1900,  but  was 
defeated,  the  opposition  putting  up  a  fierce 
fight  against  his  election.     Mr.  Lindsay  en- 
joys the  confidence  of  the  public  in  a  high 
degree.     He  has  faced  the  contumely  which 
was  heaped  on  him  by  his  political  enemies 
with  a  brave,  untiinching  spirit,  secure  in  the 
knowledge  that  he  has  always  acted  for  the 
welfare  of  party  interests  and  the  interests  of 
his  constituents.     His  career  is  not  yet  end- 
ed; so  far,  however,  it  is  a  shining  example 
for  younger  men  to  pattern  after.     Mr.  Lind- 
say is  a  member  of  the  L  O.  O.  F.  and  A.  F. 
&  A.  M.     His  religious  connections  are  with 
the  Methodist   Episcopal  church,  of  which 
he  is  a  staunch  member  and  an  active  church 
worker.     He  served  as  a  lay  delegate  from 
IMontana  to  the  general  conference  of  that 
body  held  at  Chicago  in  May,  1900.     He  was 
married  August  7,  1886,  to  Miss  Alice  M. 


Reehl,  of  Beaver  Falls,  Pa.  Their  union  has 
Ik  en  blessed  with  two  children:  Grace  M. 
;iii(i  \\illiaiii  Lc  I\ov  Liudsav. 


FORD,  James  William.— The  educati(mal 
institution  at  Owatonna,  Minn.,  founded  in 
1877,  enlarged  and  endowed  by  Hon.  Geo. 
A.  Pillsbury,  and  known  as  the  I'illsbury 
.Vcademy,  is  so  rapidly  outgrowing  the  char- 
acter of  a  mere  preparatory  school  that  i>eo- 
l>le  are  ready  to  call  it  the  Pillsbury  College. 
In  the  year  19(10,  less  than  twenty-five  years 
after  its  foundation,  it  had  six  buildings 
worth  |12o,(IOO,  and  an  endowment  fund  of 
^225, (100  hearing  interest.  It  is  only  fair  to 
say  that  very  much  of  this  prosperity  is  due 
to  the  combined  qualities — scholarship, 
financial  skill,  and  executive  ability — of  Pro- 
fessor James  \A'.  Ford,  A.  M.,  Ph.  D.,  the 
present  principal,  who  has  been  in  charge 
of  the  institution  for  eleven  years,  or  since 
^'ovember,  1889.  He  was  one  of  the  faculty 
of  the  well  known  Colgate  Academy,  Hamil- 
ton, ;N'.  Y.,  for  twelve  years,  being  principal 
for  the  last  six  years.  He  is  not  only  a 
scholar  and  teacher  of  experience,  but  he  is 
a  "man  of  affairs,"'  made  so  by  early  training 
and  jiractice,  which  capacity  is  of  even  more 
value  sometimes  than  are  mere  literary  qual- 
ifications. Mr.  Foi'd  was  bom  at  Lowell, 
Mass.,  December  20,  1846.  His  father  was 
David  P.  Ford,  a  native  of  Deerfield,  N.  H., 
born  in  1821.  He  and  Benjamin  F.  Butler 
attended  the  same  district  school.  He  was 
a  man  of  sound  judgment  and  marked  abil- 
ity, and  was  overaeer  in  the  Boott  Cotton 
Mills  when  he  died,  at  the  age  of  twenty- 
seven,  of  typhoid  fever,  leaving  two  children, 
James  "\Y.,  two  years  old,  and  a  brother  still 
younger.  He  was  of  English  descent  from 
progenitors  who  came  to  this  counti'y  before 
1700.  James  W.  Ford's  mother's  name  was 
Lydia  Iseal,  born  in  South  Bei-wnck,  Me.,  in 
182-1,  and  of  the  same  descent  as  her  hus- 
band, but  her  people  were  Friends,  or 
Quakers,  in  religion.  Her  father  and  grand- 
father were  farmers  and  made  a  good  farm 
out  of  the  wilderness.  They  were  sturdy, 
industrious,  courageous.  Godfearing  men. 
Thev  were  of  the  same  stock  as  Neal  Dow, 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GRKAT  NORTHWEST. 


She  was  likewise  courageous,  liopeful,  self- 
reliaut  aud  bad  a  woudei-ful  trust  in  God. 
Mr.  Ford  attributes  to  liis  mother  whatever 
success  he  has  obtained.  She  brought  up 
her  cliildreu  to  self-support,  aecumulatiug 
considerable  property,  and  inculcated  hon- 
esty and  faithfulness  in  the  discharge  of 
every  trust.  She  still  lives  ou  the  ancestral 
farm,  where  Mr.  Ford  usually  spends  his 
summer  vacation,  and  which  he  now  owns. 
Mr.  Ford  was  educated  in  the  public  schools 
of  Lowell,  and  there  entered  the  high  school 
at  the  age  of  thirteen.  At  the  end  of  the 
first  year  he  became  a  messenger  of  the  Boott 
Cotton  Mills  counting  room.  His  duties 
wei'e  to  distribute  and  charge  all  supplies  to 
six  large  mills,  and  to  find  and  bring  to 
the  office  any  employe  wanted.  Here  he 
learned  promptness,  accuracy  and  quick- 
ness of  observation  and  apprehension.  He 
studied  double  entry  bookkeeping  evenings 
with  Charles  Farnsworth.  From  1862  to 
ISOT  he  was  bookkeeper  and  general  sales- 
man for  H.  W.  Hilton  &  Co.,  of  Lowell, 
Mass.,  and  became  so  expert  in  his  various 
duties  that  in  four  years  he  was  offered  a 
partnership  in  the  concern.  He,  however,_ 
declined.  His  ideals  of  life  changed  about 
that  time  because  he  had  become  a  Christian. 
He  now  wanted  to  have  a  college  education. 
At  the  end  of  five  years'  service  he  returned 
to  Lowell  High  School,  where  his  old  teacher 
still  remained,  very  ready  to  aid  Mr.  Ford 
in  his  new  resolve.  He  took  the  Latin  and 
Creek  of  a  four  yeai"s"  course  in  two  years, 
with  double  honors;  the  Carney  silver  medal 
for  scholarship,  aud  the  valedictoi'y  honor, 
the  highest  that  could  be  given.  He  had, 
when  prepared  for  college,  |1,200  which  he 
had  earned.  This,  with  a  little  aid  from 
friends,  enabled  him  to  go  through  the  col- 
lege course  free  from  debt.  He  entered  the 
Madison  University,  at  Hamilton,  N.  Y.,  in 
18C9,  and  graduated  in  1873,  with  the  saluta- 
tory, or  second  honor  of  the  class.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  Madison  Chapter  of  the 
Delta  Upsilon  fraternity.  Mr.  Ford's  high 
scholarship  gave  him  a  place  also  in  the 
graduate  fraternity  of  Thi  Beta  Kappa.  Ex- 
pecting to  go  into  the  ministry,  in  1873  he 
entered  the  Hamilton  Theological  Seminary. 


J.XJIKS    W.    FOltU. 

lie  left  after  a  year's  study  on  account  of  an 
affection  of  the  throat,  which  turned  him  from 
preaching  to  the  work  of  education.  In  187-1 
he  was  appointed  professor  of  Latin  aud 
science  in  Colby  Academy,  New  Loudon,  N. 
H.  The  next  year  he  held  the  same  chair 
iu  Cook  Academy,  Havana,  N.  Y.  In  1876 
he  was  appointed  professor  of  Latin  in  Col- 
gate Academy,  Hamilton,  N.  Y.,  and  re- 
mained with  this  institution  twelve  years,  as 
previously  mentioned,  during  the  last  six  of 
which  he  was  principal.  He  left  this  thriv- 
ing school  in  1888,  bringing  with  him  the 
vigor  which  had  made  Colgate  such  a  suc- 
cess, to  accept  the  position  of  treasurer  of 
all  the  institutions  under  the  control  of  the 
hoard  of  trustees  of  Madison  University. 
Although  he  was  successful  and  gave  satis- 
faction to  the  board,  at  whose  urgent  solicita- 
tion he  undertook  the  duties,  the  work  was 
not  as  congenial  as  that  of  teaching,  nad 
when  the  urgent  request  of  Mr.  Tillsbury, 
seconded  by  the  board  of  trustees  of  Pills- 
bury  Academy,  came  to  him,  he  regarded  it 
as  an  opening  for  larger  woi-k  along  lines 
both  jileasing  and  familiar.  Since  engaging  iu 
this  work  Mr.  Ford  has  been  offered  several 
attra'tive    positions    iu    both    Eastern    and 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHA^EST. 


Western  institutions,  among  them  at  differ- 
ent times  tlie  presidencies  of  three  colleges; 
but  he  is  greatly  attached  to  academic  work, 
and  his  nati^'e  qualities,  early  training  and 
mature  experience  lit  him  peculiarly  for  his 
present  responsible  position.  The  Baptists 
of  Minnesota  own  Pillsbury  Academy.  Mr. 
Ford  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  First 
Baptist  church  of  Lowell,  in  1869,  and  in 
1898  he  was  ordained,  but  never  was  the  pas- 
tor of  a  church.  He  has,  however,  preached 
a  great  deal,  and  has  always  been  in  demand 
for  addresses  on  special  occasions  both 
among  Baptists  and  elsewhere.  During  the 
Civil  war  Mr.  Ford  proved  his  patriotism  by 
enlisting  a&a  soldier,  but  he  was  rejected  be- 
cause of  physical  disability.  In  politics  he 
has  always  been  a  Republican,  and  while  in 
New  York  served  for  two  years  on  the  state 
Republican  committee.  He  has  been  repeat- 
edly solicited  to  accept  office  at  Owatonna, 
but  has  always  declined  because  his  work 
seems  to  be  along  lines  taking  him  away 
from  political  office.  He  has  been  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Baptist  church  since  1SC6, 
and  of  the  board  of  trustees  of  the 
Baptist  state  convention  since  1890.  He 
was  upon  the  building  committee,  erecting 
the  Owatonna  Baptist  church,  when  about 
$20,000  was  raised  by  public  and  private 
solicitation.  He  was  first  president  of  the 
Owatonna  Public  Library,  and  spent  much 
time  in  selecting  plans,  erecting  the  building 
and  organizing  the  library.  In  1876  Mr. 
Ford  was  married  to  Katie  E.  Jones,  at 
Cazenovia,  N.  Y.  They  have  six  children — 
Mrs.  Elizabeth  Ford  Shedd,  wife  of  Professor 
t>hedd  of  Pillsbury  Academy;  James  W.,  now 
at  Nome,  Alaska;  Grace  Brett,  Paul  Boyn- 
ton,  Hugh  Pillsbury,  and  Neal  Kelly  Ford. 
Besides  his  degree  of  A.  B.  on  graduating, 
Mr.  Ford  has  received  from  Madison  Univer- 
sity the  degrees  of  A.  M.  and  of  Ph.  D.  A 
more  useful  man  in  the  field  he  has  chosen 
would  be  difficult  to  find. 


FARMER,  John  Quincy. — To  condense 
into  an  epitome  the  life  and  experience, 
the  public  sei-vice  and  useful  work  of  a 
man  of  such  varied  attainments  and  ability 
as  those  demonstrated  by  Judge  John  Quin- 


cy Farmer,  of  Spring  Valley,  Minn.,  is  not  un- 
like trying  to  compress  the  statutes  of  a 
state  into  a  small  pamphlet.  The  limits  of 
''Tlie  History  of  the  Northwest"  compel  such 
an  attempt  which  must  of  necessity  be  a 
meagi'e  outline.  He  was  born  in  a  log 
house  at  Burke,  Caledonia  county,  Vt.,  in 
1823.  The  Farmers  were  of  English  descent. 
John  Quincy  Farmer's  grandfather,  who 
filled  him  with  patriotism  by  rehearsing  to 
him  many  a  tale  of  Revolutionary  times,  was 
a  hero  of  that  war.  His  father's  name  was 
Hiram;  his  mother's,  Salina  Snow  (Farmer). 
She  was  of  Scotch  descent.  Her  people 
were  merchants.  Until  seventeen  years  old 
he  had  only  the  limited  resources  of  the 
winter  district  school  to  give  him  schooling. 
Then,  by  permission  of  his  father  and  by 
paying  his  own  way,  he  attended  several 
academies  in  Ohio.  He  attributes  his  most 
important  training  to  the  Summit  county 
institute,  under  the  Rev.  Samuel  Bissel,  of 
Twinsburg,  Summit  county,  Ohio.  He  then 
taught  school  and  "boarded  around,"  earn- 
ing about  |14  a  month.  He  began  to  study 
law  M'ith  Perkins  &  Osborn,  at  Parrisville, 
Ohio,  and  completed  his  course  at  the  Bals- 
ton  Springs  law  school.  New  York.  He  be 
gan  to  practice  at  Omro,  Wis.,  in  1850.  On 
returning  home  with  the  intention  of  getting 
married  and  coming  back  to  Omro,  he  was 
persuaded  by  Brewster  Randall  to  go  to 
Conneaut,  Ohio,  and  take  up  the  law  prac- 
tice which  ilr.  Randall  wished  to  give  up. 
It  proved  to  be  a  fortunate  step.  He  re- 
mained there  six  years,  then  formed  a  part- 
nership with  Hon.  L.  S.  Sherman  at  Ashta- 
bula, Ohio,  where  he  continued  also  six 
years,  serving  in  the  meantime  as  county  at- 
torney. In  1852  he  was  married  to  Maria 
N.,  the  daughter  of  Dr.  Jos.  R.  Carpender, 
of  Painsville,  Ohio.  His  wife's  health  fail- 
ing, he  determined  to  try  a  change  of  cli- 
mate for  her  and  moved  to  Spring  Valley, 
Minn.,  where  he  had  relatives  who  had  set- 
tled at  an  earlier  day.  His  wife,  however, 
did  not  entirely  recover,  and  died  in  1866, 
after  a  residence  of  about  two  years,  leaving 
two  sons  and  a  daughter,  who  died  when  five 
years  old.  Mr.  Farmer  at  first  engaged  in 
farming,  but  later  resumed  his  profession. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


His  abilities  very  soon  marlved  liim  as  a 
leader  in  tlie  state.  In  1S65  he  was  elected 
to  tlie  legislatnre  to  represent  Fillmore 
county,  and  was  reelected  in  1SG6  and 
chosen  speaker  of  the  house.  The  next 
year  he  had  the  same  honors,  beino;  ajjain 
si)eaker,  a  fact  which  sjjeaks  well  for  his 
ability  and  capa<'ity  for  administration.  In 
1S7()  he  was  promoted  to  the  senate  for  a 
term  of  two  years,  but  a  new  apportionment 
comi)elled  a  new  election  the  next  year,  at 
which  he  was  again  honored  by  the  people. 
He  was  chairman  of  the  judiciary  commit- 
tee of  the  senate  for  both  terms.  This  is 
the  highest  honor  as  well  as  the  most  in- 
fluential position  in  the  senate.  In  1871)  he 
was  elected  judge  of  the  Tenth  judicial  dis- 
trict, and  at  the  expiration  of  the  term  was 
re-elected  for  another  term,  making  thirteen 
years  of  service  on  the  district  bench.  Al- 
though renominated  for  a  third  term  against 
his  earnest  i)rotest,  he  was  firm  in  his  re- 
fusal of  the  protfered  honor,  and  has  since 
stayed  by  his  profession  and  simply  busied 
himself  with  his  own  affairs  and  in  looking 
after  the  interests  of  his  numerous  sons,  the 
most  of  whom  are  in  business  for  them- 
selves, practicing  their  professions  of  law 
and  of  medicine.  He  gave  each  of  them  a 
university  education.  The  youngest,  about 
nineteen,  James  D.,  is  in  the  State  Bank  of 
Spring  ^'alley;  George  and  Charles  arc 
piacticing  law  at  Howard  and  Madison,  S. 
1).;  J.  Frederick  is  practicing  osteopathy  at 
S])ring  Valley;  John  ('.  is  i)racticing  medi- 
cine* at  McKinley,  Minn.;  Dan  E.  is  at  Des 
Moines,  Iowa;  Ernest  M.  is  practicing  law  at 
Detroit,  Minn.;  Frank  O.  is  ])racticing  oste- 
opathy at  Kankakee,  111.  In  1S(J0  Judge 
Farmer  was  married  to  Susan  C.  Sharp,  who 
became  the  mother  of  six  more  sons,  making 
in  all  eight  in  Mr.  Farmer's  family,  still 
alive,  an  unusual  experience  in  these  days. 
Mr.  Farmer  was  a  Henry  (May  Whig,  and 
helped  such  men  as  Joshua  R.  (iiddings, 
Henj.  F.  Wade  and  President  (larfield,  with 
whom  he  was  familiarly  acquainted,  to  or- 
ganize the  Kepublican  party,  to  which  he 
has  always  been  loyal,  being  especially  firm 
on  the  question  of  jtrotection  to  American 
industi'y  and  sound  money.     He  was  presi- 


.70HN  Q.  FARMER. 

(lent  of  the  ^Minnesota  Farmers'  Insurance 
company  for  twelve  years.  This  was  an 
organization  to  furnish  farmers  safe  in- 
surance at  cost.  In  religion  Judge  FiWint'r 
holds  broad  views.  He  assisted  in  Ih"  or- 
ganization of  a  church  which  attiliated  with 
the  Fnitarian  body.  He  is  a  niembei-  of  the 
hoard  of  trustees  of  the  church  at  Spring 
N'alley.  Judge  Farmer  has  a  very  wide  ac- 
(|aaintance,  and  no  man  in  the  stale  com- 
mends higher  respect  among  all  classes. 


START,  Charles  M.,  chief  justice  of  the 
supreme  court  of  the  state  of  Minnesota,  has 
had  an  enviable  judicial  career.  He  was 
appointed  judge  of  the  Third  Judicial  dis- 
trict of  the  state  by  Governor  Pillsbury,  in 
ISSl,  and  was  elected  as  district  judge  with- 
out opposition  for  three  successive  terms. 
He  then  resigned  to  accept  the  position  of 
chief  justice  of  the  suiireme  court,  to  which 
he  was  elected  in  1894.  At  the  election  of 
1900  he  was  re-elected  without  o|)position. 

Charles  M.  Start — as  the  judge  usually 
writes  his  name — was  born  in  Bakersfield, 
Franklin  county,  Vt.,  Octobei'  4.  1S3!).  His 
father,  Simeon  (Jould  Slail,  was  a  farmer. 


HISTORY  OF  THK  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


CHARLES  M.    START. 

and  the  judge  was  boru  on  the  farm.  His 
mother's  maiden  name  was  Mary  Sophia 
Barnes.  He  is  of  English  extraction,  and 
traces  his  ancestry  to  progenitors  who  came 
to  America  in  16.52.  His  common  school 
education  was  obtained  in  the  district  school 
of  his  native  town.  His  academic  training 
was  received  at  the  noted  Barre  academy  in 
Vermont.  Having  chosen  as  his  life  work 
the  profession  of  law,  he  "read  law" — as  the 
preparation  for  the  bar  was  then  called — 
with  Judge  William  C.  Wilson,  of  Bakers- 
field,  and  was  admitted  to  practice  in  1860, 
at  St.  Albans,  Vt.  He  came  to  Rochester, 
Minn.,  in  186.3,  and  began  his  professional 
career.  That  place  has  since  been  his  home, 
although  his  elevation  to  the  supreme  bench 
requires  an  oflicial  residence  at  St.  Paul. 
He  was  county  attorney  of  Olmsted  county 
for  eight  years.  In  1879  he  was  elected 
attorney  general  of  the  state  and  sensed  in 
this  office  from  January,  1880,  until  Mai'ch 
12,  1881,  when  he  resigned  to  accept  the  po- 
sition of  judge  of  the  Third  judicial  district, 
tendered  to  him  by  Governor  Pillsbury. 
This  was  strong  testimony  to  Judge  Start's 
ability,  for  the  governor  was  noted  for  the 
scrupulous  care  which  he  always  exercised 


in  making  his  appointments,  fre(inently  go- 
ing outside  of  his  party  to  select  the  proper 
man.  He  enlisted  July,  1862,  in  the  Tenth 
Regiment  Vermont  Volunteers.  August  11 
he  was  commissioned  first  lieutenant  of  Com- 
jiany  "I"  of  the  same  regiment,  and  Decem- 
ber following  he  resigned  on  a  surgeon's  cer- 
tificate of  disability.  In  i)olitics  he  has  al- 
ways been  a  Republican.  In  religion,  by 
birth  and  jtractice,  he  is  a  Congregationalist, 
although  not. enrolled  as  a  member  of  the 
church.  In  1865  he  was  married  to  Clara 
A.  Wilson,  daughter  of  William  C.  Wilson, 
one  time  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  Ver- 
mont, and  with  whom  Judge  Start  studied 
law.     They  have  one  child,  Clara  L.  Start. 


TO5ILINS0N,  Harry  Ashton.— This  is  an 
age  of  specialism — if  such  a  word  may  be 
used  to  denote  a  concentration  of  energies 
on  a  single  division  of  a  subject.  It  has 
been  conceded  in  all  departments  of  human 
activity  that  life  is  not  long  enough  for  any 
man  to  master  more  than  a  fraction  of  any 
of  the  great  divisions  of  knowledge.  The 
'■good  all  round"  man  is  therefore  falling  to 
the  rear  in  the  rapid  progress  characteristic 
of  the  times.  The  specialist  is  in  demand, 
and  rightly  so  too,  for  only  by  making  use  of 
thorough  knowledge  at  every  step  can  the 
best  results  be  obtained.  Thus  in  the  col- 
leges the  sciences  are  subdivided  into  small 
sections,  where  once  the  whole  field  was 
covered  by  one  or  two  professors.  In  law 
there  are  recognized  divisions,  as  criminal 
law,  commercial  law,  corporation  law,  real 
estate  law,  even  probate  law,  and  the  best 
result  is  obtained  by  employing  an  expert 
in  the  law  governing  the  case.  In  manu- 
faclures,  where  the  best  mechanical  skill  is 
required,  the  same  principle  prevails.  The 
greatest  success  is  achieved  by  men  who  do 
only  one  thing.  Experience  has  thoroughly 
demonstrated  the  correctness  of  this  prin- 
ciple. But  in  the  learned  professions,  the 
true  specialist — ^the  man  who  excels  nearly 
all  others  in  a  certain  field  of  the  profession 
— is  rare.  Hence  he  is  more  valuable.  An 
ordinary  surgeon  is  common,  but  here  and 
there  may  be  found  one  whose  superiority 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


is  beyoud  question.  He  is  a  specialist  wlio 
can  command  wliatever  fee  he  may  demand. 
The  same  is  true  also  in  other  de])ai'tments 
of  the  medical  profession,  one  of  which  is 
now  especially  under  consideration  because 
the  subject  of  this  sketch — Dr.  Harry  Ash- 
ton  Tomlinson — is  a  noted  specialist  in  the 
treatment  of  nervous  diseases.  Dr.  Tomlin- 
son is  the  son  of  George  Washin<jton  Tom- 
linson, whose  original  ancestor  in  America 
was  John  Tomlinson,  a  member  of  the  So- 
ciety of  Friends,  who  emigrated  to  America 
from  Ireland  in  17.5!t  and  hmded  at  Lewes, 
Del.,  settling  finally  at  Philadelphia.  Al- 
though the  family  were  Quakers,  and  did 
not  believe  in  shedding  blood  in  war,  the 
spirit  of  liberty  was  so  strong  that  George 
Washington  Tomlinson,  Harry's  father,  en- 
listed in  18G1  for  the  war  of  the  Rebellion, 
and  rose  to  the  rank  of  major,  serving  until 
1864,  when  he  was  fatally  wounded.  Har- 
ry's mother's  maiden  name  was  Sarah  Dun- 
lap  McGahon.  She  was  descended  from  a 
long  line  of  I'resbyteriau  ministers.  Her 
great-grandfather.  Rev.  James  Dunlap,  D. 
D.,  was  tlie  third  of  the  presidents  of  Jeffer- 
son  college,  at  Cannonsburg,  Pa.  During 
the  Civil  War  Mrs.  Tomlinson  lived  at  Car- 
lisle. When  the  rebels  attacked  the  city  on 
the  night  of  July  1,  186.3,  the  college  build- 
ing was  used  at  a  hospit.al.  While  the  shells 
of  the  enemy  were  screaming  through  the 
city  Mrs.  Tomlinson  went  to  the  temporary 
hosi)ital  and  assisted  the  surgeons  in  the 
care  of  the  wounded.  Subsequently  when 
her  husband  was  wounded,  she  went  to  the 
hospital  to  nurse  him  in  Washington,  where 
he  was  lying.  Finding  the  food  and  care  of 
the  wounded  officers  not  what  they  should 
have  been,  she  secured,  through  the  surgeon 
in  charge  and  with  the  sanction  of  Miss  Dix, 
of  the  sanitary  commission,  sole  charge  of 
the  domestic  service  of  the  hospital — includ- 
ing the  discipline  of  the  nurses — and  dis- 
charged the  heavy  duties  with  such  success 
as  to  satisfy  everj'  requirement. 

Harry  Ashton  Tomlinson  was  born  at 
Philadelphia  in  1855.  He  obtained  his  lit- 
erary education  in  the  public  schools  of  the 
city.  Choosing  medicine  as  his  profession, 
he  entered  the  medical  department  of  the 


HARRY   A,   TOMLINSOX. 

T'niversity  of  Pennsylvania  in  1877  and 
graduated  in  ISSO  with  the  degree  of  M.  D. 
He  immediately  began  the  practice  of  his 
profession  in  central  Pennsylvania, ©where 
he  continued  for  eight  years,  devoting  the 
last  three  to  the  special  study  of  nervous 
diseases  and  their  treatment.  He  then  gave 
up  his  general  practice  and  went  to  Phila- 
delphia to  make  a  special  study  of  his  chosen 
subject,  spending  the  winter  of  1888  and 
1S89  in  this  pursuit.  He  became  so  well 
(jualified  in  this  department  of  diseases  that 
in  June,  ISS!),  he  was  engaged  as  resident 
physician  in  the  Friends'  Asylum  for  the  in- 
sane, at  Frankford,  a  suburban  part  of  the 
city  of  Philadelj)hia.  His  success  in  this  in- 
stitution was  so  pronounced  as  to  make  him 
somewhat  noted  in  his  specialty.  It  led  to 
an  invitation  from  the  board  of  trustees  of 
the  state  of  Minnesota  hospitals  to  become 
first  assistant  ])liysician  of  the  St.  Peter  in- 
stitution, which  he  accepted  in  1801.  On  the 
retirement  of  the  superintendent,  Dr.  C.  K. 
Rartlett,  in  180:5,  Dr.  Tomlinson  was  put  at 
the  head  of  the  hosi)ital.  His  eastern  repu- 
tation and  his  admirable  work  in  this  state 
induced  the  board  of  trustees  of  the  new 
Kjdleptic  Colony  of  Massachusetts  to  make 


HISTORY  OF  THE  OKEAT  NORTHWEST. 


an  attempt  to  sccnrc  Dr.  Tonilinson  for  the 
chief  physician  and  superintendent  at  that 
enterprise.  Although  the  offer  was  flatter- 
ing, it  was  declined,  as  Dr.  Tomlinson 
wished  especially  to  carry  out  a  line  of  treat- 
ment which  he  had  begun  at  St.  Peter.  The 
doctor  is  a  member  of  the  American  Con- 
gress of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  Ameri- 
can Medical  association,  New  York  Medico- 
Legal  society,  American  Neurological  so- 
ciety, American  Medico-Psychological  asso- 
ciation, Philadelphia  Neurological  society, 
Minnesota  Academy  of  Medicine,  State  Med- 
ical society.  Southwestern  Minnesota  Medi- 
cal association,  and  of  the  State  Conference 
of  Charities  and  Corrections,  to  all  of  which 
he  has  contributed  papers  relating  to  his  line 
of  work.  He  is  a  Knight  Templar  and  a 
member  of  the  Loyal  Legion,  Minnesota 
commandery.  In  1884  he  was  married  to 
Mary  Vandever,  daughter  of  Peter  Bishop 
Vandever,  of  Delaware.  They  have  one 
child  living,  Nancv  Elicott  Tomlinson. 


WORST,  John  H.— North  Dakota,  though 
a  young  state,  has  at  Fargo  an  educational 
institution  abreast  of  any  establishment  of 
its  kind  in  the  United  States.  It  is  known  as 
the  North  Dakota  Agricultural  College,  with 
which  is  connected  an  experiment  station, 
I)artly  supported  by  the  United  States,  as  are 
all  similar  euteiiirises  in  all  the  states  con- 
ducting them.  The  present  high  standing  of 
this  modern  school  is  largely  due  to  the  effi- 
cient management  of  President  John  H. 
Worst,  a  practical  farmer,  as  well  as  a  man 
of  education. 

Mr.  A\''orst  was  born  in  the  northern  part 
of  Ashland  county,  Ohio.  His  father  was 
Rev.  George  Worst,  a  preacher  and  farmer 
in  moderate  financial  circumstances,  who 
was  a  pioneer  of  the  Western  Resen-e  of 
northern  Ohio,  and  cleared  up  a  farm  from 
the  virgin  forest.  His  grandfather',  when 
twelve  years  old,  ran  away  from  his  home 
in  Holland  and  came  to  Pennsylvania,  where 
he  settled,  finally  married  and  reared  a  family 
of  two  sons  and  several  daughters.  The  old- 
est son,  Jacob,  the  grandfather  of  the  sub- 
ject of  this  sketch,  moved   westward,   and 


after  clearing  up  several  small  farms  in 
I'erks  and  Mercer  counties,  Pa.,  reached  Ohio 
with  his  family  and  bought  a  quarter  sec- 
tion of  go\ernment  land  in  what  is  now  Ash- 
land county.  His  son,  George,  was  the  fann- 
er preacher,  the  father  of  President  John  H. 
^^'orts,  whose  mother  was  Margaret  ^Martin. 
She  also  came  as  a  little  girl  with  her  parents 
from  I'ennsylvania  to  Ohio.  Indians  were 
then  lining  in  that  region.  Professor  Worst's 
great-grandfather  lived  to  be  100  yeai-s  old. 
His  grandfather  died  at  the  age  of  95,  while 
Ills  grandmother  lived  to  the  age  of  104.  His 
father  died  in  August,  1808,  at  the  age  of 
seventy-three.  John  attended  the  rural 
schools  of  Ohio  until  fifteen  years  of  age, 
when  he  entered  the  Smithville  Academy, 
Ohio,  for  several  terms,  and  until  prepared 
to  teach  school,  after  which  he  worked  on 
the  farm  during  summer  and  taught  during 
the  winter  for  several  years.  He  also  attend- 
ed Salem  College,  Indiana,  one  year,  and  final- 
ly entered  Ashland  LTnivei-sity,  Ohio.  Al- 
though he  did  not  complete  the  full  course  to 
graduation,  the  institution  in  1S99  conferred 
on  him  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  In  working  on 
the  farm  summers  and  teaching  in  winter  he 
lost  his  health.  For  this  reason  he  spent  the 
summer  of  1870  on  the  shore  of  Chesapeake 
15ay.  When  he  returned  to  Ohio  he  engaged 
in  the  newspaper  business,  editing  the  Fair- 
field County  Republican,  at  Lancaster,  Ohio. 
He  was  a  delegate  to  the  state  convention 
which  nominated  Hayes  for  governor  the 
third  time,  and  took  an  active  part  in  that 
campaign.  In  1883  he  came  to  Dakota  Ter- 
ritory, and  took  up  a  homestead  forty  miles 
southeast  of  Bismarck,  near  Williamsjiort, 
Emmons  county.  Here  he  opened  up  a  farm 
and  later  engaged  somewhat  extensively  in 
sheep  and  cattle  raising.  In  the  fall  of  1883, 
when  Emmons  county  was  organized,  the 
county  commissioners  ajyfiointed  him  super- 
intendent of  schools.  He  was  duly  chosen 
by  the  people  at  the  next  election,  and  he 
continued  to  be  re-elected  until  1889,  when  he 
resigned  to  take  the  office  of  state  senator  for 
the  Twenty-sixth  legislative  district,  for  the 
short  tenn.  He  was  re-elected  for  the  full 
term  of  four  years.  He  was  chairman  of  the 
committee  on  education,  where  his  school  ex- 


JOHN   H.  WORST. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


perience  as  teacher  and  superintendent  en- 
abled him  to  assist  in  formulating  and  pass- 
ing bills  which  have  given  North  Dakota  its 
unexcelled  educational  sj'stem.  In  ISOJ:  he 
was  elected  lieutenant  governor,  and  jn-oved 
to  be  an  excellent  presiding  officer  during 
the  session  of  18'J5.  He  was  appointed  presi- 
dent of  the  North  Dakota  Agi-icultural  Col- 
lege and  director  of  the  experiment  station 
for  the  school  year  beginning  July  1,  1895. 
and  has  held  the  office  ever  since.  He  is  as- 
sisted by  a  corps  of  nearly  twenty  professors, 
the  most  of  whom  are  experts  in  their  sev- 
eral departments.  Under  his  management 
the  institution  has  come  into  prominence  as 
one  of  the  most  thorough  and  practical  edu- 
cational institutions  in  the  Northwest.  Presi- 
dent Worst  is  aggressive  in  his  views,  and 
has  done  much  to  break  down  the  prejudice 
against  a  high  class  industrial  education. 
He  also  combats  the  frequently  expressed  be- 
lief that  education  and  physical  labor  are  in- 
compatible, and  he  contends  that  an  agri- 
cultural .state  is  not  justified  in  expending 
nearly  all  the  school  taxes  for  the  purpose  of 
fitting  students  for  professional  life,  espe- 
cially when  the  professions  are  overcrowded. 
The  money  thus  expended,  he  contends,  sel- 
dom brings  substantial  returns  to  the  state, 
but  instead,  is  used  for  selfish  personal  enjoy- 
ment. He  has  delivered  many  addresses  and 
written  many  papers  in  defense  of  industrial 
education,  and  in  showing  how  the  state 
should  encourage  it.  Under  his  labors  in  this 
direction  the  patronage  of  the  institution  has 
grown  so  that  this  college  is  the  leading  edu- 
cational institution  of  the  state.  President 
Worst  is  a  life-long  Kepublican,  and  has 
probably  done  more  field  campaign  work 
than  any  other  man  in  the  commonwealth. 
He  is  in  frequent  demand  for  a  wide  range 
of  public  addresses,  before  farmer's  insti- 
tutes, at  Fourth  of  July  celebrations,  and 
memorial  exercises.  These  demands  show 
that  he  is  a  versatile,  attractive  and  efficient 
public  speaker.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Knights  of  Pythias,  and  Past  Chancellor 
Commander  of  the  order.  He  is  also  a  Mason 
of  the  highest  degrees.  He  holds  the  office 
of  Wise  Master  of  the  Rose  Croix  Chapter  of 
the  Scottish  Kite,  and  is  Prelate  of  the  Com- 


mandery  of  the  York  Rite.  In  1872  he  was 
married  to  Susan  Wohlgamuth.  They  have 
a  girl  and  two  boys — Olive  J.,  Clayi:on 
LeRoy,  and  Lloyd  Warner  Worst.  Clayton 
was  sergeant  of  Troop  G,  Third  U.  S.  Volun- 
teer Cavalry,  during  the  Spanish  War.  Lloyd 
Warner  is  a  student  at  the  Agricultural  Col- 
lege. 


STEWART,  J.  Clark.— An  interesting 
event  in  the  life  of  Dr.  Stewart  is  that  he 
was  the  first  freshman  pupil  to  enter  the 
University  of  Minnesota.  To  be  one  at  the 
beginning  of  a  successful  enterprise  is  al- 
ways a  pleasant  remembrance,  and,  gener- 
ally, a  stimulus  in  all  future  efforts.  When 
this  association  has  been  a  matter  of  public 
concern  it  arises  above  the  merely  personal, 
and  becomes  of  historic  importance.  J. 
Clark  Stewart  was  born  in  Camden,  N.  J., 
October  21,  ISSi.  His  father  was  Daniel 
Stewart,  D.  D.  His  mother's  maiden  name 
was  Eliza  Mann,  and  she  was  reared  and 
educated  in  New  York  City.  Dr.  Stewart, 
as  his  name  would  indicate,  was  of  Scotch 
ancestry,  his  father  coming  from  Scotland. 
The  maternal  ancestry  runs  back  to  early 
colonial  times  in  Rhode  Island.  Dr.  Stew- 
art's grandfather  on  his  mother's  side  was 
an  alderman  in  New  York  City,  and  has  a 
place  in  history  as  the  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee appointed  to  receive  Lafayette  on  his 
visit  to  this  country  after  the  Revolutionary 
War.  By  virtue  of  the  services  of  his  ma- 
ternal ancestors,  J.  Clark  Stewart  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Society  of  Colonial  Wars  of  Rhode 
Island.  Dr.  Stewart,  his  father,  was  a  grad- 
uate of  Union  College,  at  Schenectady,  N. 
Y.,  about  1832.  Having  chosen  the  minis- 
try as  his  life  work,  he  entered  the  theologi- 
cal department  of  I'rinceton  college,  New 
Jersey,  and  graduated  in  1837.  From  this 
time  until  1881  he  was  active  in  the  minis- 
try, but  served  about  four  years,  1849-1853, 
as  a  professor  in  the  New  Albany  Theologi- 
cal seminary.  He  was  pastor  of  the  An- 
drew and  the  First  Presbyterian  churches, 
Minneapolis,  Minn.  Dr.  J.  Clark  Stewart 
was  educated  at  a  private  school  and  in  an 
academy.     When  prepared  for  college  he  en- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


tered  the  recently  establislied  University  of 
Minnesota,  and,  as  stated,  he  has  the  distinc- 
tion of  being  the  first  fresliniau  to  enter  the 
university.  He  graduated  in  1875,  standing 
number  one  in  liis  class,  and  he  took  two  de- 
grees, B.  S.  and  (\  E.  He  then  taught  in 
the  institution  during  the  class  year  1ST.5- 
1871).  At  the  close  of  this  service  in  187<i, 
he  entered  business  in  a  manufacturing  con- 
cern, and  remained  there  until  1881,  when  he 
went  to  New  York  to  stud}'  medicine.  There 
he  entered  the  ofhce  of  the  celebrated  Wil- 
liard  Parker,  and  enrolled  in  the  College  of 
I'hysicians  and  Surgeons,  from  which  he 
graduated  in  1883  with  honorary  diphjina. 
Iniiuediately  following,  on  a  competitive  ex- 
amination, he  secured  a  position  in  the 
Mount  Sinai  hospital.  He  served  in  the 
surgical  division  under  Doctors  Stimson, 
Gerster,  Wyeth,  Fluhrer,  Munde,  Gruening, 
— names  well  known  in  their  special  field. 
In  the  fall  of  1886  he  i-eturned  to  Minneap- 
olis and  became  one  of  the  teaching  force  of 
the  Minnesota  Hospital  college  and  re- 
mained there  until  the  absor^jtion  of  the  in- 
stitution by  the  University  of  Minnesota, 
when  he  was  appointed  professor  of  Histol- 
ogy, and  later  professor  of  Pathology  in  the 
medical  department.  As  this  department 
developed  he  gradually  withdrew  from  labo- 
ratory work,  and  he  is  at  present  the  profes- 
sor of  Surgical  Pathology.  In  politics  Dr. 
Stewart  has  always  been  a  Republican,  but 
always  too  busy  to  seek  office.  He  is  a 
nieniber  of  a  long  line  of  medical  and 
surgical  societies,  among  them  the  Amer- 
ican Medical  society,  Minnesota  Acad- 
emy of  Medicine,  Hennepin  County  Med- 
ical society,  and  Western  Surgical  and 
Gynecological  association.  He  is  also  a 
member  of  the  Minneapolis  club  and  of  the 
Colonial  Wars  society.  In  religion  he  is  a 
Presbyterian — the  church  of  his  ancestry — 
and  a  member  of  the  First  Presbyterian 
church  of  Minneapolis.  It  must  be  to  him  a 
gratifying  reflection  that  having  entered  the 
University  of  Minnesota  when  the  institu- 
tion was  obscure  and  in  fact  only  in  embryo, 
to  find  it  now  one  of  the  leading  educational 
forces  of  the  nation,  and  himself  one  of  the 
prominent  factors  in  the  important   work 


J.   CLARK   STEWART. 

which  it  is  so  successfully  performing. 
I'rofessor  Stewart's  unique  relations  with 
his  Alma  Mater  is  an  object  lesson,  an  in- 
spiration to  all  who  are  struggling  for  rec- 
ognition in  the  higher  walks  of  life. 


MOLANDEK,  Swan  B.— One  of  the  prom- 
inent names  as  candidate  for  the  important 
position  of  secretary  of  state  before  the  state 
KeiHiblican  convention  in  I'JOU,  was  that  of 
Swan  B.  Molander.  His  scholarship  and  pub- 
lic experience  secured  for  him  a  strong  sup- 
port for  the  office,  although  he  had  been  in 
the  field  but  a  short  time.  He  was  county 
auditor  of  Kanabec  county,  Minn.,  for  ten 
consecutive  years,  and  was  engrossing  clerk 
of  the  House  of  Kepresentatives  of  the  state 
in  the  session  of  18!);5.  Mr.  Molander  was 
born  in  Sweden,  February  27,  1855.  His 
father  was  a  large  landholder,  and  a  nurn  of 
prominence  and  influence.  He  had  ])lanned 
to  educate  his  oldest  son.  Swan,  for  the  min- 
isti'y,  and  the  boy  had  received  a  consider- 
able stai't  in  school  towards  the  cherished 
design,  but  financial  reverses  overtook  the 
father,  and  as  calamities  rarely  come  singly, 
his  wife  died.    The  scenes  of  his  home  con- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


SWAX   B.    MOLANDER. 

tinually  recalled  his  changed  circumstances, 
so  he  determined  to  leave  these  constant 
reminders  and  make  a  new  start.  In  IStiO 
he  emigrated  to  the  United  States  with  his 
two  sons.  ^Vhen  they  reached  Minnesota, 
the  oldest  son,  Swan,  was  allowed  to  remain 
in  the  state,  while  the  father  continued  his 
journey  and  settled  in  South  Dakota.  Swan 
B.  Molander  has  continued  to  live  in  Min- 
nesota. He  went  to  public  and  private 
schools  to  supplement  the  education  which 
he  received  in  Sweden,  and  still  continues 
his  studies.  He  has  always  taken  an  active 
interest  in  political  affairs  since  he  was  old 
enough  to  cast  his  ballot,  having  a  natural 
ajititude  and  taste  for  public  matters.  In 
addition  to  the  positions  already  mentioned 
he  has  held  a  number  of  minor  offices,  and 
has  been  a  member  of  the  Republican  con- 
gressional committee  of  the  Fourth  distiict 
ever  since  its  organization.  He  is  at  pres- 
ent "stumpage  clerk"  in  the  state  auditor's 
office,  a  position  which  he  has  held  since 
Auditor  R.  C.  Dunn  assumed  his  duties  as 
state  auditor.  In  ISTO  Mr.  Molander  was 
married  to  Miss  Nellie  Anderson.  The  union 
has  been  a  happy  one,  and  has  been  blessed 
with  four  promising  children,  three  of  whom 


aie  now  living.  Mr.  Molander  has  proved 
his  integrity  by  long  public  service,  and  has 
developed  into  an  upright,  intelligent  citizen, 
whose  future  is  bright  with  promise.  The 
church  may  have  lost  a  valuable  minister, 
but  the  state  has  gained  a  public-spirited 
man  worthy  of  her  institutions. 


ROBINSON,  Edward  Van  Dyke.— The 
responsibility  resting  upon  the  executive 
head  of  our  high  schools  demands  that  these 
offices  shall  be  tilled  by  men  possessing  a 
high  order  of  educational  equipment.  Eligi- 
bility to  the  position  should  necessarily  be 
contined  to  teachers  of  wide  experience,  who 
have  demonstrated  their  fitness  as  educators. 
This  experience  and  adaptability  we  find  in 
a  study  of  the  life  of  Edward  Van  Dyke 
Robinson,  principal  of  the  Central  High 
School  of  St.  Paul,  Minn.  Mr.  Robinson  was 
born  in  Bloomington,  111.,  December  20, 
1867,  the  son  of  Charles  Stanley  and  Wil- 
helmina  Krummel  Robinson,  His  father  was 
an  arcliitect  and  contractor.  Family  history, 
(til  the  paternal  side,  is  traced  back  to  one  of 
the  English  Puritans  who  came  to  this  coun- 
try with  the  "great  emigration,"  about  1635. 
The  grandmother  of  our  subject  was  the 
daughter  of  Governor  "\'an  Dyke,  of  Dela- 
ware, who  served  in  that  office  from  1776  to 
1783.  lliis  family  was  of  the  "Sea  Beggar" 
stock,  who  fought  Spain  throughout  the 
great  rebellion  of  the  Dutch,  and  afterwards 
came  to  New  Amsterdam,  thence  to  Dela- 
ware, when  this  province  was  conquered 
from  the  Swedes.  During  the  Revolution  a 
member  of  the  Robinson  family  was  a  com- 
modore in  the  Pennsylvania  navy,  and  an- 
other a  quartermaster-general  in  the  Penn- 
sylvania army.  Maternal  ancestry  is  traced 
back  to  the  ancient  baronial  family  of  Von 
Schwaneflugel,  in  Hanover.  The  estates  of 
this  family,  which  should  have  gone  to  the 
mother  of  Mr.  Robinson,  on  the  failure  of 
male  heirs,  were  otherwise  disposed  of  on 
account  of  her  fathers  political  defection  and 
emigration.  Edward  received  his  early  edu- 
cation in  the  public  schools  of  Bloomington, 
Hoopeston  and  Paxton,  111.  These  schools 
were    exceedingly    poor,    measured   by   the 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GHKAT  NOUTHWKST 


standards  of  today,  but  the  boy  had  inherit- 
ed, in  a  measure,  a  love  of  schohirly  pursuits, 
which  was  enlianced  by  a  diligent  attendance 
at  the  public  library.  He  graduated  from 
the  Bloomington  high  school  in  June,  1867, 
and  in  October  of  the  same  year  entered  the 
Tniversity  of  Michigan.  By  means  of  ad- 
\anced  standings  and  extra  work,  he  gradu- 
ated with  the  degree  of  A.  B.,  in  the  classical 
course,  in  June,  1S90.  The  succeeding  year 
he  served  as  an  assistant  in  the  University 
libran',  as  substitute  for  the  professor  of 
economics  and  politics,  in  the  meantime 
studying  for  the  degree  of  A.  M.,  which  was 
gi'anted  in  June,  1891.  The  major  branch  of 
his  studies  was  political  science;  the  minors, 
economics  and  English  literature.  He  se- 
cured the  ai>iiointuu'nt  of  superintendent  of 
schools  in  Schoolcraft,  Mich.,  and  served  in 
this  position  from  1891  to  1894,  resigning  to 
go  abroad  in  the  summer  of  the  latter  year. 
He  spent  a  little  over  a  year  in  travel  and 
study,  the  latter  chiefly  at  the  University  of 
Leipzig,  where,  in  July,  1895,  he  was  given 
the  degree  of  I'h.  D. — summa  cum  laude  for 
the  examination,  and  egregia  for  the  thesis. 
This  combination,  of  first  rank  in  both,  ap- 
pears not  to  have  occuri'ed,  so  far  as  could 
be  ascertained,  more  than  three  times  in  four 
centuries.  The  subjects  for  examination 
were  political  science,  economics  and  medi- 
eval history.  The  thesis  was  entitled  "The 
Nature  of  the  Federal  State."  Professor 
Carl  Victor  Fricker,  Ph.  D.,  of  the  Leipzig 
University,  in  commenting  on  Jlr.  Eobinson's 
successful  examination,  spoke  very  highly  of 
him  and  the  excellent  manner  in  which  he 
had  handled  the  subject  of  his  thesis.  Re- 
turning to  America  in  1895,  Mr.  Robinson 
was  appointed  jtrincipal  of  the  high  school 
at  Muskegon,  Mich.  He  held  this  position 
until  1897,  when  he  removed  to  Rock  Island, 
111.,  to  accept  the  position  of  principal  of 
the  high  school  of  that  city.  In  Scptembei', 
1899,  he  came  to  St.  Paul  to  accejit  the  po- 
sition he  now  tills.  Mr.  Robinson  has 
achieved  considerable  reputation  as  an  au- 
thority on  political  science  and  economics, 
and  has  contributed  a  numlier  of  articles  to 
leading  educational  and  jiolitical  science  pub 
lications,  among  which  may  be  mentioned: 


EDWARD   VAX  DYKE   KOBINSON. 

"The  Nature  of  the  Federal  State,"  (re- 
jirinted  from  the  Annals  of  the  American 
Academy  of  Political  and  Social  Science,  No. 
92);  "Topics  for  Supplementary  Reading  and 
Discussion  in  United  States  History," 
(School  Review,  May,  1897);  "The  Caroline 
Islands  and  the  Terms  of  Peace,"  (Indepen- 
dent, October,  1898);  "An  Ideal  Course  in 
History  for  Secondary  Schools" — a  paper 
read  before  the  National  Educatitmal  Asso- 
ciation at  Milwaukee — (School  Review,  No- 
vember, 1898);  "Review  of  J.  Novicow:  La 
(pierre  et  ses  prt^tendus  bienfaits,"  Ameri- 
can Journal  of  Sociology,  November,  1898); 
"Review  of  G.  de  Molinari:  Gi-andeur  et  A{>- 
cadence  de  la  guerre,"  (Political  Science 
(Quarterly,  December,  1898);  "Germany  and 
till'  Caroline  Islands,"  (Independent,  Janu- 
ary 2(i.  1899);  "History  in  Relation  to  the  For 
mation  of  Character,"  (Chicago  Teacher, 
Jlay  1,  1899);  "Review  of  A.  C.  McLaughlin: 
A  History  of  the  American  Nation,"  (School 
Review,  June,  1899);  "Review  of  Ch.  V.  Laug 
lois  and  Ch.  Seiguoi)es:  Introduction  to  the 
Study  of  History,"  (School  Review,  Septem- 
IxM-,  1S99);  conimunicatiou  in  re  "Kh'clivc 
Studies  in  Iligli  School."  iSrliool  Kcvicw. 
October,  1899);  ronniiunication  rclaliiig  In  lln- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


"Review  of  Laiifj;lois  and  Seignobes,"  (School 
Review,  January,  1900;  "TheAVest  Indian  and 
Paiifio  Islands  in  Relation  to  the  Isthmian 
Canal,"  (Independent,  March  1,  1900);  "Re- 
view of  F.  M.  Colby:  Outlines  of  General 
History,"  (School  Review.  March,  I'.tOO); 
"Medieval  and  Modern  History  in  the  High 
School,"  a  discussion  before  the  National 
Herbart  Society,  (School  Review,  May,  1900); 
"Review  of  H.  H.  I'.ancroft:  The  New  Pa- 
cific," (Political  Science  Quarterly,  June, 
1900);  "Waste  in  High  School  Education," 
a  discussion  before  the  Minnesota  Education- 
al Association,  (School  Review,  September, 
1900);  "Review  of  Katherine  Koman  and 
Elizabeth  Kimball  Kendall:  A  History  of 
England,"  (School  Review,  November,  1900); 
"What  Should  the  High  School  Alumni  Ac- 
complisli?"  (reprinted  from  the  forty-second 
annual  rejjort  of  the  board  of  school  insjiec- 
tors  of  the  city  of  St.  Paul;  December,  1900); 
"War  and  Economics,  in  History  and  in  The- 
ory," (Political  Science  Quarterly,  December, 
1900);  "Review  of  Trueblood,  the  Federation 
of  the  World:  McCabe,  Can  We  Disarm? 
Richet,  Les  guerres  et  la  paix;  Von  Stengel. 
Der  ewige  P'riede,"  (Political  Science  Quar- 
terly, December,  1900).  He  also  published 
a  catalogue  of  the  Schoolcraft  Public 
Schools,  in  April,  1S92,  and  a  catalogue  and 
manual  of  the  Rock  Island  High  School,  in 
April,  1898.  Mr.  Robinson  is  usually  a  Re- 
publican in  national  i>olitics,  though  indepen- 
dent in  state  and  local  affairs.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  St.  Paul  Commercial  Club,  the  St. 
Paul  Informal  Club,  Ancient  Landmark 
Lodge  F.  &  A.  51.;  Prairie  Ronde  Chapter, 
Royal  Arch,  and  the  American  Historical 
Association.  His  religious  connections  are 
with  the  Presbyterian  clwirch.  He  was  mar- 
ried June  30, 1897,  at  St.  Paul's  rectory.  Mus- 
kegon, to  Miss  Clare  Howard.  Their  union 
has  been  blessed  with  one  child :  Helen  How- 
ard Van  Dyke,  born  June  2G,  1900,  in  St. 
Paul. 


LEWIS,  Robert  Steele.— The  develop- 
ment of  the  Northwest  has  afforded  bound- 
less opportunities  to  the  young  man  of  pluck 
and    energy,  and  success    lay  within  easy 


grasp  of  the  man  who  possessed  self-confi- 
dence and  was  willing  to  do  his  share  in  the 
work  of  upbuilding.  No  matter  what  form 
his  activities  took,  if  he  possessed  those  dom- 
inating traits  that  count  for  so  much  in  a 
successful  career,  he  ultimately  reaped  his 
reward.  The  credit  for  the  rapid  develop- 
ment of  this  large  section  of  our  country  is 
to  be  accorded  in  large  measure  to  the  men 
of  this  generation.  This  is  particularly  true 
in  the  case  of  North  Dakota.  Her  citizens 
of  prominence,  in  public  as  well  as  business 
life,  were,  as  a  rule,  young  men  without 
capital  when  they  entered  her  bordere. 
Their  success  has  been  due  to  the  untiring 
energy  and  perseverance  with  which  they 
have  devoted  themselves  to  their  special  lines 
or  callings.  Robert  S.  Lewis,  vice  president 
of  the  Red  River  Valley  National  Bank  of 
Fargo,  is  a  splendid  type  of  the  self-made 
man.  In  his  eighteen  years  of  residence  in 
the  Flickertail  state  he  has  built  up  an  en- 
viable reputation  as  a  reliable  business  man 
and  attained  a  position  of  prominence  in 
financial  circles.  He  is  a  native  of  Tennes- 
see, and  was  born  at  luka  August  15,  1856. 
His  father.  Josiah  F.  Lewis,  was  for  a  num 
ber  of  years  a  professor  in  one  of  the  leading 
colleges  of  the  South.  Having  acquired 
some  means  in  this  way,  he  came  north  with 
his  family  in  180.3  and  located  at  Monticello, 
5Iinn.,  where  he  engaged  in  farming.  He 
was  dcejjly  interested  in  everything  pertain- 
ing to  educational  matters  and  took  a  promi- 
nent position  in  local  affairs.  He  was  elect- 
ed county  superintendent  of  schools  for 
Wright  county,  and  held  this  office  for  seven 
years,  filling  it  very  creditably.  He  took  an 
active  interest,  also,  in  state  grange  matters. 
His  wife's  maiden  name  was  Mary  Steele. 
She  was  a  native  of  North  Carolina,  and  was 
connected  with  the  wealthy  Steele  families 
of  the  South.  She  was  a  woman  who  pos- 
sessed many  excellent  traits  of  character,  had 
received  a  college  education,  and  was  an  un- 
selfish, devoted  mother,  impressing  strongly 
upon  her  children  her  personal  characteris- 
tics. Robert  received  his  early  education  in 
till'  common  schools  of  Minnesota.  This  was 
supplemented,  however,  by  the  wider  knowl- 
edge of  his  parents  and  their  careful  guid- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


,'ince  of  liis  stmlies.  lie  Wdi-kctl  on  tlio  farm 
until  liis  niuetcenth  year,  when  he  he);an 
teaching  in  tlie  conuti-y  schools.  Me  was 
very  .snceessfnl  in  this  vocation,  and  taughl 
foui*  tei-ms  in  one  district  and  three  in  an- 
other. In  the  fall  of  18S0  he  moved  to  ^lin- 
neapolis  and  secured  employment  as  a  clerk, 
remaining;  here  until  his  removal  to  Farjio, 
July  8,  1882,  to  accept  a  clerkship  in  the  Red 
River  Valley  National  Bank.  He  has  been 
connected  with  this  institution  ever  since, 
winnintf  jiromolion  <;radnally  in  recognition 
of  his  faithful,  conscientious  service,  lie 
served  for  the  first  year  and  a  half  as  a  col- 
lectoi-,  from  which  he  was  advanced  to  the 
jiosition  of  teller.  This  i)osition  he  held  for 
two  years,  when  he  was  promoted  to  assist 
ant  cashier,  at  the  same  time  being  eleited 
to  a  position  on  the  board  of  dii-ectors.  In 
18!)1  he  was  again  promoted,  to  the  position 
of  cashier.  He  remained  in  this  office  until 
1897,  at  which  time  he  resigned  in  order  to 
devote  his  i)ersonal  attention  to  the  various 
outside  Interests  with  which  he  was  identi- 
fied. On  his  resignation  he  was  elected  vice 
president  of  the  bank,  which  position  he  still 
holds.  In  1892  Mr.  Lewis  invested  in  a  tract 
of  land  known  as  the  Gardner  farm,  owned 
by  (leorge  M'.  (Jardner,  of  Hastings.  This 
proved  to  be  a  very  fortunate  investment 
and  he  has  been  unusually  successful  in  his 
farming  operations.  He  ke])t  adding  to  the 
original  purchase  fi-om  time  to  time  until 
now  he  owns  and  operates  over  5,000  acres 
of  fanning  land.  It  is  well  stocked  and  is 
probably  the  best  equipped  farm  in  the 
Northwest.  He  is  also  interested  in  the 
Fargo  Cold  Storage  and  Packing  ComiJany, 
a  thriving  business  institution  of  that  city, 
and  is  secretary  of  the  company.  Mr.  Lewis 
is  held  in  high  regard  in  financial  circles  for 
his  strict  business  integrity.  He  has  exhibit- 
ed a  high  order  of  business  capacity  and  has 
won  foi-  himself  the  esteem  of  all  who  know 
him.  Aside  from  the  various  business  inter- 
ests with  which  he  is  identified,  Mr.  Lewis 
has  also  found  time  to  take  an  active  interest 
in  municipal  and  county  politics.  Although 
coining  from  a  Democratic  family  he  has  al- 
ways voted  and  worked  for  the  success  of  the 
Republican  i><'>rty,  before  and  since  his  resi- 

189 


ItOBEUT  S.  LEWIS. 

dence  in  North  Dakota.  He  served  as  secre- 
tary of  the  Kejiublican  state  convention,  held 
at  F'argo,  in  181)8,  and  was  elected  in  1900  to 
the  state  senate,  for  a  term  of  four  years,  by 
a  handsome  majority  against  one^^f  the 
strongest  combinations  ever  put  up  in  the 
state  in  a  legislative  contest.  He  has  also 
taken  an  active  interest  in  educational  mat- 
ters, is  president  of  the  school  board  of  the 
city  of  Fargo,  and  a  member  of  the  board 
of  trustees  of  th(>  North  Dakota  Agricultural 
College.  He  is  a  brother  of  J.  H.  Lewis, 
superintendent  of  public  instiiiction  for  the 
state  of  Minnesota.  Mr.  Lewis  is  also  prom- 
inently identified  with  a  number  of  fraternal 
organizations,  is  a  thirty-.second  degree  Scot- 
tish Rite  5Iason,  a  Shriuer,  a  member  of  the 
Knights  of  Pythias,  the  A.  O.  U.  W.  and  the 
Elks.  He  was  married  December  25,  1870, 
to  Alice  M.  Cari)enter,  daughter  of  Judge 
Carpenter,  of  Mt)nticello,  Minn.  Their  union 
has  been  blessed  with  three  children,  Robert 
C,  Olive  M.,  and  Alice. 


DEARTH.  Elmer  H.,  was  born  in  Sanger- 
\ille,  Piscatacpiis  county.  Me.,  June  0.  1859. 
He  icceived  a  high  school  and  acad<'mic  edu- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


ELMER  H.    DEARTH. 

cation,  gniduating  in  1878,  and  from  that 
date  until  1880  taught  school  in  his  native 
state.  In  1880  he  entered  the  office  of  the 
Bangor  (Me.)  Daily  Whig  and  Courier,  where 
he  remained  until  the  latter  part  of  1883, 
thoroughly  mastering  the  business  of  news- 
paper work.  He  came  to  Minnesota  in  the 
fall  of  1883,  first  locating  in  St.  Paul.  From 
1881  to  the  latter  part  of  1886  he  was  editor 
and  manager  of  "The  Independent"  at  Hen- 
derson, and  from  188C  to  1890  he  owned  and 
edited  the  "News"'  at  Le  Sueur,  disposing  of 
his  interest  in  the  latter  year  and  returaing 
to  St.  Paul.  Through  his  newspaper  affilia- 
tions, and  personally,  he  always  took  an  ac- 
tive interest  in  the  i)olitics  of  this  state,  his 
jiapers  being  at  all  times  vigorous  advocates 
of  Republican  ])rinciples.  His  efforts  for  the 
party  did  not  remain  unnoticed  by  the  lead- 
ers, and  Mr.  Dearth  received,  in  1889,  from 
Governor  Merriam,  the  appointment  of  Depu- 
ty Insurance  Commissioner  of  the  state.  In 
this  new  post  he  soon  developed  a  large 
amount  of  executive  ability  and  he  filled  it 
with  credit  to  himself  and  the  state,  and  hon- 
or to  the  insurance  depai'tment.  After  re- 
maining in  this  position  for  three  years  he 
voluntarily  resigned  to  accept  a  iiosition  with 


the  Equitable  Life  of  New  York.  In  Janu- 
;iry,  1897,  Mr.  Dearth  received  from  Gover- 
n<u-  Clough  the  appointment  of  insurance 
commissioner  of  Minnesota  and  entered  the 
jiosition  with  a  full  knowledge  of  the  details 
of  the  office,  eminently  qualified  to  pursue  its 
duties.  He  retired  from  this  office  in  1899, 
tJie  state  administration  having  passed  into 
the  hands  of  a  Demo-Pop  governor.  Upon 
Ills  retirement  he  held  the  position  of  presi- 
dent of  the  National  Association  of  Insur- 
ance Commissioners,  and  for  the  next  suc- 
ceeding two  years  was  engaged  in  the  gen- 
eral and  local  fire  insurance  business.  In 
January,  1901,  he  was  again  appointed  by 
Covernor  Van  Sant  to  the  position  of  insur- 
ance commissioner  of  Minnesota,  which  office 
he  now  holds. 

He  is  a  prominent  Mason,  Elk,  Knight  of 
Pythias,  and  a  charter  member  of  the  Com- 
mercial Club,  the  leading  business  organiza- 
tion of  St.  Paul.  He  has  had  a  deal  of  ex- 
perience in  journalism  and  commercial  busi- 
ness, and  during  the  last  twelve  years  in  that 
of  insurance.  In  1889  he  was  married  to 
Miss  Nellie  G.,  daughter  of  Hon.  M.  Doran, 
of  St.  Paul. 


NORDIN,  Axel  Frithiof,  judge  of  pro- 
bate of  Kandiyohi  county,  Minn.,  is  an  excel- 
lent type  of  the  self-made  man.  He  is  a  native 
of  Sweden,  and  was  born  at  Stockholm,  No- 
vember 16,  18-19,  the  son  of  Peter  E.  and 
Maria  Helena  Nordin.  His  parents  emigrated 
to  America  when  he  was  four  years  of  age, 
but  did  not  come  to  Minnesota  until  1855, 
first  settling  at  Hastings.  Two  years  later 
they  i"emoved  to  Nininger,  and  then,  in  1859, 
to  Eureka,  in  Dakota  county,  where  the 
father  engaged  in  farming.  The  fann  was 
sold  a  year  or  so  later  and  the  family  moved 
to  Greenvale,  Rice  county,  locating  on  an- 
other farm.  In  1863,  this  farm  was  also  sold, 
the  Nordin  family  removing  back  to  Hast- 
ings. From  there  they  went  to  Northfield, 
where  Mr.  Nordin  started  a  general  store, 
but  was  burned  out  in  1865.  He  then  moved 
to  Norway  Lake,  in  Kandiyohi  county,  and 
again  settled  on  a  farm,  and  until  1882  re- 
mained there,  then  sold  out  and  moved  to 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GIIEAT  XOUTHWEST. 


Leeds,  N.  D.,  where  he  now  resides  iu  fairly 
comfortable  circumstances.  Mrs.  Nordin 
died  in  1880.  The  early  life  of  the  subject 
of  this  sketch  was  not  an  enviable  one.  In 
common  with  the  children  of  our  early  pio- 
neers he  suffered  the  hardships  and  priva- 
tions of  life  on  the  frontier.  He  assisted  his 
father  in  the  opening  up  of  four  farms,  and 
this  meant  incessant  toil.  His  op[)ortunitics 
for  acquiring  an  education  were,  therefore, 
somewhat  limited.  He  attended  the  common 
schools,  such  as  they  were,  and  later  was 
able  to  supplement  this  early  training  in  the 
Seabury  Mission  School  at  Faribault,  and 
Carleton  College,  at  Northtield,  though  he 
did  not  remain  long  enough  in  either  institu 
ti,)n  to  graduate.  He  left  the  farm  shortly 
after  reaching  his  twenty-first  year  and  com 
menced  clerking  in  a  store  at  New  London. 
A  few  months  later  he  removed  to  AA'illmar. 
and  after  a  year's  service  as  a  clerk,  opened 
a  butcher  shop.  This  he  soon  disposed  of, 
however,  and  began  the  study  of  law  in  the 
office  of  Samuel  Dunham,  at  Willmar.  Short- 
ly afterwards  he  was  appointed  deputy  regis- 
ter of  deeds  for  Kandiyohi  county,  and  held 
this  office  for  a  year  and  a  half,  when  he  was 
elected  register  of  deeds  and  seiwed  one 
term  in  that  office.  He  was  clerk  of  the  court 
for  two  terms,  and  was  then  appointed  de])u- 
ty  collector  of  internal  revenue  by  the  late 
William  Bickel.  March  1,  18S4,  he  was  ap- 
pointed assistant  secretary  of  state  and  com- 
missioner of  statistics  under  Secretary  of 
State  Baumbach,  and'  held  this  position  un- 
til October  1,  1886.  The  following  year  he 
moved  to  Cokato,  and  shortly  afterwards 
was  admitted  to  the  bar,  returning  to  Will- 
mar  to  begin  the  practice  of  law.  In  1801  he 
was  elected  county  attorney  of  Kandiyohi 
county,  served  two  terms,  and  was  then  elect- 
ed probate  judge,  which  office  he  now  holds. 
Judge  Nordin  has  achieved  distinction  solely 
on  merit,  and  as  a  reward  for  public  service 
faithfully  performed.  He  is  highly  esteemed 
by  all  who  know  him,  not  only  for  his  emi- 
nent legal  ability,  but  for  his  admirable  per- 
sonal qualities  as  w^ell.  He  is  a  staunch  Re- 
publican and  has  stumped  the  state  in  sev- 
eral campaigns.  He  is  a  member  of  the  K. 
of  P.,  A.  O.  U.  W.,  M.  W.  A.,  Degree  of  Hon- 


or,  Royal  Neighbors,  and  Territorial  I'io 
neers.  He  is  a  Protestant  Episcopalian,  and 
is  junior  warden,  la}'  reader  and  superin- 
endent  of  the  Sunday  school  iu  St.»Luke's 
church,  at  Willmar.  June  7,  1875,  he  was 
nuirried  to  Anna  T.  Anderson;  six  children 
were  born,  only  one  of  whom  is  now  living — 
Agues  E. 


HANSON,  Peter  E.— That  the  great 
Northwest  is  a  "land  of  promise"  to  those 
who  have  the  right  qualities,  or,  as  the  com- 
mon saying  is,  have  the  right  stuff'  in  them, 
is  well  illustrated  in  the  career  of  Mr.  I'eter 
E.  Hanson,  the  well  known  president  of  the 
ilceker  County  Bank.  Born  at  X'oldsjo, 
Sweden,  in  1845,  he  came  to  Minnesota  and 
settled  in  Swede  Grove  Township,  Meeker 
county,  in  1857.  His  father,  Hans  Peterson, 
was  a  farmer,  who  thoroughly  understood 
his  business,  for  he  prospered  and  accumu- 
lated a  large  estate.  His  son,  Peter  E.,  was 
brought  up  as  a  farmer's  boy,  receiving  sim- 
ply a  coniuKui  school  education,  but  early 
develojjed  a  superior  business  capacity.  He 
began  to  deal  in  real  estate,  and  in  1879  he 
opened  an  office  in  Lifchficld,  the  county 
seat  of  Meeker  coimiIv.   wlieir,   hv  his   nn- 


HISTORY  OP  TUE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


PETER  E.    HANSON. 

(jiiestioned  integrity  and  fair  dealing,  he  built 
up  a  lai'ge  business,  securing  the  largest  cli- 
entele in  the  city  and  disposing  of  a  very 
large  amount  of  land.  To  this  business  he 
added  that  of  banking,  and  in  1891  was  made 
president  of  the  Meeker  County  Bank,  a  po- 
sition which  he  yet  holds,  and  where  his 
high  character  for  uprightness,  sound  judg- 
ment and  uswerving  probity  is  a  tower  of 
strength  to  the  institution. 

As  a  young  man — too  young  to  enlist — 
Mr.  Hanson  took  part  in  the  Indian  war  of 
1802.  He  helped  to  guard  the  homes  and 
to  defend  the  fort  at  Forest  City,  Minn.  He 
had  the  reputation  of  being  the  best  shot  in 
the  country  and  took  part  in  two  battles. 
He  has  always  been  a  patriotic,  public-spirited 
citizen,  taking  an  active  interest  in  public 
affairs,  sei'ving  as  a  member  of  the  town 
board  and  as  chaimian  of  the  county  board. 
He  was  elected  also  to  the  state  senate,  where 
his  solid  qualities  found  due  recognition. 
His  able  services  as  senator  undoubtedly  pre- 
pared the  way  for  higher  honors  which  await 
him  at  the  hands  of  the  Republican  party, 
of  which  he  has  always  been  an  active  mem- 
ber, supporting  its  measures  and  nomina- 
tions with  ardent  zeal.     In  one  of  the  larg- 


est state  conventions  ever  held  in  the  state, 
Mr.  Hanson  was  nominated  by  the  Repub- 
lican party  in  1!)0(),  for  the  high  office  of 
secretary  of  state  over  several  very  able  com- 
jietitors,  and  was  duly  elected  at  the  polls  in 
November  by  a  handsome  majority.  This 
was  an  honor  of  which  any  man  ought  justly 
to  feel  proud,  for  it  is  a  distinction  which 
only  few  can  hope  to  attain  in  a  great  com- 
monwealth, and  it  is  the  more  notable,  in 
this  instance,  that  it  conies  to  a  farmer  boy 
while  still  comparatively  young. 

]Mr.  Hanson  was  married  in  18G7  to  Ra- 
chel N.  Halverson,  and  is  the  happy  father 
of  four  children — Xellie  O.,  Harry  A.,  Jennie 
F.,  and  May  L.  Hanson,  a  joy  to  their  par- 
ents and  full  of  promise  to  the  state. 


MERRIAM,  William  Rush.— The  North- 
west has  a  distinguished  representative  in 
the  employ  of  the  federal  government  at 
Washington  in  the  person  of  William  Rush 
Merriam,  director  of  the  census.  Mr.  Mer- 
riam  is  a  resident!  of  the  state  of  Minnesota, 
and  for  two  teniis  filled  the  office  of  chief 
executive  of  that  state  with  conspicuous 
ability.  In  recognition  of  his  eminent  serv- 
ices to  the  Republican  party  he  was  awarded 
the  appointment  at  the  head  of  the  census 
bureau.  The  marked  executive  talent  he  has 
exhibited  in  that  office  has  won  for  him 
many  encomiums.  Governor  Merriam  conies 
from  good  old  colonial  stock.  His  paternal 
ancestors  came  to  this  country  from  England 
in  the  early  part  of  the  seventeenth  century 
and  settled  at  Concord,  Mass.  William 
Merriam,  his  grandfather,  was  born  at  Bed- 
ford, Mass.,  in  1750,  and  served  as  a  private 
in  Captain  Jonathan  Wilson's  company  of 
minute  men  in  that  town.  He  participated 
in  the  fight  at  Concord  Bridge,  April  19, 
1775,  and  in  the  pursuit  of  the  British  forces 
on  their  retreat  from  Concord  to  Charleston. 
Two  years  later  he  served  as  chainnan  of  the 
board  of  selectmen  of  Bedford  and  rendered 
important  service  in  procuring  enlistments 
to  the  American  army.  His  son,  Hon.  John 
L.  Merriam,  the  father  of  our  subject,  was  for 
many  years  engaged  as  a  merohant  at  W^ad- 
liam's  Mills,   Essex  county,  N.  Y.     It  was 


HISTORY  UF  TIIIO  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


Lei-e  tliat  ^^■illiiUll  Hush  Moiriam  was  boru, 
July  2(j,  1841).  His  mother  was  of  Frencli 
descent,  her  maiden  name  being  Maliahi  De- 
lano. In  1861  the  family  came  west  and 
settled  at  St.  I'aul,  Minn.,  John  L.  Merriam 
engaging  in  the  stage  and  transfjortation 
business,  in  partnership  with  J.  C.  Burbank. 
Their  business  became  quite  an  extensive 
one,  as  those  were  days  before  railroads  had 
made  their  entry  into  the  North  Star  state. 
Mr.  Merriam  also  became  identified  with  a 
number  of  other  entei^jrises,  and  taking  an 
active  interest  in  politics  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  state  legislature,  and  served  as 
speaker  of  the  lower  house  in  1870  and  1871. 
William  Rush  Merriam  was  of  a  naturally 
studious  disposition  and  took  a  keen  interest 
in  his  studies.  When  fifteen  years  of  age  he 
entered  the  Racine  Academy,  at  Racine, 
Wis.,  and,  having  graduated  from  this  pre- 
paratory school,  entered  Racine  College, 
where  he  acquitted  himself  with  honors,  be- 
ing chosen  valedictorian  of  his  class  at  com- 
mencement. He  returned  to  his  home  in  St. 
I'aul  after  graduation  and  secured  a  position 
as  a  clerk  in  the  First  National  Bank.  He 
devoted  himself  diligently  to  the  work  in 
hand,  developing  an  unusual  order  of  busi- 
ness ability,  and  when  only  twenty-three 
years  of  age  was  elected  cashier  of  the  Mer- 
chants' National  Bank.  Seven  years  later, 
in  1880,  he  was  chosen  vice  president,  and  in 
1884:  made  president  of  the  bank.  Aside 
from  his  business  interests,  Mr.  Merriam 
early  took  an  intei*est  in  public  affairs  and 
became  an  active  worker  for  the  Republican 
party  in  every  campaign.  In  1882  he  was 
chosen  to  represent  his  district  in  the  lower 
house  of  the  legislature,  at  once  assuming  a 
conspicuous  place  in  that  body.  He  was 
again  elected  in  1880,  and  was  chosen  speak- 
er, serving  in  the  same  position  occupied  by 
his  father  sixteen  years  before.  He  made  an 
admirable  presiding  officer,  winning  the  re- 
spect and  esteem  of  the  members  for  his  fair 
and  impartial  rulings,  and  the  geniality  of 
his  manner.  The  same  year  he  was  chosen 
vice-president  of  the  State  Agricultural  so- 
ciety, and  a  year  later  was  made  president 
of  that  organization,  and  contributed  in  no 
small   measure  to  the  s\iccess  of  the  state 


WILLIAAl    K.    All':i;i!l.\.\l. 

fair  held  under  its  auspices  during  those 
years.  In  1888  Mr.  Merriam  received  the 
nomination  for  governor  on  the  Repwblican 
ticket,  against  Hon.  Eugene  M.  Wilson,  of 
.Minneapolis,  the  Democratic  nominee,  and 
was  (fleeted.  He  was  honored  with  a  re- 
uoniination  in  18t)0,  and  was  again  elected 
(o  the  gubernatorial  chair.  He  made  an  ex- 
ceptionally good  record  in  that  oflice,  his  ad- 
ministration being  marked  for  the  practical 
business  methods  adopted  in  the  conduct  of 
state  affairs.  At  the  close  of  his  term  of 
ottice  in  January,  18ii3,  Mr.  Merriam  re- 
sumi'd  active  charge  of  the  various  banking 
interests  with  which  he  was  connected.  He 
was  always  an  earnest  student  of  public  af- 
fairs, and  became  recognized  as  au  au- 
thority on  financial  questions  in  the  memor- 
able campaign  of  18U0.  He  contributed  nu- 
merous articles  on  the  subject  of  national 
finances  to  leading  financial  papers  of  the 
country,  which  had  considerable  iutiueuce 
in  shaping  opinion  in  favor  of  sound  finance. 
In  Alarch,  181)0,  he  was  chosen  by  the  Repub- 
lican state  convention  one  of  the  delegates 
from  Minnesota  to  the  national  convention, 
lie  was  appointed  director  of  the  census  of 


HISTORY  OF  TUE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


1900  bj  Pi-esideut  McKiuley,  and  tlie  wis- 
dom of  the  selection  lias  been  endorsed 
everywhere  by  the  splendid  record  he  has 
made  in  that  office.  His  remarkable  execu- 
tive talent  and  skill  in  orji;anization  and  in 
readily  handling-  and  dispatching  the  im- 
mense amount  of  business  in  that  office  with 
accuracy  and  lightning  speed,  has  stamped 
him  as  one  of  the  most  efficient  census  di- 
rectors the  country  ever  had.  There  is  little 
doubt  entertained  but  that  the  complete  re- 
turns of  the  1900  census  will  be  compiled 
and  published  long  in  advance  of  the  time 
that  has  generally  been  alloted  to  this 
work.  One  other  commendatory  feature  of 
his  superintendence  of  the  census  bureau  is 
the  fact  that  practically  little  complaint  is 
heard  as  to  the  accuracy  of  the  count  made. 
Governor  Merriam  is  a  member  of  the  Uni- 
versity club  of  New  York,  the  Metropolitan 
club  at  Washington,  and  the  Minnesota  club 
at  St.  Paul.  He  was  one  of  the  first  presi- 
dents of  the  Minnesota  Boat  club.  He  also 
served  for  three  years  as  treasurer  of  the 
St.  Paul  Board  of  Education.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  St.  Paul's  Episcopal  church  of  St. 
Paul.  In  1872  he  was  married  to  Laura 
Hancock,  a  daughter  of  John  Hancock,  and 
a  niece  of  the  late  Gen.  Winfleld  Scott  Han- 
cock. Mrs.  Merriam  is  a  lady  of  rare  ac- 
complishments and  gracious  manners.  The 
future  holds  out  brilliant  prospects  for  her 
distinguished  husband.  He  has  not  yet 
reached  the  high  water  mark  of  success. 
His  many  warm  friends  in  the  Northwest 
wish  him  greater  honors  than  those  he  has 
already  received. 


EDWARDS,  Alanson  William.— Colonel 
Cadle,  adjutant-general  of  the  Seventeenth 
Corps,  commanded  by  the  brave,  popular  and 
genial  General  Prank  Blair,  in  the  following 
letter  to  "The  Forum,""  has  some  words  for 
an  old  comrade  and  explains  how  he  comes 
to  write: 

"Society  of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee, 
Recording  Secretary's  Office,  P.  O.  Box  35, 
Cincinnati,  Ohio,  March  31,  1898.— To  'The 
Forum':  The  Society  of  the  Army  of  the 
Tennessee  desires  to  keep  in  its  records  mem- 


oranda showing  the  services  of  its  members. 
Some  time  ago  I  wrote  Major  Edwards  and 
asked  him  to  send  me  a  sketch  that  would 
enable  us,  when  he  died,  to  print  his  obituai"}'. 
He  sent  me  a  \ery  brief  statement,  but,  know- 
ing as  much  or  more  of  his  record  than  he 
modestly  stated  to  me,  I  have  written  the 
enclosed,  and  if  you  think  it  worth  while  it 
might  be  printed,  because  it  shows  a  great 
deal  of  his  experience  in  the  Army  of  the 
Tennessee  in  the  war  of  the  Rebellion. 

"He  was  certainly  a  gallant  soldier  in  our 
army,  and  credit  should  be  given  to  living 
men  as  well  as  dead.  Therefore  I  send  this 
to  you  with  the  hope  that  it  may  be  used, 
and  that,  as  an  obituary  of  our  society,  it 
may  be  long  before  it  will  be  required.  Ma- 
jor Edwards  does  not  know  of  this  communi- 
cation.    Yours  very  truly, 

■•CORNELIUS  OADLE." 

"Major  Alanson  William  Edwards  was 
born  in  Lorain  county,  Ohio,  August  27, 1840. 
His  father  removed  to  Macoupin  county.  111., 
in  1848.  Major  Edwards  attended  the  coun- 
ty schools  and  was  afterward,  in  1856-57,  a 
student  at  McKendree  College,  Illinois.  He 
was  a  railroad  express  agent  and  telegi-aph 
operator  at  Gillespie,  111.,  when  the  war 
broke  out. 

"He  enlisted  at  once  for  the  tliree  months' 
service,  but  the  quota  of  Illinois  was  then 
tilled,  as  was  the  first  call  for  three  years 
Aolunteers.  He  enlisted  and  was  mustered 
in  as  a  private  of  Company  I,  One  hundred 
and  twentj'-second  Illinois  Infantry,  at  Camp 
■  Palmer,  Carlinville,  111.,  August  4,  1802.  He 
served  in  the  Western  ai-my,  beginning  at 
Columbus,  Ky.  He  was  a  clerk  in  the  office 
of  the  adjutant-general,  district  of  Jackson 
war  department.  General  Grenville  M. 
Dodge,  of  Corinth,  Miss. 

"In  April,  1863,  by  authority  from  the 
war  department.  General  Grenville  M. 
Dodge,  at  Corinth,  Miss.,  organized  the  first 
Alabama  Union  ( "avalry  from  loyal  refugees, 
driven  from  their  homes  in  the  mountains  in 
North  Alabama  by  Confederate  conscripting 
(ifficers.  Major  Edwards  was  appointed 
first  lieutenant  and  adjutant,  with  George 
E.  Spencer  as  colonel,  and  was  afterward 
promoted  to  captain  L  troop  of  this  regiment. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


"He  served  with  General  Van  Derveei 
as  actino-  assistant  adjutant-general,  district 
of  Rome  and  of  Marieeta.  Oa.  and  was  near 
Kenesaw  mountain  with  General  Sherman 
when  Sherman  sip;nalled  Corse  at  AUatoona 
to  'hold  the  fort.'  at  the  same  time  that  Gap- 
tain  Flint,  of  Gomjiany  E,  First  Alabama 
Garali-y,  was  aide  to  General  Corse,  and 
wrote  at  Corse's  dictation  the  answer  about 
iosiu}!-  liis  cheek,  but  was  able  to  whip  all 
hell  yet.' 

''Major  Edwards  commanded  Company  ^I 
of  his  regiment  on  the'JIarcli  to  the  Sea,' and 
in  the  <'lose  ajij)roach  to  Savannah  he  rode 
with  the  First  Alabama  Cavalry  over  the 
torpedoes  planted  in  the  road  Ity  the  enemy. 
Lieutenant  F.  W.  Tupper,  his  successor  and 
adjutant  of  the  regiment,  having  his  leg 
blown  off,  and  many  of  the  regiment  being 
severely  wounded. 

"Colonel  Cornelius  Cadle,  the  adjutant- 
general  of  the  Seventeentll  Army  Corps,  be- 
ing at  that  moment  in  advance  with  the  First 
Alabama  Cavalry,  directed  the  provost  mar- 
shal of  the  corps.  Major  John  C.  Marvin,  to 
bring  to  the  front  all  the  jn-isonerS  of  war, 
and  they,  upon  their  hands  and  knees,  dug 
into  the  ground  and  took  out  the  toi-jiedoes — 
the  unexploded  ones — that  several  of  these 
prisoners  had  assisted  in  planting  a  few 
days  before.  It  hap])ened  that  the  Confede- 
rate sergeant  who  had  supervision  of  the 
placing  of  these  torpedoes  was  one  of  the 
prisoners,  and  he  readily  found  them  and 
carefully  aided  in  clearing  our  way  to  Sa- 
vannah, the  city  that  was  a  Christmas  pres- 
ent from  Sherman  to  our  president.  Lincoln. 
"At  Savannah  ISlajor  Edwards  was  de- 
tached from  his  regiment  by  order  of  General 
Sherman,  and  assigned  to  duly  as  acting 
assistant  adjutant-general.  Fourth  Division, 
Fifteenth  Army  Cori)s.  and  served  with  Gen- 
eral Corse,  the  division  commander,  until 
after  the  grand  i-eview  of  the  armies  at 
Washington,  May  1'4  and  2.5,  ISG.j,  and  was 
mustei-ed  out  July  11,  1S(;.5.  He  was  l)revet- 
ed  major  March  i:?.  ISG.j,  for  'gallant  and 
meritorious  .service  in  the  field.' 

"Major  Edwards  was  j)reseut  al  the  meet- 
ing of  the  officers  of  the  Armv  of  the  Ten- 


ALAXSOX    W.   EnWAKDS. 

nessee.  called  to  organize  our  society,  at  Ka- 
leigh,  N.  C,  April  2,5,  1805. 

"The  first  post  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic  was  organized  by  Dr.  B.  F.  flfeven- 
son,  at  Decatur,  HI.,  and  several  members 
were  sent  over  the  state  to  institute  other 
jiosts.  A  dozen  or  more  were  mustered  at 
the  same  time.  Major  Edwards,  after  his 
war  service,  was  mustered  in  Post  No.  G,  at 
I?unker  Hill,  111.,  which  was  one  of  the  ear- 
liest organized  posts  of  the  Grand  Army  of 
the  Republic. 

"Returning  to  his  home  in  lS(i.").  he  resus- 
citated the  'Union  Gazette,'  at  Bunker  Hill, 
111.,  a  paper  he  published  before  going  to  the 
war,  and  which  was  suspended  during  the 
war.  Ill  18(iS  Major  Edwards  secured  an  in. 
(erest  in  the  Carlinville  Free  Democrat,  a 
Republican  paper  started  by  Senator  John 
M.  Palmer  in  185G. 

"Major  Edwards  was  warden  of  the  Illi- 
nois state  penitentiary  at  Joliet  in  1871-72. 
After  the  great  Chicago  fire  he  went  into 
business  in  Chicago,  and  was  a  member  of 
the  board  of  trade  in  1875-78.  He  went  to 
the  Black  Hills  in  187G.  located  at  Fargo  in 
1878,  as  editor  of  the  'Fai-go  Reimblican.' 
He  established    the   'Daily   Argus'   in  1879. 


195 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


(Tovernor  G.  A.  Pierce,  of  our  society,  ap- 
pointed Major  Edwards  superintendent  of 
Ihe  semi-decennial  census  of  Dakota  Terri- 
tory in  1885.  Major  Edwards  was  elected 
mayor  of  Fargo  in  1886;  was  a  member  of 
the  legislature  1895-96.  He  lost  the  Argus 
in  1890,  started  the  'Daily  Forum'  in  1891, 
purchased  the  'Republican,'  the  first  paper 
he  started,  and  consolidated  the  two,  and  it 
is  now  issued  by  Edward  &  Plumley. 

"Major  Edwards  was  married  to  Eliza- 
beth Robertson  at  Carlinville,  111.,  in  ISTO. 
They  have  six  sons  and  one  daughter,  all  liv- 
ing in  Fargo,  N.  D.  The  sons  are  Harry 
Goodell,  26  years;  William  Robertson,  23; 
Allanson  Charles,  19;  John  Palmer,  17; 
George  Washington,  13;  Richford  Roberts, 
9,  and  the  daughter,  Marie  R.,  24  years. 

"Cincinnati,  Ohio,  March  31,  1898." 


LIND,  John. — To  be  elected  governor  of 
the  state  of  Minnesota  at  any  time  is  not  a 
small  honor;  to  be  the  first  man  elected  to 
the  place  in  opposition  to  the  Republican 
party  organization  is  even  a  more  signal  vic- 
tory; to  be  chosen  above  and  beyond  partisan 
lines  by  the  discriminating  judgment  of  his 
fellow-citizens,  at  a  time  when  all  the  other 
nominees  of  the  opposing  party,  save  the 
gubernatoi-ial,  were  elected  by  more  or  less 
handsome  majorities,  is  a  distinction  such  as 
has  been  accorded  to  few  men  in  any  state. 
It  was  under  such  circumstances  that  John 
Lind  was  inaugurated  governor  of  Minne- 
sota in  January,  1899. 

Governor  Lind  was  born  at  Kanna,  Prov- 
ince of  Smaiand,  Sweden,  March  25,  1854. 
His  parents  were  Gustav  and  Catherine 
(Johnson)  Lind.  Gustav  Lind,  like  his  an- 
cestors for  several  generations,  was  a  farm- 
er, and  also  filled  local  offices  in  the  com 
munity  where  he  lived,  being  a  deputy  sheriff 
of  the  borough  for  several  years.  The  fam- 
ily emigrated  to  America  in  1867,  when  John 
was  thirteen  years  of  age,  and  settled  in 
Goodhue  county,  Minn.  Here  young  John, 
laboring  to  assist  in  the  support  of  the  fam- 
ily, lost  his  left  hand  by  an  accident  which, 
perhaps,  turned  the  current  of  his  career,  as 
now,  illy  fitted  to  compete  with  his  fellows 


in  the  material  world,  he  was  urged  to  more 
assiduity  in  the  pursuit  of  his  studies.  He 
s])ent  as  much  of  his  time  at  school  as  pos- 
sible, and  at  sixteen  he  was  gi-anted  a  cer- 
tificate entitling  him  to  teach  in  the  public 
schools.  He  taught  one  year  in  Sibley 
county,  but  not  being  satisfied  with  the  com- 
pensation in  a  new  country  at  that  time,  be, 
in  1873,  took  up  his  residence  in  New  Ulm, 
where  he  has  since  resided,  respected  and 
honored  among  men.  By  the  dint  of  hard 
study,  industry  and  strict  economy,  he  was 
able  to  attend  the  State  I'niversity  in  1875 
and  1876,  having  in  mind  then  the  jn-actice 
of  the  law.  Utilizing  all  his  opportunities 
for  private  study  and  privileged  as  he  was 
to  work  in  the  office  of  a  Kew  I^lm  practi- 
tioner, he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  immedi- 
ately upon  leaving  the  university  at  the  age 
of  twenty-one.  In  1877  he  began  the  prac- 
tice of  law,  and,  taking  an  active  interest  in 
public  life,  was  chosen  superintendent  of 
schools  of  Brown  county.  This  position  he 
held  for  two  years,  declining  a  renomination 
in  order  that  he  might  devote  himself  entire- 
ly to  the  profession  upon  the  adoption  of 
which  he  had  now  fully  detennined,  namely, 
the  law.  In  1881,  under  the  administration 
of  Garfield  and  Arthur,  he  was  made  re- 
ceiver of  the  land  office  at  Tracy,  Lyon  coun- 
ty, which  position  he  held  until  the  election 
of  Grover  Cleveland,  still  being  able,  how- 
ever, to  care  for  his  private  practice  at  New 
Ulm.  The  country  was  filling  up  rapidly 
and  the  work  of  the  courts  incidentally  in- 
creased. Mr.  Lind's  natural  talent  and  dili- 
gence made  him  a  name  more  than  local,  and 
his  i)rosecution  of  several  suits,  notably 
those  against  railroad  companies,  won  him 
not  a  little  renown.  He  was  also  active  in 
the  councils  of  the  Republican  party,  and  in 
1886  he  was  nominated  to  represent  the  Sec- 
ond district  in  the  federal  congress.  The 
Second  district  then  comprised  twenty  coun- 
ties— practically  all  of  Southwestern  Minne- 
sota. That  was  a  hard  fought  campaign. 
Dr.  A.  A.  Ames,  of  Minneapolis,  coming 
within  a  very  small  margin  of  defeating  A. 
R.  McGill  for  governor,  but  Mr.  Lind  was 
elected  by  a  splendid  jtlurality.  Two  years 
later  he  was  renominated  and  again  elected, 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


his  adversary  this  time  being  Colonel  Morton 
S.  Wilkinson,  a  veteran  leader,  who  had  been 
one  of  Minnesota's  three  representatives  in 
the  federal  house  from  18G9  to  1871,  and 
United  States  senator  during  the  War.  He 
took  an  active  interest  in  the  affaii's  of  the 
Indians  and  secured  the  passage  of  a  bill 
establishing  seven  Indian  schools  in  various 
jiarts  of  the  country,  one  of  them  being  lo- 
cated at  Pipestone,  in  this  state.  Another 
sphere  of  work  of  local  importance  was  the 
pushing  of  some  old  claims  for  the  depreda- 
tions of  the  Indians  during  the  outbreak  of 
1862.  He  secured  the  payment  of  many  of 
these  for  the  people  of  the  Second  district, 
who  had  suffered  during  that  uprising.  One 
of  the  greatest  economies  which  he  secured 
to  the  people  of  the  state,  however,  was  the 
passage  of  the  bill  for  the  reorganization  of 
the  federal  courts  of  the  District  of  Minne- 
sota, which  is  commonly  known  to  this  day 
as  the  "Lind  Bill."  I'revious  to  its  passage 
all  sessions  of  the  United  States  courts  in 
this  state  had  been  held  at  St.  Paul,  entail- 
ing long  sitting-s,  delays  in  trials  and  long 
journeys,  increasing  the  cost  to  litigants  \\\- 
ing  remote  from  the  capital.  Mr.  Lind's 
bill  provided  for  terms  as  now  held  at  Min- 
neapolis, JIankato,  Winona  and  Fergus 
Falls,  as  well  as  in  St.  Paul.  Mr.  Lind  was 
a  strenuous  fighter  for  the  integrity  and  en- 
forcement of  the  Interstate  Commerce  Act  in 
its  efforts  to  prevent  discriminations  in  favor 
of  persons  or  places.  He  had  added  to  it 
amendments  which  made  it  possible  for  the 
commission  to  procure  evidence  more  effi- 
ciently, and  also  made  several  battles  in  the 
courts  to  secure  for  the  millers  in  the  smaller 
centers  of  the  state  rates  more  fair  when  com- 
jiared  with  the  millers  of  Minneapolis,  who 
had  been  granted  ccT-tain  special  privileges. 
Mr.  Lind  was  also  instrumental  in  securing 
a  great  reform. in  railroad  management  and 
equipment,  which  ia  saving  human  lif(>  and 
limb  hourly.  That  is,  the  automatic  coupler 
and  jiower-brake  bill,  so  called,  which  was 
l)assed,  and  directed  all  railroads  to  provide 
their  cars  with  automatic  couiders  of  uni- 
form type,  and  to  have  at  least  a  certain 
number  of  cars  of  each  train  equipjjed  with 
ail',  or  rather  power,  brakes,  so  as  to  obviate 


JOHN  LIND. 

the  use  of  hand  brakes,  which  were  very  dan- 
gerous in  icy  or  sleety  weather.  Tliisbill 
was  opposed  by  a  strong  and  insistent  lobby, 
led  by  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  Company, 
but  after  a  hard  contest  the  lobby  was  beaten 
and  Mr.  Lind's  bill  became  a  law.  Another 
bill  of  commercial  value  to  the  Northwest 
niad(-  Minneapolis  a  port  of  entry.  Mr.  Lind 
was  a  conceded  authority  in  the  House  on 
the  subjects  concerned  with  public  lands — 
Congressman  Payson,  of  Illinois,  being  the 
only  man  on  the  floor  considered  his  peer  in 
this  special  branch  of  so  much  importance 
to  the  West.  In  the  contest  over  the  tariff 
Mr.  Lind  was  a  hard  fighter,  and  showed  his 
indejiendence  by  declining  to  be  bound  by 
the  declarations  of  the  Republican  caucus. 
He  fought  the  tariff  on  lumber  because,  as 
he  said,  it  committed  the  nation  to  the  idiocy 
of  destroying  its  own  forests  rather  than 
those  of  other  people.  He  fought  for  free 
sugar,  for  free  materials  for  making  liindiiig 
twine  and  for  free  twine.  In  IX'M)  Mr.  Lind 
was  elected  a  thii-d  time,  defeating  General 
James  H.  Baker,  of  C.arden  City.  In  1802 
he  declined  to  become  a  candidate  again,  for 
])ei'Sonal  reasons,  and  the  ]irescnt  congress- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


man,  James  T.  Mt-Cleary,  then  professor  of 
political  economy  in  the  State  Normal  School 
at  Mankato,  was  nominated  and  elected  to 
succeed  Mr.  Lind.  The  i)latform  adopted  at 
Mankato  accorded  the  retiring  conf;ressman 
this  (ompliment:  "We  recognize  in  Hon. 
John  Lind,  our  present  member  of  congress. 
an  able  and  efficient  representative,  and  trust 
that  his  voluntary  retirement  from  the  field 
of  active  legislative  duty  will  be  only  tem- 
porary." In  1803  Governor  Nelson  appoint- 
ed Mr.  Lind,  who  had  returned  to  the  prac- 
tice of  law  at  New  LTlm,  a  regent  of  the  T'ni- 
vei-sity  of  Minnesota.  Mr.  Lind  was  an  early 
recruit  to  the  financial  policy  espoused  by 
Senator  Teller  and  other  Silver  Eepublicans. 
In  189C  the  Democratic  and  People's  party 
nominated  him  for  governor,  and  he  made  a 
sjjlendid  run,  David  M.  Clough  defeating  him 
by  only  a  small  majority  of  about  three  thou- 
sand votes.  In  the  spring  of  1898,  when 
President  McKinley  called  for  volunteers  to 
defend  the  national  honor  and  avenge  the 
destruction  of  the  Maine,  John  Lind,  at  the 
sacrifice  of  his  law  practice,  tendered  his 
services  to  Governor  Clough  in  any  capacity 
in  which  he  might  be  available.  Governor 
Clough,  at  the  request  of  Colonel  Bobleter, 
in  command  of  the  Twelfth  Minnesota,  made 
Mr.  liind  regimental  quartermaster  with  the 
rank  of  first  lieutenant.  His  record  as  quar- 
termaster was  attested  by  Lis  popularity 
with  the  regiment,  which  had  a  chance  at 
Chattanooga  to  compare  with  other  stand- 
ards the  efficiency  of  Mr.  Lind's  arduous  la- 
bors in  keeping  the  men  well  equipjied  and 
well  provisioned.  It  M'as  while  the  Twelfth 
Kegiment  was  encamped  at  Camp  Thomas, 
Chickamauga  National  Park,  that  the  Demo- 
cratic, People's  and  Silver  Republican  par 
ties,  in  state  convention,  unanimously  nomi- 
nated Mr.  Lind  for  governor.  It  was  his 
desire,  after  the  defeat  of  1800,  not  to  again 
enter  the  field  of  politics,  but  so  unanimous 
was  the  call,  and  so  insistent  were  the  friends 
who  had  sui)ported  him  so  warmly  in  previ- 
ous campaigns,  that  Mr.  Lind  at  last  put 
aside  his  desire  for  political  retirement  and 
consented  to  make  the  race,  subject  to  the 
necessary  limitations  of  his  military  service. 
With  the  surrender  of  Santiago  and  the  sub- 


sequent return  of  the  Minnesota  troops  from 
the  South,  Mr.  Lind  was  enabled  to  make 
two  short  series  of  speeches  in  a  few  of  the 
citit^  and  towns  of  the  state.  There  has 
rarely  been  such  a  series  of  popular  demon- 
strations of  personal  admiration  and  sym- 
]iatliy.  These  tours,  brief  as  they  were,  were 
splendid  auguries  of  the  magnificent  vote 
which  the  men  of  Minnesota  gave  him  on 
election  day.  This  is  the  public  and  politi- 
cal career,  epitomized,  of  the  man  who  has 
fought  his  way,  despite  rebuffs  and  tempo- 
rary revei-ses,  to  attain  success  at  last  and 
a  full  realization  of  the  fact  that  "he  cannot 
appreciate  victory  who  has  not  suffered  de- 
feat." Governor  Lind's  energies  have  not 
been  spent  alone  in  politics  and  public  af- 
fairs. He  has  had  a  lucrative  practice  at  the 
bar  and  has  not  sacrificed  it  in  the  public 
service.  New  Ulm  is  the  center  of  a  thriv- 
ing farming  community,  prettily  situated  in 
the  picturesque  valley  of  the  Minnesota,  and 
is  such  a  town  as  might  well  be  selected  for* 
ihe  home  of  a  man  of  Governor  Lind's  char- 
acter, earnest,  faithful  and  unaffected.  Gov- 
ernor Lind  has  been  identified  with  some  of 
the  best  institutions  of  New  Ulm.  He  has 
served  as  director  in  the  Brown  County 
Bank,  and  was  one  of  the  committee  of  five 
New  I'lni  men  who  had  charge  of  the  con- 
struction of  the  Minneapolis,  New  I'lni  & 
Southwestern  railroad  and  other  enterprises 
that  have  materially  benefited  his  home 
town. 

Governor  Lind  was  married  in  1879  to 
Jliss  Alice  A.  Shepard,  the  daughter  of  a 
then  prominent  citizen  of  Blue  Earth  county, 
since  removed  to  California.  He,  Kichard 
Shepard,  was  a  soldier  of  the  Union  army  in 
the  Civil  War.  His  father  also  fought  for 
the  young  republic  in  the  War  of  1812,  while 
his  grandfather  was  a  soldier  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary War. 

To  Governor  and  Mrs.  Lind  have  been 
born  four  children,  Norman,  Jenny,  Winni- 
fred  and  John  Shepard.  The  first  named  is 
now  a  student  at  the  State  Uuivei-sity,  and 
with  four  generations  of  soldiers  before  him, 
might  be  looked  for  to  enter  a  military  career 
rather  than  that  of  politics,  in  which  his  fa- 
ther has  attained  his  greatest  fame. 


HISTORY  OP  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


CRITCHETT,  Eruest  Thomas,  superin- 
tendent of  public  scliools,  Kew  Ulni,  Minn., 
comes  fi'om  old  New  England  stock.  On 
both  sides  of  the  house  he  is  descended  fioui 
the  early  settlers  of  Massachusetts  and  New 
Hampshiie;  his  paternal  ancestors,  for  many 
f>enerations,  having  lived  on  the  shores  of 
Massachusetts  Bay,  settling  there  in  1630. 
He  was  born  July  30,  1803,  at  Concord,  N. 
H.,  the  son  of  M.  B.  Critchett,  a  merchant  of 
that  city  from  185G  to  1883,  and  Emily  J. 
(Yeaton)  Critchett.  He  attended  the  public 
schools  of  hs  native  place  and  graduated  from 
the  Concord  high  school.  He  then  entered 
Dartmouth  College,  at  Hanover,  N.  H.,  grad- 
uating from  this  institution  in  1885,  with  the 
degree  of  A.  B.  Three  years  later  he  was 
honored  with  the  degree  of  A.  M.  by  his 
alma  mater.  While  at  Dartmouth  he  was  a 
member  of  Kappa  Kappa  Kappa  fraternity, 
and  at  graduation  became  a  member  of  Phi 
Beta  Kappa.  Immediately  after  graduating 
he  came  west  and  located  at  Mankato,  Minn., 
where  he  began  teaching  as  the  principal  of 
the  Pleasant  Grove  grammar  school  in  that 
city.  Later,  he  was  appointed  principal  of 
the  Mankato  high  school  and  held  this  posi- 
tion for  two  years.  In  188U  he  was  offered 
the  position  of  principal  of  the  Duluth  high 
school,  which  he  accejjted,  and  was  at  the 
head  of  this  institution  for  four  years,  during 
which  time  a  new  high  school,  one  of  the 
finest  in  the  country,  was  erected.  He  was 
appointed  to  his  present  position  in  18i)4. 
The  enrollment  of  the  New  Ulm  city  schools 
has  increased  more  than  one-third  in  that 
time,  and  one  of  the  best  high  school  build- 
ings in  the  state  has  been  built.  Mr.  Critch- 
ett is  an  earnest  student  of  educational  mat- 
ters and  his  administration  has  been  efficient 
in  every  respect.  He  has  aimed  to  introduce 
the  most  advanced  methods  into  the  school 
work  and  has  brought  the  New  Ulm  schools 
up  to  a  high  standard  of  excellence.  He  is 
an  active  member  of  the  National  Education- 
al association,  and  for  the  past  fifteen  years 
has  been  a  member  of  the  Minnesota  Educa- 
tional association.  In  politics,  Mr.  Critchett 
is  a  Republican,  but  has  never  taken  an  ac- 
tive part  in  political  affairs,  or  held  office. 
He  is  a  member  of  Charitv  Lodge,  A.  F.  & 


ERNEST   T.    CUrrCIIETT. 

A.  il.,  of  New  Ulm;  of  New  Ulm  Chapter, 
R.  A.  M.,  and  of  DeMolay  Commandery,  K. 
T.,  of  New  Ulm.  He  is  active  in  church  work, 
is  a  member  of  the  First  Congregational 
church  of  New  Ulm,  a  member  and  secretary 
of  the  board  of  trustees,  and  superintendent 
of  the  Sunday  school.  June  15,  1887,  he  was 
married,  in  Minneapolis,  to  Helen  M.  Crook- 
er,  whose  father  was  one  of  the  old  residents 
of  Minnesota,  having  settled  in  Owatonna  in 
1857.  Two  children  have  been  born  to  them, 
Francis  Eruest,  in  1888,  and  Edward  Fowler, 
in  1892. 


JONES,  David  Newton.,  is  a  native  of 
Ohio.  He  was  born  at  Gomer,  in  that  state, 
September  1,  1850.  His  father  was  Maurice 
F.  Jones,  the  son  of  Richard  Jones.  His 
mother's  maiden  name  was  Mary  Evans.  His 
early  education  was  obtained  in  the  public 
schools  of  Gomer,  and  at  the  high  school  of 
Lima,  Ohio.  He  then  entered  the  Northwest- 
ei'u  Ohio  Normal  School  at  Ada,  until  he 
was  pre[)ared  to  teach  school.  He  then 
taught  for  three  years  at  Veuedocia.  Jones- 
town, and  Gomer,  his  native  town.  He  was 
now  twentv-one  vears  old,  and  chose  for  his 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


AVID   N.   JOXES. 


life  work  Iht-  piofessiou  of  medicine.  He  be- 
gan his  study  uuder  the  direction  of  Profess- 
or W.  A.  Yohn,  M.  D.,  and  attended  the  med- 
ical department  of  the  jS'orthern  Indiana 
Normal  School  at  Valparaiso  for  two  and  a 
half  years.  In  187'J-S0  he  took  a  course  of 
lectures  at  the  Medical  College  of  Ohio,  Cin- 
cinnati, and  another  at  the  Kentucky  School 
of  Medicine,  Louisville,  Ky.,  and  one  at  the 
Kush  Medical  College,  Chicago,  1880-81.  Ee- 
turniug  later,  he  graduated  from  this  insti- 
tution with  the  degree  of  M.  D.  He  began  to 
practice  at  Lima,  Ohio.  After  one  year,  he 
moved  to  Gaylord,  Minn.,  in  August,  1882, 
and  established  his  practice  there,  where  he 
has  since  lived.  He  is  the  medical  examiner 
for  the  New  York  Life  Insurance  Company, 
the  Mutual  Life  Insurance  Company  of  New 
York,  the  Equitable  Life  Assurance  Com- 
pany of  the  United  States,  the  National  Life 
Insurance  Company,  Montpelier,  Vt.,  and 
the  ^tna  Life  Insurance  Company  of  Hart- 
ford, Conn.  Dr.  Jones  is  a  member  of  the 
Amei'ican  Medical  association.  International 
^Association  of  Hallway  Surgeons,  Minnesota 
State  Medical  society,  of  which  he  was  vice 
])iesident  in  1801  and  1802;  Minnesota  Val- 
ley Medical  association,  Minnesota  State 
Koard  of  Medical  Examiners,  1806-8;  Board 


of  Trustees  of  the  Minnesota  State  Hosjiitals 
for  the  Insane,  appointed  in  1808,  and  still  a 
member,  serving  as  president  since  1800.  He 
has  been  surgeon  of  the  Minneapolis  &  St. 
Louis  Railway  since  1883.  He  is  also  secre- 
tary of  the  United  States  Board  of  I'ension 
Examining  Surgeons,  located  at  Gayloi-d. 
Dr.  Jones  has  also  presented  several  papers 
to  the  Minnesota  State  Medical  society, 
which  were  well  received,  having  been  pub- 
lished in  1801,  in  the  "Northwestern  Lancet," 
as  well  as  in  the  proceedings  of  the  society. 
The  principal  subject  was"Phlegmonous  Ery- 
sipelas.'" The  doctor  devotes  his  attention, 
however,  largely  to  surgery  But  while  so 
active  and  prominent  in  his  profession,  he 
does  not  neglect  the  amenities  of  life  nor 
public  affairs.  Politically  he  affiliates  with 
the  Democratic  party,  in  which  he  is  promi- 
nent and  active,  having  been  chairman  of  its 
county  committee  for  ten  consecutive  years, 
but  guards  against  all  partizan  bias  in  pub- 
lic matters.  He  was  a  member  of  the  board 
of  examiners  for  teachers,  1883  to  1806,  and 
he  served  as  mayor  of  Gaylord  in  1888-89. 
In  social  matters  he  is  likewise  interested. 
He  is  a  Mason  and  an  Odd  Fellow,  being  the 
first  noble  grand  of  his  lodge,  in  1888.  He 
has  passed  all  the  chairs  of  the  encampment 
branch,  and  is  a  major  of  the  Fourth  Battal- 
ion, Division  of  the  Lakes.  He  is  also  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Modern  Woodmen  of  America. 
July  18,  1882,  he  was  married  to  Miss  Mary 
Foley,  of  Lima,  Ohio.  They  have  one  daugh- 
ter, Florence,  bom  November  5,  1886  . 


WHITE,  Frank  T.,  county  attorney  of 
Sherburne  countj',  Minn.,  is  a  young  man 
who  has  shown  more  than  the  usual  amount 
of  pluck  and  energy  required  in  the  struggle 
for  success.  He  has  worked  against  disad- 
vantages that  would  have  discouraged  most 
young  men,  but  these  obstacles  only  spurred 
him  on  to  renewed  labors.  Mr.  White  was 
born  April  0, 1866,  on  a  farm  near  East  Bur- 
lington, Kane  county.  111.,  and  is  a  son  of 
Edgar  White  and  Emma  C.  (Thurston)  White. 
His  father,  now  a  merchant  and  postmaster 
at  Clear  Lake,  was  for  many  yeai-s  a  farmer, 
and  much  of  the  success  attained  by  Frank 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


T.  is  due  to  the  earlj'  traiiiiug  secured  ou  the 
iarm.     He  is  a  desueudaut,  ou  his  father's 
side,    from    good    >;ew    Euglaud    stock,    the 
early  members  of  the  family  beiug  resideuts 
of  Vermont.    James  White,  the  great  grami- 
father,  served  as  a  (ireeu  Mouutaiu  Boy  lu 
the  Coutiueutal  army  during  the  Kevolutiou, 
aud  held   the  positiou   of   orderly   sergeant. 
Mr.  White  came  to  Miunesota  in  1872,  with 
his  people,  they  coming  overland  in  au  emi- 
grant wagon,  and  settled  upon  a  farm  near 
Clear  Lake.     He  led  the  customary  life  of  a 
farmer's  boy  of  that  period,  attending  school 
whenever  he  could  be  spared  from  the  farm. 
He  earned   his  hrst  money  by  selling  furs, 
which  he  obtained  by  trapping,  game  being 
plentiful  near  his  home.     He  attended  the 
public  schools  at  Clear  Lake  and  also   at 
Clearwater,  and  the  high  school  at  Creston, 
111.    His  high  school  course  was  interrupted 
frequently  in  order  to  earn  the  money  neces- 
sary to  pay  his  expenses.    He  taught  school 
for  a  number  of  years,  starting  iu  his  home 
district  when  but  seventeen  years  of  age.  He 
then    taught    at    Monticello    I'rairie.      Mr. 
^^'hite  had  now  decided  that  he  would  be  a 
lawyer  and  he  came  to  Minneapolis  and  en- 
tered a  law  office  as  clerk,  and  began  his 
studies,  besides  working  in  the  law  library 
located  in  the  same  building.    He  earned  his 
meals  by  working  in  a  restaurant  dui'ing  the 
noon  hour;  he  also  carried  papers  for  one  of 
the  morning  newspapers.     He  then  taught 
the  village  school  at  Clear  Lake  the  winter 
of  1888  and  1889,  and  early  in  the  latter  year 
went  to  California,  where  he  remained  for  a 
couple  of  years,  working  at  various  places. 
He  returned  to  Minneapolis  in  18!J1  and  en- 
tered the  night  law  class  at  the  State  Univer- 
sity. His  course  was  interrupted  again,  how- 
ever, and  for  the  better  part  of  a  year  he 
taught  school  at  Clear  Lake  and  managed 
his  father's  farm.    In  1S93  he  returned  to  the 
university,  and  by  taking  both  day  aud  night 
lectures,  was  able  to  be  graduated  with  the 
class  of  1894.     Mr.  White  then  went  to  his 
home  at  Clear  Lake  to  rest  up  before  begin- 
ning practice.     He  was  unexpectedly  nomi- 
nated for  the  position  of  county  attorney  of 
Sherburne  county,  his  home  county,  and  in 
spite  of  the  oppositon  of  the  bosses  in  his 


FK.VNK   T.   WHITE. 

(jwn  party  aud  the  ettorts  of  the  other  cuiidi 
date,  was  elected  by  the  narrow  margin  of 
seven  votes.  He  has  filled  the  office  in  so 
creditable  a  manner  that  he  has  been  re- 
elected at  each  succeeding  election.  Mr. 
\Vhite  was  married  December  29,  1897,  to 
Miss  Daly,  of  Elk  Kiver,  and  has  a  family  of 
two  children,  Kuth  Mary  and  Lavina  Esther. 
Mr.  White  has  made  his  home  at  Elk  Kiver 
since  his  first  election  as  county  attorney, 
and  carries  on  a  very  successful,  law,  real. 
estate  aud  insurance  business,  in  connection 
with  his  work  as  county  attorney.  Mr.  ^^■hite 
belongs  to  several  fraternal  and  beneficiary 
orders,  including  the  Modei-n  Woodmen  of 
America,  the  Ancient  Order  of  United  \\'ork- 
men,  the  Odd  Fellows,  the  Maccabees  and 
the  Elks. 


DOBBIN,  James.— The  Shattuck  School 
at  Faribault,  Minn.,  is  one  of  the  great  suc- 
cesses of  the  iS'orthwest  in  the  educational 
field.  Beginning  in  18(J5,  with  neither  money 
nor  buildings,  it  has  trained  more  than  2,000 
boys,  from  nearly  all  parts  of  the  Union — the 
attendants  for  the  year  1900  representing 
Iwentv-four  states.     It   now  has  fine  build- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


JAMES    DOBBIN. 

iiig.s  and  a  propei-ty  worth  uearly  a  half  mil- 
lion dollars,  including  a  scholarship  endow- 
ment of  more  than  one  hundred  thousand 
dollars,  all  in  the  custody  of  a  strong  cor- 
poration which  gives  a  sense  of  permanence 
and  of  a  faithful  administration  of  the  whole 
establishment.  This  remarkable  achieve- 
ment is  lai-gely  the  work  of  James  Dobbin, 
D.  D.,  rector  of  the  school,  who  has  had  en- 
tire charge  and  responsiblity  for  the  care, 
maintenance  and  growth  of  the  institution 
since  1SG7 — ^more  than  a  generation.  He  was 
born  at  Salem,  jS'.  Y.,  June  29,  1833.  His 
father,  Josej^h  Dobbin,  w'as  a  farmer  in  mod- 
erate circumstances,  who  came  from  the 
north  of  Ireland  when  a  lad,  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  last  century.  The  Dobbins  are 
of  Huguenot  extraction,  which  is  shown  by 
historical  records  I'eaching  back  to  William 
the  Conqueror,  with  whom  Peter  Dobbin, 
afterwards  high  sheriff  of  Dublin,  came  to 
England.  James  Dobbin  began  his  educa- 
tion in  the  common  country  school.  When 
seventeen  years  old  he  entered  the  Washing- 
ton Academy  at  Salem  for  a  few  mouths, 
walking  daily  to  and  from  home,  each  way, 
three  and  a  half  miles.  Here  he  was  instilled 
with  the  desire  for  a  college  course,  and  was 


jirepared  there  and  at  tlie  academy  in  Argyle. 
He  entered  the  Union  <"ollege,  and  gradu-ated 
in  the  class  of  18i5n,  with  a  standing  among 
the  ten  highest  in  a  class  numbering  eighty- 
three.  AMiile  in  college  he  was  a  member  of 
the  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon  fraternity,  and  for 
his  scholarship  he  was  made  an  honorary 
member  of  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  fraternity. 
He  was  principal  of  the  Argyle  Academy  for 
two  years  before  entering  college,  and  after 
he  graduated,  served  two  years  as  the  prin- 
cipal of  the  Greenwich  Academy,  both  in  the 
state  of  Xew  York.  In  1864  he  took  up  theo- 
logical studies  for  orders  in  the  Episcopal 
church,  and  was  ordained  on  Trinity  Sunday, 
1807.  He  had,  however,  been  appointed,  in 
April  preceding,  rector  of  the  Shattuck 
School,  then  in  its  infancy,  and  wholly  with- 
out means  for  its  future  growth.  While  thus 
empty-handed  and  without  buildings,  the 
school  has  been  self-supporting  from  the  first, 
has  contributed  a  large  amount  from  its  earn- 
ing-s  toward  its  imin'ovements  and  equip- 
ments, and  has  become  one  of  the  foremost 
and  largest  schools  of  its  Idnd  in  the  country. 
The  result  of  his  work,  his  ability,  sagacity, 
and  management  will  be  proclaimed  to  fu- 
ture generations  more  effectively  by  the  Shat- 
tuck School  than  could  words  however  elo- 
quent proclaim  his  merit.  He  first  came  to 
Faribault  in  1859,  remaining  one  year.  He 
returned  in  1801,  and  has  resided  there  ever 
since.  In  1801  he  was  married  to  Fannie  I. 
Leigh,  of  Argyle,  N.  Y.,  who  died  in  1865, 
leaving  one  daughter,  Jessie  Leigh,  now  the 
wife  of  G.  Carl  Davis,  of  Red  Wing.  In  1874 
Mr.  Dobbin  was  married  to  Elizabeth  L. 
Ames,  of  Niles,  Mich.  They  have  two  sons, 
John  Edgar  and  Edward  Savage  Dobbin. 


HEINTZEMAN,  Christian  Carl,  is  one  of 
the  leading  teachers  of  music  in  Minneapolis, 
Minn.  He  is  a  native  of  Gennany.  His 
father,  Heinrich  Heintzeman,  was  for  fifty- 
lour  years  a  teacher  in  the  Kormal  school  of 
Bad  Wildungen,  a  summer  resort  in  the  prin- 
cipality of  Waldeck.  He  held  the  position  of 
"Cantor,"  musical  director  of  the  school,  and 
was  the  organist  of  the  Lutheran  church  of 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GRKAT  NORTinA'EST. 


(hat  place  for  fifty  years.  In  recognition  of 
his  \(mg  and  faithful  service  he  was  deco- 
rated by  the  prince  with  the  gold  medal  of 
merit.  He  then  retired,  and  is  still  living  at 
the  ripe  old  age  of  eighty  years,  in  the  enjoy- 
ment of  his  pension.  He  was  a  very  con- 
scientious teacher,  and  a  strict  disciplinarian, 
and  it  was  under  his  guidance  that  the  sub- 
ject of  this  sketch  began  the  study  of  the 
pianoforte,  organ  and  harmony.  Afterward, 
he  studied  with  Karl  Stracke,  then  with 
Tewes,  and  later  under  Kuehne,  all  noted  in- 
structors. After  coming  to  America,  Pro- 
fessor Ileiutzeman  began  to  study  instru- 
mentation, and,  to  thoroughly  equij)  himself 
as  a  composer  and  teacher,  he  worked  hard 
learning  to  understand  the  whole  string  fam- 
ily of  instruments,  as  well  as  those  of  brass 
and  wood.  This  developed  an  especial  liking 
for  the  military  band,  henceforth  much  of 
his  time  has  been  devoted  to  that  particular 
line  of  work.  After  playing  for  a  consider- 
able time  with  flrst-class  eastern  organiza- 
tions, his  services  as  a  teacher  became  so 
much  in  demand  that  Professor  Heintzeman 
abandoned  his  jirofessonal  playing  and  has 
since  devoted  all  his  time  to  the  teaching  of 
bands  and  orchestras,  although  not  neglect- 
ing his  earliest  choice,  the  i)iano,  having  con- 
stantly a  large  class  of  piano  pupils.  Profess- 
or Heintzeman  came  to  Minnesota  from 
I'rovidence,  E.  I.,  in  September,  1887.  He 
enjoys  the  reputation  of  being  one  of  the 
best  band  instructors  in  the  United  States. 
This  has  been  borne  out  by  his  services  in  con- 
nection with  The  Minneapolis  Journal  News- 
boys' Band,  one  of  the  most  unique  musical 
organizations  in  the  country.  It  is  a  full  mili- 
tary band  of  fifty  pieces,  and  is  composed  of 
genuine  newsboys,  every  one  of  whom  was 
taken  from  the  streets  when  the  band  was 
organized.  Professor  Heintzeman  was  en- 
gaged as  the  instructor  of  the  boys  in  1807, 
and  the  band  made  its  first  public  api)ear- 
ance  on  Memorial  Day  the  following  year. 
Since  then  it  has  been  in  great  demand  for  all 
sorts  of  public  engagements.  It  has  played 
over  sixty  engagements,  including  concerts 
at  the  Lyceum  Theater  and  T'entury  Hall, 
music  for  baseball  and  football  games,  place 
of  honor  in  Memorial  and  Labor  Day  parades, 


CI1KI8TIAN    C.    HIOIXTZEMAN. 


and  the  iKinic-roiiiing  of  the  Thirteenth  Min- 
nesota Volunteers,  in  Minneapolis,  besides 
numerous  concert  engagements  throughout 
the  Northwest  at  street  fairs  and  (^unty 
fairs,  also  at  the  Minnesota  State  Fair.  Early 
in  1!(()0  the  band  played  a  concert  tour 
through  Southern  Minnesota,  meeting  with 
great  success.  It  has  a  large  repertoire,  and 
after  their  long  practice  together  the  boys 
can  jilay  the  most  difficult  music  with  the 
confidence  of  old-time  musicians.  Iii  1879, 
Professor  Heintzeman  was  married  to  Miss 
Matti(»  Pheljis,  at  Bridgewater,  Mass.  No 
children  \\er<'  born.  ilrs.  Heintzeman  died 
in  l.S!)2. 


ALLEN.  William  Duncan,  one  of  (he 
most  prominent  and  successful  business  men 
of  Faigo,  N.  D.,  was  born  at  Fpper  Darby, 
Delaware  county.  Pa.,  August  1,  1858.  His 
father,  -Jose])h  Allen,  was  a  fanner  of  Irish 
extraction.  His  mother's  maiden  name  was 
Mary  Duncan.  Slie  was  of  Scotch  descent. 
Her  Scotch  father  was  a  sea  ca])tain.  Will- 
iam recei\-ed  his  early  education  in  tlie  dis- 
li-ict  schools  of  liie  counliy.  and  Iheii  tooli  a 
coiii-seat  l]ie  K|iisco]ial  .\cadeniy,  a  scliool  of 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


WILLIAM   D.   ALLEN. 

liigli  grade  in  Philadelijliia.  He  then  took  a 
business  course,  graduating  at  the  Philadel- 
phia Business  College.  Thus  equipped  with 
a  good  practical  education,  he  learned  the 
plumber's  trade  in  I'hiladeljjhia,  and  came  to 
what  was  then  Dakota  Territory,  now  North 
Dakota,  settling  at  Fargo,  in  May,  1882,  where 
he  established  himself  in  business  on  his  own 
account,  and  yet  carries  it  on.  By  his  su- 
perior skill  and  upright  dealing  he  has  made 
it  one  of  the  leading  and  most  successful 
business  enterprises  iu  the  state.  He  has 
also  been  an  active  and  prominent  man  in 
public  affairs,  as  well  as  in  business  circles. 
He  has  been  a  member  of  the  cit^-  council  for 
three  tenus,  and  in  1900  was  elected  presi- 
dent of  the  council.  He  is  now  acting  mayor 
of  the  city.  In  1S!)8  he  was  elected  to  repre- 
sent his  district  and  citj'  in  the  lower  branch 
of  the  legislature.  He  has  always  filled  every 
position  to  which  he  has  been  elected  with 
credit  to  himself,  and  to  the  advantage  and 
honor  of  his  constituents.  In  church  rela- 
tions he  is  an  Episcopalian,  being  thus  loyal 
to  the  traditions  of  his  people  and  to  his 
early  training.  His  interest  in  social  life  and 
fraternity  mattei-s  are  shown  by  his  standing 
in  Masonic  circles.    He  has  received  all  the 


degrees  of  the  Masonic  order  up  to  the  Thir- 
ty-third degree.  He  was  married  March  12, 
1SS4,  to  Annie  C.  Jones.  They  have  three 
children:  Martha  R.  Allen,  15  yeai-s  of  age; 
Harry  C.  Allen,  11  years  of  age,  and  Eliza- 
beth ('.  Allen,  8  years  of  age.  Mr.  Allen  is 
niic  of  those  solid  men  who  make  no  preten- 
tions. His  ])ractical  sense,  sound  judgment 
.uid  iiiitlinching  integrity  have  won  the  confi- 
(li'iuc  of  all  who  know  him.  His  election  as 
jiresident  of  the  city  council  shows  the  esti- 
mate in  which  he  is  held  by  his  associates. 
He  is  a  kind  and  indulgent  father,  and  good 
neighbor,  and  a  successful,  public-spirited 
citizen. 


LUtiGER,  Otto,  professor  of  entomology 
at  the  I'niversity  of  Minnesota,  and  State 
Entomologist,  is  a  native  of  Germany,  and 
was  born  in  Hagen,  Westphalia,  September 
1.J,  1S14.  His  ancestors  on  both  sides  of  the 
house  were  mostly  officers  in  the  Prussian 
army,  and  members  of  old  Prussian  families 
whose  records  are  traced  back  to  the  four- 
teenth century.  His  father,  Fritz  Lugger  von 
Hagen,  was  a  professor  of  chemistry,  an  orig- 
inal investigator  in  that  and  allied  sciences, 
and  a  man  of  great  prominence  in  scientific 
and  educational  circles.  His  mother's  maid- 
en name  was  Lina  von  Fischer.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  Gymnasium  at  Hagen,  and  later 
at  the  universiities  at  Munster.  Bonn  and  Ber- 
lin. He  then  joined  a  cavalry  regiment  sta- 
tioned at  Munster,  and  was  commissioned  a 
lieutenant  in  1804.  He  left  the  army  shortly 
after  to  enter  the  Polytechnicum  at  Berlin, 
and  later  at  Heidelberg.  In  1805  he  came  to 
the  United  States,  and  almost  immediately 
entered  the  United  States  engineer  sei-vice 
in  the  lake  survey  at  Detroit,  Mich.  He  re- 
mained in  that  service  for  three  jeara,  when 
he  became  assistant  to  Prof.  C.  V.  Riley, 
state  entomologist  of  Missouri.  He  held  this 
position  until  1875,  when  he  was  appointed 
curator  of  the  Maryland  Academy  of  Science 
at  Baltimore.  Shortly  afterwards  he  entered 
the  Johns  Hopkins  University  at  Baltimore, 
at  the  same  time  serving  as  naturalist  of  the 
public  parks  in  that  city.  Later  he  went  to 
Washington  and  spent  three  years  in  the  di- 


OTTO  LI-GGICU, 


$05 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


vision  of  entomology  of  the  Department  of 
Afiricultiire.  He  was  appointed  professor  of 
entomology  and  botany  at  the  Minnesota  Ex- 
periment Station,  at  St.  Anthony  Park,  in 
1880.  Professor  Lugger  is  a  high  authority 
on  the  subject  of  entomology,  particularly 
with  reference  to  the  Northwest.  He  is  a 
noted  experimenter,  and  his  discoveries  have 
been  of  the  greatest  value  to  the  agricultur- 
ist. He  has  also  written  a  large  number  of 
books  and  bulletins  which  are  of  great  im- 
portance to  the  farmer  and  fruit  grower.  He 
was  appointed  state  entomologist  in  1800. 
February  5,  1850,  he  was  married  to  Lena 
Eosewald,  a  native  of  Iserlohn,  Westphalia, 
Germany.  To  them  have  been  born  two  chil- 
dren :  Linnea  and  Humboldt. 


ELLIOTT,  Charles  B.— Fearless  and  cour- 
ageous in  the  discharge  of  his  duties,  Charles 
B.  Elliott  has  made  a  record  on  the  district 
bench  of  Hennepin  county  which  has  won  for 
him  the  respect  of  every  right-thinking  citi- 
zen of  Minneapolis.  He  is  a  man  of  strict 
fidelity  to  principle,  of  calm  temperament, 
and  clear  and  impartial  judgTuent.  His  just 
administration  of  the  law  has  made  him 
feared  by  those  who  would  seek  to  pervert 
it  to  their  own  base  purposes,  and  has  given 
him  the  complete  confidence  of  that  element 
of  the  community  which  stands  for  what  is 
best  in  society.  Judge  Elliott  is  a  product 
of  the  farm,  from  which  have  sprung  the 
men  who  have  been  the  most  prominent  in 
the  history  of  these  United  States.  His 
father  was  an  Ohio  farmer,  who  spent  the 
larger  share  of  his  life  scratching  a  poor  liv- 
ing out  of  even  a  poorer  farm.  It  needed  but 
the  stimulus  of  an  ambitious  temperament 
to  make  the  young  farmer  boy  break  away 
from  his  environment  and  seek  in  the  world 
beyond  the  reward  awaiting  patient  and  per- 
severing effort.  Charles  was  born  in  Morgan 
county,  Ohio,  .January  0,  1801.  He  is  the  son 
of  Edward  and  Anjaline  (Kinseyi  Elliott. 
The  Elliott  family  came  to  Ohio  shortly  after 
the  Eevolutionary  War,  and  were  among  the 
early  settlers  of  Morgan  county.  The  father 
of  Charles"  mother  was  also  an  early  pioneer 
in  Ohio.    The  ancestors  of  these  two  families 


emigrated  to  this  country  from  England  in 
the  early  days  and  settled  in  New  England. 
The  common  schools  of  southeastern  Ohio,  in 
which  the  subject  of  this  sketch  received  his 
early  education,  were  just  one  step  removed 
from  the  old  log  school  house.  But  they 
were  good  schools  of  their  type,  and  the 
sturdy  and  ambitious  country  lads  who  at- 
tended them  were  duly  impressed  with  the 
idea  that  they  should  get  in  training  for  the 
presidency.  At  the  early  age  of  sixteen 
Charles  had  sufficiently  qualified  him.self  to 
begin  teaching.  He  spent  all  his  spare  time 
in  hard  study  and  in  a  short  time  was  able 
to  enter  the  preparatory  department  of  Mari- 
etta College.  Being  compelled  to  work  his 
own  way,  he  was  only  able  to  attend  inter- 
mittently. He  taught  country  schools  in  the 
winter,  worked  on  the  farm  in  the  summer, 
and  while  in  college  taught  night  school  and 
did  janitor  work.  In  fact  the  young  student 
worked  so  hard  that  he  temy>orarily  ruined 
his  health.  His  father  having  moved  to  Iowa, 
Charles  followed  him  and  entered  the  Iowa 
State  University,  graduating  from  the  law 
department  in  June.  1881,  with  the  degree  of 
L.T-.  B.  The  following  winter  was  spent  in 
the  law  office  of  Brannan  &  Jayne,  at  Musca- 
tine, Iowa.  In  1882  he  moved  to  St.  Louis, 
'Slo.,  where  he  suj)ported  himself  by  writing 
for  the  legal  magazines  and  reviews,  but  his 
health  breaking  down  the  year  following,  he 
was  obliged  to  give  up  this  work  and  went 
to  Aberdeen,  S.  D.  He  remained  here  for  a 
little  over  a  year,  engaged  in  outside  work, 
until  he  had  regained  his  health.  Going  to 
Boston,  he  spent  some  time  studying,  but 
came  west  and  located  at  Minneapolis  in 
1884.  He  o])ened  uj)  an  office  and  began  the 
practice  of  his  profession,  but  the  first  three 
years  were  a  hard  struggle  with  adversity. 
He  was  unremitting  in  his  studies,  however, 
taking  a  post-graduate  coui-se  in  history  and 
international  law  for  three  years  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Minnesota,  graduating  in  1887, 
with  the  degree  of  Ph.  D.,  the  first  granted 
by  that  university.  He  continued  the  prac- 
tice of  law  until  January,  1801,  when  he  was 
ap])ointed,  by  Governor  Merriam,  judge  of 
the  municipal  court  of  Minneapolis.  The  fol- 
lowing November  he  was  elected  to  this  office 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GItKAT  NORTHWEST. 


for  a  term  of  six  veal's.  In  Januarj-,  18U4,  he 
was  appointed  jiuljie  of  the  district  court  by 
Governor  Xelson,  to  till  an  unexjtired  tenii. 
In  the  November  elections  of  that  year  he 
was  elected  to  the  full  term  of  six  years  on 
the  district  bench,  and  has  served  in  that 
capacity  up  to  this  time.  He  was  renomi- 
nated to  the  same  office  in  the  primary  elec- 
tions of  19(10  after  a  hard  and  bitter  fight. 
His  fearless  conduct  of  the  cases  against 
what  was  known  as  the  "city  hall  gang"'  had 
incurred  for  him  the  ill-will  of  the  friends 
of  the  convicted  man,  as  well  as  the  element 
they  represented,  but  he  won  out  "hands 
down"'  against  their  open,  undisguised  and 
revengeful  opi>osition  to  his  renomination, 
and  received  a  handsome  endorsement  at  the 
polls  in  November.  Judge  Elliott  is  a  stu- 
dent and  a  man  of  high  attainments,  and  has 
come  to  be  recognized  as  an  authority  on  in- 
ternational law.  From  1890  to  1898  he  was 
a  member  of  the  faculty  of  the  law  depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  Minnesota,  lectur- 
ing on  corporation  law,  insurance  and  inter- 
national law.  He  is  still  engaged  as  a  lec- 
turer on  the  latter  suliject.  He  has  written 
extensively  on  these  subjects,  and  among  his 
most  noted  books  may  be  mentioned  '"Law 
of  Private  Coii>orations,'"  now  in  its  third 
edition;  "Law  of  Insurance,"  in  its  second 
edition;  "Law  of  Public  Corijorations,""  "Min- 
nesota Trial  Practice,""  recently  pul)lished, 
and  a  historical  volume  entitled  "The  United 
8tates  and  the  Northwestern  Fisheries"' 
(1887),  which  is  regarded  as  the  highest  au- 
thority on  that  subject.  Judge  Elliott  has 
also  contributed  many  articles  to  the  maga- 
zines and  reviews,  such  as  the  Atlantic 
Monthly,  the  Forum,  the  American  Law  Re- 
view, and  numerous  French,  German  and 
Russian  reviews,  devoted  to  public  and  in- 
ternational law.  The  active  duties  of  his  of- 
fice, and  his  prodigious  activity  as  an  author 
have  not,  however,  kept  Judge  Elliott  from 
mingling  among  liis  fellow-men  in  a  social 
way,  by  whom  he  is  highly  esteemed,  not 
alone  for  his  intellectual  ability,  but  for  his 
social  qualities  as  well.  He  is  a  Republican 
in  politics,  and  a  member  of  the  Masons, 
Knights  Templar  and  the  I.  O.  O.  F.  In  189.1 
he  was  complimented  by  the  State  University 


CHAIILKS    l:.    ELLIOTT. 

of  Iowa  with  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.  I). 
He  is  also  a  member  of  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa 
fraternity,  and  is  president  of  the  Minnesota 
chapter.  A\'hile  not  a  member  of  any  (Aurch, 
he  is.  with  his  family,  an  attendant  at  St. 
Mark's  Episcopal  church.  He  was  married. 
May  13,  1883,  to  Edith  Winslow,  at  Musca- 
tine, Iowa.  Their  union  has  been  blessed 
with  four  children,  Charles  Winslow,  Edwin 
I]ugene.  Ethel  and  Walter  A. 


I'ERKINS,  George  Albion. — Thorough 
Iirejiaratory  training  is  more  essential  in  the 
medical  profession,  jirobably,  than  in  any 
other.  The  practitioner  in  that  profession 
can  achieve  prominence  only  through  demon- 
strated skill,  and  the  wider  his  experience  in 
ronnecfion  with  the  various  hospitals  during 
his  ((lur^c  iif  studies  the  better  he  is  equip- 
jjed  to  take  upon  liimself  the  responsibilities 
of  a  general  practice.  If  he  wins  the  confi- 
dence of  his  patients  early  in  his  career  it  is 
a  strong  indication  that  he  has  acquired  con- 
siderable skill  and  will  later  take  high  rank 
in  his  profession.  Dr.  George  A.  Perkins,  of 
Dickinson,  N.  D.,  is  a  good  example  of  the 
young,  successful  practitioner.     He  is  a  na- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  XORTHV\EST. 


GEORGE  A.  PERKINS. 

tive  of  the  [Norlb  Star  state.  His  father,  T. 
E.  Perkins,  was  one  of  the  earlj'  and  well-to- 
do  settlers  of  Goodhue  county,  Minn.,  having 
located  on  a  farm  near  Red  Wing,  in  1865, 
where  he  has  resided  continuously  ever  since. 
His  mother's  maiden  name  was  Ehoda  A. 
Boston.  In  common  with  other  heroic  wom- 
en of  those  days,  she  suffered  the  hardships 
of  a  pioneer  life,  but  now  enjoys  the  comforts 
to  be  obtained  by  a  prosperous  farmer.  The 
paternal  ancestry  of  our  subject  was  Scotch, 
and  was  fli-st  represented  in  America  by 
three  brothers,  who  came  here  about  the  time 
of  the  first  settlement  in  Maine.  The  one 
from  whom  Di-.  Perkins  is  directly  descended 
settled  in  Maine,  the  others  in  Xew  Hamp- 
shire and  Massachusetts.  On  his  mother's 
side,  he  is  of  English  descent,  her  ancestors 
hanng  settled  in  New  England  in  early 
colonial  days.  He  was  born  on  his  fathers 
farm,  near  Ked  \Ying,  July  17,  1S71.  His 
early  education  was  received  in  the  public 
schools.  AYhen  twenty  years  of  age  he  en- 
tered the  State  University  of  Minnesota  and 
took  two  years  in  the  scientific  course.  De- 
siring to  take  up  the  profession  of  medicine 
as  his  vociition  in  life,  he  entered  the  medical 
department  of  the  same  institution  in  Oc- 


tober, 189-1,  and  graduated  in  June,  1897.  He 
was  president  of  his  class  in  the  freshman 
year,  and  in  the  junior  year,  iu  a  comijetitive 
e.'v'amination.  he  won  the  position  of  house 
jiliysician  and  surgeon  at  St.  Luke's  Hospital. 
St.  Paul,  which  he  held  from  June,  1S9G,  to 
-iinic.  1>-'.I7.  In  the  senior  year  he  was  again 
suicessful  in  the  competitive  examination 
and  secured  the  position  of  house  physician, 
and  suiegon  in  the  City  and  County  Hospital 
of  St.  Paul,  which  position  he  held  until 
Ajiril,  1898,  when  he  removed  to  North  Da- 
kota and  located  at  Dickinson,  where  he  be- 
gan the  active  practice  of  his  profession. 
Shortly  afterwards  he  formed  a  partnenship 
w  ith  Dr.  n.  A.  Davis,  under  the  firm  name  of 
l>rs.  Davis  &  Perkins.  This  partnership  was 
dissolved  Jan.  1,  1901,  since  which  time  he 
lias  i)racticed  alone.  In  his  short  temi  of 
practice.  Dr.  Perkins  has  acquired  a  reputa- 
tion for  being  a  thoroughly  comi>etent  and 
skillful  practitioner,  and  if  his  present  suc- 
cess is  a  safe  criterion  he  is  bound  to  rise  in 
his  profession.  Dr.  Perkins  is  a  Republican 
iu  politics,  but  has  never  taken  an  active  part 
in  political  affairs.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
North  Dakota  State  Medical  association  and 
the  American  Medical  association.  In  his 
junior  year  at  college  he  was  elected  to  mem- 
bership in  the  N.  E.  N.  Medical  fraternity. 
He  is  also  a  Mason.  June  28,  1899,  he  was 
married  to  Miss  Minnie  F.  McDowell,  of 
Minneapolis. 


THOMAS,  David  Owen,  was  born  in  1852. 
He  is  the  youngest  son  of  Thomas  and  Mar- 
garet Thomas,  of  Penybenglog  Mill,  Nevern 
parish,  Pembrokeshire,  Wales.  He  is  of  an- 
cient Welsh  lineage,  being  on  the  i>aternal 
side  of  the  well  known  Lloyd  family  of  Car- 
diganshire, and  on  the  maternal  side  of  the 
Owen  family  of  Pembrokeshire,  whose  rec- 
ords are  connected  with  the  history  of  the 
principality  since  the  fourteenth  century. 
Several  men  of  this  branch  were  distinguish- 
ed as  well  in  the  literary  annals  of  Wales. 

In  his  nineteenth  year  David  Owen  Thom- 
as came  to  this  country  and  made  his  home  at 
Youngstown,  Ohio.  .In  1873,  in  order  to  con- 
tinue his  education,  the  foundation  of  whioh 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


was  well  laid  in  Wales,  he  entered  Bethany 
(,'ollege,  ^^■est  Virginia,  where,  in  ISTS,  he 
{iraduated  with  the  degree  of  B.  A.  After 
some  indecision  with  regard  to  liis  future 
plans,  he  decided  upon  the  practice  of  medi- 
cine as  his  life  work,  and  accordingly  enter- 
ed the  Medical  College  of  Indiana,  at  Indian- 
aj)olis.  Here,  in  1884,  he  graduated,  receiving, 
with  the  degree  of  M.  D.,  the  Mears  gold  med 
al  for  the  best  thesis  on  "Caesarean  Section."' 
In  18S5  he  was  married  to  Miss  Anne  E. 
Butler,  youngest  daughter  of  the  late  Ovid 
Butler,  founder  of  Butler  College.  I'liivei- 
sity  of  Indianapolis. 

After  his  marriage  Dr.  and  'Siva.  Thomas 
went  at  once  to  Minneapolis,  where  they 
established  their  home.  Three  years  later, 
desiring  a  more  extended  clinical  experience, 
he  left  there.  He  went  first  to  the  College  of 
I'hysicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York,  where 
he  again  graduated;  crowding  two  years" 
work  into  one.  He  then  went  abi'oad,  and, 
after  some  travel  in  Europe,  returned  to  Lon- 
don and  continued  his  clinical  work  for  two 
years  at  St.  Bartholomew's  Hosjiital.  He 
successfully  passed  the  examinations  of  the 
Conjoint  Board  of  the  Royal  College  of  I'hy- 
sicians of  London  and  the  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons  of  England.  Dr.  Thomas  is  the 
only  physician  in  Minneapolis  who  holds  Lon- 
don d<'grees  of  L.  R.  C.  P.  and  M.  R.  C.  S. 

In  18t)l  he  returned  to  Minneapolis  and 
resumed  the  practice  of  his  profession,  and  is 
well  esteemed  by  his  fellow  practitioners  as 
a  safe  and  experienced  man.  He  has  filled 
for  many  years  the  chair  of  Dermatology  and 
Genito-Urinary  Diseases  in  the  medical  de- 
partment of  Hamline  University,  Minneapo- 
lis; and  holds  appointments  of  visiting  phy- 
sician to  both  the  Asbury  Methodist  Hospital 
and  the  City  Hosijital. 

He  is  an  active  worker  in  both  the  Henne- 
pin County  Medical  Society  and  the  Minne- 
sota State  Medical  Society,  and  is  a  frequent 
contributor  to  the  medical  journals.  Politi- 
cally he  adheres  to  Republican  principles,  but 
in  local  politics  favors  right  men  and  meas- 
ures rather  than  a  party  label.  He  became 
a  member  of  the  Christian  church  while  a 
student  at  Bethany  College,  which  was  found- 
ed by  Alexander  Campbell,  and  is  the  oldest 


scliool  of  the  Disciples  of  Christ.  He  is  a 
iiK'inher  of  the  I'ortland  Avenue  Church  of 
Christ,  and  has  served  as  elder  for  a  number 
of  years.  It  was  largely  through  hi»iuflu- 
ence  that  the  annual  missionary  convention 
of  the  Christian  church  was  held  in  Minne- 
ai)olis  in  1!)01,  for  the  preparation  of  which 
he  acted  as  chainiian  of  the  executive  coni- 
uuttee. 

His  literary  taste  has  made  him  conver- 
sant with  the  best  thought  and  latest  discov- 
eries, not  only  in  his  own  jtrofession,  but  also 
in  the  principal  fields  of  learning  and  re- 
search. He  is  a  man  of  broad  sympathies, 
quiet  and  thoughtful  disposition,  and  while 
excluding  violent  measures,  advocates  moral 
reform  and  religious  liberty  and  progress. 


MITCHELL,  Charles  Luther.  —  Over- 
crowded farming  communities  and  unremun- 
erative  occupations  in  the  humbler  walks  of 
life,  in  the  eastern  and  middle  states,  have 
furnished  their  quota  of  men — a  large  per- 
centage, too — to  the  development  of  the 
Northwest,  especially  the  Dakotas.  These 
were  young  men  who  sought  in  newer  fields 
of  activitv  oiieuings  \vlii<-li  were  denied  them 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


mines  he  received  a  certifleate  from  the  board 
<if  examiners  as  a  mine  boss.  In  1884,  he 
came  west  and  located  at  Jamestown,  X.  D. 
lie  has  been  eminently  successful  and  is 
(|uite  extensively  engafj;ed  in  farminff  at  the 
present  time.  He  is  also  serving  as  postmas- 
ter at  Jamestown,  to  which  office  he  was  ap- 
pointed Aug.  29,  1800.  He  has  also  served 
as  aldennan  for  two  terms,  and  was  president 
of  the  citj'  council.  In  politics  he  is  a  Re- 
publican, and  has  served  as  chairman  of  the 
Kepublican  county  committee.  He  is  also 
prominently  identified  with  a  number  of  fra- 
ternal organizations,  and  is  a  member  of  the 
Odd  Fellows,  the  Knights  of  Pythias,  the  A. 
O.  U.  W.,  the  Maccabees,  the  Knights  of  La- 
bor, and  the  Patriotic  Sons  of  America.  His 
church  connections  are  with  the  Episcopal 
church.  In  1884,  he  was  man'ied  to  Miss 
Jane  Hysong.  One  child  has  been  born :  Cleo 
Mitchell. 


CHAKLES  L.  MITCHELL. 


in  the  older  states.  They  were  willing  to 
turn  their  hands  to  anything  which  prom- 
ised adequate  returns  for  their  labors,  and  in 
most  instances  their  efforts  were  crowned 
with  success.  The  subject  of  our  sketch,  com- 
ing to  the  Dakotas  a  poor  man,  has  built  up 
a  moderate  competence,  and  has  the  respect 
and  esteem  of  the  community  in  which  he 
lives,  in  a  high  degree.  Mr.  Mitchell  was  born 
March  20, 1858,  at  Blairsville,  Pa.  His  father, 
Solomon  F.  Mitchell,  ws  a  coal  miner  by  oc- 
cupation; an  industrious  and  frugal  man  in 
his  habits,  who  succeeded  in  placing  himself 
in  fairly  moderate  circumstances,  and  was 
the  owner  of  a  small  fai-m.  He  was  a  veteran 
of  both  the  Mexican  and  Civil  wai's.  His 
wife's  maiden  name  was  Mary  Magdalene 
Bates.  He  was  of  English  descent;  her  an- 
cestry was  English.  Charles  did  not  enjoy 
the  advantages  of  a  very  liberal  education. 
The  lad  began  working  in  the  mines  when 
only  nine  years  of  age,  and  continued  in  this 
employment  until  he  was  twenty-one.  At 
different  periods,  however,  he  attended  the 
common  schools  of  Pittsburg,  and  later, 
through  his  own  exertions,  was  able  to  take  a 
course  in  Duff's  College,  in  that  city,  from 
which  he  graduated.    While  working  in  the 


EODDLE,  William  Henry.— The  present 
secretary  of  state  of  South  Dakota,  William 
H.  Roddle,  although  a  young  man,  may  be 
regarded  as  one  of  the  fathers  of  the  city  of 
Brookings,  S.  D.,  the  seat  of  the  State 
Agricultural  College,  and  one  of  the  most 
prosperous  towns  of  the  state.  In  the 
summer  of  1879,  when  the  first  railroad  was 
building  through  Brookings  county,  Mr.  Rod- 
die  was  an  old  settler  in  the  county,  so  to 
speak,  or  at  least  was  so  regarded  for  he 
came  to  it  in  February,  1870,  that  is  a  few 
months  ahead  of  the  road,  which  in  those 
rushing  days  seemed  a  long  time.  He  was 
active  in  securing  the  location  of  the  city 
where  it  now  stands.  His  name  will  always 
be  connected  with  that  thrifty  community, 
where  he  has  resided  up  to  the  present  time. 
Mr.  Roddle  is  of  English  descent.  His  fa- 
ther, William  Roddle,  came  to  America  when 
a  young  man,  from  the  southern  part  of  Eng- 
land, near  London,  where  his  ancestors  had 
been  sturdy  farmers  for  many  generations. 
He  was  also  a  farmer,  but  settled  for  a  time 
in  New  York.  He  then  went  west  succes- 
sively to  Ohio,  Wisconsin,  and  Minnesota, 
settling  finally  in  Waseca  county,  where  he 
reared  and  educated  a  large  family  and  ac- 


HISTORY  OF  THK  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


quired  a  competency  for  his  old  ajjc,  dying 
in  peace  where  lie  had  made  his  home.  His 
wife  was  Mary  Smith,  born  and  icared  in 
New  York  city,  the  home  of  her  ancestors 
from  the  early  settlement  of  the  country. 

William  H.  Koddle  was  bom  September 
;2S,  tsno,  in  Kenosha  county,  \\'is.,  on 
his  father's  farm,  lie  was  educated  in  I  lie 
common  schools  in  the  country  and  in  (lie 
towns,  lie  worked  on  the  farm  and  attend- 
ed school  in  winter  and  at  such  otliei-  limes 
as  he  could  be  spared.  When  he  was  a  yoiim; 
man  he  secured  employment  in  a  hardware 
store  at  Waseca,  where  he  thoroujilily  learn- 
ed the  business,  and  finally  hecaiiie  a  partner 
in  the  firm  of  J.  M.  Koberlson  i.K:  Company, 
of  Waseca.  This  firm  continued  until  !Mr. 
Koddle  went  to  Dakota  and  engaged  in  the 
hardware  business  in  IJrookings  county,  later 
forming  a  ])artnership  with  ^V.  (1.  Lockhart, 
under  the  firm  name  of  Lockhart  &  Koddle, 
in  1882.  The  firm  was  dissolved  in  ISS.-),  Mr. 
Lockhart  retiring.  The  business  was  contin- 
ued by  Mr.  Koddle  until  lS9(i,  when  the  press 
of  other  business  led  him  to  retire. 

Mr.  Koddle  has  always  been  an  active  Ke- 
publican,  and  has  filled  many  positions  in 
local  matters.  In  1SII2  he  was  elected  treas- 
urer of  the  county,  and  was  re-elected  in  18!)-1. 
He  was  elected  secretary  of  state  of  South 
Dakota  in  18!t(;,  and  re-elected  in  1S9S.  He 
has  been  a  member  of  the  Odd  Fellows  since 
early  manhood.  He  is  also  a  Mason,  and  for 
many  years  has  been  an  active  worker,  being 
honored  by  tlie  fraternity  with  many  posi- 
tions of  honor  and  trust.  At  the  annual 
meeting  in  180!),  at  Yankton,  S.  D.,  lie 
was  elected  Grand  Master  of  Masons  of 
the  state.  He  is  also  a  past  High  I'riest  of 
the  Koyal  Arch  degree,  and  a  Knight  Tem- 
jdar,  as  well  as  a  Shriner  of  El  Raid  Tem- 
ple, Sioux  Falls,  S.  D.  It  is  therefore  ap- 
I)arent  that  his  social  relations  are  of  wide 
extent.  The  energy  which  prompted  INlr. 
Koddle  to  struggle  with  the  railroad  to  se- 
cure the  location  of  Brookings  seems  to  be 
characteristic  of  him  in  every  enterprise  un- 
dertaken. His  re-election  to  every  political 
position  he  has  held,  is  testimony  of  strong 
character  to  his  efficiency  and  versatile  abil- 
ity.   His  evident  popularity  among  his  frater- 

2H 


JAM  II.   Itl)Ill>Li;. 


iial  associates  is  no  less  ci-edilable  to  his  so- 
cial (jualities.  Mr.  Koddle  was  married  Jan- 
uary 1,  187<!,  to  Fannie  R.  Stevens.  TTiey 
have  one  child,  Mary  E.  Koddle.  • 

A  comparatively  young  man,  with  such  a 
career  behind  him  he  may  reasonably  look 
forward  to  even  bighei'  achievements  and  a 
still  moi-e  brilliant  future. 


KIESSBECK,  John.— The  office  of  county 
aiidiloi-  is  one  which  dii-ectly  interests  the 
jieople.  They  seek  lo  place  in  this  office  only 
men  of  demonstrated  fitness  for  the  jiosifion 
and  who  are  thoroughly  rc^liable  and  trust 
worthy.  The  disposition  made  of  the  finan 
ces  of  llie  coinily  is  a  matter  of  vital  inter 
est,  and  they  look  to  the  man  whom  they 
lun'e  placed  in  the  auditor's  office  to  see  that 
they  are  protected  and  their  confidence  not 
abused  by  other  servants  of  the  public.  Po- 
litical expediency,  however,  often  places  men 
in  office  who  are  not  deserving  of  public  con- 
fidence. II  .iugiirs  well,  therefore,  when 
faithful  service  is  recognized  by  continuing 
in  odices  of  trust  those  who  have  proven  their 
ability  and  their  honesty.  Such  has  bwn 
done  in  the  case  of  the  subject  of  this  sketch. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


JOHN  RIESSBECK. 

who  is  county  auditor  of  Stark  couuty,  N.  D. 
Mr.  Eiessbeck  is  a  native  of  Germany,  and 
was  born  near  Nuremberg,  September  5, 
1861.  His  father,  Thomas  Riessbeck,  was  a 
blacksmith  by  trade,  but  also  followed  the 
occupation  of  a  farmer.  His  mother's  maid- 
en name  was  Barbara  Kamm.  The  educa- 
tional training  of  our  subject  was  limited  to 
an  attendance  at  the  common  school  until  his 
twelfth  year.  He  emigrated  to  the  United 
States  in  18G4,  and  located  in  Pittsburg,  Pa. 
Moved  to  Newark,  Ohio,  in  18C9;  and  to 
Marathon  county,  Wis.,  in  1871.  Located  in 
Dakota  March  17,  1883 — engaged  in  farming 
and  stock  raising  until  1891,  when  he  took 
hold  of  a  restaurant  at  Dickinson.  In  1886, 
he  was  elected  county  assessor  and  held  that 
office  for  two  years.  He  was  elected  county 
treasurer  in  1894,  and  served  in  this  office  for 
four  years.  In  1898  he  was  elected  county 
auditor,  and  was  re-elected  in  1900.  Mr. 
Riessbeck  has  made  an  admirable  record  in 
both  offices,  and  has  the  confidence  of  the 
public  in  a  high  degree.  In  politics  he  is  a 
Republican,  and  an  active  supporter  of  the  in- 
terests of  his  i)arty.  He  is  a  Mason,  both 
Chapter  and  Commandery,  and  is  Past  Mas- 
ter of  Dickinson  Lodge,  No.  32,  and  High 


I'riest  of  Columbian  Chapter,  No.  11,  of  Dick- 
inson. His  religious  connections  are  with  the 
( 'ougregational  church,  of  which  he  is  a  mem- 
ber. October  7,  1888,  he  was  married  to  La- 
toiia  Brown.  They  have  four  children:  John, 
Oliver    Victor,   Annis    Lucile,    and    Everett 

(Veil. 


OLSON,  Carl  Oscar  Alexius,  is  one  of  the 
rising  young  men  of  the  Hennepin  county 
bar,  Minnesota.  He  is  a  native  of  Sweden, 
and  was  born  April  5,  1872,  at  Kaasentorp, 
in  Long  parish,  Skaraborgs  laen,  the  old 
lionic  of  his  paternal  ancestors.  His  father, 
Anders  Olsson,  was  a  farmer  in  moderate 
(  ircumstances.  He  died  June  13,  1872, 
from  the  result  of  sickness  contracted 
while  serving  in  the  Swedish  army.  Maja 
Slina  Persdotter,  the  mother  of  the  sub- 
ject of  this  sketch,  was  born  January  23, 
1850,  on  her  father's  homestead,  where  is 
now  located  the  business  portion  of  the  pros- 
perous village  of  Wara.  She  was  married  to 
Mr.  Olsson  in  1869.  In  the  spring  of  1874 
she  emigrated  to  America,  locating  at  Wa- 
conia,  Minn.,  where  she  was  married  the  fol- 
lowing year  to  John  Swenson,  from  Skarstad, 
Vestergotland,  Sweden.  Alexius  came  with 
his  mother  to  this  country  and  lived  for  a 
short  time  on  a  farm  near  Waconia,  then 
moved  to  Minneapolis,  where  he  has  re- 
mained ever  since,  with  the  exception  of  a 
couple  of  years  spent  on  a  farm  at  Swede 
Lake,  near  Watertown,  Minn.  He  attended 
first  the  country  school  at  Swede  Lake,  then 
the  Franklin,  Sumner  and  North  Side  High 
schools  of  Minneapolis,  graduating  in  1891, 
as  class  president  in  the  pioneer  class  of  the 
latter  institution,  receiving  at  commencement 
the  German-American  Bank  prize  for  oi'a- 
tory.  He  employed  his  out-of-school  hours 
as  a  carrier  on  the  daily  papers,  and  also 
clerked  in  various  stores  and  offices.  In  1892 
he  w'ent  to  Europe  and  traveled  through 
Germany,  Denmark,  Sweden,  Noi'way  and 
England.  He  returned  to  America  the  fol- 
lowing year,  and  during  the  summer  was  em- 
ployed at  the  World's  Fair  in  Chicago. 
Coming  back  to  Minneapolis  in  the  fall  he 
entered  the  University  of  Minnesota,  taking 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


the  soientific  ronrse  in  the  academic  depart- 
ment, and  graduated  with  the  degree  of  B.  S. 
in  3  895.  He  then  entered  tlie  law  depart- 
ment and  graduated  with  the  degree  of  LL. 
B.  the  following  j-ear.  In  1897  he  received 
the  degree  of  LL.  M.  from  the  same  institu- 
tion. While  at  the  university  he  was  active 
ly  interested  in  student  affairs  and  served 
successively  as  class  president,  editor  of  The 
Ariel,  the  leading  college  paper,  and  as  cadet 
major  of  the  University  Battalion.  At  com- 
mencement he  was  recommended  by  the  fac- 
ulty to  the  adjutant  general's  office  as  avail- 
able for  military  duty  in  case  the  govern 
ment  should  wish  to  organize  troops.  He 
was  also  one  of  the  originators  and  charter 
members  of  a  local  Greek  letter  society, 
which  secured  the  establishment  at  the  uni- 
versity of  a  chapter  of  the  Zeta  I'si  frater- 
nity, and  is  a  member  of  the  Delta  Chi  law 
fraternity.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  by 
the  Minnesota  supreme  court,  June  5,  1896, 
and  has  since  that  time  been  engaged  in  the 
general  jtractice  of  law  at  Minneapolis,  with 
offices  in  the  Temple  Court.  During  the 
first  year  of  his  practice  he  was  associated 
with  the  firm  of  Dobbin  &  Bond,  since  which 
time  he  has  maintained  an  office  of  his  own. 
In  politics  he  has  always  been  an  ardent 
Kepublcan,  and  as  a  member  of  ward  and 
city  campaign  committees  has  actively  par- 
ticipated in  the  elections,  and  has  devoted 
considerable  time  to  the  promotion  of  politi- 
cal organization  in  Hennepin  county.  In 
1898  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  house 
of  representatives  of  the  Minnesota  state  leg- 
islature, and  in  1900  was  prominently  men- 
tioned as  a  candidate  for  the  office  of  secre- 
tary of  state.  As  secretary  of  the  John 
Ericsson  Memorial  Association  he  has  been 
enthusiastic  in  the  cause  of  raising  funds  for 
the  erection  of  a  monument  in  memory  of 
the  great  inventor  of  the  Monitor.  From 
1892  to  1898  he  served  as  president  of  the 
North  Side  High  School  Alumni  Association. 
He  is  actively  interested  in  sports  and  is  a 
member  of  the  Minnetonka  Ice  Yacht  Club, 
the  Odin  Club,  and  the  Bryn  Mawr  Golf 
Club.  His  religious  connections  are  with  the 
Lutheran  body.  He  is  a  member  of  Augns- 
tana  churcli  and  has  been  prominently  idt'ii- 


CAKL  O.   A.   OL^ 


lifted  with  the  young  people's  society  of  that 
denomination,  having  served  as  president  of 
the  Bethlehem  and  Augustana  societies,  re- 
spectively. • 


BLOCK.  Julius  IL,  is  a  stalwart  type  of 
the  true  German-American.  His  parents 
emigrated  from  Germany  early  in  the  '50s, 
coming  to  America  and  locating  in  Texas, 
where  they  remained  several  yeare,  later  re- 
moving to  Gallon,  Ohio,  where  Julius  was 
born,  March  30.  1800.  In  1870  they  came 
to  Minnesota,  and  settled  on  a  farm  in  Le 
Sueur  county,  afterwards  removing  across 
the  river  to  Nicollet  county. 

•lulius  spent  the  early  years  of  his  life  on 
his  father's  farm  and  attended  school,  obtain- 
ing a  common  school  education,  both  English 
and  (Jernum.  He  early  became  accustomed 
to  hard  work  and  was  i)ossessed  of  a  physical 
strength  far  beyond  his  years.  It  is  told  of 
him  that  while  a  mere  boy,  he  took  a  con- 
tract for  grubbing  a  jiiecc  of  timber  land  in 
order  to  ])rovide  himself  with  means  to  at 
tend  school  during  the  winter,  and  he  labor- 
ed untlaggingly  and  iierseveringly  through 
the  hot   summer  davs  niili!  Die  job  was  fin- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


JULIUS  H.  BLOCK. 

isbed.  This  same  rugj;ecl  spirit  of  determiua 
tiou  and  eiiei-g;y  has  marked  his  subsequent 
career,  and  is  one  of  his  most  prominent 
characteristics. 

At  the  age  of  19  Mr.  Block  went  to  St. 
Peter,  the  county  seat  of  Nicollet  county, 
where  he  has  since  made  his  home.  He  was 
engaged  as  supervisor  and  storekeeper  at  the 
state  hospital,  and  afterwards  gradually 
drifted  into  politics,  and  was  elected  sheriff 
of  the  county,  which  office  he  held  for  sev- 
eral successive  terms,  until  his  election  as 
state  treasurer  in  1900.  He  was  also  engaged 
in  the  fire  insurance  business,  and  until  re- 
cently was  at  the  head  of  one  of  the  largest 
agencies  in  southern  Minnesota.  His  nomi- 
nation for  state  treasurer  at  the  Republican 
state  convention  in  June  was  unanimous  and 
by  acclamation,  one  of  the  most  enthusiastic 
and  spontaneous  nominations  ever  witnessed ; 
his  election  the  following  November,  by  a 
majority  of  over  50,000,  was  a  splendid  testi- 
monial to  the  esteem  in  which  he  is  held,  as 
well  as  to  his  wide  acquaintance  throughout 
the  state.  Mr.  Block  was  maiTied  at  St. 
Peter,  Feb.  12,  1885,  to  Miss  Sarah  West, 
Two  sons  have  blessed  the  union,  Robert, 


born   March   16,    1886,   and   Budd,  born   in 
April,  1888. 

Mr.  Block's  career  is  a  striking  example 
of  the  possibilities  of  "the  boy  from  the 
faruL"  By  his  own  efforts  he  has  won  a  high 
and  honored  position,  one  of  the  highest  in 
the  gift  of  the  people  of  the  state.  The  same 
sterling  qualities  that  he  displayed  in  his 
youth  and  in  his  business  life,  enhance  his 
usefulness  in  a  public  capacity. 


PRESTON,  Harrison  C— The  memorable 
senatorial  contest  of  the  South  Dakota  legis- 
lature in  1891  resulted  in  the  election  of  Rev. 
James  H.  Kyle,  a  Congregational  minister  of 
the  church  of  Aberdeen.  He  had  been  elect- 
ed to  the  state  senate  as  a  Populist  and  was 
the  determining  factor  in  the  struggle.  Ma- 
ny Republican  names  were  presented  as  can- 
didates upon  whom  the  uitMubers  of  the  party 
tried  to  unite,  among  them  that  of  H.  C. 
Preston,  then  in  the  state  senate,  who  took 
a  conspicious  part  in  the  contest.  He  was 
jirominent  in  the  state  as  a  lawyer,  a  good 
platform  speaker,  and  a  man  of  recognized 
ability  in  evers'  sphere.  He  was  the  choice 
of  a  large  number  of  Republicans  for  United 
States  senator.  It  seemed  at  one  time  that 
he  would  be  elected,  but  a  "fusion"  finally 
won  the  prize.  Mr.  Preston  is  of  New  Eng- 
land lineage,  from  English  ancestry.  Levi 
Preston,  his  great-grandfather,  was  born  in 
England,  September  6,  1736.  He  was  mar- 
ried to  Deliverance  Mosher,  a  direct  descend- 
ant of  Hugh  Mosher,  who  came  from  Eng- 
land on  the  ship  "Jane"  and  landed  on  the 
coast  of  Massachusetts,  June  12,  1632.  The 
fourth  child  in  a  family  of  seven  children, 
Ephraim  Preston,  born  March  10,  1764,  was 
H.  C.  Preston's  grandfather.  He  was  mar- 
ried to  Sarah  Maxwell,  of  Rhode  Island,  for 
his  second  wife.  The  youngest  of  her  six 
children,  Murray  Preston,  born  in  1815  and 
now  living,  is  the  father  of  H.  C.  Preston. 
His  mother,  Mary  A.  Foster,  who  died  in 
1875,  was  a  direct  descendant  of  Reginald 
Foster  of  Essex  county,  England,  who  land- 
ed at  Ipswich,  Mass.,  in  1638.  Her  par- 
ents removed  to  the  "Holland  Purchase,"  in 
western  New  York,  when  she  was  about  ten 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


years   of  age,  where  she  resided  for  fifty 
years. 

H.  C.  Preston  was  born  in  1852  on  a  farm 
in  Bethany,  (lenesee  county,  N.  Y.  His 
early  life  was  much  like  that  of  any  thrifty 
farmer's  boy,  and  had  in  it  more  work  than 
j)lay.  When  young,  he  helped  on  the  farm  in 
summer  and  went  to  school  during  the  winter 
until  he  was  qualitied  to  teach  a  district 
school,  ^^'hen  older  he  hired  out  as  a  farm 
hand  for  the  summer  and  taught  school  dur- 
ing the  winter,  "boarding  round""  among  the 
families  having  children  in  school.  This 
sort  of  life  opens  up  the  vista  of  human  na- 
ture into  a  panorama  never  to  be  forgotten. 
Hut  he  was  ambitious  for  something  more 
than  farm  life,  and  chose  law  for  his  profes- 
sion. He  went  to  Marion,  Iowa,  where  he 
had  an  uncle,  Hon.  Isaac  M.  Preston,  who 
was  a  lawyer  of  large  practice.  He  entered 
his  ottice  and  began  the  study  of  law.  Soon 
after  his  admission  to  the  bar  he  went  to 
Dakota  territory,  settling  at  Mitchell  in  1881, 
where  he  now  lives.  Here  he  began  the  prac- 
tice of  law  in  partnership  with  C.  H.  Dillon, 
under  the  firm  name  of  Dillon  &  Preston. 
This  partnership  continued  for  more  than  ten 
years,  and  acquired  for  the  firm  a  large  prac- 
tice. During  this  time  they  prosecuted  and 
defended  some  of  the  most  important  civil 
and  criminal  cases  in  the  territory  and  state, 
which  extended  their  practice  and  added 
greatly  to  the  reputation  of  the  partners. 
Mr.  Preston  east  his  tirst  presidential  vote 
for  James  A.  Garfield,  and  has  always  been 
a  Republican,  giving  liberally  in  service  and 
means  to  advance  the  principles  of  his  party. 
He  is  an  effective  speaker  and  makes  a  good 
impression  by  his  manners  and  personal  ap- 
pearance, therefore  he  is  in  great  demand  for 
political  campaign  work,  and  is  probably 
second  to  none  in  the  state  of  South  Dakota 
in  general  esteem.  He  was  elected  to  the 
state  senate  in  1891,  and,  as  already  referred 
to,  in  the  campaign  which  consumed  a  very 
large  portion  of  the  session,  Mr.  Preston  was 
a  leading  man  of  his  party,  and  made  a  name 
for  himself  throughout  the  state,  as  a  man 
of  superior  ability,  sound  judgment  and  po- 
litical sagacity,  which  will  undoubtedly  re- 
dound to  his  future  success.     He  is  now  in 


HAUinsilN    V.   PUKSTON. 

his  prime  and  no  politiial  honor  is  beyond 
his  reach,  and  no  position  of  honor  or  trust 
would  be  regarded  as  beyond  his  merit  and 
worth.  He  has  done  much  for  the  city  in 
which  he  lives,  and  the  people  would  d^ight 
to  repay,  in  some  measure,  the  interest  he  has 
taken  in  all  matters  designed  to  promote  the 
growth  of  the  city  and  the  prosperity  of  the 
community.  Mr.  Preston  was  married  in 
1875  to  Eva  E.  Burroughs,  of  Mari(m,  Iowa. 
The  union  has  been  crowned  with  the  joy  of 
an  interesting  family  of  four  children:  Mary 
E.,  Clarence  M.,  Ella  K.,  and  Harrison  C. 
I'reston,  Jr. 


WHIPPLE,  Abram  Olin.— The  indebted- 
ness of  the  Northwest  to  the  sons  of  New 
England  has  been  frequently  the  theme  of 
remark  and  essay,  if  not  of  song.  But  the 
debt  of  the  obligation  can  never  be  fathomed. 
For,  as  the  histoi-ian  delves  into  the  records 
and  examines  the  landmarks  of  the  North- 
west, surprise  at  the  iuHuence  of  that  rugged 
corner  of  the  republic  increases.  There  is 
no  nook  or  corner  of  the  vast  Northwest 
which  is  settled  that  does  not  bear  traces 
of  New  England  blood  in  some  degree.  It 
may   be   only   in   the   names  of   the  people. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


ABKAM  O.  WHIPPLE. 

Then  again,  when  these  perhaps  have  been 
obliterated  by  intermarriage,  some  cnstom, 
mode  of  procedure,  or  organization  of  insti- 
tutions will  show  the  impress.  More  com- 
monly the  pioneers  yet  remain  to  give  im- 
pulse, tone,  and  direction  to  the  community. 
North  Dakota  has  its  share  of  this  leaven. 
There  is  scarcely  a  town  without  more  or 
less  of  this  permeating,  uplifting  influence. 
These  reflections  are  suggested  by  the  career 
of  the  subject  of  this  sketch,  A.  O.  Whipple. 
He  was  born  at  Shaftsbury,  Bennington 
county,  Vt.,  a  region  noted  as  the  scene  of 
one  of  the  most  brilliant  achievements  of 
the  Revolutionary  war.  His  father,  Asa  H. 
Whipple,  was  a  manufacturer.  His  mother's 
maiden  name  was  Esther  Olin.  She  was  the 
daughter  of  Gideon  Olin — these  Bible  names 
are  indicative — who  was  an  associate  of 
Ethan  Allen  in  the  New  Hampshire  Grant 
troubles,  which  were  at  one  time  perilously 
near  bringing  on  a  civil  war.  He  was  other- 
wise, also,  a  prominent  and  influential  man, 
being  chairman  of  the  "Committee  of  Safety" 
and  one  of  the  first  men  to  represent  the  state 
in  congress.  After  liis  common  school  edu- 
cation Abram  O.  Whipple  prepared  for  col- 
lege at  Fairfield  Seminary,  Fairfield,  N.  Y. 
He  entered  Williams  College,  at  Williams- 


town,  Mass.,  and  graduated  in  the  class  of 
ISfJG.  He  then  took  the  celebrated  advice 
of  Horace  Greeley,  and  went  west  to  Fari- 
bault, Rice  county,  Minn.,  and  took  up  the 
study  of  law.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  18(59,  and  immediately  began  practice  in 
that  county.  He  became  so  well  known  and 
was  lield  in  such  esteem  that  he  was  chosen 
delegate  at  large  from  the  state  of  Minnesota 
to  the  national  Republican  convention  held 
at  Chicago  in  1880.  He  continued  the  prac- 
tice of  his  profession  in  Minnesota  until  1883, 
when  he  was  appointed  a  receiver  in  the 
United  States  land  office  at  Devils  Lake,  N. 
D.,  where  he  has  since  lived. 

In  1885  he  resigned  the  office  of  receiver 
and  organized  the  First  National  Bank  of 
Devils  Lake,  of  which  he  is  now  president. 
He  is  also  president  of  the  National  Bank  of 
Lakota,  at  Lakota,  N.  D.,  both  well  known 
institutions  which  have  secured  the  confi- 
dence of  the  business  men  of  the  state.  Mr. 
\Miipple  is  a  man  of  energy  and  sound  judg- 
ment, as  proved  by  his  success.  He  has  al- 
ways been  a  Republican  in  politics,  and  one 
of  the  leaders  of  his  party.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  constitutional  convention  which 
framed  the  constitution  under  which  the 
state  was  admitted  into  the  Union.  By  rea- 
son of  his  scholarly  attainments  and  knowl- 
edge of  law,  he  exercised  no  small  influence 
in  shaping  that  important  instrument.  He 
lias  been  an  active  promoter  of  all  measures 
devised  for  the  welfare  and  improvement  of 
the  town.  He  has  been  twice  chosen  as 
mayor  of  the  little  city,  which  is  one  of  the 
most  influential  in  that  part  of  the  state,  if 
it  does  not  even  dominate  in  most  public 
matters.  In  1877  Mr.  Whipple  was  married  . 
to  Miss  Mary  J.  Ten  Broeck.  They  have  an 
interesting  family  of  four  children,  two  boys 
and  two  girls:  Ten  Broeck,  Howard,  Esther 
Olin  and  Josephine  Whipple.  The  success 
of  Mr.  Whipple,  the  Green  Mountain  boy  of 
\'ermont,  demonstrates  that  the  sterling 
(jualities  of  New  England's  sons  do  not 
terminate,  however  radical  the  change  of 
environment,  for  there  could  scarcely  be  a 
greater  contrast  than  that  between  the 
prairies  of  the  north  and  the  picturesque 
mountains  of  his  native  state. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


GETTY,  George  Frankliu. — The  teudeucy 
of  modern  times  toward  specialty  in  all  lines 
of  business,  as  well  as  the  professions,  led 
the  subject  of  this  sketeli  to  lake  up  that 
branch  of  the  law  relating  to  insurance  as 
his  particular  line  of  study,  and  since  his  lo- 
cation in  Minneapolis  in  1S.S4  he  has  succeed- 
ed in  building  up  a  lucrative  practice.  Mr. 
(Jetty  was  born  October  17,  1S55,  in  Allegha- 
ny county,  Md.  He  comes  of  old  colonial 
stock,  his  ancestors  having  settled  in  Ma- 
ryland and  Pennsylvania  in  the  early  days. 
His  father,  John  Getty,  was  engaged  in  farm 
ing  in  western  Maryland  and  eastern  Oliin. 
He  died,  however,  when  George  was  but  si.\ 
yeai-s  old.  Two  of  his  brothers  were  men  of 
i;rominence  in  Maryland  and  Ohio.  \Yilliam 
R.  Getty  is  a  prominent  public  man  and  pol- 
itician in  Maryland,  and  has  occupied  offices 
of  public  trust  throughout  the  whole  of  his 
career.  The  other  brother,  Joseph  Getty, 
who  is  now  dead,  was  well  known  through- 
out eastern  Ohio  as  a  merchant,  railroad 
promoter,  minister  and  temperance  lecturer. 
The  maiden  name  of  George's  mother  was 
Martha  Ann  Wiley.  She  was  a  worthy  wom- 
an in  every  respect  and  a  helpful  companion 
to  her  husband  in  the  hard  tasks  of  agricult- 
ural pursuits.  Her  father,  John  Wiley,  was 
a  prominent  school  teacher  and  preacher  in 
western  Maryland  for  forty  yeara  He  was 
born  in  IJSOO  and  died  in  1870,  after  a  long 
and  useful  life.  George  F.  enjoyed  the  ad- 
vantages of  a  liberal  education.  He  attend- 
ed the  common  country  schools  of  eastern 
Ohio,  in  Tuscarawas  and  Stark  counties, 
which  early  training  was  supplenu'uted  by  a 
course  at  the  Smithville  academy,  of  Smith- 
ville,  Wayne  county,  Ohio.  After  graduat- 
ing from  the  academy,  he  entered  the  Ohio 
normal  university,  of  Ada,  Ohio,  from  which 
he  graduated  in  1879.  The  Ohio  nonnal  uni- 
versity is  one  of  the  best  schools  of  Ohio  and 
for  several  years  has  had  the  largest  enroll- 
ment of  students  of  any  school  of  its  kind  in 
the  state.  It  is  a  progressive  institution  in 
every  way,  giving  full  scope  to  the  individual 
characteristics  of  the  scholar.  Its  literary 
societies  are  among  its  most  prominent  fea- 
tures. Mr.  (Jetty  taught  school  during  his 
last  year  at  the  university,  returning  at  the 


UKOUGK   F.   GKTTY. 

end  of  the  school  term  to  graduate.  He  was 
salutatorian  of  his  class.  \\'hile  at  the 
Ohio  normal  he  was  a  member  of  the  Phil- 
omathean  literary  society,  one  of  the  ^wo, 
now  three,  prominent  societies  of  that  in- 
stitution. He  took  an  active  interest  in 
the  work  of  the  society  and  represented  it 
at  the  close  of  every  term  of  school,  while 
in  attendance,  either  in  oratorical  or  joint 
debate,  with  the  members  of  the  other 
society.  These  debates  were  always  of 
great  jjublic  interest  and  took  place  before 
large  and  appreciative  audiences.  Since 
leaving  the  university  he  has  twice  been  in- 
vited to  debate  at  alnnmi  reunions,  and  ac- 
cepted the  invitation  in  1890.  After  leaving 
the  Ohio  normal  he  entered  the  law  depart- 
ment of  the  university  of  Michigan,  at  Ann 
Arbor,  from  which  he  graduated  in  1882,  and 
was  admitted  to  practice  on  March  13  of  the 
same  year.  In  a  class  of  seventeen  taking 
the  examination  only  four  ]>assed.  Mr.  Getty 
began  the  i)ractice  of  his  i)rofession  at  Caro, 
Mich.,  the  same  year,  entering  into  a  part- 
nership with  Mr.  John  Huist.  He  won  rec- 
ognition for  his  legal  ability  early  in  his 
practi(«  and  was  quite  successful  for  a  young 
man.     In  the  fall  of  1882,  tlie  first  year  of 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


his  practice,  lie  was  elected  circuit  court 
commissioner  for  Tuscola  county,  of  which 
Caro  is  the  county  seat.  Among  the  im- 
portant law  cases  which  Mr.  Getty  has  con- 
ducted may  be  mentioned:  State  of  Wiscon- 
sin vs.  Whitmore,  in  which  new  principles  of 
law  were  enunciated  and  the  insurance  de- 
partment of  Wisconsin  compelled  to  change 
its  ruling  affecting  a  lai'ge  number  of  insur- 
ance companies.  Mr.  Getty  moved  to  Min- 
neapolis in  1884.  He  has  practiced  alone 
most  of  the  time,  giving  the  larger  share 
of  his  attention  to  life  insurance  law,  and 
is  recognized  as  an  authority  in  that  par- 
ticular branch  of  the  legal  profession.  He  is 
at  present  secretary  and  treasurer  of  the 
National  Mutual  Life  Association,  of  Minne- 
apolis. Mr.  Getty's  political  affiliations  are 
with  the  Kepublican  party,  but  his  interest 
in  that  direction  has  not  been  to  the  extent 
of  seeking  personal  preferment,  aside  from 
the  office  he  held  while  at  Caro,  Mich.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Commercial  Club  of  Min- 
neapolis, Board  of  Trade,  Minnesota  Lodge 
A.  F.  &  A.  M.,  St.  John's  Chapter,  Zion  Com- 
mandei-y,  Zurah  Temple,  and  the  Minnesota 
State  Bar  Association.  His  religious  con- 
nections are  with  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
church,  and  he  is  a  member  of  the  Wesley 
church  of  Minneapolis.  He  was  married  Oc- 
tober 30,  1879,  to  Sarah  Catharine  McPher- 
son  Risher.  Two  children  have  resulted 
from  this  union:  Gertrude  Lois,  born  Novem- 
ber 24,  1880,  died  October  9,  1890,  and  Jay 
Paul,  born  December  15,  1892. 


STAR,  Sol. — Some  men  have  a  genius 
for  poijularity.  With  no  effort  on  their 
part  they  become  a  sort  of  social  or  political 
center  from  which  there  seems  to  radiate 
an  aroma  of  good  fellowship,  permeating  the 
entire  community.  Frank  and  generous; 
genial  in  disposition;  ever  ready  with  a  help- 
ing hand  for  a  fellow  in  distress;  jovial  and 
social,  yet,  in  serious  matters  keen  and  pen- 
etrating; sound  in  judgment;  full  of  i"e- 
sources  in  emergency;  energy  unbounded, 
and  a  public  spirit  ready  for  war  in  the  in- 
terests of  his  town,  country,  or  state.  These 
are  some  of  the  characteristics  of  a  natural- 


ly popular  man.     The  combination  is  not 
common,  it  is  true,  but  it  exists  now  and 
then,  as  if  to  demonstrate  the  possibilities  of 
human    nature.     Solomon    Star,    of    Dead- 
wood.    S.    D.,    comes    very    near    to    this 
ideal,  if  his  fellow-citizens  who  know  him 
best  are  fair  in  their  estimate  of  him.     He 
writes  his  name  "Sol,"  and  is  known  every- 
where as  "Sol"  Star.     He  came  to  the  Black 
Hills  in  1870  with  a  stock  of  goods  and  set- 
tled in  Deadwood  as  a  merchant.     From  the 
very  outset,  with  no  desire  on  his  part,  he 
became  a  leader.     Xo  public  gathering  was 
complete   without  his   presence;  no  enter- 
prise began  without  his  active  influence;  no 
delegation  left  the  "Hills"  to  a  convention 
but  Sol.  Star  was  the  animating  spirit  and 
"set  the  pace."     Without  assuming  superior 
wisdom   or   ability,   he  was   spontaneously 
accorded  a  leadership,  if  not  even  a  guiding 
hand.     He  never  sought  to  use  his  popular- 
ity for  his  personal  advantage,  but  for  his 
friends  he  was  a  great  power.     His  peculiar 
influence  in  the  Black  Hills  spread  his  name 
throughout  the  territory  of  Dakota,  from 
Bismarck  to  Yankton.     Solomon  Star  was 
born    in   Bavaria,    Germany,   in   1840.     He 
came  to  this  country  when  young  and  re- 
ceived a  good  acadamic  education,  although 
he  is  not  "college  bred."     He  is  a  stalwart 
Republican.     He  has  filled  numerous  posi- 
tions of  honor  and  trust  with  fidelity  and 
credit.      He    was    appointed    by    President 
(Jrant  receiver  of  the  LTnited  States  land 
office  in  Montana   territory.     He  was  also 
auditor  of  the  same  territory.     He  was  post- 
master of  Deadwood  under  President  Gar- 
field.    He  was  mayor  of  the  city  of  Dead- 
wood  for  thirteen  years — a  very  remarkable  _ 
career  in  a  western  city.     It  is  doubtful  if  a 
parallel  can  be  found  in  the  history  of  the 
Northwest.    It  is  likewise  strong  testimony 
to  his  executive  ability  and  integrity.     He 
was  chairman  of  the  first  state  Republican 
convention,  when  the  state  of  South  Dakota 
was  admitted  into  the  I'nion.     He  was  also 
state    auditor   of    South   Dakota.     In   1898 
he  was    elected    clerk    of    the    circuit    and 
county  courts  of  Lawrence  county,   S.  D., 
and   was   re-elected   in   1900,   receiving  the 
highest    vote    and    largest    majority.     Mr. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


Star  is  uumai'ried.  Althougli  his  intorest 
in  public  affairs  lias  been  so  eonspifuous, 
his  activity  in  fraternal  affairs  has  been 
scarcely  less  marked.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  popular  Olympic  club  of  Deadwood.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Masonic  order  in  which 
he  has  reached  the  thirty-second  dejj,ree. 
He  is  also  a  Knight  of  Pythias  and  a 
member  of  the  order  of  Red  Men,  as  well 
as  a  member  of  the  Ancient  Order  of 
United  Workmen.  This  brief  epitome  of 
Mr.  Star's  career  gives  only  a  meager  idea 
of  his  strong  personality,  which  has  drawn 
to  him  in  close  friendship  more  associates 
than  it  is  the  good  fortune  of  many  men  to 
enjoy.  He  is  just  in  the  prime  of  life,  and 
whatever  good  fortune  the  future  has  in 
store  for  him,  there  are  but  few,  if  any,  of 
whatever  social  or  political  position,  high  or 
low  degree,  but  will  rejoice  in  his  success. 


BRAS,  Harry  Leonard. — The  work  of  an 
educator,  or  teacher,  is  less  appreciated  than 
any  other  labor  requiring  years  of  prepara- 
tion and  considerable  natural  aptitude  to  in- 
sure success.  In  a  new  state  the  vocation  is 
especially  thankless,  for  the  labor  of  laying 
the  foundation  for  a  system  of  education  is 
necessarily  obscure  and  of  a  character  to  pro- 
voke opposition  by  reason  of  the  heterogene- 
ous material  which  must  be  welded  into 
some  sort  of  unity.  The  people  from  all 
parts  of  the  world  have  different  ideas,  and 
these  must  be  harmonized  to  a  certain  extent, 
before  anything  can  be  accomplished.  The 
man  who  can  do  this  successfully  must  have 
gifts  which  may  fairly  be  called  genius. 
Among  those  who  have  done  noble  work  of 
this  kind  in  the  new  state  of  South  Dakota, 
no  one  stands  higher  or  is  entitled  to  more 
credit  for  substantial,  permanent  results 
than  Harry  Leonard  Bras,  of  Mitchell,  S. 
I).  His  activity  was  not  confined  to  im- 
parting instruction,  although  this  is  a  very 
important  function.  But,  out  of  chaos,  he 
organized  a  system  for  others  to  follow.  He 
established  landmarks  which  serve  as  guides 
to  the  hosts  of  teachers  coming  after  him. 
Mr.  Bras'  father  was  C.  W.  Bras,  a  lawyer  in 


good  practice  and  fair  circumstances.  He 
was  married  to  Hannah  Mary  I)e  Motte,  of 
South  Bend,  Ind.  She  was  a  neighbor  of 
Schuyler  Colfax,  with  whom  she  was  per- 
sonally acquainted  as  a  social  friend.  In 
1S4()  the  young  husband  and  wife  moved  to 
Iowa  and  became  pioneers  in  the  settlement 
of  Louisa  county.  On  the  breaking  out  of 
the  California  gold  fever  in  184!),  the  young 
lawyer  went  to  California,  and  in  three  years 
amassed  a  fortune  of  |l>o,(l(M»,  but  lost  the 
most  of  it  subsequently  by  bad  investments, 
after  his  return. 

Harry  L.  Bras  was  born  at  Toolsboro, 
Iowa,  in  1862.  When  Harry  was  five  years 
old  his  parents  moved  to  New  Boston,  111., 
where  he  received  a  public  school  education, 
going  through  the  grades  and  finally  gradu- 
ating from  the  high  school  in  1880.  He  then 
attended  the  state  normal  university,  and 
later  the  LTniversity  of  South  Dakota,  from 
which  he  received  his  diploma.  After  a 
service  of  three  years  as  a  teacher  in  the . 
state  of  Illinois,  he  came  to  South  Dakota  to 
take  up  land,  and  became  a  farmer.  He  set- 
tled at  Mt.  Vernon,  Davison  county.  Here 
he  engaged  in  his  old  occupation  of  teaching 
for  three  years,  and  was  then  elected  county 
superintendent  of  schools  in  Davison  county, 
serving  the  people  in  this  capacity  for  three 
terms  and  declining  the  election  for  the 
fourth  term,  to  accept  the  editorship  of  the 
South  Dakota  Educator,  the  official  organ  of 
the  State  Educational  Association.  In  the 
meantime  he  had  become  a  partner  in  the 
mercantile  firm  of  Betts,  Bras  «fe  Co.,  though 
not  employed  in  the  store.  This  establish- 
ment was  destroyed  in  the  fire  of  April  2, 
"1889,  which  also  burned  up  the  whole  town. 
A  detailed  history  of  the  early  struggles  of 
Mr.  Bras  with  the  crude  conditions  of  school 
matters  would  make  an  interesting  volume. 
When  he  entered  upon  his  duty  as  county 
superintendent  of  schools,  there  was  no  uni- 
formity of  method,  nor  anything  which  could 
be  called  a  system.  During  his  first  term  the 
schools  were  graded,  and  the  people  were  in- 
duced to  adopt  a  uniform  course  of  study, 
with  a  system  of  free  text  book«.  The  peo- 
ple in  their  laudable  desire  to  have  schools 
had  heavilv  bonded  their  districts  to  build 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


schoolhouses.  Much  of  the  money  obtained 
was  at  a  high  rate  of  interest.  Mr.  Bras  i"e- 
duced  the  bonded  indebtedness  more  than 
one  half,  and  refunded  the  bahmce  at  a  much 
lower  rate  of  interest.  He  took  also  an  ac- 
tive interest  in  state  educational  work.  He 
was  chairman  of  the  committee  which  jire- 
pared  a  state  course  of  study  for  the  district 
schools  of  South  Dakota.  This  was  adopted 
and  is  now  in  use  in  every  county  in  the  state, 
and  has  done  more,  probably,  than  any  other 
agency  to  improve  the  schools  of  the  state. 
Mr.  Bras  was  for  two  years  secretary,  and  for 
four  years  treasurer  of  the  State  Educational 
Association.  For  twelve  years  he  has  been 
one  of  the  managers  of  the  State  Teachers' 
Reading  Circle,  and  for  eight  years  secretary 
of  the  I'ujiils"  Heading  Circle.  He  became 
editor  of  the  South  Dakota  Educator  in  1892, 
a  i)osition  whch  he  still  holds.  From  1800 
till  189G,  when  the  body  was  abolished  by 
law,  Mr.  Bras  was  a  member,  and,  at  the 
second  session  was  made  president  of  the 
board  of  trustees  of  the  state  normal  school 
at  Madison,  S.  D.  In  1892  he  was  very 
strongly  supportc^d  at  the  state  Repub- 
lican convention  for  the  nomination  of  state 
superintendent  of  public  instruction,  being 
beaten  by  only  ten  votes.  He  is  a  Repub- 
lican, and  has  been  one  of  the  leaders  of  his 
party.  He  was  chairman  of  the  Republican 
county  central  committee  for  four  years. 
He  was  elected  to  the  legislature  to  represent 
the  Thirteenth  district  in  1898,  although  the 
county  was  carried  by  the  opposition.  He 
was  made  chairman  of  the  committee  on 
education,  and  succeeded  in  having  passed 
several  important  bills  among  them  the  Pure 
Food  P>ill.  At  the  recent  election  Mr.  Bras 
was  re-elected.  Mr.  Bras  is  at  present  vice- 
president  of  the  Mitchell  Building  and  Loan 
Association,  also  treasurer  of  the  Commer- 
cial Fire  Association  of  Mitchell.  Although 
not  a  member,  he  attends  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  church.  He  was  married  1o  Miss 
Hattie  E.  Betts  at  Mt.  Vernon,  in  1885.  and 
has  four  children:  Elsie  Louise,  Lilian,  Flor- 
ence, and  Sara  Bras.  His  has  been  a  very 
busy  life,  but  nothing  has  suffei"ed  from  his 
neglect.  He  has  tilled  all  the  numerous  po- 
sitions which  fell  to  him  in  a  manner  credit- 


H.\l:l!V   L.   IlKAS. 


able  to  himself  and  profitable  to  those  who 
put  their  trust  in  him.  No  higher  honor 
can  be  achieved. 


DUNN,  James  Henry.— The  achievements 
of  the  surgeon  and  physician,  for  some  rea- 
son unnecessary  now  to  discuss,  are  not  her- 
alded like  the  doings  of  men  in  the  other 
learned  i)rofessions.  One  case  at  court,  in 
which  there  is  public  interest,  may  make  the 
lawyer  noted  throughout  a  wide  region.  The 
utterances  of  a  preacher,  published  from  week 
tf>  week  in  the  press,  may  make  his  name  a 
household  word.  The  statesman  may,  in 
championing  one  cause,  leave  an  imperish- 
able name  in  history.  But  the  surgeon,  how- 
ever skillful,  and  the  physician,  however 
learned,  though  dealing  with  human  life,  of 
;ill  things  most  i)recious.  may  live  in  com- 
parative obscurity  and  die  unheralded  by 
fame.  The  chief  recompense  of  a  life  in  this 
profession  is  the  consciousness  of  doing  good 
work  for  fellow  Tuen.  Like  ^'irtue,  the  pro- 
fession is  largely  ils  own  reward.  Yet,  in 
spite  of  the  etiquette  which  represses  pub- 
licity, and  notwithstanding  the  private  char- 
acter of  much  of  the  best  work,  many  sur- 


HISTORY  OF  TflE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


JAMES  H.    DUXX. 

geons  a;id  pbysicians  win  satisfactory  houors 
and  renown.  They  are  not,  it  is  true,  spec- 
tacular like  those  of  heroes  in  battle,  but 
substantial  and  permanent  in  the  annals  of 
progress. 

One  of  the  men  who  has  won  distinction 
in  his  profession  among  his  compeers — and 
this  seems  to  be  the  only  eminence  coveted 
by  the  guild — is  James  Henry  Dunn,  who 
occupies  the  chair  of  Professor  of  the  Prac- 
tice of  Surgery  in  the  College  of  Medicine 
and  Surgery  of  the  University  of  Minnesota. 
Only  a  brief  outline  of  his  career,  taken 
largely  from  Wilson's  "Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons of  America,''  can  be  given.  He  was 
born  in  1853  at  Fort  Wayne,  Ind.,  son  of 
James  and  Mary  (O'Hair)  Dunn,  and  grand- 
son of  James  H.  Dunn.  He  completed  his 
literary  course  in  the  public  and  high  schools 
and  at  the  First  State  Normal  School  at 
Winona,  graduating  in  1872.  He  was  a  lec- 
turer in  the  Minnesota  State  Teachers'  Insti- 
tute from  1871  to  1876.  He  then  determined 
to  pursue  the  study  of  medicine  and  surgery, 
and  entered  the  University  Medical  College 
in  New  York  city,  and  graduated  in  1878. 
For  still  further  equiinnent  he  went  to  Ger- 
many and  took  two  years  of  post-graduate 


work  at  the  universities  of  Heidelburg  and 
\'ienna  In  1885  he  settled  at  Minneapolis, 
where  he  has  since  pursued  a  busy  practice, 
chiefly  surgical.  He  was  city  physician  of 
Minneapolis  in  1886  and  served  in  that  capac- 
ity for  three  years.  He  was  professor  of 
skin  and  venereal  diseases  in  the  Minneapolis 
Hosi)ital  Medical  College  from  1885  to  1889; 
professor  of  genito-urinary  diseases  in  the 
College  of  Medicine  and  Surgery  of  the  State 
University  from  1889  to  1891,  when  he  was 
elected  professor  of  clinical  surgery  in  the 
Univeisity  of  Minnesota.  When  Professor 
^^'heaton  resigned  in  1899,  Dr.  Dunn  was 
elected  to  fill  the  chair,  a  position  which  he 
now  holds.  In  the  meantime  Dr.  Dunn  has 
been  surgeon  to  St.  Mary's  Hospital  since 
1886,  surgeon  to  Asbury  Hospital  since  1892, 
and  to  the  City  Hospital  since  1893.  He  is 
a  fellow  of  the  American  Surgical  Associa- 
tion, member  of  the  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation and  of  the  Minneapolis  Academy  of 
Medicine,  and  of  many  other  local,  state,  and 
national  medical  societies.  He  was  president 
of  the  Minnesota  State  Medical  Association 
in  1888,  and  of  the  Minne.sota  State  Medical 
]  >efense  Union  in  1900.  He  is  also  a  contrib- 
utor to  various  surgical  and  medical  jour- 
nals. He  was  married  in  1885  to  Miss  Ag- 
nes, daughter  of  Hon.  J.  L.  Macdonald,  of 
Kansas  City.  They  have  one  son,  born  in 
1887. 


ARCHIBALD,  Alexander  Russell.— Edu 
cational  institutions  founded  for  instruction 
in  sijecial  lines  have  enjoyed  great  popular- 
ity during  the  past  two  decades,  but  none 
have  attracted  more  students  or  contributed 
more  invaluable  service  to  the  business  com- 
munity than  those  established  to  instruct 
young  men  and  women  in  the  rudiments  and 
principles  of  commercial  business.  One  of 
these  institutions  is  the  Archibald  Business 
College,  of  Minneapolis,  conducted  by  Alex- 
ander Russell  Archibald.  Mr.  Archibald  is 
a  native  of  Nova  Scotia,  and  was  born  in 
Musquodoboit,  Halifax  county,  July  27, 
1847.  His  father,  Matthew  Archibald,  was 
a  farmer  in  moderate  circumstances.  The 
Archibald  family    is    of    English    descent. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


They  located  originally  in  Londonderry, 
Kew  Hampshire,  and  afterwards  removed  to 
Nova  Scotia.  Many  members  of  this  family 
attained  to  positions  of  prominence  in  Nova 
Scotia,  such  as  the  governorship,  member- 
ship in  the  people's  parliament,  etc.  A 
brother  of  the  subject  of  this  sketch  was  a 
member  of  the  people's  parliament  for  the 
city  of  Halifax  for  several  terms,  and  has 
now  a  life  position  as  sheriff  in  that  city. 
The  maiden  name  of  the  mother  of  Alexan- 
der was  Jane  Grant.  Her  father  was  a  na- 
tive of  Scotland.  Alexander  received  his 
early  education  in  the  common  schools, 
where  only  the  rudimentary  branches  were 
taught.  Later  he  attended  the  Kimball  Un- 
ion Academy  in  New  Hampshire,  and  gradu- 
ated with  high  honors.  He  was  president 
of  his  class  and  was  selected  to  give  the 
parting  address.  From  the  academy  he 
went  to  Dartmouth  College.  Being  com- 
pelled to  work  his  own  way  through  college, 
he  earned  the  money  necessarj-  to  pay  his 
expenses  by  teacliing  school.  Yet  his  rank 
in  his  class  was  among  the  first  third  during 
the  whole  course.  He  also  competed  for 
and  secured  the  prize  for  oratory.  While 
in  college  he  was  a  member  of  the  Theta 
Delta  Chi  fraternity  and  represented  that 
society  as  a  delegate  to  its  national  conven- 
tion in  New  York  in  1873.  He  graduated 
from  Dartmouth  College  in  1874,  with  the  de- 
gree of  M.  A.  In  September  of  the  same 
year  he  came  west  and  located  at  Glencoe, 
Minnesota,  where  he  was  engaged  as  princi- 
pal of  Stevens'  Seminary.  He  remained 
there  through  the  school  year  of  187(>  and 
'77,  but  in  the  latter  year  came  to  Minneap- 
olis and  founded  the  Archibald  Business 
C'Ollege.  This  school  has  taken  a  high  rank 
among  institutions  of  its  class,  and  its  grad- 
uates occupy  nmny  positions  of  trust  in  the 
northwest.  It  has  been  successful  from  the 
start  and  the  pupils  in  attendance  come 
from  all  parts  of  the  great  territory  con- 
tiguous to  Minneapolis.  Mr.  Archibald  i)os- 
sesses  a  thorough  and  practical  knowledge 
of  the  principles  of  commercial  business, 
and  has  the  complete  confidence  of  the  busi- 
ness community,  which  recognizes  his  fit- 
ness for  the  task  he  performs  in  educating 


ALEXANDER    ]i.    AUL'UIDALI  i. 

young  men  and  women  to  assume  the  prac- 
tical duties  of  life.  Mr.  Archibald  recalls 
with  pleasure  and  pride,  in  the  success  of 
liis  after  life,  that  he  earned  his  first  dollar 
while  working  in  a  hay  field  on  a  Nova  Sco- 
tia farm.  He  is  a  Republican  in  jOlitics. 
He  has  always  voted  that  ticket,  and  is  a 
substantial  supi)orter  of  the  Republican 
party.  He  never  sought  political  honors  for 
himself,  but  as  a  delegate  to  local  and  state 
conventions  has  rendered  Invaluable  assist- 
ance in  securing  political  honors  for  his 
friends,  many  of  whom  have  reason  to  re- 
member his  aid  with  gratitude.  He  was 
married  in  August,  1877,  at  Glencoe,  to  Miss 
Sarah  Jane  Appleton.  They  have  one  child, 
George  S.,  now  in  his  nineteenth  year. 


HICKS,  Henry  George.— The  early  ca- 
reer of  the  major  proiiortion  of  the  men  who 
have  achieved  prominence  in  the  legal  pro- 
fession has  been  nuirked  by  a  hard  struggle 
with  adversity.  Ardent  study  and  persever- 
ance have  been  the  foundation  stones  on 
which  their  future  success  was  built.  Such, 
in  brief,  is  typical  of  the  early  life  of  the  sub- 
ject of  this  sketch.  Henry  G.  Hicks  is  one 
of  the  leading  members  of  the  Minneajjolis 
bar,  and  an  ex-judge  of  the  district  court  of 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


HENKY  G.   HICKS. 

Hennepin  county.  He  was  born  January  26, 
1S38,  at  Varysburg,  Genesee  (now  Wyoming) 
county,  N.  Y.  His  father,  George  A.  Hicks, 
a  harness  maker  by  trade,  was  born  at  Castle- 
ton,  N.  Y.  He  died  at  Freeport,  111.,  in  1881. 
His  mother,  whose  maiden  name  was  Han- 
nah Edwards,  was  a  cousin  of  Jonathan  Ed- 
wards. Sophia  Hall,  his  wife,  was  a  native 
of  Rutland,  Vt.  Her  father,  Asa  Hall,  was 
a  soldier  in  the  War  of  1812,  and  was  wound- 
ed in  a  skirmish  with  the  British  forces  at 
the  battle  of  Lake  Champlain.  Mrs.  George 
A.  Hicks  died  in  1855,  at  the  age  of  seventy, 
at  the  home  of  her  son.  Judge  Hicks,  in  Min- 
neapolis. The  subject  of  this  sketch  received 
his  early  education  in  the  common  schools 
of  New  York  and  Pennsylvania.  During  the 
winter  of  1851-52  he  attended  the  academy 
at  Arcade,  N.  Y.  At  the  age  of  fifteen  he 
commenced  teaching  school,  but  was  enabled 
four  yeai's  later  to  enter  the  preparatory  de- 
partment of  Oberlin  College,  where  he  re- 
mained for  three  years,  supporting  himself 
in  the  meantime  by  teaching  and  work  of 
other  kinds.  In  August,  1860,  he  entered 
the  freshman  class  of  Oberlin  College,  but 
his  enlistment  in  the  ai'my  in  1861  prevented 
further  college  study.     He  enlisted  as  a  pri- 


vate in  Company  A  of  the  Second  Illinois 
Cavalry,  July  21,  1801.  August  10  be  was 
a])]>ointed  sergeant  major,  and  Octijber  10 
was  commissioned  adjutant  of  his  regiment. 
He  was  mustered  out  of  this  regiment  on 
June  6,  1802.  Shortly  afterwards  he  was 
a]ii)ointed  adjutant  of  the  Seventy-first  Illi- 
nois Infantry,  a  three  months'  regiment,  and 
was  mustered  out  of  this  regiment  on  No- 
vember 1.  On  November  15  following  he 
«as  appointed  adjutant  of  the  Ninety-third 
Illinois  Infantry,  and  was  honorably  dis- 
charged therefrom,  as  adjutant,  February  27, 
1801,  on  account  of  disability  resulting  from 
wounds  received  in  battle.  On  February  13, 
11  and  15,  1862,  as  adjutant  of  the  Second 
Illinois  Cavalry,  he  was  present  at  the  battle 
of  Fort  Donelson.  As  adjutant  of  the  Nine- 
ty-third Infantry  he  was  present  at  the  battle 
of  Jackson,  on  May  14,  1863,  the  battle  of 
Champion  Hills  on  May  16,  the  charges  upon 
Vicksburg  on  May  19  and  22,  and  in  the 
siege  thereof  from  May  22  to  July  4;  also  at 
the  battle  of  Mission  Ridge,  November  24, 
1863,  where  he  was  wounded,  receiving  a 
minie  ball  through  the  face.  At  the  close  of 
the  war  he  came  to  Minneapolis,  arriving 
there  in  April,  1865.  His  first  visit  to  Min- 
nesota, however,  was  in  1857,  when  he  came 
as  an  agent  for  a  dealer  in  lightning  rods. 
At  that  time  he  only  remained  here  two 
months.  During  the  winters  of  1865  and 
1866  he  taught  school  at  Hopkins,  in  Henne- 
pin county,  and  in  the  summer  was  engaged 
in  selling  lightning  rods  and  farm  machinery 
and  operating  threshing  machines  Decem- 
ber 2,  1867,  he  was  appointed  sheritf  of  Hen- 
nepin county  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by 
the  death  of  Sheriff  Byrnes,  In  the  fall  of 
the  following  year  he  was  elected  to  this 
office  for  the  next  ensuing  term,  serving  until 
Januai'y  1,  1871.  In  April  of  that  year  he 
was  elected  city  justice  of  Minneapolis,  and 
was  re-elected  in  1872,  serving  until  April, 
1874.  He  then  began  the  practice  of  law, 
forming  a  partnership  with  Hon.  E.  A.  Gove, 
which  was  continued  until  October  14,  1875, 
at  which  time  the  partnership  was  dissolved. 
He  then  entered  into  a  partnership  with  Jud- 
son  N.  Cross,  under  the  finn  name  of  Cross 
&  Hicks.     Subsequently,  in  1881,  Frank  H. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


Carleton  was  admitted  to  the  firm,  and  the 
name  of  the  firm  changed  to  Cross,  Hicks  &; 
Carleton.  This  partnership  continued  until 
March  15,  1887,  when  Mr.  Hicks  received  the 
appointment  of  judge  of  the  district  court 
of  the  Fourth  Judicial  District  of  Minnesota. 
He  held  that  oi3ace  until  January  5,  1895. 
The  larger  portion  of  the  latter  year  was 
spent  in  travel  abroad.  On  October  14, 1805, 
just  twenty  years  from  the  date  of  forming 
the  partnership  with  Capt.  Cross,  Judge 
Hicks  again  resumed  the  practice  of  law  with 
Capt.  Cross,  Mr.  Carleton  and  Norton  M. 
Cross,  son  of  Capt.  Cross,  under  the  firm 
name  of  Cross,  Hicks,  Carleton  &  Cross, 
which  firm  continues  to  the  present  time. 
This  firm  is  considered  one  of  the  strongest 
in  Minneapolis  and  conducts  a  large  and  suc- 
cessful law  practice.  From  early  manhood 
Judge  Hicks  has  always  affiliated  with  the 
Republican  party,  and  has  served  it  in  a  num- 
ber of  important  positions  of  trust  He  was 
elected  and  served  as  a  member  of  the  house 
of  representatives  in  the  Minnesota  state 
legislature  during  the  sessions  of  1878,  1871), 
1881,  1883  and  1897,  and  was  chairman  of 
the  judiciary  committee  in  1881  and  1883. 
He  was  president  of  the  board  of  managers 
on  the  part  of  the  house  that,  in  1882,  suc- 
cessfully conducted  the  impeachment  trial  of 
E.  St.  Julien  Cox,  a  judge  of  the  district 
court  of  the  Seventh  Judicial  District  of  Min- 
nesota. In  1809  he  was  appointed  by  Gov. 
Marshall  a  member  of  the  board  of  trustees 
for  the  sildiers'  orphans  in  Minnesota,  serv- 
ing continuously  on  that  board  during  its  en- 
tire existence.  He  was  annually  elected 
president  of  the  board  from  1872  to  1883, 
when  the  board,  having  finished  its  work, 
was  dissolved.  Judge  Hicks  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  in 
April,  1867,  joining  the  Geo.  N.  Morgan  Post, 
No.  3,  at  Minneapolis,  and  was  several  times 
commander  and  quartenuaster  of  that  post. 
In  January,  1868,  he  was  elected  department 
commander  of  Minnesota,  the  honors  of  which 
were  lost  by  the  surrender  of  the  department 
charter  some  time  in  1871  or  1875,  but  to 
which  he  was  reinstated  by  the  National  En- 
campment in  August,  1883,  at  Denver,  Colo. 
He  became  a  member  of  the  Loyal  Legion  in 


1888,  and  has  since  held  subordinate  offices 
in  that  order.  He  was  elected  commander 
of  the  Loyal  Legion  of  Minnesota  in  May, 
]  9()U.  He  was  married  May  3,  1864,  to  Mary 
Adelaid  Beede,  of  Freeport,  111.,  who  died  in 
July,  1870,  and  to  whom  were  born  four 
children,  all  of  whom  have  since  died.  No- 
vember 5,  1873,  he  married  Susanna  R.  Fox, 
his  present  wife.  There  have  been  no  chil- 
dren of  this  marriage. 


COBURN,  George  W.,  is  overseer  of 
Hennepin  County  Poor  Farm,  located  at 
Hopkins,  Minn.,  to  which  position  he  was 
appointed  in  1895.  On  his  father's  side,  Mr. 
Coburn  is  of  English  descent.  His  grand- 
father, Joseph  Coburn,  one  of  a  family  of 
eleven  children,  came  to  this  country  from 
England  shortly  after  the  War  of  1812,  lo- 
cating at  East  Constable,  Franklin  county, 
N.  Y.,  where  he  built  in  1816  the  first  flour 
mill  erected  in  that  section.  Here  he  lived 
until  his  death  in  1840,  at  the  age  of  sixty- 
six.  Alexander  Coburn,  his  son,  and  the 
father  of  the  subject  of  this  sketch,  learned 
the  flour  milling  trade,  taking  charge  of  the 
mill  erected  by  his  father  and  conducting  it 
throughout  the  larger  share  of  his  life.  He 
came  to  Minneapolis  when  the  weight  of 
years  rendered  it  necessary  for  him  to  cease 
active  work,  and  here  he  died  in  1889.  His 
wife,  I'hidelia  Chamberlain,  and  the  mother 
of  ( Jeorge  W.,  died  in  1842,  a  few  years  after 
her  marriage,  at  the  age  of  twenty-three. 
She  was  a  direct  lineal  descendant  of  Sir 
John  Lawrence  and  Mary  Townley,  of  Eng- 
land, who  were  married  at  The  Hague,  Hol- 
land, in  1093.  The  subject  of  this  sketch 
was  born  October  11,  1838,  in  East  Con- 
stable, N.  Y.  He  attended  the  common 
schools  of  his  native  town,  and  later,  the 
Fi'ankliu  academy  at  Malone,  N.  Y.  He 
learned  the  trade  of  a  mechanic  and  for  a 
short  time  followed  this  line  of  work. 
When  the  war  broke  out  he  enlisted  for 
three  years  as  a  musician  in  the  60th  Regi- 
ment New  York  Volunteers,  serving  until 
lie  was  discharged  by  act  of  congress  Sep- 
tember 0,  1862.  He  re-enlisted  as  a  mu- 
sician in  General  John  P.  Slough's  brigade 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  XORTHWEST. 


GEORGE    W.   COBURN. 

band  on  Julj'  13,  of  the  following  year,  serv- 
ing until  the  end  of  the  war,  receiving  an 
honorable  discharge  June  24,  1865.  During 
his  service  he  served  under  Generals 
Slough,  Greene,  Sigel,  Pope  and  others,  and 
was  in  the  battle  of  Harper's  Ferry,  Win- 
chester, Front  Royal,  Bealeton,  Catlett's 
Station,  and  second  Bull  Run.  On  his  re- 
turn from  the  war  he  located  at  Lawrence, 
St.  Lawrence  county,  N.  Y.,  and  engaged  in 
the  sash  and  door  and  pail  and  tub  business. 
lie  came  west,  however,  in  1SC7,  and  located 
on  a  farm  in  Richland  county.  Wis.  He  re- 
mained here  until  1S70,  at  which  time  he  re- 
moved to  Minnesota,  settling  at  St.  Anthony 
Falls,  which  at  that  time  had  not  been  in- 
corporated in  the  city  of  Minneapolis.  He 
entered  the  employ  of  Wheaton,  Reynolds  & 
Co.,  sash  and  door  manufacturers  in  Minne- 
apolis, retaining  his  connection  with  this 
firm  for  eighteen  years.  In  1881)  he  was 
elected  county  commissioner  of  Hennepin 
county,  and  served  for  four  years  in  this 
position,  acting  as  chairman  of  the  board 
in  1893.  In  February,  1895,  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  his  present  position  of  overseer 
of  the  Hennepin  County  Poor  Farm.  In 
politics  Mr.  Coburn  is  a  staunch  Republi- 


can. He  was  a  member  of  the  Lincoln  Wide 
Awake  club  in  Lawrence,  St.  Lawrence 
county,  N.  Y.,  in  18G0,  and  cast  his  first  vote 
for  Lincoln  and  Hamlin  in  the  election  of 
that  year.  He  is  a  member  of  Dudley  P. 
Chase  post,  Xo.  22,  (J.  A.  R.,  in  which  he  has 
held  at  various  times  the  offices  of  surgeon, 
adjutant  and  commander.  He  is  also  an 
active  member  of  the  Masons,  Odd  Fellowa 
and  A.  O.  U.  W.,  having  held  offices  in  each 
order.  He  was  married  December  31,  1862, 
to  Mary  E.  Smith,  of  Brasher,  N.  Y.  They 
have  two  children:  Fred  Elmer,  born  May 
21,  1807,  at  Lawrence,  N.  Y.,  and  Ida  Lillian, 
born  January  2i,  1876,  at  Minneapolis. 


BAXTER,  Luther  Loren. — Governor 
Hubbard,  of  Minnesota,  elected  as  a  Repub- 
lican, and  a  staunch  and  even  stalwart  mem- 
ber of  his  party,  appointed  in  1885  Luther 
L.  Baxter,  a  staunch  Democrat,  judge  of  the 
district  court  of  the  Seventh  Judicial  dis- 
trict of  Minnesota.  While  such  a  non- 
jjartisan  executive  act  is  not  without  prec- 
edent, yet  it  is  uncommon.  What  is  still 
more  uncommon  is  what  may  be  called  the 
remarkable  ratification  which  the  act  re- 
ceived, for  at  the  next  election,  in  1886, 
Judge  Baxter  was  chosen  for  the  same 
office  by  the  people  when  the  Republican 
majority  in  the  district  was  3,500,  arid  a 
candidate  was  nominated  by  the  party  for 
the  position.  The  term  of  the  judgeship  is  six 
years.  At  the  next  election,  in  1892,  and 
again  in  1S98,  Judge  Baxter  was  elected 
without  opposition.  It  must  be  a  strong 
personality  which  can  achieve  such  honor  in 
a  community  of  adverse  politics.  Judge 
Baxter's  residence  is  Fergus  Falls,  Otter 
Tail  county,  Minn.  He  was  born  in  Corn- 
wall, Vt.,  in  1832.  His  father  was  Chaun- 
cey  Baxter.  His  mother's  maiden  name 
was  Philena  Peet.  They  are  both  old  New 
England  names  of  English  lineage.  Judge 
Baxter  received  his  early  education  in  the 
district  school  of  his  native  town.  This  was 
supplemented  by  private  tuition,  a  year  at 
Castleton  semiuarj',  and  a  two  years'  course 
at  Norwich  university.  He  began  his  study 
of   law  when  nineteen  years   of  age   with 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


Lindslpy  &  Beokwitli  at  Miadl(4imy,  Vt., 
and  continned  the  study  witli  Jiidsc  Horatio 
Seymour.  In  the  fall  of  1.S53  he  moved  to 
Illinois,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  that 
state  in  1S.54,  and  hcjian  his  jiracticc  at 
Geneva,  Wis.  Here  he  riMcivt'd  a  j^ood 
elientajie.  Hut  a  strong  tide  of  emigration 
set  towards  the  territory  of  Minnesota,  and 
young  Baxter  was  eaught  in  its  eddies.  He 
moved  to  Carver  county  and  resumed  the 
jiraetice  of  his  jirofession,  wliicli  lie  con- 
tinued, except  while  in  the  army,  until  1SS5, 
when  he  was  aj)])ointed  judge,  as  stated. 
From  INTO  until  ISSl!,  however,  he  jtracticed 
at  Jlinneapolis,  then  at  Fergus  Falls,  where 
be  now  lives.  During  this  time  lie  held  many 
positions  of  honor  and  trusl.  He  was  judge 
of  probate  of  Carver  county  in  1858;  prose- 
cuting attorney  for  the  Fourth  Judicial  Dis- 
trict in  1850;  county  attorney  of  Scott  county, 
18(53;  senator  from  Scott  county  for  the  term 
1865  to  1868;  representative  from  Carver 
county,  1869;  senator  from  that  county  from 
1869  to  1876;  county  attorney  of  Carver 
county  from  1876  to  1878,  and  member  of 
the  legislature  from  1877  to  188L'.  He  filled 
all  these  various  positions  with  exceptional 
ability,  fidelity  and  efficiency.  His  brilliant 
career  has  been  singularly  free  from  those 
errors  of  judgment  and  mistakes  which 
sometimes  mar  the  j)iiblic  life  of  the  best 
men. 

Judge  Baxter's  army  service  was  scarcely 
less  felicitous.  He  entered  the  war  as  cap- 
tain of  Company  "A"  Fourth  Minnesota  Vol- 
unteer Infantry  in  September,  1861.  He  was 
assigned  with  two  companies  to  the  com- 
mand of  Fort  Ridgeley.  In  March,  1862,  he 
rejoined  his  regiment,  which  was  at  Fort 
Snelling,  and  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
major.  The  next  month  his  regiment  was 
ordered  south.  In  October,  Major  Baxter, 
owing  to  sickness,  was  compelled  to  resign. 
Regaining  his  health  he  again  entered  the 
service,  in  November,  1861,  as  major  of  the 
First  Minnesota  Heavy  Artillery.  In  Feb- 
ruary, 1865,  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
lieutenant  colonel  of  the  regiment,  and  com- 
missioned colonel  the  same  year.  He  was 
elected  to  the  senate  of  the  state  of  Minne- 
sota in  the  fall  of  1864,  while  serving  in  the 


LUTHER  L.    U.\XTKK. 

army,  lie  obtained  a  leave  of  absence  to 
attend  the  session  of  the  legislature.  On 
returning  to  the  army,  in  February,  1865.  he 
was  assigned  to  duty  as  chief  of  artillfry  at 
Chattanooga,  and  remained  there  with  his 
regiment  until  mustered  out  of  service  in 
October,  1865. 


QUINN,  Gliomas  H.— Among  the  self- 
made  men  in  the  southern  part  of  Minnesota, 
who  have  become  conspicuous  in  their  field 
of  endeavor,  Thomas  H.  Quinn,  the  city  at- 
torney of  Faribault,  Rice  county,  Minn.,  is 
justly  entitled  to  a  place  in  the  front  rank. 
He  is  a  native  son  of  the  great  Northwest, 
having  been  born  at  Berlin,  Wis.,  November 
6,  1854.  He  came  to  Minnesota  with  his  pa- 
rents and  .eight  brothers  and  sisters  in  1865, 
and  settled  at  Faribault.  Thomas  obtained 
his  early  education  in  the  common  schools 
of  Wisconsin  and  ]\Iinnesota.  His  father  was 
I'atrick  Quinn.  The  maiden  name  of  the 
mother  was  Catherine  Brady.  They  were 
pioneers  in  the  settlement  of  Hie  west,  al- 
ways keeping  well  to  the  frontier  of  civiliza- 
tion during  the  second  quarter  of  the  nine- 
teenth century.      They  were  blessed  with  a 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


THOMAS  H.  QDINN. 

large  family,  tlie  exigencies  of  which  com- 
pelled Thomas  to  leave  school  when  thirteen 
years  of  age  to  contribute  to  the  family  fund. 
But  this  did  not  stop  his  progress  in  educa- 
tion. Although  doing  the  hardest  kind  of 
labor  during  his  "teens,"  he  persistently  kept 
at  his  studies  nights  and  holidays,  with  an 
endurance  and  fortitude  which  only  a  rug- 
ged physical  constitution  could  have  made 
possible.  In  this  laborious  manner  he  mas- 
tered the  elementary  studies  and  took  up  the 
study  of  law.  With  the  same  energy  and  in- 
dustry he  fitted  himself  for  the  profession, 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1877,  at  Fari- 
bault, where  he  had  struggled  all  these  years 
of  toil.  He  then  commenced  practice  at  once 
in  the  same  place  where  he  was  brought  up 
and  best  known.  The  next  year  he  formed 
a  partnership  with  G.  N.  Baxter  under  the 
firm  name  of  Baxter  &  Quinn.  This  was 
terminated  in  1880,  when  he  went  into  part- 
nership with  John  B.  Quinn,  under  the  style 
of  J.  B.  &  T.  H.  Quinn,  which  terminated  in 
1883,  since  which  time  Mr.  Quinn  has  been 
m  practice  alone.  His  business  has  been  a 
general  prac^tice,  and  he  has  met  with  his 
full  share  of  success.  Mr.  Quinn,  as  he  ex- 
presses it,   was  bom  into  the  Democratic 


party,  and  has  always  affiliated  with  it,  ex- 
cept in  1890  and  in  1900,  when  he  was  op- 
posed to  its  platform,  and  could  not  support 
its  candidates.  Notwithstanding  the  gen- 
eral adverse  majorities  in  his  county,  he  was 
twice  elected  county  attorney  of  Rice  coun- 
ty, serving  from  1884  to  1887,  and  again 
from  1891  to  1893.  He  has  also  been  city  at- 
torney of  the  city  of  Faribault  for  the  last 
five  years  successively — a  position  which  he 
still  holds.  Since  it  is  said  that  a  "prophet 
is  not  without  honor  save  in  his  own  coun- 
try," this  compliment  to  Mr.  Quinn's  ability 
and  character  is  no  small  honor.  In  religion 
he  is  a  Roman  Catholic.  He  was  mari'ied. 
May  1.5.  1893,  to  Elizabeth  Nolan,  of  Rich- 
land. Rice  county,  Minn.  They  have  two  chil- 
dren, Thomas  H.  and  Beati'ice. 


OARLBLOM,  Albert  Nathaniel.— Honesty 
and  integrity  in  public  life  are  as  essential  to 
success  as  in  private  life.  It  is  true  that  dis- 
honesty and  trickery  have  succeeded  in  plac- 
ing some  men  in  positions  of  prominence  in 
the  public  eye,  but  sooner  or  later  they  have 
fallen  into  the  abyss  of  obliAion.  Not  so, 
however,  with  the  honest  and  conscientious 
official.  The  public  is  quick  to  recognize 
faithful  service  and  show  its  appreciation  by 
bestowing  higher  honors  upon  the  object  of 
its  favor.  Albert  N.  Carlblom  is  State  Au- 
ditor of  North  Dakota.  He  was  selected  to 
this  office  in  1898  after  a  long  and  efficient 
service  in  positions  of  a  similar  character  in 
his  home  county.  Mr.  Carlblom  was  bom 
on  a  farm  near  Cokato,  Minn..  December 
17,  1865.  His  father,  John  C.  Carlblom,  was 
a  farmer,  in  moderate  circumstances.  He 
emigrated  to  this  country  from  Sweden  in 
the  early  60's,  locating  in  Wright  county, 
!Minn.  He  removed  to  North  Dakota  in 
1881,  settling  on  a  farm  at  White  Stone  Hill, 
in  Sargent  county,  where  he  resided  until  his 
death  in  1899,  at  the  age  of  74.  His  wife's 
maiden  name  was  Elizabeth  Anderson,  to 
whom  he  was  married  in  the  old  country. 
She  crossed  death's  portals  a  year  earlier 
than  her  husband,  at  the  age  of  73.  The 
subject  of  this  sketch  received  his  early  edu- 
cational training  in  the  common  schools  of 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


Wright  county.  This  was  supplemented  by 
a  course  in  Gustavus  Adolphus  College,  at 
St.  Peter.  Directly  upon  leaving  school  he 
commenced  his  business  career  by  clerking  in 
a  store.  Later,  he  was  employed  as  a  book- 
keeper. He  was  also  for  some  time  engaged 
in  teaching  school.  Having  actively  interest- 
ed himself  in  politics,  he  was  appointed  in 
1890  deputy  county  treasurer  of  Sargent 
county.  He  served  in  this  office  for  one  year, 
at  the  expiration  of  which  time  he  was  aji 
pointed  deputy  in  the  county  auditor's  office. 
He  acquired  such  a  familiar  knowledge  ot 
the  business  affairs  of  his  home  county  that 
his  services  were  recognized  by  his  party  and 
rewarded  in  1892  by  nomination  and  election 
to  the  office  of  county  auditor.  This  position 
he  held  for  three  consecutive  terms,  up  to 
and  including  1808.  In  the  fall  of  that  year 
he  received  the  nomination  for  the  office  of 
state  auditor  of  North  Dakota,  and  was  elect- 
ed. He  was  re-elected  to  the  same  office  in 
1900.  In  every  instance  Mr.  Carlblom  has 
been  nominated  by  his  party  without  oppo- 
sition, and  in  each  elected  by  large  major- 
ities. He  has  always  had  the  confidence  of 
his  constituents  as  a  faithful,  conscientious 
and  capable  officer,  his  integrity  being  con- 
ceded even  by  his  political  opponents.  Upon 
all  important  questions  of  the  day  he  has  al- 
ways been  found  on  the  side  of  the  people.  In 
politics,  Mr.  Carlblom  is  a  consistent  and 
conservative  Eejjublican.  He  has  been  presi- 
dent and  secretary  at  dilferent  times  of  the 
various  Republican  leagues  and  clubs  of 
Sargent  county  and  Forman,  where  he  has 
resided  for  the  past  eighteen  years,  and  has 
always  taken  an  active  part  in  the  interests 
of  his  party.  Aside  from  the  interests  of  his 
public  office  Mr.  Carlblom  has  also  found 
time  to  engage  in  a  number  of  business  enter- 
prises. He  has  extensive  farming  interests, 
and  a  paying  real  estate  and  loan  business, 
and  is  connected,  also,  as  an  officer  or  stock- 
holder, with  several  other  enter])rises  of  a 
business  character.  Mr.  Carlblom  is  active- 
ly identified  with  the  Augustana  Lutheran 
church,  of  which  he  is  a  member,  and  con- 
tributes freely  to  the  support  of  the  work 
of  that  church.  He  was  married  March  '2t',. 
1898,  to  iliss  -Josephine  A.  Peterson,  of  Cot- 


ALIiERT   N.    C.\1!LBLUM. 


ton  wood    county,     Minn.     They    have    one 
cliild,  a  daughter  named  \'era  Lenore. 


PHELAN,  Francis  Norton,  is  one  of  the 
leading  physicians  of  Duluth,  Minn.  He  was 
born  May  16,  18G1,  at  Fond  du  Lac,  Wis. 
His  father,  William  M.  Phelan,  came  to  this 
country  from  Ireland  at  a  very  early  age  and 
settled  in  Albany,  N.  Y.  He  was  mari'ied 
here  to  Miss  Mary  Norton,  the  mother  of  the 
subject  of  this  sketch,  who  was  also  a  native 
of  Ireland,  and  shortly  afterwards  moved 
west,  locating  at  Fond  du  Lac.  He  was  en- 
gaged in  the  business  of  contracting  for  many 
years  and  acquired  a  comfortable  fortune. 
He  became  prominently  identified  with  the 
business  interests  of  his  adopted  city,  and  for 
a  period  of  over  thii-ty  years  held  many  im- 
l>ortant  offices  of  public  trust.  He  died  at 
the  ripe  old  age  of  seventy-four  years.  Mrs. 
Phelan  passed  away  in  her  fifty-fourth  year. 
Francis  received  his  education  in  the  public 
schools,  and  graduated  from  the  high  school 
at  the  age  of  seventeen.  He  then  entered 
the  office  of  Doctors  Cray  &  Wyatt.  at  Fond 
du  Lac,  for  the  pui-pose  of  taking  up  the 
studv  of  medicine.     A  vear  later  he  entered 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


1SS,3  he  was  married  to  Lela  Ann  Evans,  a 
(luugliter  of  Rk'hard  C.  Evans,  a  wealthy 
lumberman,  and  owner  of  the  townsite  of 
biirchester,  ^Yis.  Two  children  have  been 
Ixirii  to  them,  ("leoj)atra  and  Francis  Evans. 


FltAXCIS  X.   PHELAN. 

Rush  Medical  College,  remaining  in  this  in- 
stitution for  two  years.  He  then  entered 
Wooster  University,  at  Cleveland,  Ohio,  and 
graduated  with  the  class  of  1884.  Returning 
to  Wisconsin  he  located  at  Colby  and  began 
the  practice  of  his  profession.  In  1885  he 
formed  a  partnership  with  Singleton  B.  Hub- 
ble for  the  practice  of  medicine  at  Medford, 
in  the  same  state.  On  account  of  failing 
health,  however,  he  was  comj)elled  to  leave 
here  a  few  months  later,  and  moved  to  South 
Dakota,  locating  at  Watertown.  This  field 
did  not  prove  a  very  lucrative  one,  and,  hav- 
ing regained  his  health,  he  decided  to  make 
another  change,  going  from  here  to  Duluth, 
where  he  located  in  June,  1886.  Dr.  Phelan 
soon  established  a  reputation  for  being  a  thor- 
oughly competent  practitioner,  and  has  suc- 
ceeded in  building  uj)  an  extensive  practice. 
He  wasi  attending  physician  and  surgeon  to 
St.  Mary's  Hospital  for  a  number  of  years, 
was  a  member  of  the  board  of  health  for 
three  years,  and  is  examining  physician  for 
fifteen  different  lodges.  Dr.  Phelan  takes  an 
active  interest  in  all  public  matters,  and  has 
been  identified  with  every  enterprise  tending 
to  build  up  the  Zenith  TMiy.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  Cathedral  Parish  Catholic  church.    In 


DT'NX,  Robert  Campbell.- -There  is  no 
oftice  in  the  state  government  more  impor- 
tant than  that  of  state  auditor.  One  of  the 
])rinci]»al  duties  of  that  office  in  ^Minnesota 
is  the  administration  of  the  large  land  inter- 
ests of  the  state,  the  honest  discharge  of 
wliich  is  of  incalculable  value  to  the  com- 
monwealth and  the  people  as  a  whole.  The 
man  whose  name  stands  at  the  head  of  this 
sketch,  was  elected  to  the  office  of  state  audi- 
tor of  Minnesota  because  he  represented  a 
]'iin<-iple  in  state  government.  He  had  been 
at  the  head  of  a  refonn  movement  for  the 
more  careful  administration  of  the  land  in- 
terests of  the  state,  and  had  so  completely 
demonstrated  the  necessity  of  reform  in  that 
]iarticular,  and  was  so  successful  in  protect- 
ing the  state  through  his  work  in  the  legis- 
lature, that  the  people  elected  him  to  this 
office  in  1894  and  committed  those  interests 
to  his  charge.  He  has  fully  justified  the  con- 
fidence which  was  reposed  in  him,  and  has 
administered  the  office  to  which  he  was  elect- 
ed with  distinguished  ability.  "Bob"  Dunn, 
as  he  is  familiarly  known,  is  a  native  of  Ire- 
land, and  was  born  at  Plumb  Bridge,  County 
Tyrone,  February  11,  1855.  His  father,  Rob- 
ert Dunn,  was  a  comparatively  rich  man, 
viewed  from  the  standpoint  of  business 
affairs  as  conducted  in  that  country.  He 
owned  about  250  acres  of  land,  and  aside 
from  his  agricultural  interests,  was  also  a 
storekeeper.  Though  a  liberal  Protestant, 
and  a  member  of  the  Episcopal  body,  he 
never  affiliated  with  the  Orangemen.  His 
wife,  Jane  Campbell,  was  descended  from  an 
old  Scotch  family  of  strict  Presbyterians. 
Two  of  her  uncles.  Col.  Robert  Campbell  and 
Hugh  Campbell,  were  among  the  best-known 
citizens  of  St.  Louis,  the  fonner  settling  there 
in  the  early  days,  when  there  were  only  200 
jieople  in  the  village.  Andrew  and  Samuel 
Dunn,  brothers  of  Robert  Dunn,  were 
among  the  first  settlers  of  Columbia  county, 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


Wis.     The  eldest  brother  of  the  subject  of 
this    slvctch    has    for    many    years    been    a 
magistrate  in  Irehind.     William,  his  young- 
est brother,  is  a  graduate  of  the  (llasgow 
Medical  College,  and  a  successful  physician 
in  London.     Robert  C.  Dunn's  early  educa- 
tion was  received  in  the  common  national 
school  near  his  home  in  Ireland.     This  school 
was  conducted  t'ontinuously  throughout  the 
year,  with  the  exception  of  one  month.     He 
attended  it  until  he  was  14  years  of  age,  when 
he  was  apprenticed  for  five  years  to  a  dry 
goods   merchant  at   Londonderry,   about   20 
miles  from  Plumb  Bridge.    The  man  to  whom 
he  was  apprenticed  proved  a  hard  task-mas- 
ter and  the  young  lad  found  his  situation  a 
very  uncomfortable  one.     Six  months  later, 
by  the  aid  of  a  brother  at  home,  he  succeeded 
in  raising  enough  money  to  pay  for  a  second- 
cabin  passage  to  America.     On  arrival  here 
he  immediately  came   west,  and  was  with 
bis  uncle,  Samuel  Dunn,  in  Wisconsin,  before 
his  parents  knew  he  had  left  Londonderry. 
After  remaining  with  his  uncle  for  nearly  a 
year,  assisting  in  the  work  on  the  farm,  he 
removed  to  St.  Louis,  hoping  to  better  his 
condition.     From  there  he  went  to  Missis- 
sippi and  was  employed  in  a  store  in  the 
Yazoo  Valley  for  six  or  eight  months.     Ke 
turning  to  St.  Louis,  he  learned  the  printer's 
trade  and   followed  this   occupation  up   to 
1876,  when  he  came  to  Minnesota  and  located 
at  Princeton.     In  the  fall  of  that  year  he 
commenced  the  publication  of  the  Princeton 
Union,  and  has  been  the  editor  and  ])ublisher 
of  that  paper  ever  since.     The  venture  proved 
a  successful  one,  and  the  Union  is  one  of  the 
most  flourishing  weeklies  in  the  state.     Two 
years    after   settling   at   Princeton   he    was 
elected  town  clerk,  and  served  in  that  office 
for  eleven  years.     The  fees  of  the  office  were 
not  large,  amounting  to  only  |:iOO  a  year,  but 
this   sum  was   a  valuable  addition  to  the 
finances  of  the  country  editor.     In  1884,  he 
was  elected  county  attorney  of  Mille  Lacs 
county,  and  re-elected  in  1880.     In  1888,  he 
was  elected  to  the  house  of  representatives 
on  the  Republican  ticket  from  the  district 
composed    of   the    counties    of    Todd,    Crow 
Wing,  Morrison,  Benton  and  Mille  Lacs.     He 
was  re-elected  in  1890,  but  was  on  the  losing 


KOIiEUT  C.  UUNN. 

side  in  a  contest  for  the  seat.  He  was  re- 
nominated two  years  later,  and  elected,  and 
was  one  of  the  most  ett'ective  members  of 
the  lower  house  in  the  session  of  1893>  He 
represented  the  Sixth  district  of  Minnesota 
in  the  Republican  national  convention  held 
at  Minneapolis  in  18i)2,  was  a  member  of 
the  committee  on  credentials,  and  was  one 
of  the  most  enthusiastic  of  the  Blaine  sup- 
porters. In  1894,  he  was  elected  to  the  office 
of  state  auditor,  and  was  re-elected  in  1898. 
Jlr.  Dunn  devotes  all  his  energies  to  the  best 
interests  of  the  state  and  is  one  of  the  most 
popular  men  at  the  Minnesota  capitol.  Feb- 
ruary 14,  1887,  he  was  married  to  Lydia  Mc- 
Kenzie,  of  Spencer  Brook,  Isanti  county. 
They  have  two  children,  George  R.  and 
Grace.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Dunn  reside  at  Ham- 
line. 


KUNTZ,  Philip  J.,  is  the  city  superin- 
tendent of  schools  at  Owatonna,  Minn.  He 
is  a  practical  educator  and  has  had  a  long 
experience  in  his  chosen  profession.  He  is 
of  foreign  parentage  as  both  his  parents 
were  natives  of  Alsace  Lori'aine.  Their  pa- 
rents came  to  this  country  when  they  were 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


PHILIP  J.   KUNTZ. 

both  young,  ami  settled  in  Indiana.  Here 
on  the  farm  in  Dearborn  county,  in  1844, 
Milton  Kuntz  was  married  to  Magdalena 
Haclauer,  and  for  forty  years  they  lived  on 
the  same  place  and  reared  their  children. 
Philip  J.  Kuntz  was  born  on  their  fann, 
March  17,  1857.  His  parents  were  only  in 
moderate  ciix-umstances,  but  they  were  de- 
termined that  their  children  should  have  a 
good  education,  and  Philip  attended  the 
country  schools  near  his  home  and  enjoyed 
the  experience  of  having  several  typical 
"Hoosier  Schoolmasters'"  as  instructors  at 
various  times.  He  entered  Hedding  College, 
at  Abingdon,  111.,  and  was  graduated  with 
the  degree  of  Ph.  B.  Mr.  Kuntz,  liow'ever,  has 
not  been  satisfied  to  let  his  education  di"op 
behind  in  any  waj',  and  has  done  much  grad- 
uate study,  and  has  received  certificates  from 
the  University  of  Chicago  Extension  as- 
sociation, one  in  Universal  History  and 
one  in  Universal  Literature.  He  decided 
upon  educational  work  as  his  career  and  be- 
gan his  work  as  a  country  school  teacher, 
and  has  steadily  w'orked  up.  In  1881  he  be- 
came principal  of  the  school  at  Arlington, 
Ind.;  in  1885  he  went  to  Sheldon.  111.,  to  as- 
sume a  similar  position.    In  1888  he  became 


superintendent  of  schools  at  Centerville,  Ind., 
where  he  remained  until  1892,  when  he  was 
elected  for  the  same  position  at  Aledo,  111. 
In  1899  he  was  elected  city  superintendent 
of  schools  at  Owatonna,  Minn.,  which  posi- 
tion he  now  occupies.  He  has  made  a  spe- 
cialty of  history,  and  also  of  reading,  writing 
and  spelling.  Mr.  Kuntz  has  prepared  a  text 
in  spelling — now  in  manuscript — the  funda- 
mental idea  being  words  in  genei'al  use  and 
a  division  into  words  adapted  to  the  work  in 
each  grade  of  the  schools,  and  such  words 
as  are  used  in  these  grades.  Mr.  Kuntz  is  a 
supporter  of  the  Republican  party,  but  does 
not  allow  his  politics  to  interfere  with  his 
school  work.  He  is  a  Mason  and  a  member 
of  the  Knights  of  Pythias,  and  has  held  vari- 
ous positions  in  both  orders.  Mr.  Kuntz  is 
an  active  member  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
church  and  is  an  earnest  supporter  of  all 
forms  of  Christian  work.  He  was  married, 
April  8,  1880,  to  Miss  Effle  Smith,  of  Newton 
county,  Ind.  She  died  in  1890,  leaving  three 
children,  Magdalena,  Ada  and  Irene.  His 
second  mara-iage  was  to  Miss  Anna  M. 
Wright,  of  Cambridge,  Ind.,  and  there  is  one 
child  by  this  union,  Frances  Lucille,  bom  in 
1894. 


FREEMAN,  John  William.— The  hospi- 
tal is  comparatively  a  modern  institution. 
It  was  generated  and  developed  by  the  kind- 
ly humanitarian  influences  of  Christianity 
and  is  now  one  of  the  permanent  requisites 
of  every  civilized  country.  The  necessity  of 
the  hospital  is  so  undeniable  that  it  is  a 
reproach  to  a  city  of  any  size  to  be  without 
one  or  more.  These  conditions  have  created 
a  demand  for  a  class  of  professional  men 
who  combine  medical  and  surgical  skill  with 
trained  administrative  ability,  to  take  charge 
of  the  institution.  A  man  may  be  compe- 
tent as  a  surgeon  and  skillful  as  a  physician, 
and  yet  be  inefficient,  and  even  worse,  as  a 
manager  of  this  benign  provision  for  the 
unfortunate.  Therefore  hospital  manage- 
ment has  come  to  be  almost  a  profession  by 
itself.  Besides,  the  establishment  being 
generally  educational — not  as  a  trainer  of 
nurses  but  as  a  branch  of  some  medical  col- 


JOHN   WILLIAM   FKEEMAX. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


lege,  it  is  desirable  that  the  responsible 
heads  should  have  a  still  further  iiualifica- 
tio — ability  to  teach.  Hence  it  is  that  the 
men  selected  for  this  service  take  high  rank 
in  the  field  of  medicine  and  surgery  and  be- 
come conspicuous  in  their  profession. 

The  northwest  is  not  yet  endowed  with 
numerous  hospitals,  but  a  good  beginning 
has  been  made.  The  grade  of  the  institu- 
tions existing  is,  however,  in  every  respect 
praiseworthy.  They  are  strong,  especially 
in  the  progressive  character  of  the  profes- 
sional staff. 

The  subject  of  this  sketch,  John  W. 
Freeman,  M.  D.,  of  Lead,  S.  D.,  one  of 
the  useful  men  described,  is  connected  with 
the  Homestake  Hospital  at  Lead,  S.  D.,  in 
the  region  popularly  known  as  the  "Black 
Hills,"  where  gold  mining  is  a  leading 
industry.  This  business  is  of  a  hazard- 
ous nature  and  surgical  aid  is  in  frequent 
demand.  Dr.  Freeman  was  boi'n  at  Vir- 
deu,  Macoupin  county.  111.,  in  1853.  His 
father,  Feter  S.  Freeman,  was  a  native  of 
New  Jersey.  He  was  born  and  reared  on  a 
farm,  and  was  a  thorough  farmer  by  occupa- 
tion. He  came  to  Illinois  in  an  early  day — 
about  1840 — and  bought  a  large  farm  in 
Macoupin  county  in  that  state,  on  which  he 
lived  until  his  death  in  1874.  He  was  mar- 
ried to  Elizabeth  Fierce  Warriner,  who  was 
born  in  Kentucky  and  came  to  Illinois  in 
1841).     She  died  on  the  farm  in  1886. 

Dr.  Freeman  received  his  early  education 
in  the  common  district  country  schools  and 
then  graduated  in  the  high  school  at  Virden, 
supplementing  this  literary  training  by  a 
year's  study  at  the  Blackburn  University  at 
Carlinville,  111.  When  he  chose  the  medical 
profession  for  his  life  work  he  began  the 
study  of  medicine  and  surgery  under  the  di- 
rection of  Dr.  David  Frince,  at  the  Sanitari- 
um in  Jacksonville,  111. — which  was  practical- 
ly a  hospital — and  in  the  meantime  attended 
for  two  years  the  lectures  of  the  Miami  Medi- 
cal College  of  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  He  then  went 
to  New  York  city  and  entered  the  medical  col- 
lege of  the  New  York  university  and  gradu- 
ated in  the  class  of  1879.  Returning  to 
Jacksonville,  he  accepted  a  position  in  the 
Sanitarium  with  Dr.  Prince,  his  old  tutor, 


and  remained  with  him  two  years.  In  1881 
he  was  appointed  acting  assistant  surgeon 
of  the  Ignited  States  army,  and  reported  to 
Fort  Snelling,  Minn.,  for  duty.  He  was 
assigned  to  Fort  Meade,  Dakota  territory, 
now  South  Dakota,  where  he  served  until 
June,  1883.  In  1884  he  was  appointed  sur- 
geon of  the  Homesteak  Mining  company  at 
Lead,  and  entered  into  partnership  with  Dr. 
D.  K.  Dickinson  in  the  Homestake  hospital, 
where  he  has  since  remained.  He  has,  how- 
ever, several  times  during  this  period,  visit- 
ed New  York  and  Chicago  to  be  abreast  of 
the  progress  made  in  his  profession  and  to 
keep  in  touch  with  the  various  organizations 
to  promote  its  interests.  In  1887  he  was 
elected  president  of  the  Black  Hills  Medical 
society.  In  1889  he  was  made  first  vice- 
president  of  the  South  Dakota  State  Medical 
society,  and  in  1890  was  elected  president 
of  the  organization.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
American  Medical  association,  also  of  the 
International  Association  of  Railway  Sur- 
geons. Dr.  Freeman  was  married  in  1885 
to  Hattie  V.  Dickinson.  They  have  four 
children,  Carrie  E.,  Marion  E.,  John  D.,  and 
Howard  Freeman.  He  is  a  Republican  in 
politics,  and  is  a  member  of  the  Masonic 
order.  He  is  past  master  of  Central  City 
Lodge  No.  22,  F.  &  A.  M.,  past  high  priest  of 
Dakota  Chapter  No.  3,  past  eminent  com- 
mander of  Dakota  Commandery  No.  1,  and 
past  potentate  of  Naj'a  Temple,  Deadwood, 
S.  D.  He  has  taken  an  active  interest  in 
educational  affaii*s,  and  has  been  a  member 
of  the  board  of  education  of  Lead  for  the  past 
six  vears. 


STRICKLER,  O.  C,  is  one  of  the  foremost 
physicians  and  surgeons  of  Southern  Minne- 
sota. He  has  been  practicing  his  profession 
at  New  Ulm  for  the  past  sixteen  years,  mov- 
ing there  from  Michigan.  He  is  a  Canadian 
by  birth  and  first  saw  the  light  of  day  in 
York  county,  Ont.,  January  7,  1863.  He 
conies  of  old  Pennsylvania  Dutch  stock. 
Daniel  Strickler,  his  father,  migrated  to  On- 
tario from  his  birthplace  in  Bucks  county. 
Fa.  He  still  remained  an  American  citizen, 
however,  and  after  a  few  years'  residence  in 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


Canada  moved  with  his  family  to  Michigan, 
where  his  wife,  whose  maiden  name  was 
Elizabeth  Henderson,  has  relatives.  The  snb- 
ject  of  this  sketch  was  afforded  the  advan- 
tages of  a  liberal  education.  His  early  train- 
ing was  i-eceived  in  the  famous  Markham 
(CInt.)  high  school.  This  was  suppleuiented 
with  studies  in  mathematics  at  the  British- 
American  College  at  Toronto.  He  then  en- 
tered the  Ann  Arbor  Medical  College  and 
graduated  with  the  class  of  1885.  Immedi- 
ately after  graduating  he  came  west  and  lo- 
cated at  New  lllm.  Dr.  Strickler's  profes- 
sional career  has  been  eminently  successful. 
His  native  talent,  indomitable  perseverance 
and  courteous  demeanor  have  plnced  him  in 
the  first  rank  and  won  for  him  a  large  and 
lucrative  practice.  He  belongs  pre-eminent 
ly  to  that  class  of  ])hysicians  who  are  in  their 
profession  because  they  love  it.  The  practice 
of  medicine  and  the  study  of  the  ever-varying 
forms  of  disease  are  to  him  at  once  a  recrea- 
tion and  a  delight.  He  is  an  earnest  student 
of  the  advances  made  in  surgery,  and  devotes 
his  practice  largely  to  that  important  branch 
of  the  profession,  as  well  as  that  of  gynecol- 
ogy. Dr.  Strickler  is  surgeon  for  the  Chicago 
&  Northwestern  and  the  Minneapolis  &  St. 
Louis  Railways,  and  is  a  member  of  the 
American  Medical  association,  the  Minne- 
sota State  Medical  society,  the  Academy  of 
Kailroad  Surgeons,  the  International  Asso- 
ciation of  Kailroad  Surgeons,  and  the  Minne- 
sota Academy  of  Medicine,  besides  several 
local  societies.  He  has  also  ser\'ed  as  presi- 
dent of  the  Minnesota  Valley  Medical  socie- 
ty. He  has  been  a  member  of  the  State  Med- 
ical Examining  Board  and  served  as  its  presi- 
dent in  1808.  Up  to  1806.  Dr.  Strickler  was 
a  Democrat.  He  supported  the  Republican 
ticket  that  year,  however,  and  since  then  has 
affiliated  with  the  Republican  party.  He  is 
now  a  member  of  the  board  of  regents  of  the 
University  of  Minnesota,  having  been  ap- 
pointed by  Governor  Van  Sant.  Tliis  ap- 
pointment was  all  the  more  gratifying  as  it 
is  the  fir-st  instance  in  the  history  of  that  in- 
stitution that  a  i)hysician  has  been  a  mem- 
ber of  this  board.  Dr.  Strickler  is  prominent 
in  Masonic  circles,  and  has  taken  the  thirty- 
third  degree.    He  is  also  a  Knight  Templar. 


O.  C.  STUICKLEK. 

While  of  strong  religious  convictions,  be  is 
a  liberal  in  his  beliefs  and  is  not  a  member 
of  any  church.  In  1887  he  was  married  to 
Emilie  Doehne,  of  New  Ulm.  To  them  have 
been  born  two  daughters,  Vera  Eleanora  and 
Leola  May.  A  brother  of  Dr.  Strickler  (A. 
F.  Strickler)  is  also  a  medical  practitioner, 
practicing  his  profession  at  Sleepy  Eye, 
Minn. 


SWIFT,  Lee,  the  superintendent  of  the 
city  schools  of  Tracy,  Minn.,  is  a  college  bred 
production  of  the  great  Northwest,  which, 
ill  the  minds  of  many  men  of  keen  observa- 
tion, is  the  best  possible  foundation  for  a  sue- 
ce.ssful  career  in  any  field.  He  was  born, 
December  5,  1850,  at  Cazenovia,  W^s.  His 
father,  Charles  Byron  Swift,  was  a  farmer. 
He  came  from  Ohio  to  Wisconsin  in  1856, 
thus  constituting  himself  one  of  the  pioneers 
of  the  state.  He  was  a  member  of  Company 
F,  Third  Wisconsin  cavalry  during  the  Civil 
War,  and  was  in  fair  financial  circumstances. 
The  maiden  name  of  Lee  Swift's  mother  was 
Caroline  A.  Huntly.  Mr.  Swift  modestly 
savs  that  his  earlv  education  was  obtained 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


LEE    SWIFT. 

in  a  "small  \illaj;e  stliool."  His  success  as 
a  teacher  makes  it  evident  that  it  must  have 
been  one  of  good  quality,  however  small. 
He  then  took  a  college  course  at  Eipon  Col- 
It  ge,  Wisconsin,  and  graduated  in  the  class 
of  1886.  He  chose  teaching  for  his  life  work. 
He  began  in  Wisconsin  and  taught  three  years 
in  that  state.  The  next  four  years  were  spent 
in  the  schools  of  South  Dakota,  and  he  has 
been  in  school  work  in  Minnesota  nine  yeai's, 
coming  to  Tracy,  where  he  is  now  engaged, 
in  1892.  This  succinct  record,  however,  does 
not  show  his  real  preparation  for  practical 
work  in  a  position  which  requires  a  knowl- 
edge of  men  and  things,  as  well  as  a  knowl- 
edge of  books,  and  a  literary  training,  so  to 
speak.  Before  entering  college — an  event  so 
curtly  noticed — Mr.  Swift  clerked  in  a  gen- 
eral store  i]i  Wisconsin,  where,  if  anywhere, 
a  man  can  gain  a  knowledge  of  human  na- 
ture, so  essential  to  school  discipline.  While 
teaching  in  the  same  state,  he  was  elected 
county  surveyor  of  Sauk  county,  and  served 
one  tenii.  In  1886  he  was  married  to  Carrie 
May  Blanchard.  They  have  three  children — 
Carrie  May,  Vera  Blanchard,  and  Ernest 
Fremont  Swift.  ^Ii-.  Swift  is  a  member  of 
the  Presbyterian  church. 


LEWIS,  Charles  Lundy. — A  position  on 
the  supreme  bench  is  one  of  the  highest  hon- 
ors in  the  power  of  the  commonwealth  to 
bestow.  The  universal  wish  of  the  people, 
regardless  of  party,  is  to  have  a  supreme 
judiciary  made  up  of  men  of  acknowledged 
ability  and  stainless  character.  It  is  a  seri- 
ous fault  of  our  judicial  system  that  the 
bench  should  be  brought  into  the  arena  of 
jiolitics.  Though  mistakes  are  sometimes 
made,  yet  it  is  to  the  credit  of  the  voter  that 
it  is  the  man,  not  the  party,  that  he  looks  to 
in  exercising  his  privilege  at  the  polls.  One 
of  the  most  capable  men  on  the  supreme 
bench  of  Minnesota  is  Charles  Lundy  Lewis. 
He  is  a  man  of  sterling  integrity  and  posses- 
ses in  high  degree  those  qualities  which  go 
to  make  up  the  best  equipment  of  a  consci- 
entious and  able  jurist.  Judge  Lewis  was 
born  on  a  farm  (in  the  house  in  which  his 
parents  still  live),  near  Ottawa,  La  Salle 
county,  111.,  March  8,  1852,  His  father, 
Samuel  R.  Lewis,  followed  the  occuijation  of 
farming  since  boyhood.  He  has  always  oc- 
cupied a  prominent  position  in  the  commu- 
nity in  which  he  lives,  filling  various  posi- 
tions of  trust,  and  representing  his  home 
county  in  the  state  legislature.  He  was  an 
active  member  of  the  original  Abolition 
party,  and  took  a  prominent  part  in  connec- 
tion with  the  well-known  ■"underground  rail- 
way" in  the  exciting  days  before  the  outbreak 
of  the  Civil  war.  His  political  affiliations 
have  always  been  with  the  Rei)ublican  party. 
He  is  still  living  at  the  ripe  old  age  of  82 
years.  His  wife,  Ann  E.  Harley,  was  of 
Dutch  descent,  and  the  daughter  of  a  sub- 
stantial fanner  of  Central  Illinois,  who  was 
one  of  the  pioneers  of  that  state.  She  was . 
born  in  Pennsylvania,  but  came  with  her 
parents  to  Illinois  when  quite  young.  Self- 
sacrifice  in  the  interest  of  others,  particular- 
ly her  husband  and  children,  has  been  a  dom- 
inant characteristic  of  her  life.  She  has  al- 
ways shown  great  affection  for  her  family 
and  wonderful  perseverance  in  promoting 
the  welfare  of  those  she  loved.  Though  sim- 
]>le  and  quiet  in  her  habits  of  life  she  has 
been  a  most  positive  force  in  the  character 
building  of  her  children.  She  is  still  living 
at  the  age  of  80.     Judge  Lewis'  ancestors  on 


HISTORY  OF  THIO  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


his  father's  side  were  Qualvers.  The  original 
Lewis,  knowD  in  family  history  as  Henry 
II.,  was  of  mixed  Scotch  and  Welsh  blood, 
and  came  from  Wales  about  the  time  of 
William  Peun  and  settled  in  Eastern  Penn- 
sylvania, near  l'hiladi'lj)hia.  As  a  rule  the 
members  of  the  family  have  all  been  agri- 
culturists, with  the  exception  of  one  who 
was  noted  in  Eastern  Pennsylvania  as  a 
mathematician.  They  did  not  attain  ])rom- 
inence  in  the  public  eye  but  were  honorable 
and  worthy  members  of  that  class  of  men 
who  contributed  so  largely  to  the  upbuild- 
ing of  this  country.  The  subject  of  this 
sketch  enjoyed  the  advantages  of  a  liberal 
education.  He  attended  the  coinmou  school 
of  his  district  until  he  was  sixteen  years 
of  age,  and  then  spent  two  years  in  the 
high  school  at  Ottawa,  HI.  He  went  from 
here  to  Chicago,  taking  a  two  years"  course 
in  the  academic  department  of  the  Chicago 
University.  He  entered  the  freshman  class 
of  this  institution  in  1872,  and  completed 
the  classical  course  in  this  and  the  sopho- 
more class,  but  the  university  falling  into 
financial  trouble  he  was  compelled  to  leave. 
He  complett'd  the  course  in  Oberlin  College, 
graduating  in  the  class  of  187fi,  and  tak- 
ing his  share  of  the  jjrizes  in  literature, 
oratory  and  debates.  While  in  attendance  at 
college,  Mr.  Lewis  came  in  contact  with  two 
different  phases  of  religious  thought  and 
methods  of  teaching.  The  University  of  Chi- 
cago, in  those  days  a  very  strict  Baptist  in- 
stitution, was  liberal  in  its  teaching,  devel- 
oping independence  in  study  and  self-govern- 
ment on  the  part  of  its  pupils.  Oberlin  Col- 
lege, on  the  other  hand,  while  also  under 
strict  sectarian  influence,  interfered  with  the 
individual  development  of  the  student  by 
rules  and  regulations  more  adapted  to  schol- 
ars of  a  tender  age.  This  wide  contrast  in 
method  could  not  fail  to  impress  the  receptive 
mind  of  the  subject  of  this  sketch.  He  was 
able  to  perceive  the  grievous  tendency  in  the 
educational  system  of  those  days  to  contine 
the  student  to  routine  and  tixed  standards, 
and  its  logical  result  in  hindering  his  de- 
velopment through  original  processes  of 
thought.  This  served  as  an  incentive  in  his 
own  study  and  in  the  development  of  latent 


CH,\I!LES    L.    LKWIS. 

resources  within  himself.  He  realized  early 
that  the  student's  natural  trend  of  thought 
should  be  given  a  practical  turn  in  his  educa- 
tion, and  this  no  doubt  was  of  great  influence 
in  shaping  his  after  career.  He  did  not  en- 
joy, on  leaving  college,  the  advantages  of 
a  training  in  a  law  school,  but  gained  his 
knowledge  of  the  legal  profession  by  a  three 
years"  clerkship  in  a  law  office  and  private 
reading.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1879,  coming  to  Minnesota  in  September  of 
that  year,  settling  at  Fergus  Falls.  He  be- 
gan here  the  practice  of  his  profession,  and 
succeeded  in  winning  for  himself  a  fairly 
successful  law  practice.  He  was  elected 
county  attorney  of  Otter  Tail  county  in  1884, 
and  was  re-elected  to  the  same  position  in 
1886,  serving  to  the  end  of  his  second  term. 
Believing  that  Duluth  afforded  wider  oppor- 
tunities for  the  successful  practice  of  his 
profession,  he  moved  there  in  1891.  In  1893, 
he  was  appointed  judge  of  the  Eleventh  Ju- 
dicial District  by  Gov.  Nelson  to  fill  the  po- 
sition provided  by  the  legislature  of  that 
year.  In  the  November  elections  of  the  year 
following  he  was  elected  to  this  office  for  the 
next  ensuing  term  of  six  years.  In  Septem- 
ber, 1895,  he  resigned  his  judicial  ofiQce  to 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


resume  general  practice.  This  was  contin- 
ued until  his  election  as  associate  justice  in 
November,  1898.  Judge  Lewis  has  dis- 
charged the  duties  of  his  office  with  great 
ability  and  has  won  the  confidence  of  the 
people  as  well  as  that  of  members  of  the 
legal  profession.  He  is  a  quiet  and  unas- 
suming man,  reserved  in  his  habits  and  a 
lover  of  home  life.  His  natural  inclinations 
are  toward  what  is  most  beautiful  in  life, 
and  in  the  loving  influence  of  his  home  he 
finds  the  greatest  hapjjiness.  When  in  need 
of  recreation  nothing  gives  him  more  pleas- 
ure than  to  piclc  up  the  rod  or  gun  and  take 
a  tramp  in  the  woods.  Judge  Lewis  is  a 
member  of  the  Masonic  fraternity.  While 
not  a  member  of  any  church,  he  belongs  to 
the  liberal  class  of  thinkers  along  religious 
lines,  and  generally  attends  service  where  he 
can  have  the  advantage  of  listening  to  the 
most  intelligent  discourse  from  the  pulpit. 
He  was  married,  in  1880,  to  Janet  D.  Moore, 
of  Minneapolis.  They  have  four  children: 
Laurel,  aged  17;  Murray,  aged  14;  Charles 
L.,  aged  11,  and  Margaret,  aged  9. 


ANKENY,  Alexander  Thompson,  of 
Minneapolis,  is  of  German  and  French  de- 
scent on  his  father's  side  and  of  English 
and  Scotch  on  his  mother's.  His  paternal 
ancestors  were  Huguenots,  in  the  border- 
land of  Germany  and  France.  The  founder 
of  the  family  in  America  was  De  Walt 
Ankeny,  the  great  grandfather  of  the  sub- 
ject of  this  sketch.  He  was  born  in  Wur- 
temburg,  Germany,  in  1728,  came  to  Phila- 
delphia in  1745  and  the  following  year  made 
a  settlement  on  lands  in  Washington  coun- 
ty, Md.,  naming  his  farm  "Well  Pleased." 
He  was  twice  married,  first  to  Mary  Jane 
Uomer  and  at  her  death  to  Margaret  Fred- 
erick. Peter  Ankeny,  the  grandfather,  was 
the  second  son  of  the  first  marriage  and  was 
born  in  1751.  He  was  married  in  1773  to 
Rosina  Bonnet,  who  was  a  daughter  of  John 
Bonnet  and  Mary  Bickley,  also  from  the 
same  part  of  the  old  country.  The  new 
couple  at  once  set  out  with  pack  horses  and 
crossed  the  Alleghenies,  settling  at  what 
afterwards  came  to  be  Somerset,  Pa,     He 


also  served  as  a  captain  in  the  Revolution- 
ary War.  Isaac  Ankeny,  the  fourth  son, 
and  the  father,  was  born  in  1792  and  in  1820 
was  married  to  Eleanor  Parker.  She  was 
a  daughter  of  John  Parker  and  Agnes 
<  Jraham.  John  Parker  was  a  son  of  Thomas 
Parker  and  Eleanor  Ferguson,  born  in  the 
north  of  Ireland  in  1720  and  1727.  respec- 
tively. Agnes  Graham  was  a  daughter  of 
Judge  John  Graham,  of  Bedford  county, 
Pa.,  and  was  born  in  1770  and  died  in  1852. 
The  family  of  Grahams  traces  its  connec- 
tion back  to  the  Grahams  of  Scotland. 

Isaac  Ankeny  was  a  man  of  prominence, 
holding  several  important  public  positions 
of  honor  and  trust.  He  died  at  Somerset  in 
1853,  his  wife  surviving  until  1879.  They 
had  a  family  of  four  boys  and  six  girls,  four 
of  the  family  still  living.  William  P.  An- 
keny, of  Minneapolis,  was  the  oldest,  and 
was  an  early  settler  and  an  honored  citizen. 
He  died  in  1877.  John  J.  Ankeny,  an  older 
brother,  was  postmaster  of  Minneapolis 
under  President  Cleveland. 

Alexander  Thompson  Ankeny,  named 
after  a  distinguished  judge  of  Pennsylvania, 
w^as  born  at  Somerset,  Pa.,  December  27, 
1837.  His  early  education  was  in  the  home 
schools.  At  the  age  of  fifteen  he  was  sent 
to  the  Disciples'  college  at  Hiram,  Ohio,  at 
which  time  President  Garfield  was  an  instruc- 
tor. Two  years  later  he  attended  an  acad- 
emy at  Morgantown,  W.  Va.,  then  under 
Rev.  J.  R.  Moore,  and  at  which  time  Judge 
William  Mitchell  of  Minnesota  was  an  in- 
structor. The  acquaintance  thus  formed 
with  these  men,  who  afterwards  became  so 
distinguished,  ended  only  with  their  death, 
and  was  in  several  instances  helpful  to  all 
concerned.  In  1857  Mr.  Ankeny  entered 
Jefferson  college  at  Canonsburg,  Pa.,  where 
he  remained  until  the  spring  of  1859,  when 
he  received  an  appointment  at  Washington, 
D.  C,  in  the  office  of  Hon.  Jeremiah  S. 
Black,  attorney  general.  At  this  time  Hon. 
Edwin  M.  Stanton  was  also  connected  with 
the  office.  Here  he  read  law,  and  at  the 
close  of  the  administration  returned  to 
Somerset  and  entered  upon  the  practice  of 
his  profession.  He  tried  and  won  his  first 
case    on   the    day    Fort   Sumter   was    fired 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


upon.  Upon  the  appointment,  by  President 
Lincoln,  of  Mr.  Stanton  as  secretary  of  war, 
in  18C2,  Mr.  Anlceny  accepted  a  position  in 
the  war  department,  where  he  remained  to 
the  close  of  the  war.  He  returned  to  Som- 
erset, engaging  in  the  practice  of  law,  and 
was  also  connected  with  a  private  bank. 

In  1872  Mr.  Ankeny  removed  to  Minne- 
apolis and  engaged  in  the  lumber  business 
with  his  brother,  William  P.  Ankeny.  On 
the  death  of  the  latter  he  devoted  himself  to 
closing  up  the  affairs  of  the  large  estate, 
and  ill  187!)  resumed  the  practice  of  law, 
in  which  he  has  ever  since  engaged,  main 
taining  a  high  position  at  the  bar.  Puring 
his  life  in  Minneapolis  few  citizens  have 
rendered  more  or  more  valuable  services  to 
the  public,  and  almost  uniformly  without 
compensation.  In  1S77  he  served  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  board  of  education  of  the  west 
division  of  the  city.  He  was  then  one  of  a 
committee  of  ten  which  formulated  the  plan 
for  the  complete  union  of  the  east  and  west 
divisions  of  the  city.  In  18SG  he  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  board  of  education,  re- 
elected in  1889,  and  up  to  January,  1895, 
served  as  president  of  the  board,  being  also 
ex-officio  a  member  of  the  library  board. 
He  had  much  to  do  with  securing  the  pas- 
sage by  the  legislature  of  our  present  free 
text  book  law,  and  aided  materially  in  plac- 
ing the  system  in  successful  operation  in 
Minneapolis.  In  1899  he  was  appointed  by 
Governor  Lind  a  member  of  the  board  of 
directors  of  the  State  Normal  schools,  and 
was  at  once  elected  as  its  president.  On 
the  subject  of  public  education  Mr.  Ankeny 
has  justly  been  regarded  as  an  authority,  as 
his  many  public  addresses  on  that  subject 
amplj'  testify. 

By  birth  and  conviction  Mr.  Ankeny  has 
always  been  a  Democrat.  He  believed  that 
its  principles  were  such  only  as  could  bring 
to  the  people  the  fullest  development  and 
the  greatest  happiness.  He  therefore  clung 
to  it  in  good  as  well  as  evil  report.  If  it 
erred  he  did  not  forsake  it,  but  simply 
waited  until  it  should  resume  its  rightful 
position  on  public  questions.  He  frequent- 
ly stood  as  the  candidate  of  his  party  al- 
though, as  a  rule,  living  in  a  minority  dis- 


ALEXANDER  T.  ANKENY. 

Irict.  In  1885  he  was  the  candidate  for 
municipal  judge,  in  1890  one  of  the  four 
candidates  for  district  judge,  and  in  1896 
for  mayor  of  Minneapolis.  From  IgiSS  to 
1894  he  was  a  member  of  the  executive  com- 
mittee of  the  National  Association  of  Dem- 
ocratic clubs.  From  1886  to  1888  he  was  a 
member  of  the  Democratic  state  central 
committee.  In  the  state  campaign  of  1886 
he  was  chairman  of  the  committee  on  plat- 
foi'm,  and  for  the  first  time  in  this  country 
a  recommendation  was  made  for  the  adop- 
tion of  the  Australian  system  of  voting, 
now  in  almost  general  use.  In  the  state 
campaign  of  1898  he  practically  outlined 
the  poli(-y  of  the  party  in  its  platform,  and 
largely  through  that  policy  a  Democratic 
governor  was  elected.  In  the  campaign  of 
1900  Mr.  Ankeny  did  not  actively  partici- 
pate, though  honorably  supporting  the  par- 
ty candidates.  He  then  firmly  believed  in 
maintaining  control  of  all  the  territory  ac- 
quired through  the  treaty  with  Spain,  and 
could  foresee  nothing  but  defeat  in  any  at- 
tempt to  thwart  what  he  believed  was  our 
manifest  destiny. 

In   his  profession  as   well   as   in   other 
business    enterprises    Mr.    Ankeny    has    al- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


ways  been  regarded  a  man  of  cool  and  de- 
liberate judgment.  Ue  was  one  of  the  in- 
corporators of  the  Masonic  Temple  associa- 
tion, of  Minneapolis,  and  has  ever  since  been 
first  the  vice-president,  then  president  of 
its  board  of  directors.  In  January,  1900, 
he  was  appointed  by  the  judges  of  the  dis- 
trict court  one  of  the  fifteen  charter  com- 
missioners, and  in  the  revision  of  that  year 
rendered  valuable  and  conspicuous  services. 
Mr.  Ankeny  was  married  at  Wheeling, 
W.  Va,,  in  1801  to  Miss  :Martha  V.  Moore, 
daughter  of  John  Moore.  They  had  one 
son  and  four  daughters,  all  residing  in  Min- 
neajwlis,  except  the  oldest,  Mrs.  Florence 
McKusick,  who  died  at  Duluth,  Minn.,  in 
February,  1900.  The  family  are  connected 
with  the  I'ortland  Avenue  Church  of  Christ 
of  this  city. 


FARNS WORTH,  Sumner  Amasa,  princi- 
pal of  the  Cleveland  High  School,  of  St.  Paul, 
Minn.,  is  a  native  of  Wisconsin,  and  was 
bom  at  Bristol,  Kenosha  county,  November 
26,  1852.  He  is  descended  from  Puritan 
stock.  His  paternal  great  great  grandfather, 
Matthias  Farnsworth,  was  one  of  the  original 
settlers  of  Groton,  Mass.,  about  1664. 
Simeon,  his  tenth  son,  moved  to  Washing- 
ton, N.  H.,  in  1781.  His  son,  Daniel,  was 
born  at  Goshen,  in  that  state,  April  9,  of  the 
following  year.  Joel  Farnsworth,  the  son  of 
Daniel,  and  the  father  of  the  subject  of  this 
sketch,  was  born  March  15,  1818,  at  Wash- 
ington, N.  H.  He  was  married  June  18, 
1840,  in  Stoddard,  N.  H.,  to  Mary  B.  Fair- 
banks, who  was  a  native  of  that  town,  born 
March  20,  1820.  Her  grandfather,  Aaron 
Fairbanks,  was  an  early  settler  of  Dedham, 
Mass.,  where  his  son,  Amasa,  the  father  of 
Mary,  was  born.  Joel  Farnsworth  moved 
with  his  family  to  Bristol,  Wis.,  in  April, 
1852.  His  wife  died  June  10  of  the  follow- 
ing year.  He  is  still  living  at  the  advanced 
age  of  eighty-three  years,  and  is  retired  from 
active  work.  While  a  resident  of  New 
Hampshire  he  served  as  a  captain  of  the  state 
militia.  Sumner  received  his  early  educa- 
tion in  the  country  schools,  and  later  in  the 
village  schools  of  River  Falls,  Wis.     After 


finishing  the  course  ollered  therein,  he  taught 
five  years  in  the  country  schools.  In  the  fall 
of  1875  he  entered  the  advanced  class  in  the 
State  Normal  School  at  River  Falls.  He  was 
compelled  to  give  up  his  studies,  however, 
after  a  year  of  hard  work.  In  September, 
1876,  he  was  elected  superintendent  of  the 
public  schools  of  River  Falls.  He  gave  this 
jiosition  up  the  following  spring  and  came  to 
Minnesota,  locating  on  a  homestead  at  Ada, 
Norman  county,  and  proceeded  to  open  up  a 
farm.  He  gave  up  agricultural  pursuits, 
however,  the  following  fall,  having  been 
elected  superintendent  of  schools  at  Brainerd. 
He  served  in  this  position  for  three  yeai-s, 
resigning  to  take  a  position  as  cashier  and 
bookkeeper  for  L.  L.  Ramstad  &  Co.,  a  large 
general  merchandise  firm  at  Ada.  He  re- 
mained with  this  concern  for  two  j-ears,  at 
the  same  time  serving  as  deputy  postmaster. 
He  was  also  chairman  of  the  town  board  of 
supervisors  for  one  year.  He  was  one  of  the 
pioneers  of  the  Red  River  Valley  and  a  dele- 
gate from  Norman  county  to  the  Red  River 
Valley  drainage  convention  and  was  elected 
secretary  of  the  commission  that  so  suc- 
cessfully conducted  the  topographical  survey 
of  the  valley,  which  survey  has  been  the 
basis  of  all  drainage  work  done  in  that  sec- 
tion. In  1882,  he  was  elected  superintendent 
of  the  schools  at  Crookston  and  served  in 
this  oltice  for  two  years,  resigning  to  accept 
a  similar  position  at  Ada.  In  1886  he  was 
offered  the  i^osition  of  principal  of  the  Cleve- 
land High  School  at  St.  Paul,  which  he  ac- 
cepted, taking  charge  of  the  school  in  Sep- 
tember. He  has  held  this  position  ever  since. 
The  enrollment  has  gradually  increased  to 
its  present  figure,  1,300,  which  makes  it  the 
largest  graded  school  in  the  North  Star  state. 
The  enrollment  includes  200  high  school  pu- 
pils, and  the  curriculum  covers  a  period  of 
twelve  years'  work.  Mr.  Farnsworth  is  a 
firm  believer  in  the  power  and  influence  of 
good  men  and  women  in  the  educational  field, 
and  the  thirty-two  teachers  on  his  staff  are 
thoroughly  competent  in  their  particular 
lines.  In  1896,  he  took  the  examination  of 
the  board  of  regents  and  graduated  in  the 
advanced  course  of  the  River  Falls,  Wis., 
State  Normal  School.    In  the  fall  of    the 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


same  year,  upou  the  uuanimous  recoiumen- 
datioii  of  the  presidents  of  the  four  uornial 
schools,  he  was  granted  a  life  professional 
certificate  for  Minnesota.  Mr.  Farnsvvorth 
has  alwa.ys  taken  a  deep  interest  in  educa- 
tional matters.  He  has  taught  in  the  state 
summer  schools  at  different  times,  and  was 
the  first  president  of  the  Twin  City  School- 
masters" Club.  For  six  years  he  was  gen- 
eral secretary  and  financial  manager  of  the 
State  Teachers'  Association,  and  was  presi- 
dent of  the  associarion  for  one  year.  He  was 
Instrumental  in  having  the  proceedings  of  its 
annual  meetings  put  in  printed  form  for  the 
first  time,  and  later  succeeded  in  gefting  the 
legislature  to  pass  a  law  which  provided  for 
the  printing  of  the  proceedings  by  the  state. 
He  was  chairman  of  the  committee  on  legis- 
lation of  this  association  for  twelve  years 
and  aided  in  the  securing  of  much  needed 
legislation.  He  has  been  an  active  mem- 
ber of  the  jN'ational  Educational  Associa- 
tion since  1891,  holding  at  one  time  the 
position  of  state  manager.  For  three  con- 
secutive terms  he  has  been  elected  presi- 
dent of  the  St.  Paul  City  Teachers'  As- 
sociation. He  has  always  been  active  in  pro- 
moting the  welfare  of  the  teachers  of  his 
home  city,  and  instrumental  in  having  many 
points  in  question  decided  for  the  board  and 
teachers.  He  is  a  strong  advocate  in  favor 
of  perfect  freedom  of  action  on  the  part  of 
employes  of  boards  of  education.  He  was 
editor  and  proprietor  of  the  "Twin  City 
Teacher"  for  one  year.  He  is  also  a  member 
of  the  National  Geographic  Association. 
Mr.  Farnsworth's  position  as  a  teacher  has 
in  a  certain  sense  kept  him  out  of  active  poli- 
ties, but  he  has  always  felt  free  to  express 
himself  and  been  independent  enough  to  vote 
for  men  as  well  as  principles.  Mr.  Farns- 
worth  is  prominently  identified  with  a  num- 
ber of  fraternal  oi'ders.  He  has  been  a  mem 
ber  of  the  I.  O.  O.  F.  since  1873,  has  held  all 
the  offices  in  the  subordinate  lodge,  is  present 
deputy  grand  master  of  Minnesota,  and  is  a 
member  of  the  encampment  branch.  He  is 
also  a  member  of  the  A.  F.  and  A.  M.,  and 
has  held  the  ofiices  of  senior  deacon  and 
senior  warden  in  St.  Paul  Lodge  No.  3.  He 
has  been  a  member  of  the  Masonic  Union  of 


SUMNER   A.    FAUNSWORTH. 

St.  Paul,  the  Order  of  the  Eastern  Star,  St. 
Paul  Chapter  No.  24,  and  is  a  past  worthy^ 
patron  in  the  same,  and  has  taken  th^  four- 
teenth degree  in  the  Scottish  Rite.  He  is 
president  of  the  East  Side  Business  Men"s 
Club  of  St.  Paul.  Every  enterprise  tending 
to  promote  the  business  interests  of  his  sec- 
tion of  the  city  has  always  received  his  ear- 
nest and  heartj'  support.  While  not  a  mem- 
ber of  any  church,  Mr.  Farnsworth  has  been 
an  attendant  and  a  supporter  of  the  Pres- 
byterian church  since  his  residence  in  the 
Saintly  City.  He  was  married  October  21, 
187!),  at  Glyndou,  Minn.,  to  Eliza  L.  Gross. 
One  child,  a  boy,  died  in  infancy  at  Crooks- 
ton,  Minn. 


NYE,  Carroll  Anderson,  who  has  the 
noted  record  of  being  county  attorney  of 
Clay  county  for  eight  years — a  county  which 
embraces  Moorhead,  with  its  State  Normal 
School  and  a  population  not  surpassed  in  pro- 
gressive ideas  and  intelligence  in  the  state — 
was  born  in  St.  Croix  county,  Wis.  His  father 
was  a  native  of  Maine,  and  a  farmer.  He 
was  of  mixed  descent,  French  and  Welsh. 
His  wife  was  also  a  native  of  the  same  state, 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


CARROLL  A.   NVE. 

and  Freucli  and  English.  In  1S52  lie  came 
to  St.  Oroix  L'ouuty,  Wis.,  and  took  up  a  farm. 
Carroll  was  brougbt  up  on  a  farm,  going  to 
dstrict  school  winters  and  working  on  the 
farm  in  summer,  until  he  was  seventeen  years 
of  age,  when  he  went  to  the  State  Nonnal 
School  at  River  Palls,  Wis.,  for  several  tenus, 
paying  his  way  by  teaching  schools  at  inter- 
vals. The  first  money  he  earned,  however, 
was  by  working  on  a  farm  in  the  neighboi"- 
hood  by  the  month.  His  brother,  Frank  M. 
Nye,  the  well  known  attorney  of  Minnesota, 
and  formerly  county  attorney  of  Hennepin 
county,  Minn.,  was  then  pi-acticing  law  in  a 
small  town  in  Wisconsin.  Carroll  began  to 
study  law  in  his  ofBce.  After  a  preparatory 
course  there  he  entered  the  law  department 
of  the  State  Univei'sity,  and  graduated  in 
the  class  of  1886.  A  few  months  afterwards, 
January,  1887,  he  went  to  Moorhead,  Clay 
county,  Minn.,  and  began  to  practice  his  pro- 
fession. Previous  to  this,  December  30,  18S6, 
he  was  married  to  Miss  Mary  A.  Gordon,  of 
Madison,  Wis.  They  have  a  boy,  James  Gor- 
don Nye,  nine  years  old.  Mr.  Nye  met  with 
almost  instant  success  at  Moorhead.  His  fine 
natural  abilities  supplemented  the  thorough 
training  he  received,  and  he  only  needed  an 


ojiportunity  for  exercise  to  demonstrate  his 
capacity  for  taking  a  high  rank  in  his  pro- 
fession. Within  two  years  he  had  establish- 
ed a  reputation  which  secured  for  him  the 
{)osition  of  city  attorney  of  Moorhead.  So 
well  did  he  discharge  the  duties  of  the  ofiBce 
that  he  was  continued  in  it  for  four  tenns. 
In  1893  he  was  elected  county  attorney  of 
Clay  count}',  and  was  re-elected  again  and 
again,  until,  as  already  mentioned,  he  was 
elected  for  the  fourth  temi.  No  comment  on 
such  a  career  need  be  made,  when  the  char- 
acter of  the  service  required  and  the  intelli- 
gence of  the  community  are  considered.  This 
is  also  more  remarkable  when  it  is  known 
that  he  is  absolutely  independent  in  politics. 
In  January,  1899,  Goveraor  Lind  appointed 
him  resident  director  of  the  State  Nonnal 
School  of  Moorhead  for  the  term  of  four 
years.  He  has  built  up  a  large  and  lucrative 
practice,  outside  of  his  official  sphere,  em- 
bracing neai"ly  all  branches  of  his  profession. 
In  religion  he  affiliates  with  the  Congrega- 
tional church,  of  which  he  is  a  liberal  sup- 
porter, although  not  enrolled  as  a  member. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Masonic  fraternity, 
the  Knights  of  Pythias,  and  the  Ancient 
Order  of  United  Workmen. 


BUDD,  Joseph  Danly,  is  one  of  the  lead- 
ing surgeons  in  northern  Minnesota  and  is 
regarded  as  one  of  the  best  railroad  surgeons 
in  the  state.  He  is  chief  surgeon  of  the  Du- 
luth  &  Iron  Range  Railway  Company  and  re- 
sides at  Two  Harbors.  The  Budd  family  can 
be  traced  back  to  an  early  French  family  of 
that  name.  The  members  of  the  family  resid- 
ing in  this  country  held  a  reunion  at  Budd's 
Lake,  Morris  county,  N.  J.,  in  1878,  and  Col- 
onel Enos  G.  Budd,  a  prominent  member  of 
the  family,  read  a  paper  tracing  the  name 
back  to  the  period  before  William  of  Nor 
mandy  came  to  England.  From  this  address 
it  is  learned  that  in  the  early  days  of  Nor- 
mandy and  the  French  Empire  one  Jean 
Budd  was  a  bai'on  of  influence  and  took  an 
active  part  in  the  stirring  events  of  that  time. 
His  descendants  naturally  followed  in  his 
footsteps  and  one  branch  of  the  family,  after 
taking  the  side  of  the  people  against  a  tyran- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  OIJKAT  XOir|-II\VKST. 


nical  ruler,  were  obliged  to  flee  with  their 
families.  They  joined  the  following  of  Will- 
iam the  Conqueror  and  with  him  landed  in 
England  when  thev  took  rank  with  the 
others  of  the  invading  force.  The  family  has 
always  been  among  the  leadere  in  publi'- 
matters  and  one  member  became  a  minister 
of  high  rank  in  the  English  church.  The 
first  of  the  family  to  come  to  America  were 
three  brothers.  John,  Joseph  and  Thomas, 
who.  in  16.3.3,  located  at  various  places  in 
yew  England,  and  from  these  three  are  de- 
scended nearly  all  of  the  Hudd  family  resid- 
ing in  America.  I).  H.  liudd.  the  father  of 
the  subject  of  this  sketch,  came  west  in  1847 
and  located  at  Lancaster,  Wis.,  and  carried 
on  a  manufacturing  business,  dealing  in 
wagons,  carriages  and  sleighs.  He  was  an 
active  Hepublican  and  held  numerous  ]»ublic 
offices,  including  that  of  judge  of  i)robate  for 
four  years.  Tlie  mother  of  .Joseph  J).  IJudd 
was  formerly  a  Miss  Eliza  M.  Rich,  and  she 
is  a  direct  descendant  of  John  ,\ldeu  and 
Priscilla,  of  Puritan  fame.  Dr.  Hudd  was 
born.  ^Nfay  ."j.  1"*48.  at  Lancaster.  \\'is.,  and 
was  attending  the  village  high  school  when, 
in  ISO."),  at  the  age  of  sixteen,  he  enlisted  in 
f'omjiany  H.  of  the  .50th  Wisconsin  Volun- 
teer Infantry.  He  saw  service  in  ^lissouri. 
and  in  Dakota  on  frontier  duty.  He  entered 
Lawrence  T'ni versify  at  Appleton,  Wis.,  and 
was  gi-aduated  in  1872  with  the  degree  of 
M.  S.  He  taught  school  for  several  yeai-s  and 
then  decided  to  study  medicine  and  is  a  grad- 
uate of  the  St.  Paul  :Medical  Colh-ge.  then 
otfering  instruction  at  St.  I'aul.  but  discon- 
tinued at  the  time  the  State  T'niversity  Med- 
ical College  was  organized.  Dr.  Budd  jirac- 
ticed  for  a  numV>er  of  years  at  Fayette,  ^fich.. 
but  came  to  Minnr'sota  in  1887.  In  1880  he 
was  appointed  chief  surgeon  of  the  Duluth 
&  Iron  Range  Railroad  and  removed  to  Two 
Haibors.  his  jiresent  home.  He  is  deeply  in- 
terested in  his  profession  and  has  taken  jiost 
graduate  courses  at  the  Chicago  Policlinic 
during  the  years  ISOO.  1808  and  1000.  He  is 
a  member  of  the  International  .\ssor-iation 
of  Railroad  Surgeons.  Dr.  P.udd  is  a  follower 
of  Republicanism  and  has  taken  an  active 
part  in  local  jiolitics,  and  has  served  as  cor- 
oner and  as  county  physician.    For  ten  years 


.iiisi:iMi  h.  r.i  i/ii. 

he  has  also  Im-i-m  IiimIIJi  uHicer  ;il  Two  ll;ir 
bors.  He  is  a  member  of  ihe  <i.  A.  R.,  affili- 
ating with  Culver  Post  at  Duluth.  Dr.  liudd 
\\as  iiian-ied  in  1882  to  Miss  Margaret»Car- 
eiici-.  He  has  a  daughter.  Leila  !M.  I>udd, 
born  in  180r{. 


S.M'TER.  Otto  Edward. — Judge  ().  E. 
Sauter.  of  Crafton.  >.'.  D..  has  shown  unusual 
stability  of  character  in  the  fact  that  having 
ciutie  to  Craftcm  immediately  after  gradua- 
tion from  the  law  dejiartment  of  the  ^Miclii- 
gan  I'niversity,  with  the  degree  of  P.achejoi- 
of  Laws,  in  1882,  he  has  ever  since  made  that 
cily  his  home.  He  was  also  a  memf)er  of  the 
Phi  Delta  I'hi  law  fraternity.  He  was  born 
ai  Chicago.  111.,  Sei.tember  17,  18.10.  He  was 
tin-  son  of  Jacob  Sauter,  who  removed  from 
Connecticut  in  1837.  He  was  in  moderate 
financial  circumstances,  and  served  the  city 
of  Chicago  as  a  lieutenant  of  the  police.  He 
died  of  pneumonia  in  180.5.  He  was  married 
in  L'<42  to  Anna  M.  Schmidt.  vvhos<'  parents 
came  from  France  in  1818  and  settled  in  New 
York,  where  they  remained  until  1840,  when 
they  came  to  Chicago.  Otto  was  only  six 
vears  old  when  his  father  died.    Much  of  his 


HISTORY  OF  TPIE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


OTTO  E.   SAUTER. 

success  must  therefore  be  attributed  to  his 
mother,  who  lived  until  October  13,  1893. 
Judge  Sauter  obtained  his  early  education 
in  the  public  schools  of  Chicago.  That  he 
was  a  good  scholar  is  shown  by  his  taking 
the  "Foster  Medal"  for  scholarship  on  gradu- 
ating from  the  grammar  school  to  the  high 
school  in  1876.  Afterwards  he  entered  the 
University  of  Michigan.  When  he  chose  the 
profession  of  law  he  did  not  confine  himself 
to  the  mere  school  studies.  He  read  law  in 
Iowa  in  1881,  and  in  1882,  previous  to  his 
graduation,  he  took  the  bar  examination  in 
Michigan  and  was  admitted  to  practice  in 
Januai-y  of  that  year.  He  came  to  Grafton, 
May  28,  1882,  and  opened  an  oflSce  on  the 
first  of  June,  in  partnership  with  C.  A.  Cle- 
land,  under  the  firm  name  of  Cleland  &  Sau- 
ter.  This  partnership  was  continued  until 
1890,  when  Mr.  Sauter  practiced  alone  until 
1893.  January  1,  1893,  he  formed  a  partner- 
ship with  J.  H.  Fraine.  This  firm  was  dis- 
solved by  the  appointment  of  Mr.  Sauter  to  a 
seat  on  the  bench  as  judge  of  the  Seventh 
judicial  district  of  North  Dakota,  April  15, 
1895.  In  November,  1896.  Judge  Sauter  M'as 
elected  for  four  years  to  succeed  himself,  his 
term  of  office  expiring  January  1,  1901.  He 
had  as  competitors  in  this  election  C.  A.  M. 


Spencer,  and  N.  C.  Young,  afterwards  judge 
of  the  supreme  court  of  the  state.  Judge 
Sauter  was  not  a  candidate  for  re-election, 
and  retired  from  the  bench  on  the  expiration 
(if  his  term.  On  the  eighth  of  January  fol- 
lowing, he  opened  an  ofiice  in  Grafton  to  re- 
smiie  his  practice.  In  1881  he  was  married 
Id  Mamie  M.  McCarthy,  the  daughter  of  Col. 
I>.  F.  McCarthy,  formerly  of  Faribault,  :Minn.. 
hilt  now  of  Ansgar,  Iowa,  where  the  marriage 
took  place.  They  have  two  children,  Marie 
Sauter,  born  in  1889,  and  Jean  Sauter,  bom 
in  1891.  The  judge  is  not  enrolled  as  the 
meiuber  of  any  church.  In  politics  he  is  a 
Republican.  He  was  active  in  the  Garfield 
campaign  of  1880  and  made  political  ad- 
dresses in  Iowa.  He  then  cast  his  first  vote, 
and  has  at  all  times  affiliated  with  the  Re- 
publican party.  With  the  exception  of  the 
judgeship,  which  was  in  the  line  of  his  pro- 
fession, he  has  never  held  office. 


KNOWLES,  Hiram.— A  seat  on  the 
bench  of  the  United  States  court  is  one  of  the 
highest  honors  of  the  legal  profession.  It  is 
a  dignity  of  which  any  man  might  feel  proud. 
It  carries  with  it  prima  facie  evidence  of  at- 
tainments and  character  which  cost  some- 
thing to  acquire,  and  which  secure  the  re- 
spect of  the  community.  The  people  of  the 
United  States  have  been  fortunate  in  the  na- 
tional  judiciary,  the  high  character  of  which 
has  never  been  impeached,  and  it  is  natural 
that  the  lives  of  the  men  who  have  worn  the 
ermine  with  such  honor,  should  be  of  inter- 
est to  the  public.  Among  those  of  the  North- 
west who  have  served  in  this  cai>acity  with 
credit,  the  name  of  Judge  Hiram  Knowles, 
of  Helena,  Mont.,  could  not  be  omitted.  He 
is  of  New  England  lineage,  to  which  the 
Northwest  is  so  greatly  indebted.  He  was 
born  at  Hampden,  Maine,  in  1834.  His  father 
was  Dr.  Freeman  Knowles,  a  descendant  of 
Richard  Knowles,  a  sea  captain,  who  settled 
in  eastern  Massachusetts  between  1640  and 
1650.  Freeman  Knowles  was  also  a  sea  cap- 
tain in  early  life,  but  afterwards  studied  med- 
icine and  become  a  physician,  and  was  in  fair 
material  circumstances.  His  wife,  Hiram's 
mother,  was  Emily  Smith,  bom  in  Maine. 


HISTORY  OP  THE  GREAT  NORTHAVEST. 


Her  father  was  a  land  surveyor,  born  in  New 
Hampshire,  at  or  near  Concord.  Judge 
Knowles  received  his  early  education  in  the 
public  schools  of  Iowa,  and  prepared  for  col- 
lege at  the  Denmark  Academy.  He  attend- 
ed Antioch  College,  Ohio,  when  Horace  Man 
— one  of  the  most  distinguished  teachers  the 
country  has  produced — was  president.  His 
professional  education  was  begun  in  18.58  and 
18.59,  in  the  office  with  Hon.  Samuel  F.  Mill- 
er, late  a  justice  of  the  sujjreme  court  of  the 
T'nited  States.  He  then  entered  the  Harvard 
Law  School,  one  of  the  most  eminent  law 
colleges  in  the  United  States,  and  graduated 
in  the  class  of  1860.  He  selected  the  Terri- 
tory of  Nevada  as  his  field  of  practice,  and 
in  186.S  was  appointed  prosecuting  attorney 
of  Humboldt  county.  The  same  year  he  was 
elected  probate  judge  of  the  county.  After 
serving  his  term  until  1865,  he  went  to  Idaho 
and  practiced  law  there  one  year,  in  partner- 
ship witli  Frank  Ganahl.  In  1866  he  settled 
in  Montana,  then  a  territory.  Two  years  later 
he  was  appointed  as  associate  justice  of  the 
supreme  cour-t  of  the  territory  of  Montana. 
He  filled  this  resjjonsible  position  for  eleven 
years,  and  finally  resigned  in  187i1,  to  re 
sume  the  practice  of  law  at  Butte,  Mont.  In 
February,  1890.  he  was  appointed  United 
States  district  judge  for  the  state  of  Mon- 
tana, the  office  which  he  still  holds.  Judge 
Knowles  has  had  a  professional  experience 
almost  unique.  Few  men  have  been  so  close- 
ly connected  with  the  novel  conditions  of 
communites  in  formation.  While  the  prin- 
ciples of  law  may  be  well  established  in  old 
settled  countries,  circumstances  in  a  new  one 
may  compel  such  application  of  legal  deci- 
sions as  will  be  tantamount  to  a  new  depar- 
ture, upsetting  many  preconceived  notions. 
Questions  arise  which  have  never  been  ad- 
judicated because  similar  conditions  have 
never  before  existed.  Statutes  are  called  into 
being  to  meet  emergencies  that  could  not  be 
anticipated;  thus  a  body  of  laws,  dithering 
in  many  respects  from  that  ever  before 
known,  was  developed  in  the  new  mountain 
states.  A  man  schooled  for  more  than  thirty 
years  in  such  a  curriculum  should  become 
fitted  to  occupy  a  seat  on  the  bench  of  the 
very  highest  courts.    Judge  Knowles  has  al- 


HIItAM  KNOWI.KS. 

ways  acted  with  the  Kepuhlirau  party.  Hold- 
ing most  of  the  time  a  positicm  incompatible 
with  active  political  work,  he  has  held  but 
few  political  offices.  In  1884  he  was  tfie  Re- 
jiublican  candidate  for  congress,  but  was  de- 
feated by  Joseph  K.  Toole.  He  was  a  mem- 
lier  of  the  constitutional  convention,  under 
which  the  state  was  admitted  to  the  Union, 
in  1889.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Masonic  fra- 
ternity and  was  the  Grand  Master  of  the  order 
of  Montana  in  1880.  He  is  also  a  member  of 
the  Ancient  Order  of  United  ^Yorkmen.  lu 
religion  he  is  a  Unitarian,  being  a  member 
of  the  church  of  that  denomination  at  Hel- 
ena, Mont.  He  was  married  to  Mary  L.  Cur- 
tis at  Athens,  Mo.,  in  1871,  and  they  have 
had  seven  children,  three  of  whom  are  now 
living. 


CRIER,  Thomas  Johnston.— Cold  mining 
in  the  "Black  Hills"  of  South  Dakota  has 
made  the  region  noted  far  and  wide.  The 
foundation  of  its  reputation  is  the  success  of 
the  operations  of  the  Homestake  Mining 
Company,  which,  for  a  generation,  has  pour- 
ed foith  its  stream  of  gold  with  the  regularity 
of  a  never-failing  sjuing.     When  it  is  con- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


THOMAS  J.  GIUER. 

sidered  that  the  ore  from  which  this  wealth 
is  drawn  is  called  of  such  low  grade  that  it 
would  be  spurned  by  many  prospectors  and 
mining  experts,  the  business  management 
which  has  never  skipped  a  good  dividend  for 
a  generation  creates  admiration.  The  man 
who  has  been  for  many  years  largely  respon- 
sible for  this  uniform  success  is  Thomas  J. 
Grier,  the  present  superintendent,  who  has 
been  at  the  helm,  boy  and  man,  for  twenty- 
three  years.  The  details  of  the  work  have 
been  enormous,  involving  the  employment 
and  management  of  several  thousand  men, 
and,  it  may  be  said,  the  business  life  of  the 
community  is  involved,  for  without  the 
Homestake  Mining  Company  in  successful 
operation,  there  would  be  stagnation.  Mr. 
Grier  was  born.  May  18,  1850,  at  Pakenham, 
Can.  His  father  was  James  Grier,  a  car- 
riage manufacturer  by  occupation.  He  was 
a  man  of  strong  character  and  of  moi'e  than 
common  ability,  as  shown  by  the  fact  that 
he  was  postmaster  of  Iroquois,  Ontario,  Can., 
for  twenty-six  years.  The  maiden  name  of 
his  wife,  the  mother  of  Thomas,  was  Eliza 
A.  Patterson.  The  boy  was  reared  and  edu- 
cated at  Iroquois,  finishing  in  the  high  school. 
He  then  went  to  work  as  a  clerk  in  the  post- 


office,  under  his  father,  and  while  there  learn- 
ed telegraphy.  The  next  step  was  to  Mon- 
treal, Can.,  where  he  became  an  operator  in 
the  office  of  the  Montreal  Telegraph  Com- 
])any.  He  then  secured  a  position  in  the  of- 
tice  of  the  Western  Union  Telegraph  Com- 
jiany  at  Corinne,  Utah,  from  which  he  was 
transferred  to  be  chief  operator  of  the  same 
company  at  Salt  Lake  City.  In  1878,  when 
twenty-eight  years  old,  he  was  engaged  as 
bookkeeper  by  the  Homestake  Mining  Com- 
pany, and  put  in  charge  of  the  principal  of- 
tice  at  Lead  City,  Dakota  Territoi-y,  now 
South  Dakota.  In  1884  he  had  made  him- 
self so  efficient  and  so  demonstrated  his  abil- 
ity, that  he  was  appointed  superintendent  of 
the  company,  the  position  which  he  now 
holds  and  has  held  ever  since.  His  interests, 
liowever,  have  not  been  confined  to  that  duty 
exclusively.  He  is  president  of  the  First  Na- 
tional Bank  at  Lead,  and  vice  president  of 
the  First  National  Bank  of  Deadwood.  He 
is  also  a  member  of  the  Masonic  fraternity, 
and  is  active  in  every  public  movement  of  in- 
terest to  a  good  private  citizen,  contributing 
with  purse  and  personal  influence.  In  re- 
ligion he  is  an  Episcopalian.  August  8, 1896, 
he  was  man-ied  to  Miss  Mary  Jane  Pale- 
thorpe,  of  Glasgow,  Scotland.  They  have 
two  children,  a  boy  and  girl.  The  boy  has 
been  named  Thomas  Johnston  Grier,  Jr. 
The  girl's  name  is  Evangeline  Victoria  (trier. 


STT'ART,  Wesley  A.,  ofSturgis,  S.  D., 
is  prominent  throughout  the  western  coun- 
tr\-  for  the  interest  he  has  shown  in  the  irri- 
gation movement.  He  was  born,  April  13, 
18.19,  at  Ottumwa,  Iowa,  of  New  England 
jiarentage.  His  mother,  Fannie  A.  Stuart, 
nee  Riley,  was  one  of  the  Riley  family  of 
musicians  known  throughout  New  England 
and  the  South  during  the  period  just  before 
the  Civil  War.  Addison  A.  Stuart,  the 
father  of  Wesley  A.,  came  from  Massachu- 
setts and  settled  at  Ottumwa,  Iowa,  and  en- 
gaged in  the  practice  of  law.  He  entered  the 
Union  army  in  1801  and  served  as  a  captain 
in  the  17th  Iowa  Infantry  for  nearly  the 
whole  period  of  the  war.  He  came  out  from 
service  disabled  for  life  by  wounds  and  loss 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


of  hearing,  resulting  from  the  explosion  of 
a  bomb.  He  afterwards  was  the  author  of 
a  book  entitled  "Iowa  Colonels  and  Regi- 
ments." We.sley  A.  Stuart  received  onlv  a 
common  school  education,  and  at  seventeen 
was  api»renticed  to  a  blacksmith.  He  fol- 
lowed this  work  and  that  of  carriage  ironing 
until  1884,  when  he  entered  an  office  for  final 
preparation  for  admission  to  the  practice  of 
law.  Mr.  Stuart  had  early  decided  that  he 
should  be  a  lawyer,  and  while  working  at 
his  trade  had  started  on  his  studies  with  that 
end  in  view.  He  entered  the  oflice  of  one  of 
the  oldest  firms  in  the  state.  Mills  &  Keeler, 
of  Cedar  Rapids.  His  studies  were  followed 
with  success  in  June  of  1887,  when  he  was 
admitted  to  practice  before  the  supreme 
court.  He  started  in  practice  at  Williams- 
burg, where  he  remained  until  1800,  when 
he  decided  to  locate  in  the  Black  Hills,  and 
accordingly  settled  at  Sturgis,  S.  D.  He  has 
had  more  than  the  average  success  at  the 
bar,  and  has  become  known  as  an  active  and 
aggressive  lawyer,  faithful  to  his  clients,  ex- 
celling in  the  trial  of  cases,  and  has  been  con- 
nected with  nearly  all  of  the  important  liti- 
gation in  his  county  for  the  past  ten  years. 
He  is  conceded  to  be  the  leader  of  the  Meade 
county  bar  and  in  the  front  rank  of  Black 
Hills  practitionei's.  He  represents  the  prin- 
cipal mercantile  agencies  in  his  county,  has 
been  twice  appointed  city  attorney,  and  is 
local  attorney  for  the  Fremont,  Elkhorn  & 
Missouri  Valley  Railroad.  He  has  also  been 
an  active  member  of  the  executive  commit- 
tee of  the  Commercial  Club  of  his  city  for 
several  years.  Mr.  Stuart  has  always  been 
a  Democrat  and  takes  an  active  part  in  po- 
litical matters,  but  has  never  sought  or  de- 
.sired  public  office.  He  is  deeply  interested 
in  irrigation  matters,  and  is  a  member  of  the 
National  Irrigation  Association,  and  is  now 
the  South  Dakota  member  of  the  National 
Executive  Committee.  At  the  Irrigation 
Congress,  held  November  21  to  24,  1900,  in 
Chicago,  he  delivered  one  of  the  principal 
adresses,  his  topic  being  '"What  the  National 
Irrigation  Congress  Stands  For,"  and  the 
same  was  very  favorably  mentioned  in  the 
Associated  Press  accounts  of  the  meeting. 
He  represented  South  Dakota  at  the  Trans 


WESLEY   A.  STUART. 

^lississippi  Congress,  held  at  Wichita,  Kan., 
and  at  the  meeting  held  at  Houston,  Texas. 
He  was  also  one  of  the  state  commissioners 
for  South  Dakota  of  the  Trans-Missftsippi 
Exposition  at  Omaha.  He  was  married  at 
Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa,  in  July,  188'J,  to  Minnie 
E.  Durham.  She  is  a  leading  worker  of  the 
Black  Hills  Federation  of  Women's  Clubs. 
Their  only  living  child  is  Karl  K.  Stuart, 
born  in  1890. 


KILGORE,  Wallace  Warren.— The  super- 
intendent of  public  schools  at  Willmar, 
Minn.,  Wallace  W.  Kilgore,  was  born  March 
10,  1862,  at  North  Neury,  Maine — a  state 
which  has  furnished  more  enterprising  men, 
in  propoiiJon  to  its  population,  to  develop 
the  great  Northwest,  than  any  other  state  in 
the  Union.  His  father,  Isaac  T.  Kilgore,  was 
a  carpenter  and  farmer — occupations  which, 
in  the  early  days  of  Maine,  a  great  lumber- 
ing state,  were  very  frequently  combined. 
Wallace  obtained  his  early  education  in  the 
common  schools.  He  then  attended  Bridgton 
Academy,  the  Mecca  of  all  wide-awake  New 
England  boys,  where  he  prepared  for  college. 
He  entered,  in  1882,  Bowdoin  College,  the 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GUEAT  NORTHWEST. 


WALLACE!  W.   KILGORE. 

well  known  jS'ew  England  institution  which 
has  always  stood  high  for  scholarship,  and 
which  has  tui-ned  out  many  brilliant  and  use- 
ful men.  While  at  college  Mr.  Kilgore  was 
a  member  of  the  Theta  Delta  Chi  Greek  let- 
ter fraternity.  He  won  the  oratorical  prize 
in  the  junior  year,  and  at  the  same  time  was 
prominent  in  athleticism,  being  the  manager 
of  the  Bowdoin  College  baseball  team  in 
1886.  That  same  year  he  graduated  with  the 
degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts.  In  1889  he  took 
the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts.  His  active 
work  of  teaching  was  begun  in  the  country 
schools  of  Franklin  county,  in  that  state.  In 
winter,  especially,  when  many  young  men 
taking  college  courses  engaged  in  teaching 
to  pay  their  way,  these  schools  are  of  a  high 
grade.  After  he  graduated  Mr.  Kilgore  came 
to  Wisconsin,  as  superintendent  of  the  public 
schools  at  Mazomanie,  which  position  he  held 
until  he  resigned  to  accept  the  appointment 
of  superintendent  of  schools  at  Mar.shall, 
Minn.  He  was  also  principal  of  the  Red 
Wing  high  school  for  six  years.  He  then  ac- 
cepted the  superintendency  of  the  Spring 
\'alley  schools,  where  he  remained  for  two 
years,  and  then  resigned  to  take  the  position 
which  he  now  holds  at  Willmar,  Minn.     In 


the  meantime,  for  the  last  eight  years,  he  has 
been  emjiloyed  as  a  conductor  of  slate  sum- 
mer training  schools  for  teachers.  In  poli- 
tics Mr.  Kilgore  has  always  been  a  Repub- 
lics u,  but  from  the  nature  of  his  business  has 
ne\er  taken  a  very  active  part.  He  is  inter- 
ested in  fraternal  society  matters,  and  is  both 
a  Mason  and  an  ( )dd  Fellow.  He  is  also,  by 
virtue  of  the  services  of  his  early  ancestors 
in  the  Revolutionary  War,  a  member  of  the 
Sons  of  the  American  Revolution.  He  was 
married,  June  IT,  1889,  to  Emma  A.  Ward, 
of  Mazomanie,  Wis. 


WOODARD,  Francis  R.,  the  well  known 
physician  and  surgeon  of  Minneapolis,  was 
born  in  Madison,  Lake  county,  Ohio,  July  15, 
1848.  His  father  is  Joseph  S.  Woodard,  and 
his  mother's  maiden  name  was  Frelove  M. 
Baker,  a  descendant  of  Francis  Baker,  who 
settled  at  Yarmouth,  Mass.  They  were  mar- 
ried in  Ohio  in  1847.  When  Francis  was  ten 
years  old,  the  family  moved  to  Rochester, 
Olmsted  county,  Minn.,  then  a  village  about 
two  years  old.  The  mother  and  children 
cauie  by  rail  to  La  Crosse — there  was  no  rail- 
•  road  beyond  that  point — and  from  there  by 
sleigh,  seventy-five  miles,  to  Rochester.  Mr. 
>\oodard  drove  his  team,  with  a  top  buggy, 
in  December,  1S5S,  all  the  way  from  Chicago, 
and  opened  the  first  drug  store  in  Rochester. 
In  winter  his  goods  were  hauled  by  team 
from  La  Crosse,  and  in  summer,  from  Wi- 
nona. Mr.  Woodard  on  one  occasion  accom- 
panied the  team  himself,  and  had  some  amus- 
ing and  thrilling  experiences.  Indians  were 
common,  and  their  disposition  was  uncer- 
tain, resulting  sometimes  in  disquieting  con- 
ditions. On  one  trip  from  La  Crosse  Mr. 
Woodard  met  on  the  road  far  from  any 
house,  a  band  of  fifteen,  in  feathers  and  paint. 
He  was  glad  to  give  them  the  whole  road, 
as  they  were  determined  to  take  it,  anyway. 
He  had  in  his  load  several  barrels.  After 
passing  some  distance  the  band  returned  and 
demanded  '"whisky,'"  repeating  the  word  over 
and  over — probably  the  only  English  they 
knew.  He  told  them  he  had  none,  but  they 
compelled  him  to  wait  until  they  had  care- 
fully overhauled  the  whole  load,  when  they 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


went  away  with  a  dissatisfied  grunt.  In  iy59 
he  bought  from  a  Chicago  agent  five  gallons 
of  kerosene  oil  and  six  marble-foot  lamps, 
which  were  sent  to  him  from  Chicago  by  ex- 
press. This  was  the  first  kerosene  ever 
brought  to  the  state.  He  sold  the  oil  for 
$1.40  a  gallon  and  the  lamps  for  .f  1.25  apiece. 
The  first  gallon  and  lamp  were  sold  to  Judge 
Barbour,  of  Rochester.  Mr.  Woodard  also 
kept  a  news  dejiot  and  sold  the  daily  Chicago 
papers,  which  came  by  stage  from  La  (Jrosse, 
and  he  disposed  of  from  130  to  1.50  a  day,  at 
ten  cents  ajnece.  This  was  the  only  way  to 
get  news  from  the  Civil  War,  as  there  was 
not  a  telegraph  or  daily  paper  in  the  state. 
Francis  began  to  go  to  school  at  I'ainesville, 
Ohio.  He  continued  to  attend  school  at 
Rochester  until  he  could  be  trusted  to  put 
up  prescriptions  and  then  was  for  some  time 
the  prescription  clerk  in  his  father's  store, 
and  thus  very  naturally  turned  to  the  pro- 
fesson  of  medicine  and  began  to  study  for 
it.  In  1869  he  entered  the  Michigan  State 
University  and  took  a  literary  course  for  two 
years,  and  then  a  year  in  the  law  department 
of  the  same  institution.  In  1S75  he  returned 
and  took  one  coui'se  of  lectures  in  the  med- 
ical department.  The  following  year,  187C, 
he  entered  the  Rush  Medical  College  at  Chi- 
cago, at  the  same  time  doing  service  in  the 
Cook  County  Hospital.  He  graduated  in  the 
class  of  1879  and  came  to  Minnesota  and 
went  into  practice  at  Claremont,  where  he 
remained  until  1881,  when  he  came  to  Min- 
neapolis, where  he  has  since  lived.  His  pres- 
ent home  is  2104  Park  avenue.  Dr.  Woodard 
soon  built  up  a  large  practice.  He  was  ap- 
pointed by  JIayor  Winston  one  of  the  com- 
missioners of  the  City  Board  of  Charities  and 
Corrections,  and  he  has  been  i-e-appointed  to 
the  position  by  each  mayor  of  the  city  up  to 
the  present  time,  serving  in  all  ten  years, 
during  six  of  which  he  has  been  president  of 
the  board,  and  during  nearly  all  this  time 
he  has  been  chairman  of  the  City  Hospital 
Committee.  He  is  attending  physician  of  the 
Asbury  Hospital,  consulting  physician  at  St. 
Mary's  Hospital,  and  Lutheran  Deaconess, 
and  Gynecolgist  of  the  City  Hospital.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation, the  Minnesota  Academy  of  Medicine, 


FRANCIS  R.   WOODARD. 

the  Minnesota  State  Medical  Society,  and  of 
the  Hennepin  County  Medical  Society.  In 
1870  he  was  married  to  Miss  Helen  C.  Nich- 
ols, of  Wells,  Minn.,  a  woman  of  culture  and 
refinement.  They  have  had  five  children — 
Frances  Helen,  Harry  Smith,  Joseph  Nich- 
ols, Luella,  and  Lawrence  Baker  Woodard. 
The  doctor  is  an  attendant  and  supporter  of 
the  Park  Avenue  Congregational  church, 
with  which  his  family  is  identified.  In  poli- 
tics, although  too  busy  to  take  an  active  part, 
he  is  a  Republican,  having  cast  his  first  vote 
for  President  Grant. 


JONES,  William  Alexander,  specialist  in 
nervous  and  mental  diseases.  Dr.  Jones  is 
a  native  of  Minnesota,  and  was  born  at  St. 
Peter,  May  24,  1859.  His  ancestors  were 
^^'elsh  on  his  father's  side,  and  Scotch  on  his 
mother's.  Both  of  his  grandfathers  were 
American  jjatriots,  and  fought  in  the  War 
of  the  Revolution.  Dr.  Jones'  father  was 
born  in  Vermont  in  1832,  and  when  four 
years  of  age  went  with  his  parents  to  New 
York  City,  where  he  grew  to  manhood.  He 
came  to  Minnesota  in  "54,  and  located  at  St. 
Peter,  where  he  kept  a  drug  store,  returning 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


WILLIAM   A.   JOXES. 

to  New  York  in  "58,  in  which  city  he  was 
married  to  M.  A.  Virginia  Christian,  who 
was  born  and  reared  in  that  citj'.  The  young 
couple  returned  at  once  to  their  western 
liome,  to  witness  and  share  in  the  most  stir- 
ring scenes  of  frontier  life.  While  watching 
a  scalp-dance  of  the  Sioux,  Mrs.  Jones  was 
forced  to  join  in  the  circle;  and  a  few  years 
later  they  saw  the  terrible  Indian  outbreak, 
and  they  sheltered  many  refugees  in  their 
home.  Dr.  Jones  was  then  a  mere  baby.  His 
education  was  gained  in  the  common  schools 
of  St.  Peter,  and  at  the  end  of  his  course  in 
the  high  school,  he  spent  six  years  as  a  clerk 
in  his  father's  drug  store,  where  he  gained 
a  thorough  and  practical  knowledge  of  drugs. 
After  graduating  from  the  medical  depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  the  City  of  New 
York,  in  the  class  of  "81,  he  became  assist- 
ant phy.sician  in  the  State  Hospital  for  the 
Insane  at  St.  I'eter. 

Dr.  Jones  came  to  Minneapolis  in  Octo- 
ber, 1883,  and  spent  three  years  in  general 
practice.  He  was  married  at  Denver,  Colo.. 
in  1880,  to  Annie  R.  Johnson,  and,  accom- 
]ianied  by  his  bride,  went  abroad  for  special 
study  in  the  schools  and  hospitals  of  Berlin 
and  Vienna.     Since  his  return  from  Europe 


his  practice  has  been  limited  to  nervous  and 
mental  diseases,  and  very  extensively  to  con- 
sultation work,  for  he  enjoys  the  confidence 
and  resjject  of  the  medical  profession  in  a 
high  degree. 

Dr.  Jones  has  taken  an  active  part  in  the 
advancement  of  the  medical  department  of 
the  State  University,  and  for  a  number  of 
years  has  been  clinical  professor  of  nervous 
and  mental  diseases  in  this  institution.  He 
is  also  attending  neurologist  for  St.  Mary's, 
Asbury  ^lethodist,  the  City  and  Northwest- 
ern hospitals,  besides  being  chief  of  staff  of 
the  Northwestern.  He  is  an  active  member 
of  many  local,  state  and  national  medical  so- 
cieties, including  the  American  Medical  As- 
sociation, and  the  American  Neurological  As- 
sociation, and  has  been  president  of  the  Min- 
nesota Academy  of  Medicine  and  the  Henne- 
pin County  Medical  Society.  He  seized  two 
years  on  the  board  of  tinistees  of  the  State 
Hospital  for  the  Insane,  to  which  position  he 
was  appointed  by  Governor  Nelson. 

Dr.  Jones  is  editor  of  the  Northwestern 
Lancet,  whch  is  one  of  the  oldest  and  most 
influential  medical  journals  in  the  west. 

Dr.  Jones"  political  affiliations  are  with 
the  Democratic  party.  He  is  a  member  of 
Westminster  Presbyterian  church  of  Minne- 
apolis. He  has  offices  in  the  Pillsbury  Build- 
ing, Nicollet  avenue  and  Sixth  street. 


ZOCH,  Herman. — During  the  past  de- 
cade Minneapolis  has  rapidly  come  to  the 
front  as  a  musical  center.  The  remarkable 
growth  of  the  previous  decade  had  left  her 
in  a  somewhat  chaotic  condition,  but  as  busi- 
ness institutions  became  more  substantial 
her  citizens  grew  more  responsive  to  the 
refining  influences  of  the  higher  arts.  No 
man  contributed  more  to  that  development 
along  musical  lines  than  Herman  Zoch.  He 
is  a  pianist  of  rare  skill,  and  his  concerts 
have  come  to  be  a  leading  feature  in  musical 
circles  each  season.  Since  his  location  in 
Minneapolis  in  1884,  Mr.  Zoch  has  given 
about  sixty  recitals,  without  any  assistance, 
in  that  city,  besides  many  others  in  which 
he  has  assisted  other  musicians.  This  is  a 
remarkable  record,  as  few  pianists  can  hold 


HERMAN   ZOCH. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


and  chain  an  audience  an  entire  evening  un- 
aided and  unrelieved  bj  vocal  or  other  in- 
strumental music.  Mr.  Zoch  is  a  native  of 
Prussia.  His  father,  Carl  Friedrich  Zoch, 
was  director  of  the  estates  of  the  Polish 
Count  Dziedusziclvi,  and  it  was  on  one  of 
these  estates  in  Theerkeute,  in  the  province  of 
Posen,  Prussia,  that  Herman  was  born.  His 
{grandfather  was  an  officer  of  the  army  and 
especially  distinguished  himself  in  the  war 
against  Napoleon  in  1813.  His  mother's 
maiden  name  was  Augusta  Kunau.  The 
educational  facilities  he  enjoyed  were  of 
a  most  liberal  character.  He  was  provided, 
as  a  child,  with  a  private  tutor  at  home,  but 
afterwards  entered  the  state  gymnasium  in 
Halle,  Saxony.  He  went  from  there  to  Leip- 
sic  and  continued  his  studies  in  the  Thomas 
Gymnasium,  from  which  he  graduated  in 
the  classical  course.  His  musical  talent 
had  developed  itself  at  an  early  age  and  his 
parents  afforded  him  every  opportunity  to 
improve  it.  After  his  graduation  from  the 
gymnasium  he  secured  admission  to  the 
Royal  Conservatory  of  Music  at  Leipsic, 
where  at  the  end  of  the  third  year  he  gradu- 
ated with  students  who  had  been  there  five 
or  six  years,  and  took  the  first  prize  in  piano 
playing.  His  instructors  in  piano  were 
Carl  Reinecke,  Jadassohn  and  Coccius,  the 
first  two  being  his  teachers  in  counterpoint 
and  composition.  The  next  few  months  Mr. 
Zoch  spent  in  Paris,  making  the  most  of  the 
opportunities  there  afforded  for  advance- 
ment in  his  art.  He  attended  the  recitals 
given  by  the  players  of  note  in  that  city  of 
culture  and  studied  their  methods  of  execu- 
tion. From  there  he  went  to  Munich,  where 
he  formed  the  acquaintance  of  the  best  musi- 
cians of  that  city.  He  lived  there  for  two 
years  and  enjoyed  the  friendship  of  Joseph 
IJheinberger,  the  great  composer,  for  whom 
he  performed  the  latter's  piano  concerto,  op. 
94.  This  selection  Mr.  Zoch  subsequently 
introduced  for  the  first  time  at  concerts  in 
Berlin  and  Leipsic,  with  orchestral  accom- 
paniment. He  had  at  this  time  come  to  be 
recognized  as  an  artist  of  great  merit,  and 
a  series  of  recitals  that  he  gave  in  Leipsic, 
Berlin,  Munich,  Vienna,  Gotha  and  other 
large  musical   centers   in  Germany  proved 


very  successful.  He  had  decided,  however, 
to  seek  a  newer  and  more  promising  field 
where  his  skill  as  a  pianist  would  not  only 
be  appreciated  but  would  yield  larger  finan- 
cial returns,  and  so  came  to  America  in  1883. 
A  year  later  he  came  to  Minneapolis  and  be- 
gan teaching.  In  this  he  has  been  very  suc- 
cessful, and  is  an  artist  whom  Minneapolis 
is  proud  to  number  among  its  citizens.  Mr. 
Zoch  is  a  player  of  great  power  and  brilliant 
technique.  Since  188!)  he  has  made  several 
concert  tours  and  has  given  jiiano  recitals 
in  all  the  large  cities  of  the  country.  His 
programs  indicate  a  remarkable  versatility 
and  no  composition  seems  too  difficult  for 
him  to  perform.  Mr.  Zoch  is  devoted  to  his 
art  and  finds  in  it  all  the  pleasures  that  one 
seeks  in  this  life.  For  this  reason  he  has 
not  cared  to  ally  himself  with  any  orders  or 
societies.     Neither  has  he  married. 


THOMPSON,  Frank  Jared,  came  to  the 
state  of  North  Dakota  in  the  spring  of  1878. 
He  had  just  been  admitted  to  the  bar  and 
was  looking  for  a  location.  His  father  had 
previously  come  to  the  state  and  was  run- 
ning a  locomotive  engine  on  the  Minnesota 
Division  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railway  be- 
tween P.rainerd.  Minn.,  and  Fargo,  N.  D. 

His  father's  name  is  Jared  Childs  Thomp- 
son, and  he  is  a  locomotive  engineer.  Prior  to 
coming  to  take  a  position  on  the  Northern 
Pacific  railway,  he  had  been  employed  in 
that  capacity  on  the  Michigan  Central  for 
about  thirty  years. 

His  mother's  maiden  name  was  Sarah 
Jane  Mason. 

The  Thompson  family  moved  into  Maine 
some  time  in  the  early  part  of  1700,  and  the 
descendants  scattered  to  the  southwest  i)or- 
tion  of  that  state,  and  also  into  the  northern 
portion  of  Massachusetts.  Benjamin  Thomp- 
son, direct  lineal  ancestor,  participated  in 
the  battle  of  Lexington  and  also  served  dur- 
ing the  Revolutionary  War. 

His  mother's  family  is  descended  from 
Hugh  Mason,  who  was  a  brother  of  Captain 
John  Mason,  well  known  to  colonial  fame. 
Captain  Hugh  Mason  came  to  this  country 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


in  1634  and  settled  in  Watertown,  Mass.  His 
first  son  was  named  Joliu.  aftei-  liis  brotlier. 
His  second  son,  Huuli,  after  liiniself.  His 
mother's  family  is  descended  from  the  second 
son,  Hugh.  The  Mason  family  is  a  A^ery  ex- 
tensive on(\  and  has  numbered  among  their 
members  some  of  the  brightest  minds  in  the 
country. — not  only  in  politics,  but  esjjecially 
in  the  professions.  Mr.  Thompson's  direct 
lineal  ancestor  on  his  mother's  side,  Joseph 
Mason,  was  also  a  minute  man  of  colonial 
times,  and  participated  in  the  battle  of  Lex- 
ington. 

Mr.  Thompson  was  horn  at  Uockford.  111., 
August  2?>,  lSi)ij,  where  his  mother  wa«  visit- 
ing tempfu-ai-ily.  His  grandfathers  moved 
into  Jlichigan  during  the  thirtii^s  of  the  nine- 
teenth century.  He  spent  his  childhood  days, 
until  about  seventeen  or  eighteen  years  old, 
at  Marshall,  Mich.,  attending  the  j)ublio 
schools  of  that  city.  When  only  a  lad  he  en- 
tered the  Michigan  Central  Eailway  shops, 
located  at  that  place,  and  served  his  time  as 
machinist  apprentice. 

Mr.  Thompson,  being  of  a  musical  turn  of 
mind,  began  to  study  music  while  working 
at  his  trade,  and  after  finishing  the  same, 
devoted  his  time  largely  to  musical  studies, 
and,  subsequently,  for  a  time,  made  the 
teaching  of  music  his  profession.  Not  being 
satisfied  with  that  kind  of  life,  he  entered 
the  Jackson  College  and  took  up  the  same 
course  by  sjjecial  studies  as  was  taught  at 
the  Michigan  University,  after  which  he 
studied  law  and  was  admitted  to  practice  in 
the  courts  at  Jackson,  Mich. 

He  was,  by  birth,  a  Republican  in  poli- 
tics and  remained  so  until  1804.  In  1889  he 
was  elected  a  member  to  the  first  legislature 
of  North  Dakota  and  was  chairman  of  the 
judiciary  committee  of  the  house.  While 
serving  as  such  member,  he  introduced,  in  a 
spirit  of  fun,  a  resolution  naming  the  chil- 
dren born  in  the  state  of  North  Dakota 
"Flickertails."  The  resolution  was  ado])ted, 
and  ever  since  then  North  Dakotans  have 
been  known  as  "Flickertails."  On  his  own 
motion  the  following  morning,  after  the  reso- 
lution was  adopted,  he  asked  to  have  it  ex- 
punged from  the  records  of  the  house,  but 
the  name  stuck  nevertheless. 


FRANK  J.  THIlMl'SO.N. 

In  1S!)1,  during  the  second  session  of  the 
legislature,  he  was  appointed  assistant  attor- 
ney general  of  the  state.  Becoming  dissatis- 
fied with  the  a})parent  political  conations, 
and  not  being  satisfied  with  the  Cleveland 
policy,  he  joined  the  Independent  movement 
of  the  state,  which  affiliated  with  the  Popu- 
lists. He  stumped  the  state  for  that  party, 
and  has  ever  since  remained  with  it  and  has 
served  as  chairman  of  the  state  central  com- 
mittee since  18!t(i.  At  the  session  of  the  legis- 
lature in  ISO!)  he  received  the  full  vote  of  the 
Populists  and  Democrats  for  United  States 
senator. 

He  has  always  been  active  in  fraternal 
societies.  He  was  Master  of  Shlloh  TiOdge, 
No.  1,  A.  F.  &  A.  M.,  Fargo.  N.  D.,  for  six 
years;  Potentate  of  El  Zagal  Temple  (the 
Shrine),  of  the  same  place,  for  six  years,  and 
the  head  of  some  of  the  Scottish  Rite  bodies. 

In  June,  1890,  he  was  elected  Grand  Mas- 
ter of  ]\ra'<ons  for  the  state.  In  June,  1892, 
was  elected  the  Grand  Secretary  of  the 
Grand  Lodge  of  Masons.  Also  Grand  Re- 
corder of  the  Knights  Templar  of  the  Grand 
Commandery.  In  1894  was  elected  Grand 
Secretarv  of  the  Grand  Chai)ter,  R.  A.  M.,  of 
the  state,  all  of  whidi  jiositions  he  now  holds- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


He  is  also  librarian  of  the  library  of  the 
Grand  Masonic  Lodge,  and  is  at  present  the 
librarian  of  the  city  library.  For  nine  years 
he  served  as  a  member  of  the  school  board. 

He  is  also  a  member  of  the  Knights  of 
Pythias,  the  Elks,  the  United  Commercial 
Travelers,  and  the  Ancient  Order  of  United 
Workmen. 

Mr.  Thompson  is  also  the  author  of  the 
Ritual  of  the  Zodiac,  Ancient  Assyrian  Mys- 
teries, and  is  now  the  Most  Sovereign  Grand 
Aries  of  the  Grand  Zodiac.  The  Zodiac  is  a 
new  order  which  is  rapidly  coming  into 
prominence. 

He  belongs  to  no  church,  but  is  a  member 
of  the  Unitarian  Society. 

In  1882  Mr.  Thompson  was  married  to 
Elmadine  Bissonette,  then  of  Minneapolis, 
by  whom  he  has  two  children,  the  elder,  a 
girl,  named  Jaredine;  the  younger,  a  boy, 
named  Jack  Dacotah, 


PATTEE,  William  Sullivan,  Dean  of  the 
College  of  Law  of  the  University  of  Minne- 
sota, was  born  in  the  town  of  Jackson,  coun- 
ty of  'U'aldo,  in  the  state  of  Maine,  September 
19,  1846,  His  father  was  Daniel  Pattee, 
whose  ancestors  were  among  the  early  set- 
tlers of  Maine.  His  mother,  Mary  Ann  Bix- 
by,  was  born  in  Maine,  her  father.  Willard 
Bixby,  having  emigrated  there  from  Wood- 
stock, Conn.,  while  Maine  was  still  a  part  of 
the  state  of  Massachusetts.  Daniel  Pattee 
died  at  the  age  of  thirty,  leaving  his  wife  and 
two  children,  Helen  and  William.  His  moth- 
er "was  a  woman  of  great  strength  of  char- 
acter and  for  several  years  supported  herself 
and  children.  She  afterwards  married  Isaac 
Gates,  a  farmer  living  in  the  town  of  Jack- 
son. Her  son  William  grew  up  on  the  farm, 
remaining  at  home  summers,  until  he  was 
twenty-one  years  of  age.  He  attended  the 
common  schools  of  the  vicinity  during  the 
winter  months,  and  before  he  reached  his  ma- 
jority, he  had  spent  three  terms  in  the  East 
Maine  Seminary  at  Bucksport,  in  that  state. 
The  winter  after  he  was  eighteen  years  of 
age  he  commenced  teaching  in  the  country 
schools  dui'ing  the  winter  months. 


.\t  the  age  of  twenty-one  he  was  ready 
to  enter  the  sophomore  class  of  Bowdoin  Col- 
lege, having  done  the  larger  part  of  bis  pre- 
paratory work  during  the  fall  and  spring 
terms  of  the  three  preceding  years  at  the 
Maine  Wesleyan  Seminary  at  Kent's  Hill. 
Through  this  period  of  jireparation  for  col- 
lege, like  most  young  men  from  the  country 
districts,  he  was  obliged  to  support  himself 
by  teaching  and  doing  such  manual  labor  as 
it  was  possible  for  him  to  procure  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  school.  Entering  college  as  a 
s()i)l!omore  at  the  age  of  twenty -one,  he  grad- 
uated from  Bowdoin  in  June,  1S71. 

While  at  college  he  taught  a  portion  of 
each  day  in  the  public  schools  of  Brunswick, 
and  by  that  means  was  enabled  to  meet  his 
expenses.  Though  his  college  course  was 
made  extremely  difficult  by  the  outside  work 
he  was  compelled  to  do  in  order  to  maintain 
himself,  he  nevertheless  took  a  good  I'ank  as 
a  student,  and  was  the  orator  of  his  class  at 
its  graduation  exercises.  His  education,  up 
to  the  time  of  his  graduation  from  Bowdoin, 
was  acquired  by  continuous  hard  work,  great 
jserseverance,  and  under  the  inspiration  of  a 
settled  purpose  to  acquire  the  best  education 
it  was  possible  for  him  to  attain  under  his 
impecunious  conditions  of  life. 

Tliree  months  before  graduating  from 
Bowdoin  College.  Mr.  Pattee  was  elected  as 
superintendent  of  the  public  schools  in  the 
city  of  Brunswick,  Maine,  and  performed  the 
duties  of  that  office  while  at  the  same  time 
he  carried  all  the  work  of  the  senior  class. 
He  continued  as  su]ierintendent  until  April, 
1872,  when  he  resigned  this  position  and  ac- 
cepted another  as  teacher  of  Greek  in  the 
T^niversity  of  Lake  Forrest,  111.,  which  he 
held  until  June,  1874,  meanwhile  lecturing 
at  times  upon  botany  and  other  branches  of 
natural  science.  He  then  resigned  to  accept 
the  office  tendered  him  of  superintendent  of 
public  schools  in  the  city  of  Northfield,  Minn, 

On  August  31  of  that  year  Mr.  Pattee 
commenced  his  work  in  the  state  of  Minne- 
sota, largely  reorganizing  the  Northfield 
schools,  where  he  continued  his  labors  for 
four  years.  The  Northfield  schools  under  his 
administration   were  thoroughly   organized. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


and  became  anioug-  the  most  efficient  in  the 
state. 

During  his  college  course,  and  his  years 
of  subsequent  teaching,  he  had  puisued  a 
most  systematic  and  thorough  course  of 
study  of  jurisprudence.  His  vacations,  and 
all  the  time  which  he  could  properly  use  out- 
side the  work  of  the  schools  in  which  he  was 
employed,  were  devoted  to  the  standard 
works  upon  the  various  branches  of  law,  and 
on  the  first  day  of  June,  1878,  after  having 
been  admitted  to  the  bar  of  Rice  county, 
^Minn.,  he  commenced  the  practice  of  his  pro 
fession  in  the  city  of  Northfleld,  where  he 
was  then  still  residing.  He  entered  at  once 
upon  a  successful  practice  and  continued  the 
same  for  ten  years.  During  this  time  he  con- 
tinued to  be  a  systematic  student  of  law,  and 
devoted  himself  exclusively  to  the  demands 
of  his  pi'ofession,  excepting  the  winter  of 
1 884-5,  when  he  was  a  member  of  the  house 
of  representatives  in  the  legislature  of  Min- 
nesota. In  this  session  of  the  legislature  Mr. 
Pattee  was  recognized  as  one  of  its  ablest 
debaters,  and  held  a  commanding  place  dur- 
ing the  entire  session. 

In  the  spring  of  1888  he  was  asked  by  the 
regents  of  the  University  of  Minnesota  to 
organize  and  establish  in  that  institution  a 
department  or  college  of  law.  He  accepted 
the  position  and  commenced  his  labors  there 
on  the  eleventh  day  of  September  of  that 
year,  when  he  gave  the  opening  address  be- 
fore the  students,  the  faculty  and  the  regents 
of  the  university.  That  was  the  beginning  of 
what  has  now  become,  at  the  close  of  eleven 
years,  one  of  the  most  thoroughly  organized 
and  efficient  colleges  of  law  in  America,  there 
being  but  three,  or  possibly  four,  larger  ones 
in  point  of  numbers  in  the  United  States. 

Of  Mr.  Pattee's  sound  judgment,  untiring 
energy  and  wise  administration  in  the  organ- 
ization, management  and  development  of 
this  department  of  the  university,  too  much 
cannot  be  said,  and  to  him  must  be  attributed 
a  very  large  measure  of  its  success.  His 
wide  legal  learning,  his  studious  habits,  his 
executive  ability,  his  tact  and  agreeable  per- 
sonality all  have  contributed  to  make  him 
the  ideal  founder  and  head  of  a  college  of 
law.     Starting  without  a   building  devoted 


WILLIAM   S.    PATTEE. 

to  its  purpose,  without  a  library  tor  its  use 
and  without  any  trained  assistants  for  its 
instruction,  he  has  at  the  end  of  eleven  years 
secured  through  the  substantial  aid  of  the 
regents,  the  erection  and  equipment  of  a  fine 
building,  a  library  consisting  of  nearly  all 
the  English  Reports  and  repoi-ts  of  the  vari- 
ous supreme  courts  of  the  Union,  including 
those  of  the  United  States,  with  a  fair  col- 
lection of  text-books,  and  has  gathered 
around  him  an  able  faculty  of  efficient  and 
conscientious  instructors  and  lecturers,  num- 
bering fifteen  in  all,  upon  whose  instruction 
there  was  in  attendance  at  the  close  of  the 
eleventh  year,  four  hundred  and  fifty  stu- 
dents. 

Mr.  Pattee  has  devoted  to  the  upbuilding 
of  this  college  his  entire  time  since  its  organ- 
ization. Inspired  by  a  desire  to  make  the  de- 
partment an  efficient  promoter  of  higher 
k^arning  in  the  law,  he  early  in  its  history 
organized  a  graduate  course  leading  to  the 
Master's  degree,  and  later  aonther  leading  to 
the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Civil  Law.  In  these 
classes  Mr.  Pattee  has  had  an  oi)i)ortunity 
to  show,  and  has  shown,  his  broad  and  thor- 
ough scholarshi])  in  the  realms  of  philosophy 
and  political  science.     The  study  of  philos- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


opliy  has  been  for  liim  for  more  than  a  quar- 
ter of  a  century  a  rest  and  a  recreation,  and 
one  for  which  he  has  ever  had  an  especial 
fondness.  It  is  the  testimony  of  his  students, 
in  these  higher  courses  of  study,  that  the 
deep  and  perplexing  problems  of  philosophy 
are  presented  and  discussed  by  him  with  a 
force  and  clearness  that  make  his  lectures  at 
once  a  delight  and  an  inspiration.  To  this 
clearness  of  thought,  aptness  of  illustration 
and  vigor  of  expression  is  largely  due,  un- 
doubtedly, the  high  reputation  Mr.  Pattee 
has  won  wherever  he  has  taught  as  an  able 
and  inspiring  teacher,  and  to  his  clearness  of 
perception,  his  accuracy  in  detail  and  state- 
ment, his  strength  of  diction,  his  intuitive 
sense  of  justice  and  his  knowledge  of  law  is 
due  his  reputation  as  a  leading  member  of 
his  profession. 

Besides  his  public  service  in  connection 
with  the  university  and  his  legislative  ex- 
perience, Mr.  Pattee  was  for  twelve  years 
the  president  of  the  State  Board  of  Normal 
Directors  in  Minnesota,  and  devoted  much 
time  and  thought  to  the  ujjbuilding  of  the 
normal  schools  in  the  state. 

At  the  present  time,  in  addition  to  the 
executive  duties  imposed  upon  him  as  Dean 
of  the  Faculty  of  Law,  he  teaches  regularly 
in  both  the  undergraduate  courses  the  sub- 
jects of  Contracts  and  Equity. 


DEVINE,  Joseph  McMurray.— The  North- 
west has  been  fortunate  in  attracting  to  its 
educational  field  men  of  culture  and  high 
ideals.  Generally,  it  is  difiScult  to  draw  from 
educational  centers  those  who  are  competent 
to  direct  affairs  in  a  new  country,  for  the  con- 
ditions repel.  The  social  elements  are  com- 
paratively few;  genial  associates  are  widely 
scattered;  books  are  not  so  readily  procured; 
libraries  are  in  the  future,  and  the  equip- 
ments of  the  schools,  high  and  common,  are 
necessarily  scant.  Then  the  work  of  organ- 
ization is  prodigious.  But  in  spite  of  all 
these  hindrances  and  largely  because  of  the 
promise  of  great  things  sure  to  come,  men 
of  the  very  highest  educational  rank  and  abil- 
ities have  turned  their  energies  to  building 
up  the  school  systems  of  the  Northwest.    The 


common  schools  of  this  region  cannot  be  sur- 
passed by  those  of  any  section  of  the  United 
States.  The  magnificent  school  funds  of  the 
new  states  have  made  this  progress  possible, 
for  with  the  best  of  ability,  without  means, 
the  results  would  be  far  from  satisfacton-. 

Among  those  who  left  a  strong  impress  in 
this  field  Governor  J.  M.  Devine  of  La  Moure, 
La  Moure  county,  N.  D.,  must  always  be 
prominent.  He  was  bom  at  Wheeling,  W. 
^'a.,  in  1861.  His  father,  Hugh  C.  Devine, 
was  born  in  Ireland.  At  the  age  of  eighteen 
he  emigrated  to  the  L'nited  States,  settled 
at  Wheeling,  \\'.  Va.,  and  there  engaged  in 
his  favorite  pursuit  of  horticulture  and  land- 
scape gardening.  He  was  married  to  Jane 
McMurray  of  Wheeling.  He  was  a  man  of 
excellent  education  and  of  great  personal 
force.  Jane  (McMurray)  Devine  was  of 
Scotch-Irish  descent,  with  all  the  excellence 
of  character  which  that  term  implies;  strong, 
loyal,  self-sacrificing.  Her  whole  life  was 
an  everyday  inspiration  and  benediction  to 
her  children.  Young  Devine  received  his 
env\y  education  in  the  common  and  high 
schools  of  A^'heeling,  after  which  he  entered 
the  University  of  West  Virginia,  choos- 
ing the  classical  course.  He  proved  to  be 
a  good  student  and  stood  high  in  scholar- 
ship, winning  distinction  for  its  ex- 
cellence. He  was  especially  strong  in  pub- 
lic speaking  and  in  debate,  in  which  de- 
partment he  carried  off  several  oratorical 
prizes.  He  graduated  in  the  class  of  1884. 
The  same  year  he  went  with  an  older  brother, 
J.  C.  Devine,  to  Dakota  Territory,  La  Moure 
county,  now  in  the  state  of  North  Dakota, 
and  opened  up  a  large  farm.  Here  his  schol- 
arly attainments  were  soon  discovered  and 
he  was  elected  in  1886  Superintendent  of 
Schools  of  La  Moure  county.  His  efHciency 
was  so  recognized  that  he  was  re-elected 
again  and  again,  and  kept  in  the  position 
for  ten  years.  To  his  progressive  adminis- 
tration the  country  is  chiefly  indebted  for 
the  admirable  system  of  schools  now  main- 
tained. In  18D0  the  oflBce  of  State  Educa- 
tional Lecturer  was  created,  and  Mr.  Devine 
was  selected  to  fill  the  position.  This  gave 
him  the  opportunity  to  exert  a  marked  edu- 
cational   influence    throughout    the    whole 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GRKAT  NORTHWEST. 


State.  In  1891,  he  was  iiuaniiiHiusly  elected 
I'resideut  of  the  State  Ediu-atioual  Associa- 
tion. In  llStti,  he  was  nominated,  b.y  the 
State  Republican  Convention,  for  State 
Sniierinteudeut  of  I'ublic  Instrnction,  but  the 
whole  ticket  was  overwhelmed  by  the  fusion 
opposition,  and  Mr.  Devine  went  down  with 
the  rest  of  the  Kepublican  nominees.  In 
LSili),  thouf;h  not  a  candidate,  nor  in  any 
way  soliciting  the  office,  he  was  uuamiuously 
elected  Chief  Clerk  of  the  House  in  the 
Fourth  Legislative  Assembly.  He  was  nonii 
nated  in  IS'JG  for  the  office  of  Lieutenant 
Governor,  and  was  elected  with  Frank  A. 
Hriggs  as  Governor.  During  the  illness  and 
absence  of  the  Governor  Mr.  Devine  dis- 
charged the  duties  of  chief  executive  when 
they  were  unusiuilly  exacting  by  reason  of 
the  numerous  details  connected  with  the 
mustering  in  of  troops  for  the  Spanish  war. 
On  the  death  of  Governor  IJriggs,  the  duties 
of  the  chief  executive  of  course  devolved 
upon  Mr.  Devine.  So  thoroughly  and  to  the 
satisfaction  of  the  people  did  he  discharge 
the  duty,  that  he  was  re-elected  in  IS'jy 
Lieutenant  Governor  by  the  phenomenal  ma- 
jority of  eleven  thousand  four  hundred  and 
seventy  votes.  In  IS'JG  he  was  elected  as  a 
delegate  to  the  Kepublican  National  Con- 
vention at  St.  Louis.  He  was  also  made  one 
of  the  vice  presidents  of  that  convention,  and 
still  further  honored  by  being  made  one  of 
the  committee  to  notify  Mr.  McKinley  of 
bis  nomination.  On  the  organization  of  the 
great  National  Sound  Monej'  League  in  ISitT, 
Mr.  Devine  was  made  vice  president,  a  posi- 
tion which  he  still  holds.  In  discharging 
his  duties  iu  this  organization  he  has  writ- 
ten several  articles  on  the  money  question 
and  on  finance,  which  on  being  published 
were  extensively  copied  throughout  the 
country.  His  activity  in  political  atVairs  be- 
gan when  he  was  very  young,  for  the  work 
was  thrust  uj)on  him.  He  cast  his  first  vote 
for  James  G.  Blaine,  in  1884.  In  that 
memorable  campaign  Mr.  Devine,  on  the  re- 
quest of  the  state  executive  committee  went 
from  North  Dakota  to  "stump"  the  state 
of  ^^■est  Virginia — his  native  state  and 
thought  to  be  at  most  hopelessly  Democra- 
tic— for  the  "Great  ("ommoner."     His  zeal 


Ki'ii  M.  iii;vi.\i; 


tor  the  principles  of  the  party  have  never 
riagged  from  that  day.  He  is  an  eloquent, 
persuasive  speaker  and  is  always  in  demand 
for  cauipaigu  services.  In  I'JUO  his  sewices 
and  his  ability  as  a  scholar  were  again  rec- 
ognized in  his  nomination  and  election  as 
State  Superintendent  of  Tublic  Instruction. 
Mr.  Devine  is  an  acti\e  member  of  the  pres- 
byterian  Church.  On  July  18th,  I'JOO,  he 
was  married  to  Miss  Mary  Bernadine  Haus- 
com.  He  takes  an  active  interest  in  fraternal 
societies,  and  is  a  member  of  the  Odd  Fel- 
lows, Knights  of  I'ythias  and  of  the  Masonic 
Order,  in  which  he  has  taken  the  thirty-sec- 
ond degree. 


LONfiSTAFF,  John. — The  proprietcu' and 
manager  of  the  lluronite  Publishing  Com- 
pany, of  Huron,  S.  D.,  one  of  the  largest 
jtrinting  establishments  in  the  state,  John 
Longstaff,  is  a  native  of  New  York.  He  was 
born  at  Newport,  Herkimer  county,  of  that 
state.  May  2l',  180:?.  His  father,  a  man  of 
strong  native  ability,  was  a  blacksmith  and 
wagonmaker  in  well-to-do  circumstances. 
The  maiden  name  of  John's  mother  was  Man- 
Bradbury.    They  were  both  of  English  birth. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


JOHN  LONGSTAFF 


John  had  the  advautagL's  of  a  good  common 
school  education  under  the  guidance  of  sen- 
sible parents.  He  then  took  a  course  at  the 
noted  Eastman's  College,  at  roughkeepsie, 
N.  Y.,  and  graduated  in  March,  1883,  when 
he  was  only  twenty  years  old.  He  immedi- 
ately set  out  for  the  west,  and  secured  em- 
ployment with  the  Times  Publishing  Com- 
pany, at  Huron,  Dakota  Territory— now 
South  Dakota.  In  1885  he  accepted  a  posi- 
tion in  Davenport,  Iowa,  with  the  Davenport 
Gazette,  then  the  leading  Kepublican  paper 
of  Scott  county,  in  that  state.  He  was  soon 
promoted  to  business  manager  of  the  estab- 
lishment, where  he  remained  for  two  years. 
He  then  returned  to  Huron,  his  first  love,  so 
to  speak,  and  bought  a  working  interest  in 
the  Dakota  Huronite.  One  year  later  he  pur- 
chased the  interests  of  the  other  partners, 
and  formed  a  co-partnership  with  J.  W. 
Shannon,  which  continued  until  June,  1890, 
when  Mr.  Shannon  retired,  disposing  of  his 
interest  to  Mr.  Longstaff,  who  has  since  con 
ducted  the  business.  Under  his  management 
the  business  has  grown  yearly,  until  it  has 
become,  as  mentioned,  one  of  the  largest  i)ub- 
lishing  houses  iii  the  state.  It  is  thoroughly 
equipped  with  all  modern  machinery,  and  it 


gives  employment  to  nearly  a  score  of  people. 
Mr.  Longstaff  i.s  not  only  a  thorough  business 
man,  but  he  wields  a  facile  pen  as  a  forcible 
writer,  and  he  is  an  effective  jmblic  speaker. 
In  ]io]itics  he  is  an  active  Republican,  promi- 
nent and  influeutial  in  his  party  in  addition 
to  the  powCT-  which  he  exerts  through  his 
I>aper,  The  Huronite,  one  of  the  strongest  in 
the  state.  In  1SS!»  President  Harrison  ap- 
]>ointed  Mr.  Longstaff'  jiostmaster  of  Huron. 
He  has  been  a  member  of  llie  Ke])nblican 
State  Central  Committee  since  lS!((i,  and  is 
one  of  the  five  members  of  the  executive  com- 
mittee. He  has  always  taken  an  active  in- 
terest in  the  affairs  of  the  South  Dakota 
Press  Association,  and  was  elected  president 
of  the  association  at  the  midsummer  meet- 
ing at  Madison  in  1892.  In  1897,  when  the 
legislature  api>ointed  a  commission  to  inves- 
tigate the  state  institutions  and  state  otfi- 
cers.  Governor  Lee,  of  the  opposite  party 
from  Mr.  Longstatf,  appointed  him  as  a  fair- 
minded  man,  a  member  of  the  commission,. 
as  a  Republican.  He  also  takes  an  interest 
in  social  affairs,  being  a  member  of  the  Syra- 
cuse Lodge,  No.  16,  of  the  Knights  of 
Pythias,  of  which  he  has  been  an  officer  up 
to  the  highest  rank.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Benevolent  Protective  Order  of  Elks,  Huron 
Lodge,  No.  444.  He  is  second  to  none  as  a 
public-spirited  citizen,  being  always  ready 
with  purse,  pen,  and  personal  effort,  in  every 
movement  for  the  general  welfare  of  city, 
county  and  state.  He  was  married  to  Miss 
Rose  Schichtl,  of  Racine,  Wis.,  in  1887.  They 
have  three  children,  all  boys:  Ralph  S., 
Cjeorge  E.  and  J.  Walter  Longstaff'. 


MARQUIS,  William  James.— I'ride  of  oc- 
cupation is  an  essential  element  of  success 
in  any  calling.  Where  this  prevails,  accom- 
panied with  natural  aptitude,  the  result  is 
not  doubtful.  The  secret  of  the  marked  im- 
provement in  the  Sauk  Rapids  schools  under 
the  superintendency  of  William  J.  Marquis 
may  be  atributed  to  this  happy  combination 
in  his  character.  He  was  born  at  Pickering, 
Ontario,  Can.,  August  25,  1871.  He  is  of 
Scotch-English  extraction.  His  father, 
lliomas  B.  Marquis,  came  from  England  with 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


his  parents  when  a  child,  and  is  now  a  fann- 
er in  comfortable  circumstances.  The  maiden 
name  of  William's  mother  was  Anne  Dickie. 
She  came  from  Scotland  with  her  parents 
when  only  five  yeare  of  age.  Both  are  still 
living  to  rejoice  in  the  success  of  their  son, 
who  when  only  ten  years  old  determined  to 
be  a  teacher.  His  early  education  was  ob- 
tained in  the  country  schools,  where  he  was 
fortunate  in  having  good  men  teachers. 
AMien  prepared  for  high  school  his  school 
training  was  interrupted  by  five  years'  work 
on  his  father's  farm,  but  the  germ  of  a  teach- 
er was  in  him.  In  ISSS  he  entered  the  noted 
Collegiate  Institute  of  Whitby,  Ont.,  where 
the  instructors  are  held  to  be  si)ecialists  in 
their  departments,  and  where  the  i)ersonal 
infiuence  of  the  pi'ofessors  is  deemed  a  factor 
in  the  training  received.  Here  Mr.  Marquis 
took  a  foui-  years'  classical  course  with  train- 
ing in  commercial  details.  He  immediately 
took  a  teach(M-'s  ti'aining  course  in  the  Whit- 
by Model  School,  and  then  began  to  teach 
in  country  and  village  schools.  The  pay  was 
too  low  for  a  life  work,  so,  after  two  years  of 
this  teaching,  Mr.  Marquis  determined  to  try 
something  else.  In  February,  1895,  he  went 
into  a  general  store  business  with  his  broth- 
er. This  did  not  jtrove  congenial  to  him.  He 
could  not  be  contented  in  following  it,  and 
had  a  desire  to  return  to  his  first  love — teach- 
ing— where  the  circumstances  were  more 
favorable  than  at  home.  Concluding  to  try 
the  T'nited  States — the  Mecca  of  so  many 
young  men  of  the  Dominion — he  came  to 
Jlinnesota.  Although  already  well  equipped 
for  teaching,  and  having  had  considerable 
experience,  he  entered  the  State  Normal 
School  at  St.  Cloud.  Here  he  carried  off  a 
large  share  of  the  honors.  He  was,  in  May, 
180S.  awarded  a  diploma  from  the  advanced 
Latin  class.  In  1S97  he  was  elected  presi- 
dent of  the  junioi'  class,  and  in  1898  he  was 
elected  president  of  the  graduating  class. 
In  the  same  year  he  Avas  editor-in-chief  of  the 
school  paper,  "The  Normalia,"  and  during 
his  course  was  frequently  selected  to  repre- 
sent the  students  in  i)ublic  exercises  and 
meetings.  In  September,  1898.  he  was  en- 
gaged as  sujierintendent  of  the  city  schools 
of  Sauk  Rapids,  Benton  county,  Minn.,  the 


WII.I,IA>1  .1.    MAItlillS. 

jiosititm  which  lie  now  holds.  The  schools 
are  already  nearing  a  complete  orticial  high 
school  standing.  He  also  takes  an  aitive 
interest  in  general  educational  mattery  be- 
ing an  active  member  of  the  Minnesota  Edu- 
cational Association,  and  is  secretary  and 
treasurer  of  the  Northern  Minnesota  Educa- 
tional Association.  Mr.  Marquis  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church,  an 
Odd  Fellow,  and  belongs  to  the  Council  of 
Jlodern  Samaritans.  He  was  married,  Au- 
gust 24,  1898,  to  Miss  Lilian  B.  Holliday,  of 
Brooklin,  Ont.  They  have  one  son,  Harold 
Holliday  Manjuis,  born  IMarch  fi,  1900. 


DUNN,  John  Benjamin,  surgeon  to  St. 
Raphael's  Hospital,  St.  Cloud,  Minn.,  was 
born  at  Winona,  Minn.,  Nevember  27,  1859. 
Is  the  son  of  James  and  Mary  O'Hare  Dunn, 
natives  of  Dul)lin,  Ireland,  who  emigrated  to 
America  in  1845.  His  father  served  as  a  vol- 
unteer in  the  Mexican  War,  and  subsequent- 
ly, in  185fi,  took  up  land  in  Winona  county 
and  engaged  in  farming. 

Dr.  Dunn's  early  education  was  in  the 
common  schools  of  Winona.  In  1877  he  en- 
tered the  Second  State  Normal  School  grad- 


HISTORY  OF  THE   GRKAT   N(  »KT1J\VKST. 


JOHN  B.  DUNN. 

uatiuo  ill  1880.  He  tlieu  began  the  study  of 
medicine,  graduating  from  Rush  Medical 
College  in  1884.  He  at  once  located  at 
Shakopee,  Minn.,  taking  a  large  general  prac- 
tice established  by  his  brother.  Dr.  J.  H. 
Dunn,  in  Scott  and  adjoining  counties.  De- 
siring to  especially  qualify  himself  for  sur- 
gical practice,  after  nine  years  of  active  gen- 
eral experience,  in  1891  he  went  to  Chicago 
and  New  York  for  about  two  years  of  post- 
graduate study  under  Drs.  Senn,  Murphy  and 
other  prominent  surgical  teachers. 

In  1893  he  located  in  St.  Cloud,  Minn.,  as- 
sociating himself  with  Dr.  N.  J.  Pinault,  who 
had  a  very  large  general  practice  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  state  tributary  to  St. 
Cloud.  It  was  the  intention  of  Dr.  Pinault, 
whose  taste  and  learning  leaned  towards  in- 
ternal medicine,  to  associate  with  himself  an 
expert  surgeon  and  the  firm  thus  formed  was 
a  very  strong  one.  The  following  year  Dr. 
Pinault  unexpectedly  retired,  and  for  a  time 
Dr.  Dunn  continued  the  very  heavy  practice 
of  the  firm,  both  medical  and  surgical. 

Since  the  rebuilding  of  St.  Raphael's  Hos- 
I)ital,  which  gives  St.  Cloud  modern  hospital 
facilities  equal  to  the  best  in  the  Northwest, 
he  has  limited  his  practice  largely  to  sur- 


goiv  and  consultaiioii  \\oik.  Here  be  has 
Ills  own  jirivate  oiicialing  room,  fitted  with 
all  tlie  modern  conveniences  and  ajipliances. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  State  Medical  Associa- 
tion, the  American  Medical  Association  and 
other  medical  societies. 

In  1SS4  Dr.  Dunn  was  married  to  Miss 
yiMy  OT.rien,  of  Minneapolis.  They  have 
Iliici'  daughters,  Irene,  aged  Ki.  Adelaide. 
ai;c(l  11,  and  Margai-et.  aged  5. 


CANTERBURY.  James  Rudolph.— Pro 
tection  against  fire  is  one  of  the  prime  neces 
sities  of  a  modei-n  city.  The  appliances  de- 
\ised  to  fight  fire  are  mai-vels  of  ingenuity 
and  mechanical  skill.  It  follows,  of  course, 
that  the  men  in  charge  of  them  must  be  skill- 
ful and  well  trained  in  their  calling,  to  be 
efficient.  This  requires  time;  therefore  a 
modern  fireman  is  an  expert.  He  has  a  pro- 
fession akin  to  that  of  a  soldier,  and  like 
him,  risks  life  and  limb  in  the  battle,  and- 
although  with  the  elements,  it  is  scarcely 
less  hazardous.  When  the  fireman,  by  his 
knowledge,  skill  and  intrepidity  attains  dis- 
tinction he  is  as  fully  entitled  to  the  honors 
of  his  rank  as  is  the  perhaps  more  ostenta- 
tious military  officer.  The  fire  chief,  who 
may  be  called  the  general,  earns  credit  for 
the  efficiency  of  his  force  as  does  the  com- 
manding officer  in  an  army.  Tlie  rush  of 
an  engine  to  battle  with  fire  is  scarcely  less 
thrilling  than  a  charge  of  soldiers.  The 
value  of  the  two  services  can  hardly  be  com- 
jiared,  for  the  fireman's  duty  is  to  defend  and 
save,  while  that  of  the  soldier  is  to  attack 
and  destroy. 

Among  the  names  of  the  men  in  the 
Northwest  distinguished  for  their  fire  serv- 
ice, that  of  J.  R.  Canterbury,  the  Chief  En- 
gineer of  the  Fire  Department  of  the  city 
of  Minneapolis,  will  always  be  prominent. 
He  attained  this  distinction  by  a  course  of 
training  which  peculiarly  fitted  him  for  his 
career.  It  may  with  truth  he  said  that  he 
lias  also  a  hereditary  aptitude  for  his  profes- 
sion, as  his  fathei',  John  David  Canterbury, 
was  a  stationarv  engineer.  He  is  still  liv- 
ing at  Pomeroy,  Ohio,  surviving  a  service  of 
three  years  and  a  half  in  the  army  during 


HI.STORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


the  Eeliellion.  He  is  of  English  parentage, 
wliile  his  wife,  who  was  Harriet  Stanley,  was 
of  early  Ameriean  descent  on  both  her  fa- 
ther's and  mother's  side.  John  David  Can- 
terbury's mother  was  of  (ierman  birth.  Thus 
Chief  Engineer  Canterbury  can  boast  of  hav- 
ing in  his  veins  three  strains  of  sturdy 
Anglo-Saxon  blood — English,  Aniei'ican  and 
German.  He  was  born  at  I'oiiieroy,  Ohio. 
March  15,  185S.  Having  rcccixcd  a  com 
nion  school  education  lie  began  his  active 
life  when  fifteen  years  of  age,  in  the  employ 
of  the  New  Cumberland  Towboat  Company 
of  New  Cumberland,  \V.  Va.,  where  he  re- 
mained for  five  years.  He  then  werjt  into 
service  on  a  line  of  steamers  as  lamp  trim- 
mer, watchman  and  mate,  plying  between 
Pittsburg,  St.  Louis  and  New  Orleans.  He 
left  the  river  in  ISIS  and  was  engaged  in 
the  Belcher  Sugar  Refinery  at  St.  Louis.  In 
1882  he  came  to  Minneapolis  and  bought 
shares  of  stock  in  the  Co-operative  Barrel 
Manufacturing  Company.  He  was  appoint- 
ed to  the  jjosition  of  pipeman  in  the  fire  de- 
partment of  Minneapolis,  May  1,  1883,  and 
assigned  to  duty  with  chemical  engine  No.  1 
where  he  remained  for  a  year,  and  was  then 
transferred  in  the  same  cai)acity  to  hose  No. 
5,  February  26,  1886.  Ho  was  then  promot- 
ed to  the  lieutenancy  of  engine  No.  5, 
and  again  to  the  captaincy  of  engine  No.  6, 
December  8, 1887.  He  was  appointed  second 
assistant  chief  engineer  June  0,  1801,  where 
he  seiTed  until  he  resigned  from  the  de- 
partment, February  1,  1895. 

He  was  appointed  assistant  boiler  inspect- 
or June  20,  1895,  and  held  the  position  until 
he  was  elected  to  his  present  office  of  chief 
engineer  of  the  tire  department.  Tlie  whole 
secret  of  his  successive  promotions  lays  in 
the  fact  that  he  filled  every  place  with  ex- 
ceptional ability  and  fidelity.  He  was  al- 
ways equal  to  any  duty  placed  upon  him. 

Mr.  Canterbury  has  always  atTiliated  with 
the  Eepublican  party,  and  has  identified 
himself  with  the  organizations  which  were 
designed  to  promote  the  interest  of  the  cily. 
He  is  a  member  of  tlie  board  of  trade,  and 
of  the  Commercial  club.  He  is  an  active 
member  of  the  iLasonic  order,  Minneai)olis 
No.  11),  Blue  Lodge;  St.  John  Cliapler,  Royal 


JAMES  U.  CAN'TEIUSUUY. 

Arch;  Zion  Comniandcry,  l\iiights  T(MMplar; 
Minneapolis  Council  No.  2.  He  is  connected 
also  with  other  associations  of  social  and 
ci\ic  interest,  among  them  Nicollet  Codge 
No.  1(>.  A.  O.  U.  W.,  Minnehaha  Council  1160, 
R.  A.  He  is  likewise  president  of  tlie  Fire- 
men's Relief  association,  and  vice-president 
of  the  international  association  of  chief  en- 
gineers of  lire  departments.  In  church  rela- 
tions he  is  a  Methodist.  He  was  married  in 
1SS:{  to  Lizzie  IMunier  Hanscom,  of  Minne- 
apolis, and  has  two  children,  Ethel  May,  15 
years  of  age,  and  James  Raljih,  two  years 
younger. 

Mr.  Canterbury  is  a  genial  companion  and 
an  ui)right.  public  spirited  citizen,  reflectiug 
upon  the  community  the  honor  which  he  so 
abundant! V  earned. 


HEALY,  Frank.— The  law  department  of 
a  large  city  is  its  citadel  of  defense  against 
assaults  on  the  city  treasury.  The  city  at 
torney  is  the  general  in  command.  WOc  be 
to  the  taxjiayers  if  this  otticcr  be  iiicomiicteiil 
or  inetticient  to  i(']iel  raids  on  the  city's 
•'strong  box."     I'eople  are    })rone,    on     the 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


FItAXK   IIEALY. 

slightest  pretext,  to  sue  the  city,  as  if  it  weie 
everybody's  legitimate  plunder.  The  num- 
ber and  frivolous  character  of  the  claims 
made  upon  the  public  treasurj';  the  ingenuity 
with  which  they  are  concocted;  and  the  cun- 
ning displayed  in  prosecuting  them,  are  won- 
derful. To  successfully  cope  with  these 
multifarious  attacks,  more  especially  as  they 
are  very  frequently  conducted  by  legal  talent 
of  a  high  order,  requires  much  more  than 
ordinary  ability. 

Mr.  Frank  Healy,  the  city  attorney  of  Min- 
neapolis, has  made  an  enviable  record  in  this 
important  work  during  the  nearly  four  years 
that  he  has  been  in  charge  of  the  office.  In 
this  time,  there  have  been  made  attempts  to 
collect  from  the  city  claims  which  in  the 
aggregate  amounted  to  hundreds  of  thou- 
sands of  dollars,  and  yet  but  two  small  ver- 
dicts have  been  secured  against  the  city. 
This  result  is  certainly  very  remarkable.  In 
not  a  few  of  these  cases  Mr.  Healy  opposed 
distinguished  members  of  the  bar  who  had 
the  so-called  "prestige  of  never  losing  a  case." 
What  the  result  )night  have  been  had  the 
office  of  city  attorney  been  in  the  hands  of  a 
less  competent  lawyer,  it  is  easy  to  imagine. 


Defending  suits  is  only  part  of  the  duty  de- 
volving upon  the  incumbent  of  this  office. 
He  must  prosecute  in  behalf  of  the  city,  he 
must  give  advice  to  the  city  council  and  al- 
dermen and  to  the  other  departments  of  the 
municipality,  and  decide  questions  of  law 
submitted  to  him  by  any  of  the  city  author- 
ities. All  this  requires  sound  judgment,  as 
well  as  a  wide  range  of  legal  knowledge.  Jlr. 
llealy  has  been  as  successful  in  this  depart- 
ment as  in  the  defendant  position. 

Mr.  Healy  barely  escaped  the  honor  of  be- 
ing a  native  of  the  state.  He  was  born  near 
the  city  of  Syracuse.  N.  Y.,  in  1854.  In  1850 
his  parents  moved  to  Minnesota,  and  took  up 
a  homestead  near  Preston,  Fillmore  county, 
w  here  his  father  still  lives.  His  mother  died 
in  1873.  In  that  picturesque  Boot  river  re- 
gion, Mr.  Healy  spent  his  boyhood,  beginning 
his  education  in  a  log  school  house.  His 
next  step,  in  1874,  was  attendance  at  the 
Preston  graded  school  for  two  years.  In 
187(j  he  entered  the  preparatory  department 
of  the  state  university,  and  began  his  college 
course  in  the  institution  in  1878,  graduating 
with  the  degree  of  A.  B.  in  the  class  of  '82. 
He  chose  law  as  his  profession  and  entered 
Ihe  law  department  of  the  state  university 
of  Michigan,  graduating  in  1884,  with  the  de- 
gree of  LL.  B.  Beturning  to  Minneapolis 
he  began  his  law  career  as  clerk  in  the  office 
of  Col.  C.  H.  Benton,  who  was  then  city  at- 
torney. Soon  after  he  became  a  partner  of 
his  employer  with  S.  A.  Plumley,  the  firm 
being  under  the  style  of  Benton,  Plumley  & 
Healy.  Later  Mr.  Plumley  retired,  and  the 
firm  became  Benton  &  Healy,  so  remaining 
until  the  death  of  the  senior  partner  in  1890. 
Mr.  Healy  then  practiced  alone  until  18!»3. 
when,  with  Judge  John  P.  Eea  and  Frank  R. 
Ilubachek,  the  firm  of  Bea,  Huba<'hek  & 
Healy  was  formed,  which  continued  until 
1897,  when  Mr.  Healy  was  chosen  city  at- 
torney by  the  city  council — the  position 
which  he  now  holds  so  creditably  to  him- 
self and  profitably  to  the  city. 

Mr.  Healy  was  married  in  1889  to  Miss 
Louise  Henry,  who  graduated  from  the  state 
university  in  the  class  with  him.  They  are 
blessed  with  a  bov  and  a  girl. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


PETERSON,  John.— No  class  of  emi- 
grants have  contributed  more  to  the  upbuild- 
ing of  this  great  Northwest  than  those  who 
came  here  from  the  Scandinavian  peninsula. 
A  typical  repre.sentative  of  that  sturdy  and 
thrifty  class  of  citizens  is  the  subject  of  this 
sketch.  Mr.  Peterson  earned  his  firsi  dollai- 
in  Minnesota,  working  as  a  grader  on  a  new 
railroad  in  course  of  construction.  Since 
that  day  he  has  taken  a  proniineni  jiarl  in 
the  construction  of  the  railway  systems  of 
the  Northwest,  and  has  been  identified  willi 
many  other  important  business  interests. 
He  is  at  present  Collector  of  Customs  for 
the  District  of  Minnesota.  Mr.  I'elerson 
was  born  July  6,  1841,  in  tlie  province  of 
Vermland,  Sweden.  His  parents,  I'eter  and 
Carrie  Johnson,  belonged  to  the  agricultural 
classes  and  were  in  but  moderate  cix-cum- 
stances.  They  were  people,  however,  of 
strong  character  and  earnest  Christians,  and 
spared  no  efforts  to  give  their  son  John  a 
fairly  good  education.  Their  self-sacritices 
in  his  interest  taught  him  early  in  life  the 
value  of  an  upright,  honest  character.  The 
lesson  he  thus  learned  exerted  a  deep  influ- 
ence on  his  after  career.  From  his  sixth 
to  eighth  year  he  attended  a  small  children's 
school  near  his  home.  His  later  educational 
training  was  received  in  the  public  schools. 
Upon  his  graduation  from  them  he  learned 
the  trade  of  a  mechanic  and  builder  and  for 
several  years  followed  this  line  of  work.  His 
skill  and  conscientious  attention  to  his  du- 
ties soon  earned  for  him  promotion  to  the  po- 
sition of  superintendent  of  the  construction 
of  railroad  bridges  on  the  governmental  rail- 
roads of  Sweden.  But  his  ambitious  tem- 
perament was  not  satisfied  with  the  pros- 
pects held  out  for  him  in  the  old  country  and 
he  decided  to  seek  his  fortune  in  America. 
He  emigrated  to  the  United  States  in  the 
spring  of  1869,  coming  directly  to  Minnesota 
and  locating  at  St.  Peter.  He  sought  the 
first  work  at  hand,  and  that  was  helping  to 
grade  on  the  new  railroad  line  being  built 
from  St.  Paul  to  Sioux  City,  and  which  is 
now  a  part  of  the  Northwestern  system. 
During  the  following  summer  he  also  worked 
in  the  harvest  fields  in  the  vicinity  of 
Rochester.     His  experience  in  railroad  con- 


JOHN  PETERSON. 

struction  work  came  in  good  stead  about 
this  time.  Many  different  railroad  lines 
were  then  being  constructed,  and  Mr.  Peter- 
sou  commenced  operations  as  a  sifb-con- 
tractor  on  the  Winona  &  St.  Peter  railroad. 
In  1871  he  became  a  member  of  the  firm 
of  C.  J.  Larson  &  Company,  which,  until 
its  dissolution  in  188,  took  a  most  active 
part  in  the  building  of  the  great  railroad 
systems  of  this  northwestern  country.  In 
1886,  Mr.  Peterson  also  entered  into  part- 
nership with  Fred  Widell,  of  Mankato,  and 
was  for  several  years  engaged  in  stone 
quarrying  and  building.  But  Mr.  Peter- 
son's business  activities  have  not  been  di- 
rected along  these  lines  alone.  He  has  also 
been  identified  with  a  great  number  of 
other  business  interests  and  his  whole  ca- 
reer has  been  one  of  unceasing  activity.  He 
has  conducted  extensive  farming  operations 
in  Northwestern  Nebraska  and  has  been 
largely  interested  in  the  iron  industry  in 
northern  Minnesota.  For  several  years 
he  has  been  a  director  of  (he  Nicollet 
National  Bank  of  St.  I'eter,  :Minn.,  and 
[iresident  of  the  Northwestern  publishing 
company,  of  St.  Paul.  He  is  also  vice-presi- 
dent of  the  Svenska  Folkes  Tidning,  of  Min- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


nea polls,  oue  of  the  leading  Scandinavian 
papers  published  in  this  country.  Mr.  Peter- 
son has  also  held  many  positions  of  public 
trust.  He  is  actively  identified  with  the  Re- 
publican party  and  has  served  as  a  delegate 
to  numerous  congressional  and  state  conven- 
tions. For  several  years  he  was  a  member 
of  the  central  committee  of  the  Second  con- 
gressional district.  He  was  elected  to  the 
state  senate  from  St.  Peter  in  1894,  and  was 
three  times  appointed  a  member  of  the  board 
of  trustees  of  the  State  Hospitals  for  the  In- 
sane, twice  by  Gov.  Merriam  and  once  by 
Gov.  Nelson.  From  1881  to  1896  he  served 
as  a  member  of  the  city  council  of  St.  Peter, 
and  for  two  years  was  its  president.  He  was 
appointed  collector  of  customs  for  the  Dis- 
trict of  Minnesota  in  1897.  Mr.  Peterson  has 
also  taken  a  special  interest  in  educational 
matters  and  has  served  as  a  director  of  Gus- 
tavus  Adolphus  College  of  St.  Peter  for  over 
twenty  years,  and  its  treasurer  for  many 
years.  He  is  connected  with  the  Swedish 
Lutheran  church,  of  which  he  has  been  a 
member  since  1871,  and  for  many  years 
served  as  a  member  of  the  church  council. 
He  was  married  in  1873  to  Frederica  Eliza- 
beth Lundberg.  They  have  seven  children, 
Agnes  L.,  Adolph  C,  Bernard  R.,  Hjalmar 
N.,  Mabel  F.  C,  Vernan  J.  (\  and  L.  Russell 
F. 


MORRIS,  William  Richard.— The  disad- 
vantages of  birth  present  an  almost  insur- 
mountable obstacle  to  members  of  the  Afro- 
American  race,  but  there  are  a  few  notable 
instances  in  this  country  affording  a  shining 
example  of  the  ability  to  rise  above  race 
prejudice  to  positions  of  standing  and  influ- 
ence. William  R.  Morris,  a  lawyer  prac- 
ticing his  profession  in  Minneapolis,  is  a  mag- 
nificent type  of  that  manhood  which  is  dis- 
couraged at  no  taslv,  and  finally,  through 
dint  of  persevering  work,  achieves  a  success 
which  makes  him  marked  among  his  fellows. 
Mr.  Morris  has  a  mixture  of  wliite  blood  in 
his  veins.  On  the  paternal  side  of  the  house, 
his  great  grandmother  was  born  in  Eng- 
land and  was  a  member  of  the  English 
nobilitv,   while   his   irreat   grandfather   was 


a  negro  and  a  slave,  as  was  also  his  grand- 
mother. His  paternal  grandfather,  half 
English,  half  negro,  was  a  preacher  learn- 
ed in  the  Scriptures,  and  noted  for  his 
great  physical  strength  and  powers  of 
endurance.  His  great  grandmother,  on 
ihe  maternal  side,  was  an  English  wo- 
man, and  a  slaveholder,  as  was  also  his 
maternal  grandmother.  His  father,  Heze- 
kiah,  was  a  slave  in  Kentucky,  but  bought 
his  freedom,  and  was  a  mattress-maker  by 
trade.  His  mother's  maiden  name  was  Eliza- 
beth Hopkins,  who  was  born  free.  William 
R.  was  born  in  Fleming  county,  near  Flem- 
ingsburg.  Ivy.,  February  22,  1859.  His  fa- 
ther having  died  when  he  was  two  years  of 
age,  his  mother  moved,  after  the  war,  to 
Ohio.  He  attended  the  public  schools  in 
New  Richmond,  and  also  a  private  school  in 
the  same  place;  later,  the  public  schools  of 
Cincinnati  as  well  as  a  private  Catholic 
school  in  that  city.  This  was  supplemented 
by  a  term  in  a  Catholic  school  in  Chicago, 
111.  When  seventeen  years  of  age  he  en- 
tered Fisk  University  at  Nashville,  Tenn., 
graduating  from  the  classical  department  of 
that  institution  in  1881,  with  high  honors. 
He  was  recognized  by  his  instructors  as  oue 
of  their  brightest  scholars.  He  was  apt  in 
his  studies,  a  logical  debater,  and  his  exami- 
nation papers  revealed  a  vigor  of  thought 
and  an  accuracj'  of  expression  that  proved 
the  thoroughness  of  his  investigations  and 
the  possession  of  high  legal  attainments. 
After  his  graduation  he  was  made  a  member 
of  the  faculty,  and  for  more  than  four  years 
was  the  only  Afro-American  member  of  that 
body  of  twenty-five  professors  and  teachers, 
teaching  classes  in  mathematics,  languages 
and  the  sciences.  Mr.  Morris  regards  the  in- 
fluence exerted  on  his  after  career  hj  Fisk 
University  as  broad  and  deep.  While  a  stu- 
dent at  the  university,  he  taught  in  the  pub- 
lic schools  of  Mississippi  and  Arkansas  dur- 
ing his  vacations.  In  1885  he  represented 
the  Afro-Americans  of  the  South  at  the  an- 
nual meeting  of  the  A.  M.  A.  at  Madison, 
Wis.,  delivering  an  address  entitled  "The  Ne- 
gro at  Present,"  which  won  for  him  a  wide 
reputation.  In  1886  he  was  employed  by  the 
superintendent  of  education  of  Tennessee  to 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


hold  institutes  for  Afro-Aineripan  teachers 
of  that  state,  lie  has  also  at  different  times 
contributed  articles  for  the  press  which  have 
been  highly  commended.  He  completed  a 
course  in  law  in  1887,  and  in  the  same  .year 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  by  the  supreme 
court  of  Illinois,  in  a  class  of  twenty-seven, 
being  one  out  of  three  to  receive  the  same 
and  highest  mark.  He  was  also  admitted 
to  the  bar  by  the  sujjreme  court  of  Tenessee, 
and  practiced  some  at  both  Chicago,  111.,  and 
Nashville,  Tenu.  In  June,  1889,  he  resigned 
his  position  at  Fisk  University  and  came  to 
Minneajtolis.  He  was  the  first  Afro-Ameri- 
can lawyer  to  appear  before  the  courts  of 
Hennepin  county.  He  enjoys  an  extensive 
practice,  and  has  handled  a  number  of  im- 
portant cases,  winning  for  himself  an  envi- 
able reputation  as  a  lawyer,  both  in  civil 
and  criminal  practice.  One  of  his  most  im- 
portant cases  was  the  defense  of  Thomas 
Lyons,  in  the  famous  Harris  murder  trial, 
in  which  he  succeeded  in  having  Lyons  dis- 
charged. Mr.  Morris  is  an  active  member 
of  the  Republican  party,  and  has  served  it 
on  several  local  committees.  Notwith- 
standing the  active  duties  of  his  profession, 
Mr.  Morris  has  also  found  time  to  take  the 
lead  in  everything  tending  to  the  upbuilding 
of  his  race.  He  was  elected  president  of  the 
Afro-American  State  League  in  1801,  and 
is  the  acting  general  attorney  of  the  National 
Federation  of  Labor  of  Colored  Men  of  the 
United  States  and  Canada.  Mr.  Morris  is 
also  prominent  in  Masonic  circles,  and  has 
taken  the  thirty-third  degree  in  the  Scottish 
Rite.  He  is  grand  secretary  of  the  Minne- 
sota Grand  Lodge,  scribe  of  Royal  Arch 
Chapter,  thrice  illustrious  master  of  the 
Council  of  Royal  and  Select  Masters,  general- 
issimo of  the  commandery,  potentate  of  Fez 
zan  Temple,  treasurer  general  of  Imperial 
council,  and  second  vice  president  of  the 
Masonic  Veterans'  Associatnon  of  the  United 
States.  He  is  also  deputy  supreme  chan- 
cellor and  brigadier  general  of  the  Knights 
of  Pythias,  and  P.  N.  F.  and  P.  G.  M.  of  the 
Odd  Fellows.  Other  social  organizations 
with  which  he  is  identified  are  the  Clio  Club, 
the  Business  Men's  Club,  and  the  English 
and  Ancient  Literature  Club.    He  is  a  mem- 


WILLIAM  K.  MORUIS. 

ber  of  the  Plymouth  Congregational  church. 
July  14:,  1S1)(J,  he  was  married  to  Anna  M. 
La  Force,  of  Pullman,  111.,  a  young  woman 
possessed  of  considerable  literary  ability  and 
refinement.  Their  union  has  been  blessed 
with  one  child — Richard  Edward. 


IVERSON,  Samuel  Gilbert. — Any  one 
having  public  business  to  transact  at  the 
cai>it()l  building  in  St.  I'aul  will  find  many 
genial  and  obliging  officials,  but  none  more 
popular  than  Samuel  <,i.  Iverson,  deputy  in 
the  state  auditor's  office.  Mr.  Iverson  has 
been  associated  with  the  oflicial  life  of  the 
offices  of  the  state  treasurer  and  the  state 
auditor  for  the  past  thirteen  years,  and  hav- 
ing become  thoroughly  informed  with  all  the 
details  of  the  conduct  of  those  offices,  has 
made  himself  indispensable  to  those  who, 
seeking  his  aid,  have  been  spared  a  great 
deal  of  time  and  trouble  in  the  transaction 
of  their  business  with  the  different  depart- 
ments of  state  govenimeut.  Mr.  Iverson  is 
of  Norwegian  descent,  his  i)arents  having 
both  been  born  in  Norway.  His  father,  John 
Ivei'son,  was  iiorn  in  Sogn,  near  Bergen,  and 
his   mother,   (iuuhild    Ciundersou,    in    Thele- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


SAMUEL  G.    IVEKSOX. 

mai-keu.  They  were  among  the  earliest  set- 
tlers in  Fillmore  county,  Minn.,  and  were 
married  at  Rushford,  Minn.,  in  185G,  where 
they  have  resided  ever  since.  Mr.  Iverson 
was  a  merchant  in  this  place  for  manj*  years, 
but  is  now  engaged  in  farming.  Samuel  G. 
was  born  in  Rushford,  April  21,  1859.  His 
early  educational  training  was  received  in 
the  common  schools,  and  later  the  high 
school  of  Rushford.  This  was  supplemented 
by  a  course  at  the  Shattuck  School,  in  Fai"i- 
bault,  one  of  the  best  schools  of  its  kind  in 
the  North  Star  state.  Later  in  life  he  at- 
tended the  law  department  of  the  State  Uni- 
versity, from  which  he  graduated,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1SD3.  Mr.  Iverson  ob- 
tained his  first  business  experience  by  clerk- 
ing in  one  of  the  stores  of  his  native  city 
when  seventeen  years  of  age.  In  1881  he  was 
ajipointed  postmaster  at  Rushford  by  Presi- 
dent Hayes,  and  that  he  served  the  public 
satisfactorily  is  attested  by  the  fact  that  he 
held  that  position  until  October,  1886.  He 
was  elected  in  the  November  election  of  that 
year  a  member  of  the  state  legislature  and 
served  through  the  legislative  session  of 
1887.  At  its  close  he  was  ai)pointed  an  ac- 
countant in  the  state  auditor's  otHce  by  Capt. 


A\'.  \V.  Braden,  remaining  in  that  position 
until  Mr.  Braden's  retirement  in  January, 
181)1.  Joseph  Bobleter,  then  state  treasurer, 
recognized  Mr.  Iverson"s  capacity  and  im- 
mediately ottered  him  the  position  of  deputy 
in  his  office.  Mr.  Iversou's  long  experience 
in  the  two  principal  financial  offices  of  the 
state  has  made  him  perfectly  familiar  with 
the  state's  business  affairs,  e.specially  of  the 
lare  and  management  of  the  large  area  of 
school  and  other  public  lands.  The  tax  and 
revenue  laws  of  the  state  have  been  subjects 
to  which  he  has  given  especial  study,  so  that 
he  has  made  himself  invaluable  to  his  prin- 
cipal in  the  auditor's  office,  and  secured  for 
himself  a  position  of  high  standing  in  official 
life  and  a  leading  position  in  the  Republican 
party  of  the  state.  Mr.  Iverson  always  took 
an  active  interest  in  political  affairs,  even 
before  lie  became  a  voter.  His  first  ballot 
was  cast  for  President  CJarfield.  He  has  also 
been  much  interested  in  the  national  guard 
of  the  state  and  served  six  years  in  the  First 
regiment,  two  years  of  the  time  as  first  lieu- 
tenant of  Company  C,  at  St.  Paul.  He  is 
also  an  active  member  of  several  societies 
and  fraternal  organizations.  He  was  mar- 
ried, April  21,  1900,  at  Rushford,  Minn.,  to 
Mrs.  Calista  Bentlev  Retel. 


HALLAM.  Oscar,  bears  the  surname  of 
one  of  the  most  distinguished  writers  of  his- 
tory. He  does  not,  however,  depend  upon 
the  fame  of  the  illustrious  author  of  the 
"History  of  the  Middle  Ages,"  for  the  posi- 
tion Avon  at  the  bar  and  in  forum  of  the 
states  of  Wisconsin  and  Minnesota.  Oscar 
Hallam's  father  was  a  farmer  at  Linden, 
AYis.  He  married  Miss  Mary  Wood.  The 
name  indicates  English  ancestry.  Oscar 
was  born  at  Linden,  Wis.,  in  1865.  Here  he 
received  his  start  in  climbing  the  ladder; 
the  district  school  furnished  the  means. 
Having  mastered  the  primary  branches  of 
education,  he  entered  the  Dodgeville  High 
School  and  prepared  for  college,  and  for 
his  higher  education  he  chose  the  Wis- 
consin University  at  Madison.  Here  he 
immediately    showed    more    than    common 


OSCAR  HALLAM. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


ability.  He  became  active  in  the  various 
organizations  of  the  university  designed 
for  literary  culture,  joining  the  Athenian 
Literary  Society  and  the  Phi  Delta  Theta 
college  fraternity.  In  the  great  "joint  de- 
bate" in  1886  between  the  literary  societies, 
an  event  always  of  great  interest  and 
importance,  and  one  of  the  established  pub- 
lic contests,  Mr.  Hallam  was  elected  as 
one  of  the  best  speakers,  to  represent  his  so- 
ciety. It  proved  to  be  a  good  choice,  for  his 
side  was  successful.  He  appeared  on  various 
other  public  occasions,  and  always  acquitted 
himself  with  such  credit  as  to  give  promise 
of  a  successful  professional  cai^eer.  He  grad- 
uated in  1887,  as  one  of  the  honor  men  of  the 
class.  He  then  chose  law  as  his  profession 
and  entered  the  law  department  of  the  uni- 
versity, and  graduated  in  1889.  With  char- 
acteristic promptness  he  at  once  selected  St. 
Paul  as  his  home  and  began  to  practice  his 
profession.  He  has  recently  tilled  the  re- 
sponsible position  of  treasurer  of  the  Ramsey 
County  Bar  Association,  which  testifies  to 
the  appreciation  he  has  won  by  his  ability 
and  integrity,  as  well  as  his  genial  personal- 
ity. Mr.  Hallam  has  always  been  a  Repub- 
lican, with  a  keen  interest  in  the  current  po- 
litical questions  of  the  day.  The  college 
training  which  he  received  as  a  forcible  pub- 
lic speaker  has  been  of  great  service  to  his 
party.  He  is  always  in  demand  as  a  popular 
orator  in  campaigns,  and  i)resided  over  the 
last  Republican  county  convention  of  Ram- 
sey county,  yet  he  has  never  held  a  political 
office.  He  has  identified  himself  as  a  public- 
spirited  citizen  with  every  movement  for  the 
welfare  of  the  community,  and  especially  in 
matters  intended  to  promote  the  business  in- 
terests of  the  city.  For  this  purpose  he  is  a 
member  of  the  Commercial  Club  and  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  and  is  a  member  of 
the  board  of  directors  of  both  bodies.  He  is 
also  a  member  of  several  of  the  most  promi- 
nent fraternal  societies,  among  them  the 
Masonic  Order,  the  Ancient  Order  of  United 
AYorkmen,  the  I.  O.  O.  F.,  the  U.  O.  F.,  and 
others,  in  which  he  has  filled  various  official 
positions.  He  is  a  man  of  high  moral  char- 
acter, and  in  religion  associates  with  the 
organization  known  as  the  People's  church, 


one  of  the  most  progressive  religious  organi- 
zations in  the  Northwest.  Mr.  Hallam  was 
married  to  Miss  Edith  L.  Lott  in  1892,  and 
has  two  children,  Cornelia  Mary  and  Rus- 
sell Hallam. 


JORGENS,  Joseph.-- ^Mr.  Jorgeus"  first 
home  was  a  log  house  in  the  pioneer  settle- 
ment of  Frankford  township,  Mower  county, 
Minn.  When  a  year  old  the  family  moved 
in  a  prairie  schooner  drawn  by  a  yoke  of 
oxen  to  Otter  Tail  county. — a  territory  which 
was  then  the  hunting  ground  for  a  band  of 
Chippewa  Indians,  very  few  pioneers  as  yet 
having  found  their  way  thither. 

The  family  settled  on  a  homestead  claim 
on  the  north  shore  of  Wall  lake  four  miles 
east  of  the  present  city  of  Fergus  Falls.  The 
natural  resources  of  the  county  in  soil,  tim- 
ber, numerous  beautiful  lakes  and  streams — 
in  fact  a  veritable  park  region — soon  attract- 
ed homeseekers  and  with  the  increasing  pop-  - 
ulation  came  the  organization  of  the  county. 

The  father  of  the  subject  of  this  sketch,  O. 
Jorgens,  was  chosen  by  the  people  the  first 
county  auditor,  was  re-elected  and  served  in 
all  three  terms.  He  took  the  leading  part  in 
the  early  development  of  the  county,  in  the 
organization  of  townships,  school  districts, 
the  establishment  of  post  offices,  mail  routes, 
the  final  establishment  of  the  county  bound- 
ary lines,  and  in  locating  the  county  seat  at 
Fergus  Falls  which  was  then  the  settlement 
center.  After  several  years'  residence  in  the 
county  the  family  removed  to  Grand  Mead- 
ow, Minn.,  and  engaged  in  general  merchan- 
dising. They  have  many  relatives  in  this 
community  and  the  father  is  highly  respected 
for  his  probity  and  estimable  character. 

There  are  two  children,  a  married  daugh- 
ter— a  former  teacher  in  the  public  schools 
— and  the  son  whose  full  name  is  Joseph 
Oscar  Jorgens. 

Mr.  Jorgens,  Jr.,  after  finishing  the  com- 
mon school  branches  at  Grand  Meadow  was' 
induced  by  a  former  teacher  of  his  who  had 
great  interest  in  him  to  go  to  Lanesboro. 
Finding  work  with  W.  W.  Wall,  the  present 
editor  of  the  Lanesboro  Journal,  thus  pay- 
ing in  part  his  expenses,  he  attended  the 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


high  school  which  was  then  pi'esided  ovei" 
by  Snpt.  K.  W.  Budl,  of  Fillmore,  as  prin- 
cipal. He  next  taught  country  school  a  term, 
having  received  his  first  teachers  certificate 
at  the  age  of  thirteen.  Later  he  went  to 
Carleton  college;  taught  another  term  of 
school  and  worked  each  year  in  the  interim 
of  summer  on  the  farm.  At  Carleton  he 
wrote  a  history  of  his  class  which  jiroved  a 
praisworthy  piece  of  work. 

In  18SC  he  went  to  ilinneapolis  to  attend 
the  State  university,  entering  the  sub-fresh- 
man class.  Shortly  after  beginning  his  stu- 
dies he  obtained  employment  with  the  IMin- 
neapolis  Tribune,  first  as  a  paper  (;-arrier, 
then  a  manager  of  .several  newspaper  routes, 
and  later  as  a  reporter  on  the  Pioneer  Press, 
beginning  liis  ap])renticeship  with  that  re- 
markable staff  composed  of  Chapin,  Jones, 
Mannix,  Barnes,  Mart  Williams  and  Pickett. 
By  this  method,  earning  from  thirty  to  forty 
dollars  per  month,  he  worked  his  way 
through  the  university,  keeping  up  and  grad- 
uating with  his  class  in  1891. 

At  the  university  he  was  known  as  a  good 
student,  bright  and  faithful  in  his  studies, 
yet  developing  along  all  lines  that  pertain  to 
a  well  rounded  college  life.  In  athletics  he 
was  captain  and  manager  of  the  winning 
base  ball  team  in  '88.  In  literary  society  and 
college  organizations  he  was  an  enthusiastic 
worker  and  made  a  finn  and  efficient  presid- 
ing ofTficer.  His  college  fraternity,  T'hi  Kap- 
pa Psi,  did  much  at  this  time  to  promote 
scholarship,  literary  work,  and  oratory. 
Fi'om  '87  to  '03  this  society  took  each  year 
the  first  place  in  the  oratorical  contests  and 
in  "01  had  both  the  Valedictorian  and  Saluta- 
torian  of  the  class.  The  stimulus  and  in- 
fluence of  such  an  order  on  its  members  were 
inestimable.  Though  Mr.  Jorgens  makes  no 
pretense  at  oratory  now,  if  is  interesting  to 
note  that  during  commencement  of  '01  he 
gave  three  orations  in  one  week — every  one 
seemingly  gems.  For  his  speech  "Political 
Parties"  he  received  one  of  the  prizes  in  the 
Pillsbury  contest.  His  oration  on  the  "Col- 
lege Graduate"  received  a  place  on  com- 
mencement day  in  the  old  coliseum,  and  as 
memorial  orator  on  class  day  he  presented 
the  bust  of  Dr.  W.  W.  Folwell  to  the  uni- 


JOSEI'H  J(JRt;KXS. 

versify,  fhe  response  being  by  (Jov.  J.  S. 
I'illsbury.  The  memorial  oration  was 
spoken  of  by  the  press  as  an  exceptional- 
ly elocjuent  ett'ort  and  one  of  th%  best 
ever  delivered  by  an  undergraduate.  Upon 
leaving  college,  affer  several  months'  out- 
ing on  a  survey  on  the  "Soo"  in  Noi'th 
Dakota,  he  took  up  teaching  again,  spend- 
ing a  year  in  tlie  country,  then  two  years 
at  Lyle  as  principal.  In  educational  mat- 
ters at  this  place,  his  enthusiasm  brought 
new  interest  in  the  work;  the  enrollment  was 
enlarged  and  the  building  capacity  doubled. 
In  order  to  retain  him  for  a  third  year  to  ex- 
tend the  high  school  work,  several  of  the 
parents,  owing  to  the  inadequacy  of  the  sala- 
ry, offered  to  assist  the  school  board  by  per- 
sonal contributions;  but  this  was  deemed  im- 
practicable by  the  state  officials  and  he  ac- 
cepted the  ])osition  as  superintendent  and 
principal  at  Clear  Water.  Besides  the  edu- 
cational work  at  Lyle,  as  a  hit  in  the  literary 
line,  an  old  file  of  the  local  ])ai)er  mentions 
in  a  very  flattering  manner  a  Masonic  ad- 
dress delivered  by  Mr.  Jorgens  at  that  place. 
The  work  at  Clear  Water  brought  him  to  the 
attention  of  the  Minneajiolis  schools,  his 
work  receiving  espi'cial  mention  by  the  stale 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


inspector  of  schools  in  liis  annual  report. 
The  Clear  Water  school  board  strove  to  re- 
tain him  by  holding  out  as  an  inducement 
the  highest  salary  ever  offered  at  that  place, 
but  a  Minneapolis  ai)pointnient  with  its  fu- 
ture proved  more  tempting  and  he  accepted 
a  position  in  the  south  side  high  school  with 
civics,  history  and  political  economy  as  his 
specialty.  After  two  years'  service,  his  nat- 
ural executive  abilities  promoted  him  to  the 
princi])alship  of  the  Jackson  school,  which  in 
point  of  number  is  the  second  or  third  largest 
in  the  city,  if  not  in  the  state,  with  an  enroll- 
ment of  1,202  pupils  and  23  teachers. 
Though  successful  in  the  class  room,  to  use 
an  expression  of  a  co-worker  he  is  "extreme- 
ly practical  and  a  genius  at  management" 
and  would  succeed  in  any  active  vocation. 
He  is,  however,  much  interested  in  the  teach- 
ing occupation  as  a  profession,  being  an  ac- 
tive worker  for  the  teachers  of  the  city,  and 
is  at  present  a  member  of  the  executive  com- 
mittee and  secretai-y  of  the  Minneapolis 
Teachers'  club — an  organization  potent  in 
promoting  culture  in  the  community  and  the 
professional  and  advanced  interests  of  the 
teaching  body. 

Mr.  Jorgens'  life  is  interesting  because  it 
is  a  typical  one  of  many  ^Minnesota  boys  who 
have  with  grim  determination  strenuously 
battled  their  way  to  obtain  an  education, 
■winning,  as  he  has  done,  an  early  success. 

He  is  still  a  young  man  employing  his 
spare  moments  in  advance  study,  and  with 
his  well  rounded  abilities,  experience,  schol- 
arship, it  is  safe  to  predict  for  him  one  of  the 
brightest  futures  in  the  state. 


VON  BAUMBAOH,  Frederick.— Men  of 
German  ancestry  have  always  been  promi- 
nent in  American  affairs  since  the  days  of 
the  Re^•olution.  Citizens  of  this  nationality 
are  recognized  among  the  most  sturdy,  in- 
telligent and  patriotic  citizens  of  the  repub- 
lic, and  many  of  them  have  become  distin- 
guished in  literature,  art,  commerce,  and 
politics,  or,  perhaps,  more  properly,  states- 
manship. The  Northwest  has  been  especial- 
ly indebted  to  the  virile,  enterprising  and 
scholarly  characteristics  of  the  German  race. 


Frederick  von  Baumbach  is  a  scion  of  this 
lineage.  His  father,  Louis  von  Baumbach, 
was  an  officer  in  the  Prussian  array  and 
served  against  the  first  Napoleon.  He  was 
very  prominent  and  influential  in  German 
public  affairs,  being  president  of  the  diet  of 
Ilcssc-Cassel  and  a  member  of  the  German 
parliament  of  1848,  celebrated  as  one  of  the 
most  important  ever  held,  being,  in  fact, 
ei)ochal.  In  the  crisis  which  arose  Mr.  von 
Baumbach  was  on  the  progressive  side  with 
the  plain  people.  In  the  upheaval  which 
took  place  when  the  cause  of  the  people 
failed,  he,  with  other  distinguished  men,  emi- 
grated to  the  United  States,  coming  in  1849 
first  to  Ohio,  near  Elyria,  where  he  settled 
on  a  farm.  After  a  time  he  removed  to  Mil- 
waukee with  his  large  family  and  became 
the  German  consul,  a  position  which  he  held 
until  in  1883.  His  wife  was  Mina  von 
Schenk,  of  a  family  noted,  like  that  of  von 
Baumbach  in  the  history  of  Hesse-Cassel, 
where  they  figure  as  soldiers  and  statesmen 
of  the  highest  rank.  She  died  in  1809.  The 
old  Baumbach  estate,  Kirchheim,  in  Hesse- 
Cassel,  founded  in  the  year  1300,  is  still  in 
possession  of  the  family.  On  this  estate 
Frederick  von  Baumbach  was  born,  August 
30,  1838.  His  education  was  begun  under 
the  private  tutor  always  resident  with  the 
family.  When  the  family  emigrated  to  the 
United  States,  Frederick  was  ten  years  old, 
and  one  of  the  youngest  of  the  family.  He 
was  sent  to  the  public  schools  of  Elyria, 
Ohio,  near  his  home.  On  the  removal  of  the 
familj'  to  Milwaukee,  he  went  to  a  business 
college,  and  was  also  employed  in  a  bank 
until  1860,  when  he  went  to  San  Antonio, 
Texas,  and  was  there  when  the  war  excite- 
ment was  intense.  His  sympathies,  of 
course,  were  with  the  north,  and  after  some 
exciting  adventures  in  escaping  from  the 
south,  he  reached  home,  and  on  June  1,  1861, 
enlisted  as  a  private  soldier  in  Company  C, 
Fifth  Regiment  Wisconsin  Volunteer  In- 
fantry. His  efficiency  as  a  soldier  and  his 
scholarly  qualifications  secured  for  him  rapid 
pi-omotions  as  soon  as  the  fighting  begfln  in 
earnest.  He  was  made  successively  corpo- 
ral, sergeant,  and  sergeant-major,  and  on 
June  13,  1862 — a  little  over  a  year  from  the 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


time  of  his  enlistment — he  was  commissioned 
a  second  lieutenant.  He  then  soon  rose  to 
first  lieutenant.  On  December  11,  18G8,  he 
was  appointed  captain  of  Company  15,  Thirty- 
tiftli  Kegiment  \Yisconsin  Volunteers,  and 
October  24,  1805,  he  was  promoted  to  major, 
in  which  rank  he  was  mustered  out  at 
lirownsville,  Texas,  March  15,  ISGO,  having 
served  nearly  live  years,  and  terrible  years 
they  were,  for  he  participated  in  many  of  the 
most  important  battles  of  the  war,  besides 
laking  part  in  almost  innumerable  skirmish 
es.  Among  the  battles  may  be  mentioned 
the  following:  Yorktown,  Williamsburg, 
seven  days"  battle  before  Richmond,  second 
battle  of  Bull  Run,  Antietam,  Fredericks- 
burg, Mobile,  and  Spanish  Fort. 

After  the  war,  in  looking  around  for  a 
home,  for  he  was  married  in  1803  to  Sarah 
J.  Decker,  of  Milwaukee,  he  visited  Douglas 
county,  Minn.,  and,  although  pleased  with 
the  prospect,  he  returned  to  Wisconsin  and 
opened  a  drug  store  at  Fond  du  Lac.  With- 
in a  year  his  establishment  was  burned.  He 
Ihen  turned  to  his  first  love,  Douglas  coun- 
ty, Minn.,  where,  on  the  shore  of  Lake 
Agues,  near  Alexandria,  he  has  one  of  the 
most  lovely  homes  in  the  state.  He  has  al- 
ways been  a  Republican  and  active  in  the 
campaigns  of  the  party.  He  was  very  soon 
elected  to  minor  ofBces  in  the  gift  of  the 
people.  In  1872  he  was  elected  county  audi- 
tor of  Douglas  county.  He  was  re-elected 
again  and  again  until  he  was  chosen  for  the 
high  office  of  secretary  of  state  in  187"J.  lie 
filled  this  position  so  well,  also,  that  he  was 
twice  re-elected.  When  he  again  returned 
to  Douglas  county  the  people  once  more 
elected  him  county  auditor,  and  put  him  in 
charge  of  the  construction  of  the  new  court 
house.  On  the  passage  of  the  new  internal 
revenue  law  in  1898,  to  provide  funds  for  the 
Spanish  war,  Mr.  von  Baumbach  was  ap- 
pointed by  President  McKinU\v  a  collector, 
with  an  office  at  St.  Paul.  Mr.  von  Baum- 
bach, as  stated,  was  married  in  1803,  to  Saiah 
J.  Decker,  but  they  have  no  children  excc]it 
tho.se  adopted,  Jacob  and  Julia.  The  family 
attend  (he  t'ongregutional  church,  of  which 
the  husband  and  wife  are  members.  He  is 
a  member  of  the  veteran  soldier  organiza- 


FUEliEUlCK   VCliN    BAUMBACH. 

tions,  the  Orand  Army  of  the  Republic  and 
the  Loyal  Legion,  the  latter  composed  ex- 
clusively of  those  who  were  commissioned 
officers  in  the  war  of  the  Rebellion.  Be  is 
also  an  Odd  Fellow  and  a  Mason. 


PETERSON,  James  A.,  is  a  lawyer  and 
prominent  member  of  the  Minneapolis  bar. 
He  was  born  on  his  father's  farm  near  the 
village  of  Alderly,  Dodge  county.  Wis.,  Jan- 
uary IS,  1859.  He  is  of  Norwegian  descent, 
both  his  parents  having  been  born  in  Thele- 
marken,  Norway.  His  father  Aslak  Peter- 
sou,  is  a  farmer  and  lives  in  the  town  of  Ash- 
ippuu.  Dodge  county.  Wis.,  where  he  has 
lived  since  1849,  at  which  time  he  came  as  an 
emigrant  from  Norway  and  took  the  farm  he 
is  now  living  on  as  a  homestead  from  the 
United  States  government  His  mother's 
maiden  name  was  Karen  Marie  Ostenson. 
She  was  married  to  Mv.  I'eterson  in  the  old 
country.  The  subject  of  this  sketch  attended 
I  he  country  school  near  his  home  until  he 
was  fourteen  years  of  age,  leaving  it  to  at- 
tend school  in  the  neighboring  villages  of 
Hartford  and  Oconomowoc.  James  was  of 
iiiubitious  temperament  and  was  anxious  to 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


JAJIES   A.    PETERSON. 

receive  the  benefit  of  a  college  education. 
His  parents,  however,were  unable  to  provide 
him  with  the  means  to  accomplish  this,  so  he 
was  compelled  to  rely  upon  his  own  re- 
sources. He  taught  school  for  a  part  of  the 
time  to  pay  his  expenses  while  attending  col- 
lege, and  with  the  exception  of  the  last  year, 
when  he  had  some  help  from  his  father,  earn 
ed  the  money  to  pay  for  his  own  education 
through  the  entire  course.  This  education 
was  received  in  the  university'  of  Wisconsin. 
He  entered  the  freshman  class  in  the  fall  of 
1880,  taking  the  ancient  classical  course,  and 
graduated  in  the  fall  of  1884,  with  the  de- 
gree of  A.  B.  While  at  the  university  he 
was  a  member  of  the  Hesperian  debating 
societ}'  and  was  the  leader  of  the  debate  for 
his  society  in  1881.  He  was  also  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Phi  Kappa  Psi  fraternity. 
Having  the  legal  profession  in  view  as  his 
ultimate  career  he  continued  his  studies  in 
the  law  department  of  the  same  university, 
from  which  he  graduated  in  1887.  Mr.  Pe- 
terson had  commenced  the  study  of  law  in 
1885,  after  graduation  from  the  classical  de- 
partment of  the  university,  with  W.  S.  Field, 
of  Yiroqua,  and  while  in  the  law  school  stud- 
ied in  the  office  of  J.  L.  Connor,  of  Madison. 


He  came  to  Minneapolis  August  18, 1887,  and 
began  the  practice  of  his  profession.  In  1893 
he  was  appointed  assistant  county  attorney 
of  Heunei)in  county  under  Frank  M.  Nye, 
and  was  re-ai)i)ointed  to  the  same  office  in 
1895.  In  189(j  he  was  elected  to  the  office  of 
(oiiuty  attorney  of  Hennepin  county,  and 
served  one  term.  At  the  expiration  of  his 
term  of  office  as  county  attorney,  he  resumed 
the  active  practice  of  his  profession  in  part- 
nership with  Eobert  S.  Kolliner,  under  the 
firm  name  of  Peterson  &  Kolliner,  until  July, 
1900,  at  which  time  the  partnershij)  was  dis- 
solved. Since  then  Mr.  Peterson  has  prac- 
ticed alone,  his  offices  being  located  at  GIO 
Boston  block,  and  enjoys  a  large  and  success- 
ful practice.  During  his  term  of  service  as 
county  attorney  Mr.  Peterson's  ettorts  in  the 
direction  of  breaking  up  the  old  "city  hall 
gang"'  resulted  in  the  conviction  of  the  presi- 
dent of  the  State  Bank  of  Minneapolis  for  ir- 
regular banking,  as  well  as  the  city  treasurer 
of  Minneapolis  and  two  aldermen,  one  for  ir- 
regular conduct  in  his  office  and  the  other  for 
perjury.  He  has  always  been  a  Eepublican 
and  taken  an  active  part  in  campaign  work. 
In  1881  he  stumped  northern  Wisconsin  for 
Blaine,  and  has  done  a  like  service  in  Minne- 
sota at  other  general  elections.  He  is  at 
present  a  member  of  that  body  of  freeholders 
who  framed  and  presented  a  new  charter  to 
the  mayor  of  Minneapolis  in  1900.  Mr.  Pe- 
terson is  a  member  of  the  Masonic  lodge,  the 
Knights  of  Pythias,  and  the  Elks.  He  has 
always  been  identified  with  the  Episcopalian 
church,  and  is  a  member  of  Gethsemane.  He 
was  married  Nov.  19,  1889,  to  Marie  Emilie 
Dahle,  of  Dane  county.  Wis.,  who  graduated 
in  the  same  class  with  him  at  the  university 
of  Wisconsin.  They  have  two  children  liv- 
ing, Amy  Belle  and  James  Dahle.  One 
daughter,  Olge  Dorethea,  died  in  1895. 


TRYOX,  Charles  John. — It  is  always  a 
pleasure  to  trace  the  pedigree  of  a  successful 
man  back  to  a  worthy  ancestry,  no  matter 
what  may  be  the  estimate  placed  upon  hered- 
ity. Those  who  value  it  are  encouraged  to 
tontinue  the  family  name  with  honor,  and 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


those  who  give  "blood"'  no  value  iu  the  race 
of  life  are  t-oustrained  to  prove  it  by  their 
own  exertions  iu  outstripping  the  aehieve- 
nients  of  those  who  have  gone  before  them. 
It  is  worthy  of  note,  however,  that  very  many 
of  the  men  who  have  made  the  Northwest 
famous  are  lineal  descendants  of  the  people 
who  made  New  England  what  it  is  in  history. 
Charles  J.  Trvon  is  a  fair  example  of  this 
truth. 

He  was  born  in  Batavia,  Genesee  county. 
N.  Y.,  a  region  once  as  famous  for  its  wheat 
product  as  the  most  favored  section  of  the 
Northwest.  His  father,  Anderson  D.  Tryon, 
was  for  thirty-five  j'ears  the  leading  druggist 
and  bookseller  in  the  place.  His  mother, 
whose  maiden  name  was  Amanda  Hatch 
Shepard,  was  born  in  the  first  log  house 
built  in  her  town  in  Genesee  county,  N.  Y., 
moving  to  Batavia  after  her  marriage.  Al 
though  both  the  parents  were  born  in  New 
York  they  were  of  Connecticut  lineage,  dat- 
ing from  1040,  when  William  Tryon  came 
from  England  and  settled  near  Wetherstteld, 
and  from  a  Huguenot  family.on  the  mother's 
side,  dating  from  the  Revolutionary  war. 
The  maternal  ancestors  first  went  to  Ver- 
mont, and  from  there  to  New  York  state. 
The  family  had  emigrated  from  Scotland, 
whence  they  were  refugees  to  America.  The 
great  grandfather  of  Charles  J.  was  a  soldier 
in  the  Revolutionary  war,  and  was  in  the 
force  which  brought  about  the  surrender  of 
Burgoyne.  Tliis  battle  of  Saratoga,  as  it  is 
called,  it  put  down  in  history  as  one  of  the 
decisive  battles  of  the  world  because  of  the 
influence  it  had  on  the  Revolutionary  con- 
test. It  secured  the  aid  of  the  French  gov- 
ernment and  enabled  the  struggling  colonies 
to  obtain  a  loan  of  money  from  the  Dutch, 
two  things  which  made  independence  more 
l)robable,  if  not  absolutely  certain. 

John  Tryon,  the  grandfather  of  Charles  J., 
fought  in  the  war  of  1S12.  This  honorable 
and  patriotic  parentage  is  done  no  discredit 
by  the  success  of  Charles  J.  Tryon.  He  was 
school  of  Batavia,  an  institution  of  high 
grade,  under  the  supervision  of  the  state 
board  of  regents,  with  an  academic  depart- 
ment leading  to  the  university.  He  was 
compelled,  howevci',   to  leave   school    when 


CHAIfLES    J.    TRYON. 

fifteen  years  of  age  and  assist  his  father 
ill  the  store,  as  clerk.  After  four  years  of 
lliis  service  he  procured  a  clerkship  in  the 
treasury  dei)artment,  at  ^Vashillgton^ hold- 
ing the  position  from  1S7S  until  1SS(;.  In  the 
meantime  he  had  taken  up  the  study  of  law. 
He  entered  the  National  University  Law 
school  at  Washington  and  graduated  as 
bachelor  of  laws  in  ISSO,  when  he  was  admit- 
ted to  the  bar.  He  took  the  higher  degree 
of  master  of  laws,  LL.  M.,  at  the  Columbian 
university,  in  1882.  He  finally  in  1886  se- 
lected the  city  of  Minneapolis  as  his  home, 
and  resumed  his  practice  by  entering  the  of- 
fice of  Messrs  Kitchell,  Cohen  &  Shaw. 
Within  a  year  he  became  the  examiner  of 
titles  for  the  Minnesota  Title  Insurance  X- 
Trust  company,  and  was  soon  made  assistant 
counsel  of  the  company.  He  was  promoted 
to  counsel  in  1802  and  in  1895  he  entered  up- 
on a  general  practice,  making  a  specialty  of 
real  estate,  corporation  and  insurance  law. 

Mr.  Tryon  is  a  Re]>ublican  in  i)olitics  and 
takes  an  interest  in  all  public  affairs,  and  is 
active  in  social  and  religious  circles.  He  is 
a  member  of  riymouth  Congregational 
church,  the  Miuneaj)olis  club,  the  Minikada 
club  and  the  ;Miinii'toiika  Ice  Yadil  clnb,  the 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


leading  religious  and  social  organizations  of 
the  city. 

He  was  mai-ried  June  10,  1891,  to  Miss 
Isabel  Gale,  the  daughter  of  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Harlow  A.  Gale.  He  lias  an  interesting  fam- 
ily of  four  children— Fredericli  (i.,  Elizabeth 
G.,  Philip  D.,  and  Kichard  M.,  Tryou.  Cer- 
tainly his  ways  are  pleasant  and  his  paths 
are  peace. 


KNOX,  Thomas  J. — Eminence  in  the  le- 
gal profession  is  only  attained  by  merit. 
The  successful  advocate  does  not  win  his 
laurels  without  a  severe  struggle.  He  must 
commence  at  the  very  beginning,  must  plead 
and  win  his  first  case  and  work  his  way  up- 
ward by  ability  and  integrity.  It  requires 
perseverance,  close  application  and  hard 
study.  He  wins  only  because  he  has  led  in 
the  race.  He  obtains  clients  because  the 
public  has  confidence  in  his  ability  and  in- 
tegrity. He  is  successful  as  an  advocate  be- 
cause every  fact  is  carefully  studied,  the  law 
applicable  thoroughly  investigated,  and  with 
his  well-trained  mind  a  clear,  logical  and  for- 
cible argument  is  presented  to  the  jury. 
Minnesota  has  many  eminent  men  practicing 
before  her  bar.  One  of  the  foremost  is 
Thomas  J.  Knox,  of  Jackson.  Mr.  Knox  has 
been  engaged  in  the  practice  of  law  iu  Minne- 
sota since  1872.  The  years  immediately  fol- 
lowing his  location  in  Jackson  county  were 
not  favorable  to  the  development  of  south- 
eastern Minnesota  and  the  young  lawyer  had 
a  hard  struggle  to  maintain  his  position  dur- 
ing the  early  years  of  his  practice;  but  by 
perseverance  and  close  attention  to  business 
he  eventually  succeeded  in  building  up  a 
large  and  lucrative  clientage,  his  reputation 
extending  beyond  his  home  county.  Mr. 
Knox  was  born  at  Covington,  Tioga  county, 
Pa.,  February  16,  1846,  descending  from 
Revolutionary  stock.  His  grandfather,  Geo. 
Knox,  who  was  born  September  27,  1757, 
was  a  member  of  the  Colonial  anny  dur- 
ing the  greater  part  of  the  struggle  for 
independence.  By  trade  he  was  a  tanner, 
following  that  pursuit  after  the  close  of  the 
war  until  the  time  of  his  death.  He  erected 
the  first  tannery  built  at  Covington,  Pa.,  and 


owned  and  operated  the  same  during  his  life- 
time. His  wife,  Ann  Knox,  was  born  No- 
vember 2a,  1761,  and  died  June  21, 1808.  He 
survived  her  for  a  number  of  years,  passing 
away  March  10,  1831.  Their  children  were: 
Thomas,  who  was  born  April  28,  1785,  and 
died  August  7,  1795;  Jean,  who  became  the 
wife  of  William  Kirk;  Betsey,  who  was  born 
October  31,  1787,  and  married  James  Crown- 
over;  James  Knox,  born  December  21,  1789, 
who  in  1845  removed  to  Oregon,  where  most 
of  his  descendants  still  reside;  Nancy,  who 
was  born  March  31,  1792,  and  married  Rob- 
ert Montgomery;  Bell,  who  was  born  No- 
vember 22,  1794,  and  married  John  Bennett, 
and,  after  his  death,  became  the  wife  of 
John  Jenkiuson;  Hannah,  born  August  8, 
1797,  and  married  Jesse  Minshall;  Ann,  who 
was  born  September  1,  1802,  and  became  the 
wife  of  William  Annstrong:  George,  the  fa- 
ther of  our  subject,  and  Samuel  Bell,  who 
was  born  January  14,  1808,  and  died  in  1875. 
The  maternal  grandfather  of  T.  J.  Knox, . 
Royal  Cole,  was  also  a  Revolutionary  hero, 
and  a  soldier  in  the  war  with  England  in 
1812.  He  made  his  home  in  Wellsboro,  Pa., 
and  some  of  his  descendants  are  still  resi- 
dents of  that  locality.  His  children  were: 
Gideon,  who  was  killed  in  the  war  of  1812; 
Rachel,  who  married  Daniel  Odell  of  Duchess 
county,  N.  Y.;  Betsey,  who  first  married  Mo- 
ses Johnson,  and  after  his  death  wedded 
Erastus  Fellows;  Deborah,  who  married  Ly- 
man Wetmore;  Jerusha,  who  was  born  No- 
vember 25,  1812,  and  became  the  wife  of 
Alanson  Andrews;  Ruth,  twin  sister  of  Je- 
rusha and  the  mother  of  our  subject;  and 
Lewis,  the  youngest 

George  Knox,  the  father  of  Thomas  J., 
was  born  December  22,  1805.  He  followed 
in  the  footsteps  of  his  father  and  became  an 
expert  worker  in  the  tanner's  trade,  pursuing 
this  vocation  during  the  greater  part  of  his 
life  in  the  east.  He  came  west  in  the  spring 
of  1854  and  located  on  a  farm  near  Geneva, 
Wis.,  removing  to  Minnesota  in  the  fall  of 
the  following  year  and  pre-empting  a  claim 
in  Fillmore  county.  Later  he  purchased  a 
farm  in  Racine  township,  Mower  county, 
where  he  passed  his  remaining  years.  He 
was  a  man  of  considerable  strength  of  char- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


acter  and  occupied  an  influential  position  in 
his  own  community.  lie  served  in  many  i)o- 
sitions  of  public  trust,  from  that  of  justice 
of  the  peace  to  member  of  the  state  legisla- 
ture, and  discharficd  with  marked  fidelity  llie 
duties  devolvinj;:  ujion  him.  He  died  Novem- 
bep  11,  1867.  Tliomas"  early  school  privi- 
leges were  limited,  but  he  was  of  a  naturally 
studious  disposition  and  had  access  to  a 
fiood  library  in  his  own  home,  for  his  jiarents 
were  possessed  of  cultured  and  literary 
tastes.  This  home  training  was  su]>])le- 
mented  by  a  year's  attendam-c  at  a  jirivale 
academy.  In  1SG8,  he  secured  a  lopy  of 
Rlackstone,  and  undirected  began  reading 
law,  but  the  following  year  entered  the 
law  office  of  (".  T.  licnedict.  then  of  Roches- 
ter, IMinn.,  but  now  of  .Milwaukee,  "Wis. 
The  succeeding  year  he  became  a  student 
in  the  law  office  of  Stearns  &  Start,  who 
have  become  prominent  in  the  affairs  of 
the  nation,  the  former  as  a  judge  and 
Ignited  States  senator  and  the  latter  as 
chief  justice  of  the  sujireme  court  of  Minne- 
sota. Mr.  Knox  was  admitted  to  practice 
before  the  courts  of  the  state  Octobei-  14, 
1871,  and  before  the  United  States  courts 
December  12,  lS7t!.  Though  he  had  original- 
ly intended  to  locate  in  Dakota,  he  was  i)er- 
suaded  by  some  friends  to  open  an  office  in 
Jackson,  which  he  did  November  17,  1872. 
He  has  always  been  an  earnest  student,  and 
the  high  rejuitation  he  has  achieved  as  .a 
lawyer  is  due  to  his  tireless  energy  and  close 
application  to  his  jirofession.  He  has  never 
been  associated  with  a  partner,  but  has  been 
the  preceptor  of  several  young  men  who  have 
assisted  him  in  his  professional  transactions. 
Mr.  Knox's  political  affiliations  are  with  the 
Democratic  party.  lie  served  as  probate 
Judge  for  a  short  time  l)y  a])pointment,  and 
in  December,  1870,  was  elected  superintend- 
ent of  the  public  schools  of  Jackson  county 
on  an  independent  ticket,  and  for  two  suc- 
ceeding terms  was  elected  on  the  Re])ub]ican 
ticket.  He  served  as  county  attorney  from 
1887  to  Ism,  and  in  May  of  the  latter  year 
was  a])i)ointed  a  member  of  the  state  board 
of  examiners  in  law  to  represent  the  Second 
Congressional  District,  serving  in  this  posi- 
tion till  the  summer  of  1000,  when  he  re 


TUOJIAS  J.  KNOX. 

signed.  Jn  January,  10(10,  he  was  appointed 
a  member  of  tlie  state  railroad  and  ware- 
house commission  by  Gov.  Lind,  and  was  a 
candidate  for  election  to  that  office  in  No- 
vember of  that  year,  but  was  defeated.  Mr. 
Knox  is  ca  charter  member  of  Des  ISloines 
Valley  Lodge,  No.  15G,  I.  <>.  O.  F.,  and  Jack- 
son Lodge,  No.  40,  A.  ().  IT.  W.  He  was 
married  September  :'.,  1877,  to  Miss  Jane 
Cowing,  daughter  of  John  and  Elizabeth 
("owing.  Four  children  have  been  born  to 
(hem:  Elizabeth,  John  Cowing,  Kuth  and 
Thomas  Start.     Elizalieth    died    in    inlanev. 


KOfJEKS,  Arthur  Curtis.— Care  of  feeble 
minded  and  epileptic  children  is  a  compara- 
tively modern  philanthropic  work.  This  be- 
nevolence was  left  at  first  to  private  en- 
deavor. The  method  of  treatment — if  meth- 
od it  could  be  called — was  naturally  hap- 
hazard, depending  upon  the  vagaries  of  the 
]>erson  in  charge.  The  subject  had  not  been 
studied.  There  was  no  scientific  basis  on 
which  to  iiroceed.  ^\'llen  the  importance 
of  the  work  was  in  some  degree  recognized 
the  state,  very  properly,  took  hold  of  the 
matter  with  the  result  that  it  induced  study 
and    investigation,    which    have    evolved    a 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


ARTHUR  C.   ROGERS. 

rational  course  of  treatment  and  has  de- 
veloped a  cori^s  of  educated  and  trained 
professional  men,  devoted  to  this  neglected 
tield  of  humanitarian  effort,  and  who  have 
attained  a  degree  of  success  heretofore 
deemed  impossible.  The  Jlinnesota  school 
for  feeble  minded  at  Faribault  is  one  of 
the  most  noted  in  the  United  States,  if 
not  in  the  world.  The  institution,  al- 
though at  times  a  sufferer  from  parsimony, 
is  well  appointed  and  equipped  and  is  a  credit 
to  the  state.  The  high  rank  of  the  school 
is  largely  due  to  the  j)rofessional  and  admin- 
istrative ability  of  Dr.  Arthur  Curtis  Rogers, 
who  has  been  in  charge  of  the  institution 
since  1885.  He  was  born  in  Iowa,  near 
Decorah,  July  17,  185G.  His  father,  Ansel 
Rogers,  was  a  minister  in  the  society  of 
Friends,  or  Quakers.  As  the  ministers  of 
this  church  are  not  paid  salaries,  they  gen- 
erally follow  some  secular  occupation  for  a 
livelihood.  Ansel  Rogers  engaged  in  the 
mercantile  and  milling  business.  He  was  of 
English  descent.  His  grandfather  came 
from  England  during  the  revolutionary 
period,  and  settled  at  Greenfield,  Mass.  In 
the  decade  of  1840-50  he  removed  to  Mich- 
igan and  was  one  of  the  ])ioneers  of  I^enawee 
county.     In  1853  he  went  to  Springwater, 


^^'inneslliek  county,  Iowa.  Here  he  was  post- 
master as  well  as  miller,  and  his  establish- 
ment was  a  popular  center  for  a  large  region. 
He  kept  an  open  house  for  many  a  traveler 
in  those  early  times.  He  was  very  devoted 
to  Friends'  principles,  and  to  the  interests  of 
the  society.  He  moved  to  a  new  state  two 
different  times,  sacrificing  a  good  business 
and  a  prospect  of  certain  competency  for 
what  he  believed  to  be  his  religious  duty. 
He  moved  from  Springwater  to  Leavenworth 
county,  Kan.  Here  he  was  the  agent,  and 
his  mill  was  made  the  depot  for  the  distribu- 
tion of  supplies  sent  from  the  eastern  states 
to  the  sufferers  from  the  severe  drought  of 
ISGO.  Young  Arthur  began  his  schooling  in 
the  common  schools  of  Crawford  and  Dela- 
ware counties,  Ohio,  and  continued  his  stud- 
ies in  the  common  schools  of  Lenawee  coun- 
ty, Mich.  He  then  took  a  two  years  course — it 
might  well  be  called  a  preparatory  course  for 
college — at  the  Raisin  Valley  seminary,  near 
Adrian,  Mich.  His  next  step  was  to  Earl- . 
ham  college,  at  Richmond,  Ind.,  where  he 
look  the  scientific  course.  All  this  training 
fl  as  secured  only  by  the  most  persistent  and 
indefatigable  labor,  for  he  was  obliged  to 
pay  his  own  way  through  the  schools.  This 
he  did  by  working  during  vacations,  by  the 
month,  day,  or  hour,  as  he  could  get  a  job. 
Nearly  all  the  time  in  college  he  taught  clas- 
ses in  general  or  analytical  chemistry  to  as- 
sist in  paying  his  tuition.  Besides  this,  he 
taught  a  village  school;  took  charge  of  a 
small  country  store  for  the  owner;  and  was 
bookkeeper,  clerk  and  steward  for  a  state 
institution.  Having  chosen  the  profession 
of  medicine  he  took  the  medical  course  at 
the  state  university  of  Iowa.  He  was  then 
made  assistant  physician  of  the  same  state 
institution  in  which  he  had  served  as  book- 
keeper, clerk  and  steward.  His  next  service 
was  that  of  physician  and  clerk  to  the  Hai'ri- 
son  institute,  a  training  school  for  Indians 
at  Chemawa,  Or.  He  was  then  appointed  to 
the  position  he  has  now  held  for  more  than 
fifteen  years.  Dr.  Rogers  is  singularly  mod- 
est in  speaking  of  his  valuable  work  for  the 
feeble  minded;  he  claims  no  original  dis- 
coveries. But  he  has  stood  for  principles, 
especially  for  the  generous  and  humane  care 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


of  all  iiieiitally  defective  children,  aud  for 
their  training,  when  possible,  to  a  condition 
of  usefulness.  He  was  probably  the  first  in 
his  profession  to  insist  on  cond)ining  indus- 
trial and  manual  training  with  school  work. 
He  was  also  the  first  to  organize  training- 
classes  for  attendants  to  feeble  minded  chil- 
dren. He  has  also  the  distinction  of  being  the 
editor  of  the  only  perif)dical  in  the  English 
language  devoted  to  the  interests  of  the  fee- 
ble minded,  the  journal  of  "Psycho  Asthen- 
ics," publised  (juarterly.  He  believes  thor- 
oughly in  the  retention  of  defectives  in  vil- 
lage communities,  by  the  state,  where  they 
have  a  variety  of  occupations,  under  restric- 
tions to  protect  society  from  increase  of  the 
class,  and  to  protect  such  unfortunates  from 
the  misunderstandings  and  tlie  mistreatment 
of  society.  Dr.  Rogers  is  a  member  of  sev- 
eral medical  societies — the  American  Acad- 
emy of  Medicine;  The  Association  of  Medical 
Officers  of  the  American  Institutions  for 
Feeble  Minded  Persons,  of  which  he  was 
president  in  ISOO,  and  of  which  he  has  been 
permanent  treasurer  and  secretary  since 
1804;  The  Minnesota  State  Medical  Society; 
Tlie  American  Medical  Association;  The 
American  Medico-Psychological  Association ; 
The  National  Conference  of  Charities  &  Cor- 
rection, being  also  chairman  of  the  Section 
of  Feeble  Minded  in  18S9  and  again  in  1894; 
president  ]\Iinnesota  State  Conference  Chari- 
ties and  Correction  in  1899;  The  National 
Educational  Association,  being  in  1900  vice- 
president  of  the  department  of  the  society 
devoted  to  the  interests  of  the  feeble  mind- 
ed. In  religion  Dr.  Rogers  belongs  to  the 
Society  of  Friends,  but  affiliates  with  the 
Congregational  church.  His  liberality  is 
shown  by  the  fact  that  notwithstanding  his 
ti-aining  he  lield  the  rank  of  first  lieutenant 
of  com])any  "C,"  Iowa  National  (luard, 
and  was  sergeant  major  of  the  .^th  I'cgi- 
nient,  to  which  the  company  belonged.  In 
|ioIitics  he  has  always  affiliated  with  the 
Ixepublican  party,  though  independent  in 
all  local  issues.  In  1882  he  was  married 
In  Phoebe  A.  Coltiii.  of  Columbus,  Kan. 
riiey  have  thi'ce  children,  Eloise  Hazel,  age 
i'-i;  Helen  Lola,  age  11,  and  Aitliiir  Williain 
Rogers,  six  years  old. 


AAKER,  Hans  H.,  mayor  of  Moorhead, 
Minn.,  M'as  born  on  a  farm  near  Ridgeway, 
Iowa,  on  the  IGth  day  of  April.  18f)2.  His 
father,  Hans  O.  Aaker,  was  born  in  Sauland, 
Telemarken.  Norway,  in  1825.  He  emigral- 
ed  to  America  in  1848,  settling  first  in  Wis- 
consin and  in  18.51  removed  to  Winneshiek 
county,  Iowa,  where  he  was  one  of  the  early 
settlers  and  for  fifty  years  a  prominent  and 
well  lo  do  farmer.  Ragnild  Aaker  (n^e 
Cutehus),  llie  mother  of  H.  11.  Aaker,  was 
born  in  Hjerldal,  Telemarken,  Norway,  and 
was  married  to  Hans  O.  Aaker  just  l)efore 
his  emigration  to  this  country.  'S'oiing 
Aaker  received  a  good  ])rimary  education 
and  entered  Luther  college  at  Decorali, 
Iowa,  where  he  remained  nearly  four  years, 
when  coming  to  the  conclusion  that  a  busi- 
ness course  would  be  better  than  prepara- 
tion for  the  ministry,  which  at  that  time 
seemed  to  be  the  chief  aim  of  the  college, 
entered  a  business  college  at  Decorah,  grad- 
uating in  1882,  and  from  the  commercial 
department  of  the  northern  Indiana  Normal 
school  and  business  institute  in  188?..  Mr. 
Aaker  then  assumed  charge  of  the  com- 
mercial department  of  the  Willmar  semina- 
ry, a  new  scho(d  started  at  Willmar.  ^inn., 
by  Prof.  A.  M.  Hove,  now  a  teacher  at  Augs- 
burg seminary,  ^Minnesota,  I'rof.  H.  S.  Hille- 
boe,  now  principal  of  the  schools  at  Benson, 
Minn.,  and  Mr.  Aaker.  The  Willmar  semi- 
nary was  one  of  the  first  schools  of  the  kind 
in  the  Northwest  and  starting  in  188.3  with 
twelve  students  gi-ew  in  five  years  to  a  school 
with  an  attendance  of  over  two  hundred  and 
fifty.  In  1888  Prof.  Aaker  decided  to  engage 
in  business  and  resigned  his  school  position 
and  in  partnershij)  with  a  brother  oi)ened  a 
mercantile  house  in  Twin  Valley,  where  a 
[irofitable  business  was  carried  on.  In  1891 
the  Northwestern  Lutheran  College  Associa- 
tion was  incorporated  and  a  school  styled 
Concordia  College  was  started  at  Moorliead. 
The  record  made  by  Prof.  Aaker  at  the  AN'ill- 
mar  sensinary  was  well  known  and  the  of- 
ficers of  the  new  school  were  very  anxious  to 
secure  liis  services.  Finally,  after  repeated 
icfnsals  to  consider  the  matter,  he  was  in- 
(liircd  lo  accejil  a  ]pusili(iM  willi  this  insli- 
(Ml  ion.       In     -Tanuaiv,     1S92,     he     assniiied 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


HANS  H.  AAKEU. 

cliai'ge  of  the  commercial  departmeut  and 
two  years  later  he  was  elected  principal 
of  the  school.  Concordia  College  is  one 
of  the  most  prosperous  i)rivate  schools  in 
the  Northwest  and  much  of  the  success 
of  the  school  is  due  to  the  system  in- 
augurated by  Professor  Aaker.  In  political 
matters  he  is  known  as  a  Prohibitionist  and 
he  has  taken  an  active  part  in  the  work  of 
the  party.  While  located  at  Twin  Valley  lie 
was  the  party  nominee  for  county  superin- 
tendent of  schools  and  lost  by  a  narrow  mar- 
gin in  a  county  where  his  party  had  but  a 
small  jiart  of  the  vote.  In  1893  he  was  the 
Prohibition  candidate  for  secretary  of  state. 
In  the  spring  of  1900  the  business  men  of 
Moorhead  requested  Prof.  Aaker  to  become 
a  candidate  for  mayor.  The  city  had  been 
for  many  years  the  dumping  ground  of  the 
di"inking  element  of  Fargo,  N.  D.,  a  city 
across  the  state  line,  and  undei-  prohibition 
laws.  The  resorts  barred  from  Fargo 
found  a  place  in  Moorehead,  and,  as  no  re- 
lief could  be  obtained  from  the  regular  nom- 
inees, the  business  men  decided  upon  Prof. 
Aaker  as  the  man  to  redeem  the  fair  name 
of  the  city.  He  was  elected  by  a  plurality 
of  eight  votes  over  the  opposing  candidates. 


The  city  of  Moorhead  has  undergone  a 
change  under  his  guidance,  and  would  not 
be  recognized  as  the  lawless  place  of  a  few 
years  ago.  Prof.  Aaker  was  nominated 
for  congress  by  the  Prohibitionists  of  the 
Seventh  congressional  district,  in  the  spring 
of  1!MM).  He  was  also  a  candidate  for  the 
nomination  of  the  People's  party  and  had 
the  support  of  the  leading  men  of  the  party, 
but  owing  to  saloon  influence  he  was  de- 
feated for  this  nomination.  Prof.  Aaker, 
though  defeated,  ran  ahead  of  his  ticket, 
receiving  more  than  double  the  votes  cast 
for  the  nominee  for  governor.  He  is  a 
young  man  yet  and  will  be  heard  from 
in  the  future,  not  alone  in  politics  but 
along  educational  lines.  Prof.  Aaker  is  a 
member  of  the  United  Norwegian  Luthcn'an 
church  of  America.  He  was  married  Sep- 
tember 5, 1900,  to  Miss  Annette  Peterson,  for 
several  years  a  teacher  at  Concordia  College. 


CAIRNS,  Charles  Sumner. — How  what  is 
deemed  at  the  time  an  unimportant,  or  even 
a  trivial,  incident  of  life  may  determine  a 
career,  is  illustrated  almost  daily.  This 
small,  potent  factor,  though  so  common,  is 
never  without  interest.  It  is  frecpiently  re- 
called with  pleasure,  or  regret,  as  it  is  re- 
lated to  subsequent  events. 

Charles  Sumner  Cairns,  the  brilliant  at- 
torney who  was  so  conspicuous  as  the  effi- 
cient supervisor  of  the  twelfth  United  States 
census  of  the  fifth  congressional  district  of 
the  state  of  Minnesota,  may  well  have  pleas- 
ant memories  of  the  episode  which  estab- 
lished him  in  Minneajiolis. 

When  a  young  man  just  entering  upon  his 
professional  career,  he  selected  the  staid  old 
city  of  Decatur,  111.,  as  a  suitable  place  and 
formed  an  advantageous  partnership  with 
Judge  Wm.  E.  Nelson.  Mr.  Cairns  had 
friends  in  Minnesota.  After  a  year's  hard 
work  he  concluded  to  spend  his  short  vaca- 
tion with  them.  He  was  so  delighted  with 
the  city  of  Minneapolis  and  its  environments 
and  prospects  that  what  was  meant  for  a 
casual  visit,  terminated  in  a  permanent  resi- 
dence.    This  was  in  1883.     His  marked  pro- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


fessional  success  is  evidence  that  he  has  nev- 
er had  cause  to  regret  the  incident. 

Mr.  Cairns  traces  his  American  descent, 
on  his  father's  side,  to  William  Cairues — or 
Careins,  the  archaic  form  of  the  name  hav- 
in;;  an  '"e"  in  it — a  Scotch-Irish  Preshv- 
terian  who  came  to  Maryland  in  1774, 
and  settled  north  of  Baltimore,  in  what 
is  now  Jarrettsville.  His  son,  also  named 
"William"  was  born,  grew  up  and  married 
there.  He  was  a  soldier  of  the  war  of  1812. 
This  son,  about  1830,  with  a  young  boy,  Rob- 
ert, emigrated  to  Ohio  and  took  a  farm  in 
Muskingum  county.  Robert  grew  up  and 
received  a  better  than  common  education,  his 
district  school  studies  being  supplemented 
by  some  college  training.  He  taught  district 
school  in  Ohio,  when  a  young  man,  and  set- 
tled down  to  become  a  prosperous  farmer. 
He  was  the  father  of  Charles  Summer 
Cairns,  Charles'  mother's  maiden  name  be- 
ing Mary  A.  Haynes. 

On  his  mother's  side  Mr.  Cairns  is  of  Pu- 
ritan stock.  She  descended  from  Samuel 
Haynes  (or  Haines),  who  came  over  in  the 
ship  "Angel  Gabriel,''  which  was  wrecked  on 
I  he  coast  of  Maine  in  1035.  He,  with  eight 
others,  founded  the  city  of  Portsmouth,  jS\ 
H.,  and  was  a  "selectman"  of  the  town.  One 
of  his  descendants  (a  lineal  ancestor  of 
Mr.  Cairns)  served  under  Washington  four 
years  in  the  Revolutionary  War.  Mary 
A.  Haynes — aftei-wards  Mrs.  Robert  Cairns 
— the  mother  of  Charles,  was  a  remarkable 
woman,  distinguished  for  mental  endow- 
ments and  literary  attainments.  She  was 
the  author  of  a  volume  of  poems  of  some 
note.  Although  for  many  years  a  great  suf- 
ferer from  rheumatism,  she  never  lost  in- 
terest in  public  affairs.  Her  memory  was 
very  tenacious,  and  she  read  with  avidity 
everything  accessible  pertaining  to  the  im- 
portant questions  of  the  day,  and  formed 
conclusions  worthy  of  a  seer.  Judge  John 
Haynes  of  the  supreme  court  of  California 
was  her  brother. 

From  these  facts  it  is  easy  to  discover  how 
Charles  S.  Cairns  came  by  his  superior  nat- 
ural talents  and  intellectual  trend.  He  w;is 
born  on  the  home  farm  near  Duncan's  Falls, 
Muskingum  county,  Ohio,  July  i,  1856.    The 


CHAULES  S.  CAIKNS. 

district  school  which  he  first  attended  was  a 
mile  away.  One  of  the  established  practices 
of  the  school  was  "speaking  pieces"  every 
Friday  afternoon.  His  interest  in  the^  ex- 
ercises first  prompted  in  young  Cairns  the 
ambition  to  become  a  lawyer.  He  entered 
Muskingum  College  at  New  Concord,  Ohio,  in 
1872,  and  received  his  A.  B.  degree  in  1876, 
taking  also  in  due  course  the  master  of  arts 
degree.  Having  read  law  one  year  in  the 
office  of  Roby,  Outten  &  Vail  at  Decatur, 
111.,  he  entered  the  law  department  of  Michi- 
gan university,  graduating  as  LL.  B.  in  1882. 
He  began  to  practice  at  Decatur,  as  already 
stated.  When  he  came  to  Minneapolis,  in 
1883,  the  year  of  the  fateful  visit,  he  formed 
a  partnership  with  David  S.  Frackelton  but 
soon,  however,  struck  for  himself  and  has 
conducted  his  practice  most  of  the  time 
alone.  It  is  of  a  general  character,  covei-ing 
civil,  mercantile,  and  patent  law;  his  patent 
cases  leading  him  to  practice  in  the  Federal 
circuit  courts  in  several  states  and  in  the 
I'nited  States  supreme  court. 

jNIr.  Cairns  has  taken  an  active  interest  in 
political  affairs,  as  a  stalwart  Republican. 
He  was  elected  to  the  legislature  of  1893, 
where  he  was  recognized  as  one  of  the  ablest 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GKKAT  NORTHWEST. 


of  his  party.  He  made  his  mark  as  a  pro- 
gressive legishvtor  by  introducing  a  bill  to 
provide  for  the  nomination  of  candidates  by 
a  direct  vote  of  the  people,  dispensing  with 
delegate  conventions.  This  principle  was  af- 
terwards embodied  in  the  "primary  election 
law"  passed  by  the  Minnesota  legislature  of 
1899.  Mr.  Cairns  being  one  of  the  authors 
of  this  law,  he  took  great  pains, — in  pub- 
lic meetings  called  for  the  purpose — to  ex- 
plain its  various  provisions  to  the  electors. 
His  name  will  always  be  connected  with  this 
great  reform  which  dethrones  the  political 
"boss"  who  had  come  to  be  regarded  as  the 
"sum  of  all  villianies"  in  politics.  His  ap- 
pointment as  supervisor  of  the  census  men- 
tioned, was  made  by  the  president  on  the  rec- 
ommendation of  the  business  men  of  Min- 
neapolis. Although  the  items  of  the  sched- 
ule were  more  numerous  than  ever  before  re- 
quired, the  general  results,  under  Mr.  Caii'us" 
direction,  were  the  most  accurate  and  satis- 
factory ever  obtained,  showing  that  his 
appointment  was  no  mistake.  He  is  a  di- 
rector of  the  Board  of  Trade,  and  a  member 
of  the  Commercial  club,  the  tw'o  organiza- 
tions which  represent  the  business  interests' 
of  the  city.  He  is  a  member  and  elder  of  the 
Westminster  Presbyterian  church,  is  married 
and  has  two  sons,  Millard  S.  and  Cai"l  A. 
Cairns.  His  wife's  maiden  name  was  Frances 
V.  Shellabarger,  daughter  of  one  of  the  old- 
est families  of  Illinois,  and  a  cousin  of  the 
late  Judge  Samuel  Shellabarger,  of  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 


WHIPPLE,  The  Et.  Rev.  Henry  Benja- 
min, Bishop  of  Minnesota. — It  is  no  exaggera- 
tion to  say  that  Bishop  Whipple,  the  subject 
of  this  sketch,  has  no  compeer  in  the  North- 
west, if  indeed  in  the  world.  Future  genei'a- 
tions  may  be  pardoned  for  regarding  the 
words  of  sober  truth  used  by  contemporaries 
in  trying  to  dejjict  his  unique  pei-sonality,  as 
extravagant  hyperbole,  but  the  naked  facts 
alone,  without  embellishment,  cannot  be  ex- 
pressed in  the  boldest  jnanner  without  seem- 
ing, to  those  beyond  his  generation,  as  mere- 
ly fulsome  eulogy.     Exaggeration,  however. 


is  scarcely  possible  when  dealing  with  his 
life  and  services  in  the  Northwest.  Henry 
Benjamin  Whipple,  who  has  been  bishop  of 
the  Episcopal  Church  of  Minnesota  since 
ISoit.  was  born  at  Adams,  Jefferson  county, 
N.  Y.,  in  1823.  His  father,  Hon.  John 
AVhipple,  was  a  merchant  of  New  York,  and 
a  staunch  supporter  of  the  old  Whig  party. 
The  maiden  name  of  his  mother  was  Eliza- 
beth ^^'ager.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Hon. 
Henry  Wager,  one  of  the  electors  who  chose 
Jefferson  pi-esident  of  the  United  States.  Of 
the  ancestors  on  both  the  father's  and  moth- 
er's side,  sixteen  were  officers  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary and  Colonial  wars.  Many  of  the 
family  were  noted  for  usefulness  in  church, 
state  and  countiT,  one  a  signer  of  the  Decla- 
ration of  Independence.  By  virtue  of  the 
services  of  these  ancestors  Bishop  Whipple  is 
a  member  of  both  the  Sons  of  the  Revolution 
and  of  the  Society  of  Colonial  Wars  of  the 
United  States,  and  is  also  the  chaplain-gen- 
eral of  both  organizations.  He  was  educat- 
ed in  the  private  schools  of  New  York  state, 
and  holds  the  college  degree  of  D.  D.  from 
Hobart  and  Racine  colleges,  and  degrees  of 
D.  D.  and  LL.  D.  from  the  English  universi- 
ties of  Oxford,  Cambridge  and  Durham. 
When  Bishop  Whipple  chose  the  ministry 
as  his  profession  he  took  his  theological 
coui'se  under  the  direction  of  Rev.  Dr.  Wil- 
liam D.  Wilson,  afterward  professor  in  Cor- 
nell University,  Ithica,  N.  Y.  He  was  or- 
dained deacon  in  1849  in  Trinity  church, 
Geneva,  N.  Y.,  by  Bishop  De  Lancey,  and 
ordained  priest  by  the  same  bishop  a  year 
later  in  Christ's  church,  Sackett's  Harbor, 
in  the  same  state.  In  1850  he  was  called  to 
Zion  church,  Rome,  N.  Y.  Under  his  rec- 
torship the  parish  increased  and  grew  so  that 
he  soon  built  a  beautiful  and  substantial 
stone  church.  Here  his  power  and  influence 
over  men  was  so  recognized  that  he  received 
calls  from  a  number  of  wealthy  parishes. 
But  he  refused  them  all.  His  unselfish  de- 
votion was  conspicuously  shown  when  he  ac- 
cepted an  urgent  call  to  go,  at  a  smaller 
salary,  to  Chicago,  where  the  field  offered 
such  a  chance  for  work  among  a  hetero- 
geneous mass  of  men  of  all  conditions 
of  life  that  it  seemed  like  a  Macedonian  cry. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


Here  his  rare  eloquenue,  persuasive  power, 
courtesy,  kiuduess  uud  euergy  served  to  wiu 
all  hearts.  He  seemed  to  neglect  no  class. 
He  labored  with  prisoners  and  men  of  all  na- 
tionalities. Among  the  Swedes  he  had  great 
influence,  devoting  to  them  much  time  and 
labor.  He  established  the  free  church  sys- 
tem at  Chicago.  His  efficiency,  sound  judg 
ment,  and  judicial  temper,  together  with  his 
successful  administration  as  a  rector  pointed 
him  out  as  a  natural  bishop.  A  year  after 
the  organization  of  the  state  of  Minnesota, 
he  was  bj*  a  unanimous  vote  elected  first 
bishop  of  Minnesota,  in  1S59,  and  consecrated 
in  St.  James'  church,  Richmond,  Va.,  Bishop 
Kemper  being  one  of  the  cousecrators.  There 
probably  never  was  a  choice  more  thorough- 
ly justified  by  results.  It  was  in  this  posi- 
tion, by  his  devotion,  sacrifices,  courage,  en- 
durance, manliness,  keen  sense  of  justice,  ut- 
ter self-abnegation,  and  stainless  integrity, 
that  he  rose  to  the  spiritual  grandeur  he  has 
attained.  Every  injustice  found  in  him  an 
instant  antagonist.  But  it  was  more  espe- 
cially as  the  valiant  champion  of  the  Indians 
of  the  Northwest  that  he  exercised  his  won- 
derful power  against  wrong.  Like  a  true 
Knight  of  the  Cross,  he  fought  iniquity  wher- 
ever found,  but  his  almost  single  handed 
combat,  by  masterly  pleas,  addresses,  and 
every  personal  influence  he  could  bring  to 
bear  against  the  rascalities  carried  on  under 
the  system  of  Indian  agencies,  rises  to  the 
majesty  of  the  heroic.  His  woi'k  of  evan- 
gelizing the  Sioux  and  Chippewa  Indians,  in 
which  he  was  very  successful,  was  greatly 
aided  by  the  friendship  he  showed  for  their 
material  interests.  He  secured  their  confi- 
dence so  thoroughly  that  he  was  named 
''Straight  Tongue,"  because  he  never  lied  to 
a  red  man.  He  became  an  authority  on 
every  jdiase  of  the  Indian  question,  and  he 
has  been  appointed  by  different  presidents  of 
the  United  States  on  important  commissions, 
and  has  proved  himself  to  be  not  only  a  spir- 
itual guide  of  the  first  order,  but  a  philan- 
thropist of  the  practical  sort,  a  statesman  of 
sagacity,  and  a  successful  advocate  and  dij)- 
lomat.  As  successful  and  as  notable  as  his 
work  has  been  among  and  for  "Red  men" — 
and  which  has  been  to  him  trulv  a  '-White 


HKNKY   I!.   WHIPPLE. 

Man's  Burden"' — his  labors  for  the  people  of 
his  own  race  have  been  greater,  and  the 
fruits  of  them  will  continue  to  grow  when 
1  he  Indians  have  disappeared  as  a  race.  His 
great  school  at  Faribault  will  remain*  mon- 
ument of  which  not  only  any  man,  but  a 
state,  might  feel  proud.  He  laid  the  walls 
of  the  beautiful  stone  buildings  of  St.  Mary's 
hall  for  girls,  which  he  first  opened  in  his 
own  home;  Shattuck  Military  school  for  boys; 
Seabury  Divinity  School,  and  the  Cathedral 
of  the  Merciful  Savior,  the  first  Protestant 
cathedral  erected  in  the  United  States.  He 
has  also  largely  directed  the  management  of 
the  schools  to  their  present  thriving  condi- 
tion. In  1871  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury 
offered  him  the  bishopric  of  the  Sandwich 
Islands,  but  he  declined  it  in  the  interest  of 
these  diocesiau  schools  and  his  Indian  work. 
He  has  been  a  trustee  of  the  great  I'eabody 
fund  for  educational  work  in  the  South  since 
1873,  being  one  of  the  vice  presidents.  He 
has  received  many  honors  in  England,  where 
he  is  not  only  esteemed,  but  revered.  The 
ojM'ning  sermon  of  the  Lambeth  Conference 
at  Lambeth  Palace,  London,  in  1888,  was 
I>reached  by  Bishoj)  Whipi)le.  He  has 
preached  on  special  occasions  at  almost  every 
cathedral  of   England.     Queen  Victoria  in- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


vited  him  as  a  guest  to  \A'indsor  Castle,  and 
afterwards  she  presented  biiu  with  a  jwr- 
trait  of  herself  and  with  a  copy  of  her  book, 
"Highland     Journal."'     He    was    presiding 
bishop  of  the  American  church  at  the  Lam- 
beth Conference  in  1897,  and  has  so  served 
several  yeai-s  at  the  church  functions  in  the . 
Fnited  .States.     He  preached  the  sermon  at 
the  centennial  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church,  in  Xew  York,  in  1889.     In  1899,  on 
invitation  to  be  present  as  the  representative 
of  the  I'rotestant  Episcopal  Church  in  Amer- 
ica, he  delivered  an  address  at  the  centenary 
of  the  Church  Missionary  Society  of  Eng- 
land.    At  the  request  of  the  i)residing  bishop 
he  visited  Porto  Kico  in  1900  to  examine  the 
field  for   church   work.     He   held   the   fii-st 
protestant  public  service  ever  known  in  Cuba. 
When  Bishop   ^Vhipl)le  began  his  work  in 
Minnesota  in  1859,  there  were  about  20,000 
Indians  in  the  state,  his  diocese  spreading 
over  an  area  of  81,259  square  miles.     For 
twenty-seven  years,  during  the  most  rapid 
period  of  growth.  Bishop  Whipple  did  the 
work  of  this  vast  diocese  alone,  and  did  it 
efticieutly.     At  the  beginning  there  wei"e  no 
railroads.     The  immense  amount  of  travel- 
ing   necessary    where    every    town    in    the 
state    needed    attention,    can    scarcely    be 
imagined, — the    hardships    involved    in    the 
methods   of   travel — on  horseback,  in  rude 
wheeled  vehicles,  in  canoes — the  rough  ac 
commodations    for    sleeping,  often    on    the 
ground    in    the    forest,    and    the    exposure 
to    summer    heat     on    the     prairies,     and 
the  snows  and  blizzards  of  winter.     There 
was    in    fact    no    physical    hardship    that 
he  did  not  cheerfully  undergo  to  accomplish 
any  mission  which  he  felt  was  in  the  line  of 
his  duty.     After  years  of  this  heavy  burden- 
bearing,  in  wliich  the  conditions  of  life  and 
travel  had  greatly  changed  for  the  better, 
he  asked  for  an  assistant.     Mahlon  N.  Gil- 
bert was  ajjpoiuted  as  his  coadjutor  in  1886. 
He  was  a  bright,  vigorous  young  man,  but 
he  died  in   1899.     Bishop  Whipple  is  still 
hale  and  ready  to  undertake  with  energy  any 
duty  which  falls  to  him.     In  addition  to  his 
labors  in  the  episcopate,  he  has  written  much 
on  the  Indian  question,  and  on  miscellaneous 
subjects.     His  latest  work  is  "The  Lights  and 


Shadows  of  a  Long  Episcopate,'"  which  is 
full  of  the  spirit  of  the  venerable  bishop. 
He  was  twice  married,  and  has  four  children, 
three  married  daughters  and  one  son,  Major 
C.  H.  Whipple,  V.  S.  A.  The  bishop  himself 
would,  no  doubt,  have  made  an  ideal  soldier 
and  general.  He  was,  before  he  chose  the 
ministry,  interested  in  military  affairs.  He 
has  been  a  general  of  the  highest  rank — 
when  labors  and  achievements  are  consid- 
ered— in  the  church  militant,  and  deserves 
the  highest  rewards.  His  relations  to  the 
patriotic  societies  have  already  been  men- 
tioned. He  is  a  member  of  the  Victoria  In- 
stitute of  Great  Britain. 


COOPER,  Walter.— The  last  thirty-five 
years  have  witnessed  a  marvelous  transfor- 
mation in  the  great  Xorlhwest,  for  during 
this  short  period  the  almost  limitless  region, 
for  years  known  as  the  American  desert,  has 
been  wrested  from  hostile  tribes,  and  its  vast 
area  converted  into  rich,  prosperous  and  pro- 
ductive states.  The  men  who  have  accom- 
*  plished  these  wondei-f ul  results,  now  present- 
ed to  the  view  of  those  who  roll  across  the 
boundless  west  in  a  luxuriant  palace  car, 
were,  it  is  needless  to  say,  men  of  iron,  of 
restless  activity,  of  more  than  ordinary  en- 
durance and  persistency  of  purpose;  for  their 
achievements  outrank  the  efforts  perhaps  of 
any  previous  generation  since  the  first  set- 
tlement of  North  America,  when  religion  was 
the  mainsjjring  of  their  actions. 

As  a  faithful  private  in  the  ranks  of  the 
early  pioneers,  ^^■alter  Cooper  now  deserves 
to  rank  as  an  officer  in  the  army  of  those 
hardy  veterans  who  with  gallant  hardihood 
hewed  the  way  for  "millions  yet  to  be."  He 
was  but  sixteen  years  of  age  when,  in  1859, 
he  reached  the  Rocky  Mountain  region.  He 
was  without  the  benefits  of  an  education 
when  he  was  first  thrown  amid  the  wild 
scenes  and  rugged  men  of  Colorado,  where 
he  grew  to  manhood  unfettei-ed  by  class- 
room, but  schooled  for  life's  battle  by  the  un- 
couth usages  of  the  wildest  and  roughest  of 
frontiers,  where  one"s  native  ability  is 
brought  to  a  keen  edge,  and  mere  book  learn- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


ing  does  not  add  :m  iota  to  the  scale  of  merit, 
as  weijffhed  by  tlie  discriniiiiating  bands  of 
the  pioneers.  Worth  it  is  that  makes  the 
man,  wliere  people  are  forced  to  estimate  him 
in  times  of  peril,  and  eA'ery  hour  is  fraught 
with  danger  and  imperiled  life.  Such  was 
Mr.  Cooper's  school.  Little  time  had  he  had 
to  seek  the  polish  of  a  higher  education,  but 
it  would  be  erroneous  to  assume  that  he  is 
lacking  in  this  particular,  for,  with  an  un- 
usually well-equipped  mental  reservoir,  and 
expanded  by  his  eai'ly  training,  Mr.  Cooper's 
relentlessly  active  mind  has  gathered  to  it  the 
attributes  of  the  thinker  and  student,  well 
able  to  present  his  views  in  the  jiublic  prints 
and  upon  the  rostrum. 

Mr.  Cooper  was  born  in  the  town  of  Ster- 
ling, Csiyuga  county,  state  of  New  York,  July 
4,  1843,  and  was  the  third  son  of  Andrew  H. 
and  Sarah  E.  Cooper.  His  jtaternal  grand- 
father was  of  Irish  descent,  and  his  grand- 
father on  the  mother's  side  was  of  Scotch 
descent.  Both  father  and  mother  were  from 
the  town  of  Argyle,  Washington  county,  N. 
y.  Argyle  was  founded  by  Donald  McGill- 
vra,  great-grandfather  of  Mr.  Cooper,  and 
was  by  him  named  for  his  birthplace,  Argyle 
county.  Isle  of  Mull,  Scotland,  where  he  was 
bora  in  1723,  and  whence  he  came  to  Amer- 
ica,— first  to  Canada,  as  a  private  soldier  in 
the  British  anny.  In  1752  he  served  with 
General  Wolfe  during  the  latter's  camjiaign 
against  the  French,  and  fought  under  Wolfe 
on  the  plains  of  Abraham,  September  13, 
1759.  This  sturdy  Scotch  soldier  gained  an 
enviable  i-eputation  for  courage  and  stability, 
and  was  honorably  discharged,  in  the  year 
1759,  after  seven  years'  service.  The  orig- 
inal discharge  is  now  in  the  possession  of  the 
Cooper  family.  After  his  discharge  Donald 
McGilhTa  went  directly  to  New  York  City, 
where  he  remained  three  years,  and  then  lo- 
cated at  the  town  of  Hebron,  in  Washington 
county,  N.  Y.  There  he  remained  a  number 
of  years.  Having  cast  his  lot  with  the  Amer- 
ican party,  he  was  set  upon  by  Indians  and 
Tories  to  such  a  degree  that  he  was  forced 
to  abandon  his  home,  and  he  finally  joined 
the  American  army  and  entered  the  Revo- 
lutionary struggle.  In  17S9  he  settled  again 
in  Washington  county  and  founded  the  town 


wAi/ri:u  ('(((ji'i:!!. 

of  Argyle,  where  he  died  in  1812,  aged  eigh- 
ty-nine years.  George  Cooper,  grandfather 
of  Mr.  Cooper  on  the  father's  side,  and  Dan- 
iel McGillvra,  son  of  Donald  McGillvra, 
grandfather  on  the  mothei''s  side,  emiffrated 
from  Washington  county,  N.  Y.,  to  the  town 
of  Sterling,  Cayuga  county,  N.  Y.,  arriving 
April  27,  1827,  and  being  among  the  early 
settlers  in  that  section.  George  Cooper  was 
of  Irish  parentage  and  served  in  the  war  of 
1812,  being  stationed  at  Fort  Oswego,  where 
he  was  taken  prisoner  by  the  British  squad- 
ron under  Sir  James  Yeo,  who  bombarded 
and  captured  the  fortress  in  1814. 

Andrew  H.  Cooper,  father  of  Walter 
Cooper,  was  bora  at  Argyle,  Washington 
county,  N.  Y.,  in  1813,  and  married  Sarah  E. 
McGillvra,  daughter  of  Daniel  McGillvra,  at 
the  town  of  Sterling,  Cayuga  county,  N.  Y., 
October  30,  1832. 

Sarah  E.  McGillvra  was  born  in  A\'asli- 
ing-ton  county,  N.  Y.,  November  29,  1S14. 
Mr.  Coojier  lived  in  the  near  vicinity  of  Ster- 
ling until  1845,  when  he  emigrated  with  his 
family,  consisting  of  wife  and  foui-  sous,  to 
Shiawassee  county,  Mich.,  where  he  died, 
June  24,  1851,  leaving  a  wife  and  six  sons. 
Tlie  oldest  son  was  but  sixteen  years  of  age, 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


and  upon  Iiim  the  care  of  this  young  family 
largely  devolved.  Shortly  after  the  death  of 
his  father,  at  the  age  of  eight  years,  Walter 
was  sent  to  Lansing.  Mieh.,  to  live  with  a 
naternal  aunt,  who  promised  to  educate  and 
care  for  him  as  her  own.  For  three  years  the 
boy  lived  with  this  aunt,  not  having  seen  the 
inside  of  a  school  house.  Becoming  dissatis- 
fied, he  ran  away  from  his  aunt,  and  hence 
we  find  him,  at  the  early  age  of  twelve,  work- 
ing as  a  farm  hand  in  summer  and  in  the 
lumber  camps  in  northern  Michigan  in  win- 
ter,— depending  entirely  upon  his  own  re- 
soui'ces.  Mrs.  Cooper  had  in  the  meantime 
returned  to  New  York,  takng  her  second  and 
three  younger  sons. 

In  the  fall  of  ISoS  Walter  started  west, 
reaching  Leavenworth,  Kan.,  in  the  month  of 
November,  where  he  passed  the  winter,  driv- 
ing team  for  the  government  and  doing  such 
work  as  he  could  find  to  do  until  Febmai'y, 
1859,  when  he  engaged  to  drive  a  team  across 
the  plains  to  Pike's  Peak,  where  he  worked 
as  a  herder  on  a  ranch.  In  the  spring  of 
1860  he  joined  a  prospecting  expedition  to 
the  San  Juan  mountains.  The  party  left 
Denver,  Colo.,  early  in  May,  and  visited  old 
Mexico.  Returning  to  Colorado  in  the  win- 
ter of  1861,  our  subject  spent  the  summer 
and  fall  of  1862  near  Colorado  Springs,  act- 
ing at  times  as  scout  for  the  First  Colorado 
regiment.  In  November,  1863,  he  started  for 
Montana  (then  Idaho),  arriving  at  Virginia 
City  in  February,  1804,  and  engaging  at  once 
in  mining  in  Alder  Gulch.  In  May  he  became 
interested  with  Charles  Cooper  in  a  freight 
train,  with  which  he  started  for  Fort  Benton 
to  meet  the  steamboats, — expecting  to  return 
to  Virginia  City  with  freight.  During  1864 
the  water  was  so  low  in  the  Missouri  river 
that  little  freight  reached  Fort  Benton,  and 
he  was  forced  to  return  with  his  teams 
empty.  Arriving  at  Virginia  City  in  August, 
he  disposed  of  his  train,  fitted  out  a  team 
with  supplies  for  winter,  and  located  and 
passed  the  winter  of  1864-5  in  the  Missouri 
River  valley,  near  Round  Grove,  spending 
the  winter  in  hunting.  In  the  spring  of  1865 
he  engaged  in  mining  at  Nelson  Gulch  and 
other  points,  which  occupation  he  followed 
with  varying  success  until  the  fall  of  1869, 


when  he  settled  in  Bozeman,  Gallatin  county, 
Mont. 

On  the  10th  of  April,  1870,  Mr.  Cooper 
married  Miss  Mariam  D.  Skeels,  only  daugh- 
ter of  Nelson  Skeels.  of  Boulder  Valley,  Jeff- 
erson county.  Mont.,  and  he  has  since  resided 
at  Bozeman.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Cooper  have  had 
one  son  and  two  daughters  born  to  them,  the 
son  and  one  daughter  having  died  in  infancy; 
they  have  one  daughter.  Mariam  Cooper,  liv- 
ing, aged  ten  years. 

In  1870  Mr.  Cooper  founded  in  Bozeman 
a  mercantile  house  which  became  famous  as 
the  most  complete  establishment  of  its  kind 
in  the  Northwest.  He  also  engaged  in  the 
fur  business  in  1872,  giving  this  branch  of 
business  such  energy  that,  as  a  result  of  his 
efforts,  Bozeman  in  three  years  became  sec- 
ond in  importance  as  a  shipping  point  for  fur 
robes  and  skins.  Mr.  Cooper  invented  and 
patented  many  improvements  in  firearms, 
and  at  one  time  manufactured  the  most  fa- 
mous long-range  hunting  rifle  ever  used  in 
the  west.  He  was  selected  as  one  of  the  in- 
corporators of  the  city  of  Bozeman  in  1883, 
on  the  adoption  of  the  city  charter,  and  was 
a  member  of  the  first  city  council ;  was  nomi- 
nated for  mayor  of  the  city  of  Bozeman  by 
the  Democratic  city  convention  in  1888,  but 
declined  for  business  reasons.  On  the  organ- 
ization of  the  Board  of  Trade  of  Bozeman,  in 
]  883,  Mr.  Cooper  became  its  first  president, 
in  which  capacity  he  served  two  years.  In 
1884  he  was  nominated  by  the  Democratic 
district  convention  of  the  First  judicial  dis- 
trict, was  elected  to  the  constitutional  con- 
vention as  delegate  at  large,  and  was  made 
chairman  of  the  committee  on  privileges  and 
elections.  He  was  again  nominated  and 
elect'^d  to  the  constitutional  convention  in 
1889.  on  the  admission  of  IMontana  into  the 
Union,  and  was  made  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee on  appointment  and  representation. 
As  chainnan  of  this  committee  Mr.  Cooper 
reported  and  strongly  advocated  the  adop- 
tion of  the  famous  article  giving  one  senator 
to  each  county.  This  article  was  bitterly  op- 
posed by  delegates  from  populous  districts, 
but  was  ratified  by  the  convention  after  a 
fierce  struggle,  became  a  part  of  the  constitu- 
tion, and  is  thoroughly  appreciated,  especial- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


]y  by  the  less  populous  counties,  being  con- 
sidered a  safeguard  against  reckless  legisla- 
tion, and  serving  to  dignify  the  senate  and 
render  it  a  more  conservative  body. 

Mr.  Cooper  was  selected  by  the  state  con- 
vention as  a  delegate  at  large  to  the  National 
Democratic  convention  held  at  Chicago  in 
1892,  was  selected  and  served  on  the  com- 
mittee on  credentials,  espoused  the  cause  of 
the  regular  delegates,  Henry  P.  Henderson 
and  John  T.  Coign,  of  Utah,  against  the  con- 
testing delegation  backed  by  an  influential 
club,  in  which  contest  Mr.  Cooper  developed 
rare  qualities  as  a  debater,  showing,  as  well, 
a  thorough  knowledge  of  western  affairs. 
The  regular  delegates  were  seated,  and  ]Mr. 
Cooper  received  a  letter  of  thanks  from  the 
Utah  Territorial  Central  Committee.  Mr. 
Cooper  was  nominated  as  an  elector  on  the 
Democratic  ticket  in  1892,  and  ran  several 
hundred  ahead  of  his  ticket. 

He  was  elected  president  of  the  State 
Pioneer  Society  in  1892,  serving  two  years, 
and  was  elected  president  of  the  Pioneer  So- 
ciety of  Gallatin  county  in  1893,  serving  one 
year.  He  served  as  a  member  of  the  legis- 
lature in  1895,  and  secured  the  pas.sage  of  an 
act  which  made  possible  the  erection  and 
equipment  of  the  buildings  now  occupied  by 
the  Montana  State  College  of  Agriculture 
and  Mechanic  Arts.  He  was  appointed  by 
Governor  Richards,  in  1892,  as  a  member  of 
the  local  executive  board  of  the  Agricultural 
College,  serving  six  years. 

In  the  business  world,  Mr.  Coopers  fore- 
sight, courage,  and,  above  all.  his  tireless 
energy,  have  won  for  him  a  position  in  the 
forefront.  His  associates  say  he  was  never 
known  to  express  a  doubt  in  the  ultimate 
success  of  any  enterprise  in  which  he  was 
interested. 

When,  in  1889,  the  city  of  Bozeman  want- 
ed a  supply  of  fresh  water  for  fire  protection 
and  domestic  use,  Jfr.  Cooper  acquired  the 
water  right  on  Lyman  Creek,  organized  the 
Bozeman  Water  Woi-ks  Company,  and  caused 
the  construction  of  the  most  perfect  system 
of  water  works  in  the  Northwest.  He  be- 
came vice  president  and  one  of  the  largest 
stockholders  of  the  comjiany.  In  1884  he 
secured  control  of  the  coal   fields  on  Bockv 


Fork,  and,  together  with  Hon.  Samuel  Word, 
of  Helena,  brought  about  the  building  of  the 
Kocky  Fork  &  Cooke  City  Railway,  and  the 
development  of  this  great  coal  field,  with  its 
limitless  supply  of  the  most  excellent  coal. 
From  the  inception  of  this  entei-jirise  to  its 
completion, — covering  a  period  of  six  years, 
— much  of  Mr.  Cooper's  time  was  occupied 
with  it.  As  an  enterprise  bearing  upon  the 
general  welfare  of  the  state  it  will  doubtless 
rank  among  the  most  important  achieve- 
ments of  the  last  decade,  and  its  history  from 
start  to  finish  stands  in  pei^jetual  ci'edit  to 
the  master  mind  of  Mr.  Cooper.  As  one  fa- 
miliar with  almost  every  detail  of  this  enter- 
jirise,  the  writer  regards  Mr.  Cooper's  con- 
nection with  it  as  Napoleonic.  The  difficul- 
ties surmounted,  the  energy  displayed,  and 
the  benefits  accruing  to  the  state  at  large 
make  it  a  memorable  page  in  Montana's  his- 
tory. 

Mr.  Coojier  has,  among  other  things,  de- 
voted some  of  his  attention  to  mining.  He 
organized  and  is  president  of  the  Bozeman 
Gold  &  Silver  Mining  Company.  He  was 
also  instrumental  in  organizing  the  Bozeman 
Jlilling  Company,  operating  one  of  th»  larg- 
est flouring  mills  in  the  state,  and  of  this  he 
was  its  first  president,  as  well  as  its  largest 
stockholder. 

Mr.  Cooper  is  identified  with  many  other 
enterprises  of  a  i)ublic  and  private  nature. 
In  politics  he  is  a  Democrat,  and  has  taken  a 
jirominent  part  in  the  councils  of  his  party 
since  the  fonnation  of  Montana  as  a  terri- 
tory, as  well  as  rendering  it  and  his  beloved 
state  valuable  services  whenever  called  on. 
Mr.  Cooper  took  an  active  part  in  the  political 
affairs  which  agitated  Montana  in  1898  and 
19(10.  He  was  one  of  the  ]»rincipal  factors  in 
the  conduct  of  the  preliminary  campaign 
which  culminated  in  .seating  the  regular 
Democratic  delegates  at  the  Kansas  City  con- 
vention, July  4,  1900.  Later  he  successfully 
conducted  the  preliminai-y  contest  against 
the  Amalgamated  Copper  Company,  and  se- 
cured for  the  regular  Democratic  party  the 
control  of  the  state  convention,  and  was 
made  its  chairman.  He  was  elected  by  the 
convention  chairman  of  the  State  Central 
Committee,    and    conducted    the   great   cam- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


paijjn  of  1000  against  the  united  Republican 
and  Independent  Denioci-atio  forces  of  Mon- 
tana, whicli  wei-e  bac  ked  by  the  Anialganiat 
ed  Copper  and  Standard  Oil  Companies,  re 
suiting-  in  a  complete  victory  for  the  regular 
Democratic  national  and  state  tickets,  and 
the  election  of  a  large  majority  of  the  state 
legislature,  insuring  the  election  of  two  Dem-- 
ocratic  United  States  senators,  as  well  as  ac- 
complishing the  complete  overthrow  of  the 
Amalgamated  forces,  which  have  so  long 
controlled  ]\[ontana.  He  has  earned  and 
deserves  the  reputation  of  being  a  skillful 
leader  of  men, — an  oiganizer  whose  magnet- 
ism, personal  courage  and  unceasing  activity 
have  always  won  and  merited  approval. 
Time  and  again  he  has  led  his  party  to  vic- 
tory, directing  its  movements  with  cool  judg- 
ment and  clever  generalship. 

Mr.  Cooper  has  a  pleasing  and  engaging 
pereonality.  He  is  exceptionally  well  in- 
formed upon  all  subjects,  and  takes  a  lively 
interest  in  the  welfare  of  the  state,  for  Mr. 
Cooper's  predominating  characteristic  is  loy- 
alty to  his  country.  Tliere  is  no  man  proud- 
er of  the  American  flag,  more  devoted  to  his 
country,  or  who  feels  like  drawing  himself 
to  a  greater  height  when  he  says,  "I  am  an 
American,  and  from  the  state  of  Montana." 


HARE,  William  Hobart.— No  man  is 
more  thoroughly  identified  with  the  progress 
and  development  of  the  great  Noi'thwest 
than  William  H.  Hare,  D.  D.,  S.  T.  D.,  bishop 
of  South  Dakota.  His  successful  labors  have 
been  so  largely  in  the  Indian  field  that  he  has 
been  called  "The  Father  of  Indian  Missions" 
in  that  I'egion — not  that  he  was  the  first  to 
undertake  the  work,  but  because  of  the  en- 
thusiasm and  force  wheh  he  brought  to  bear 
upon  the  work,  the  character  of  the  fellow- 
laborers  whom  he  rallied  about  him  and  the 
"boarding  school"  featui-e  in  missions  to 
which  he  gave  great  prominence  and  which 
revolutionized  the  system  of  influence  exert- 
ed, and  made  the  results  more  permanent. 
His  St.  Paul's  School  for  Indian  boys  at  the 
Yankton  Agency,  was  the  first  boarding 
school  of  anv  kind  for  either  race,  erected 


within  the  limits  of  South  Dakota.  His  labor 
in  the  white  field  is  fully  as  significant.  If 
he  had  no  other  monument  than  the  All 
Saints"  School  for  girls  at  Sioux  Falls  to  in- 
dicate his  interest  in  the  state  at  lai-ge,  it 
would  be  a  worthy  life  achievement. 

He  completed  twenty-five  years  of  service 
as  bishop  January  0,  1898,  and  this  fact  was 
commemorated  at  the  general  convention  of 
that  year  when,  in  a  joint  meeting  of  the 
House  of  Bishops  and  of  the  House  of  Cler- 
ical and  Lay  Deputies,  he  was  presented  with 
a  handsome  silver  loving  cup,  and  a  minute 
l)laced  on  record  in  which  this  language  was 
used:  "The  difficult  task  of  mediating  be- 
tween the  red  man  and  the  white  he  has 
discharged  with  consummate  skill  and  tact. 
*****  j^Tpypp  3  sentimental  apol- 
ogist for  Indian  crimes,  he  has  been  always 
and  invariably  a  staunch  upholder  of  Indian 
rights.  The  people  and  the  government  have 
learned  to  trust  him  as  one  who  could  be  de- 
pended upon  to  tell  them  the  whole  truth." 

Bishop  Hare  was  born,  May  17,  1838,  at 
Princeton,  N.  J.,  to  which  place  his  father 
had  moved  from  Philadelphia  to  take  the 
rectorship  of  the  Episcopal  church.  His  far 
ther  was  the  Rev.  George  Enilen  Hare,  D.  D., 
LL.  D.,  a  professor  in  the  Divinity  School  of 
the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in  Phila- 
delphia, and  a  member  of  the  American  Old 
Testament  Committee,  appointed  under  the 
directiim  of  the  Convocation  of  Canterbury, 
England,  in  1870,  to  act  with  the  English 
committee  in  revising  the  authorized  version 
of  the  Bible.  He  was  the  nephew  of  the  cele- 
brated Robert  Hare,  of  Philadelphia,  famous 
for  his  scientific  attainments.  Francis  Hare, 
bishop  of  Chichester,  England,  1671-174:0, 
was  an  ancestor.  The  American  branch  of 
the  Hare  family  settled  in  Philadelphia  in 
1773.  Bishop  Hare's  mother  was  Elizabeth 
Catherine  Hobart,  from  whom  he  obtained 
his  middle  name.  She  was  the  daughter  of 
Bishop  Hobart,  of  New  York,  and  through 
her  mother,  a  grand-daughter  of  Rev.  Thomas 
Bradbury  Chandler,  D.  D.,  a  distinguished 
churchman  in  colonial  days.  Tlie  founder  of 
the  Ilobai't  family  in  America  was  Edmund 
Hobart,  who  came  from  Hiugham,  Norfolk 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


county,  England,  in  1633,  to  secure  a  more 
peaceful  home  than  England  then  penuitted 
nonconformists  to  enjoy.  He  founded  and 
named  the  town  of  Hingham,  Plymouth 
county,  Mass.  He  had  eight  sons,  six  of 
whom  graduated  at  Harvard,  the  newly 
established  university  of  the  colony.  Five 
of  them  entered  the  ministry,  a  profession 
which  attracted  the  Hobarts  in  the  old  coun- 
try, also,  the  late  Earl  of  Buckinghamshire, 
one  of  the  family,  being  a  clergyman  of  the 
Church  of  England,  and  a  peer  of  the  realm. 
The  early  education  of  the  young  bishop  was 
obtained  in  the  Episcopal  Academy  of  Phila- 
delphia, a  school  managed  after  the  prin- 
ciples of  the  great  Arnold  of  Rugbj'.  To 
the  influences  surrounding  him  in  this  school 
he  traces  the  interest  and  faith  whch  he  has 
shown  and  the  methods  which  he  has  follow- 
ed in  education.  Here  he  won  high  honors. 
He  then  entered  the  sophomore  class  of  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  where  lie  took 
rank  in  the  "first  class  of  distinguished  stu- 
dents." Failing  health  and  want  of  means 
compelled  him  to  withdraw  from  college  at 
the  end  of  the  junior  year.  He  secured  a  po- 
sition as  assistant  in  a  classical  school  and 
at  the  same  time  began  his  theological  studies 
in  the  institution  of  which  his  father  was  the 
immediate  head.  It  was  founded  by  Uisbop 
Alonzo  Potter,  and  is  now  known  as  the 
Episcojial  Divinity  School.  Here  he  was 
brought  into  immediate  contact  with  that 
high  sense  of  the  value  of  moral  education, 
earnest  faith  in  the  fundamental  truths  of 
Christianity  and  broad-mindedness  which 
characterized  the  founder  and  his  coadjutors. 
June  19,  1858,  he  was  ordained  deacon  by 
Bishop  Bowman.  May  2.5,  ISG'2,  Bishop 
Alonzo  Potter  ordained  him  priest.  While 
deacon  he  was  assistant  minister  of  »St.  Luke's 
church,  Philadelphia,  and  then  became  rector 
of  St.  Paul's  church.  Chestnut  Hill,  Philadel- 
phia. He  married,  October  30,  1861,  Mary 
Amory  Howe,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  M.  A. 
DeWolfe  Howe,  I).  D.,  afterwards  bishop  of 
Central  Pennsylvania,  and  a  woman  of  rare 
force  and  beauty  of  character.  She  died  a 
few  years  after  marriage,  leaving  a  son,  who 
is  now  Dr.  Hobart  Amory  Hare,  a  professor 


WILLIAM   H.    HARE. 

in  the  noted  Jefferson  Medical  College  of 
I'hiladelphia,  and  the  author  of  several  well 
known  standard  medical  works.  In^l863, 
to  seek  a  restoration  of  his  wife's  health,  he 
went  with  her  on  a  six  months'  visit  to  the 
great  lakes  of  Minnesota,  a  visit  which  has  a 
distinct  relation  to  his  settlement  in  after 
years  in  the  great  Noi-thwest.  On  returning 
he  took  charge  of  St.  Luke's  church,  Phila- 
delphia, dui'ing  the  absence  of  the  pastor. 
In  1861.  he  took  charge  of  the  church  of  the 
Ascension  in  the  same  city,  and  was  later 
made  its  rector,  and  served  in  this  capacity 
until  1870,  when  he  was  appointed  secretary 
and  general  agent  of  the  Foreign  Committee 
of  the  Board  of  Missions  of  the  Episcopal 
Church.  In  October,  1871,  the  House  of 
Bishops  elected  Dr.  Hare  missionary  bishop 
of  Cape  Palmas,  and  parts  adjacent  in  West 
Africa.  The  House  of  Deputies,  however, 
represented  that  his  services  in  the  office  he 
held  were  invaluable,  and  induced  the  bish- 
ops to  withdraw  his  nomination.  In  No- 
vember, All  Saints'  Day,  1872,  the  House  of 
Bishops  again  elected  him  bishop,  with  the 
title  of  Missionary  Bishop  of  Niobrara,  a  dis- 
trict  ill   Dakota   Territory  inhabited  chiefly 


HISTORY  (IF  THE  CHEAT  NORTHWEST. 


by  wild  ludiaiis.  After  some  hesitation  be 
ai-eepted  aud  was  consecrated  in  St.  Luke's 
church,  I'hiladclphia,  January  i),  1873.  He 
received  at  the  same  time  the  degree  of  D.  D. 
from  Trinity  and  from  Kenyon  Colleges,  and 
the  degree  of  S.  T.  D.  from  Columbia  College. 
liishojjHare  entered  upon  his  duty  with  char- 
acteristic zeal  aud  energy.  He  reached  Yank- 
ton, Dakota  Territory,  April  29,  1S73,  at  an 
unpropitious  time,  for  it  was  just  after  one 
of  the  most  memoi-able  storms  ever  known  in 
Dakota.  The  ettects  of  it  were  seen  in  the 
carcasses  of  cattle  which  perished  in  it,  and 
in  the  huge  banks  of  still  unmelted  snow. 
Custer's  cavalry,  encamped  near  Yankton, 
had  abandoned  horses  and  camp  equipment 
to  seek  shelter  from  the  wild  fui-y  of  the 
storm  in  the  houses  of  the  village.  From 
Yankton  the  bishop  passed  up  the  river 
among  the  Indians  and  established  himself 
at  the  Yaukton  Indian  Agency,  where,  be- 
fore the  summer  of  1873  was  over,  he  had 
erected  a  stone  building,  which  served  as  his 
home  and  a  boarding  school  for  Indian  boys. 
He  devised  a  light  traveling  conveyance,  and 
snug  portable  tent  and  made  himself  famil- 
iar with  his  whole  field,  establishing  mission 
posts  and  schools  until  the  territory  under 
his  charge  was  well  covered.  At  the  Gen- 
eral Convention  of  1883,  hs  jurisdiction  was 
changed  and  extended  so  that  it  now  in- 
cludes the  whole  state  of  South  Dakota,  with 
the  Santee  Indian  Keservatiou  in  Nebraska. 
His  title  was  also  changed  to  Missionary 
Bishop  of  South  Dakota.  At  a  special  meet- 
ing of  the  House  of  Bishops,  February  i, 
1891,  Bishop  Hare  was  requested  to  go  to 
Japan  as  its  special  representative  to  take 
charge  of  affairs  there  for  six  months  or  a 
year  at  his  option.  The  Ghost  Dance  craze 
had  disturbed  the  conditions  in  South  Da- 
kota and  he  was  reluctant  to  go  away,  but 
the  unanimity  of  the  House  of  Bishops, 
coupled  with  a  statement  of  the  needs  of 
Japan  and  of  the  fact  that  the  bishops  "were 
moved  to  the  choice  of  the  Bishop  of  South 
Dakota  in  view  of  his  special  fitness  for  the 
delicate  and  important  mission  on  which  he 
was  going  at  their  bidding,''  overcame  his 
scruples.     He  held  this  special  commission 


for  a  year,  making  two  visits  to  Japan  and 
extending  his  second  visit  to  the  missions  in 
China.  Bishop  Hare's  administration  has 
been  marked  by  a  great  interest  in  educa- 
tion. Four  industrial  boarding  schools  for 
Indians,  placed  at  different  places  in  the  In- 
dian country  of  South  Dakota,  testify  to  his 
efforts  in  behalf  of  that  I'ace,  and  the  All 
Saints'  School  at  Sioux  Falls — a  boarding 
and  day  school  for  young  ladies,  which  occu- 
pies one  of  the  finest  buildings  in  the  North- 
west, with  his  cordial  interest  in  the  public 
school  system  of  the  country,  is  jjroof  of  his 
broad  sjTupathy  with  general  education. 


COMPTON,  James.— In  1887,  when  a 
member  of  the  state  senate,  Mr.  Compton 
was  appointed  a  member  of  a  .special  senate 
committee  of  three,  to  draw  and  submit  a 
bill  for  the  establishment  and  government  of 
the  Minnesota  Soldiers'  Home.  By  virtue  of 
the  bill  then  reported  the  present  institution 
exists  and  is  governed.  It  seems  exceedingly 
appropriate  now  that  he  should  be  command- 
ant of  the  noble  institution  with  which  he 
was  so  closely  connected  at  the  outset,  and 
that  he  should  administer  the  rules  and  I'egu- 
lations  founded  upon  the  enactment  which 
he  was  instrumental  in  providing.  The  gen- 
erous provisions  of  the  bill  only  reflected  his 
sympathy  for  his  old  comrades,  and  his  ap- 
preciation of  their  sendees.  Mr.  Compton 
was  born  near  Mead\ille,  Pa.,  January  14, 
1840.  His  father,  William  Compton,  a  farm- 
er in  limited  circumstances,  was  born  in  New 
Jersey  and  came  to  Crawford  county  with  his 
parents  about  the  year  1800.  They  settled 
near  Meadville,  and  were  among  the  first 
pioneers  of  that  region.  Mr.  James  Comp- 
ton's  great-grandfather  was  a  soldier  in  the 
Revolutionary  War,  while  his  grandfather 
and  father  were  both  in  the  war  of  1812;  his 
brother  in  the  Mexican  War.  Mr.  Compton's 
son,  AVilliam  G.,  it  may  here  be  added,  serv- 
ed in  Company  C,  Thirteenth  Minnesota  Regi- 
ment during  the  whole  period  of  the  regi- 
ment's service  in  the  Spanish  War  in  the 
Philippines.     Since    Mr.    Compton    himself 


HISTORY  OF  TIIK  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


served  in  the  W'av  of  the  Rebellion,  it  will 
be  noticed  that  the  family  has  the  reniarlv- 
able  record  of  having  one  or  more  represen- 
tatives in  every  war  in  which  the  nation  has 
been  engaged.  This  certainly  speaks  well 
for  the  public  spirit  and  patriotism  of  the 
Comptons.  Mr.  Conipton's  mother's  maiden 
name  was  Mary  Buchanan.  She  was  born 
in  Pennsjlvania  of  Scotch-Irish  ancestors. 
Young  Compton  received  his  early  education 
in  the  common  or  district  school.  He  then 
entered  the  Meadville  Academy  and  prepar- 
ed for  college.  In  18C0  he  became  a  student 
in  Alleghany  College  and  remained  there  un- 
til 18()1,  when  the  war  sijirit  carried  him  into 
the  army.  He  enlisted  at  the  first  opportuni- 
ty, April  I'J,  18(>1,  for  three  months — as  the 
call  for  troops  limited  the  term — in  the  Mead- 
ville volunteers.  November  2,  1861,  he  re- 
enlisted  at  Chicago,  111.,  in  Company  (',  Fifty- 
second  Eegiment,  Illinois  ^'oluuteer  Infantry. 
March  3,  1802,  he  was  promoted  to  first  lieu- 
tenant, and  April  7,  18G2,  he  was  made  cap- 
tain. He  served  with  the  "Army  of  Tennes- 
see," and  participated  in  nearly  all  of  the 
battles  of  that  army,  from  the  capture  of 
Fort  Donaldson,  in  18(52,  to  that  of  Savannah, 
Ga.,  in  18(il.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Stanton 
Post,  (irand  Ai'mj'  of  the  Republic,  at  Fer- 
gus Falls,  and  was  Department  Commander 
of  the  State  of  Minnesota  in  1890.  He  is  also 
a  member  of  the  Loyal  Legion  and  was  Senior 
Vice  Commander  of  the  Commandery  of  Min- 
nesota in  18'J!).  He  has  served  as  colonel  and 
aide-de-camp  on  the  staff  of  Governors  Hub- 
bard, Mc(iill  and  Merriam.  It  was  in  1872 
that  he  came  to  Minnesota  and  settled  at  Fer- 
gus Falls.  The  same  year  he  assisted  in 
organizing  the  First  National  Bank  of  Fer- 
gus Falls — the  first  and  the  oldest  national 
bank  northwest  of  Minneapolis — and  became 
its  cashier.  He  followed  the  business  of 
banking  at  Fergus  Falls  until  18!J1.  In  the 
meantime  he  was  county  auditor  of  Otter  Tail 
county  from  1873  to  1877.  He  was  elected 
to  the  state  senate  in  1882  and  re-elected  for 
another  term  of  four  years  in  188G,  making 
eight  years'  service.  His  efficiency  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  senate  is  indicated  in  some  degree 
by    at    least    two    permanent    and    visible 


JAJ[KS   COMl'TUN". 

acliicvements.  He  secured  for  Fergus  Falls 
the  establishment  and  building  of  the  third 
State  Hospital  for  the  Insane.  His  promi- 
nent service  tor  the  State  Soldiers'  Home  has 
aheady  been  mentioned.  I'resident  Harrison 
appointed  Mr.  Compton,  in  181)1,  surveyor 
general  of  public  lands  for  the  state  of  Min- 
nesota, which  position  he  held  until  18115. 
Before  his  term  of  office  expired  he  was  ap- 
pointed assistant  bank  examiner  for  the 
state,  which  position  he  resigned,  August  31, 
lUOO,  to  accept  the  responsible  duties  of  com- 
mandant of  the  Minnesota  Soldiers'  Home, 
which  office  he  now  holds.  He  was  married, 
September  25,  18GG,  to  Louise  Gould,  of  Erie 
county,  Ta.  They  have  three  children — Mary, 
married  to  Frank  J.  Evans,  cashier  of  the 
Fergus  Falls  National  Bank;  Margaret,  who 
is  a  kindergarten  superintendent;  William 
(i.  Compton,  the  soldier  ivf  the  Spanish  War, 
as  stated.  In  religion  Mr.  Compton  is  a  niem- 
hei'  lit  the  Presbyterian  church.  In  j)olitics 
l:e  is  a  Republican,  "past  and  present,''  as  he 
stales  it.  The  honors  which  have  come  to 
him,  his  friends — and  they  are  many — regard 
as  only  a  natural  tribute  to  the  numly  quali- 
ties characteristic  of  him  in  business  and 
social  life,  as  well  as  in  public  service. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


KOI5ERT  G.  MOUIMSOX. 

MOREISOX,  Robert  G.,  is  of  Scotch  de- 
scent on  both  bis  father's  and  mother's  side. 
He  was  born  at  Blair's  Mills,  Pa.,  in  1860. 
His  father  was  David  Harbison  Morrison, 
whose  ancestors  emigrated  from  Scotland  to 
the  north  of  Ireland  in  the  beginning  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  where  he  was  born  and 
educated.  He  was  then  apprenticed  in  the 
old-fashioned  way  to  learn  the  mercantile 
business.  When  a  young  man,  having  gradu- 
ated in  the  business,  so  to  speak,  he  emi- 
grated to  the  United  States  and  found  his 
first  employment  in  a  wholesale  house  at 
I'hiladelphia,  where  he  remained  until  he  had 
accumulated  sufficient  to  start  in  business 
for  himself.  This  he  did  at  Blair's  Mills, 
Pa.  In  1872  he  moved  to  Morning 
Sun,  Iowa,  and  opened  a  general  store, 
where  he  has  since  successfully  conduct- 
ed the  business  and  become  in  very  com- 
fortable financial  circumstances.  The  maid- 
en name  of  Robert's  mother  was  Margery  B. 
McConnell,  whose  ancestors  came  from  Scot- 
land and  settled  in  Pennsylvania,  with  many 
others  of  the  race,  in  a  very  early  day.  Rob- 
ert's grandfather  was  in  the  wiir  of  1812,  and 
later  was  a  colonel  of  the  Pennsylvania  mil- 
itia.   The  family  ranks  with  the  oldest  in  the 


state.  Young  Morrison's  education  began  in 
the  country  schools  of  the  state  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. His  instruction  was  continued  in  the 
common  schools  of  Iowa — whither  the  fam- 
ily had  moved — until  he  entered  the  high 
school  at  Morning  Sun,  Iowa,  from  which  he 
graduated  in  1870.  The  next  year  he  spent 
in  supplementing  the  high  school  course  by 
studying  Greek  and  Latin,  to  be  prepared 
better  for  college.  He  entered  the  Univer- 
sity of  Iowa  in  1877,  where  he  distinguished 
himself  by  his  proficiency.  He  was  elected 
president  of  the  literar-y  society  and  was 
placed  on  the  program  of  exercises  in  two  of 
the  annual  exhibitions  of  the  society,  and 
was  still  further  honored  by  his  associates  in 
being  chosen  valedictoi-ian  of  the  class  for 
the  "Class  Day"  exercises.  He  graduated 
with  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Ai'ts  in  1882. 
In  the  fall  of  the  same  year  he  entered  upon 
the  study  of  law  in  the  same  university  and 
graduated  from  the  law  department  in  1883 
with  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Laws,  which' 
admitted  him  to  practice  in  all  the  state 
courts  of  Iowa  and  in  the  Lfnited  States  Dis- 
trict and  Circuit  courts.  In  1890  he  took  the 
degree  of  Master  of  Arts  from  the  Univer- 
sity of  Iowa.  He  was  also  commissioned  first 
lieutenant  of  the  battery  of  the  Iowa  Nation- 
al Guards.  In  1883  he  moved  to  Minnesota 
and  settled  in  ^Minneapolis,  his  present  home, 
where  he  entered  the  office  of  Worrall  &  Jor- 
dan, and  continued  his  study  of  law  for  an- 
other year.  He  then  went  into  the  employ- 
ment of  the  Western  Union  Telegraph  Com- 
pany, in  the  business  office  of  the  company 
at  Minneapolis,  where  he  I'emained  until 
1880.  when  he  opened  an  office  to  practice 
law  on  his  own  account.  He  continued  this 
ja-actice  for  six  years  and  then  formed  a  pai-t- 
nership  with  Mr.  Jayne,  under  the  style  of 
Jayne  &  Morrison.  This  partnership  con- 
tinued for  four  years,  dui-ing  which  time  the 
firm  built  up  a  large  and  lucrative  business 
in  commercial  and  corporation  law,  especial- 
ly. On  the  dissolution  of  the  partnership  in 
1896,  Mr.  Morrison  resumed  his  practice 
alone,  taking  a  more  general  practice.  This 
he  still  continues,  although  commercial  and 
corporation  law  predominates  in  his  busi- 
ness.   He  has  become  a  prominent  citizen  in 


HISTOKY  OK  THE  GUKAT   N(  lUTIIWlOST. 


the  best  sense  of  the  word,  for  he  does  not 
neglect  his  civic  :ind  social  duties.  He  is  an 
ardent  Republican  in  jiolilirs;  a  iiicniluM-  of 
the  Westminster  l.ilcrary  ("lab,  of  which  lie 
was  elected  first  president;  the  treasurer  of 
the  Minnetonka  Ice  Yacht  Club,  and  an  ac 
five  member  of  the  ^yestmiuster  Presb.v 
terian  church. 


HAYCKAFT,  Julius  Everett,  is  an  attor 
ney-at-law  practicing-  at  Madelia,  Minn.  lie 
is  a  native  of  Minnesota  and  was  born  on  a 
farm  near  Madelia  August  26,  1871.  His 
[)arents  were  well-to-do  farmers  and  were 
early  sc^ttlers,  coming  to  the  state  in  18G1. 
His  mother.  Sarah  I'.  (Jolly)  Haycraft,  was 
born  in  Kentucky,  as  was  Isaac  Hayci-aft, 
the  father  of  the  subject  of  this  sketch. 
They  are  both  of  English  descent,  their  peo- 
ple coming  to  this  country  in  an  early  day, 
locating  in  ^Maryland.  The  next  generation 
went  to  Virginia,  and  their  descendants  were 
in  turn  seized  with  the  migratory  fever  and 
came  to  Kentucky.  The  families  next  nmved 
to  Illinois,  and  here  the  young  i)eople  were 
married.  'AVestward  ho"  was  also  their  cry 
and  they  came  to  ^Finnesota  nad  located  near 
Madelia.  Isaac  Haycraft  was  an  ardent 
supporter  of  the  Union  and  served  in  Com- 
pany F  of  the  Second  Minnesota  Cavalry. 
Julius  llayciaft  was  brought  up  on  the  farm 
and  received  a  country  school  education 
He  determined  to  bi'tter  himself,  and  came 
to  Minneajjolis  to  attend  a  business  college. 
He  then  decided  upon  the  law  as  a  profession 
he  would  enjoy,  and  accordingly  set  out  to 
become  a  lawyer.  He  entered  the  law  office 
of  Judge  Cooley  at  Madelia,  and  under  his 
supervision  prejiared  for  the  state  bar  exam- 
ination. He  was  admitted  to  practice  in  Oc- 
tober, ISnS,  and  in  consequence  of  his  oftice 
training  was  in  a  j)osition  to  start  at  once. 
In  January,  IS!)!),  Mr.  Haycraft  and  Mr.  E. 
H.  Either  formed  a  partnership  under  the 
name  of  Bither  &  Haycraft  and  succeeded  to 
the  practice  of  Judge  Cooley.  The  firm  i)rac 
tices  before  all  the  courts  and  has  succeeded 
in  l)Milding  up  a  lucrative  i)ractice.  Mr. 
Haycraft  has  taken  an  active  interest  In  po- 
litical matters  and  is  an  ardent  supporter  of 


■Tl'I.irs  10.   IIAVt'I!.\FT. 

tile  Re]iulilicaii  pait\.  He  was  aii])oiiited 
postmaster  at  Madelia  in  18!)!)  and  still  holds 
the  position.  Mr.  Haycraft  is  a  member  of 
the  Sons  of  Veterans  and  is  a  prominent*man 
in  the  order,  and  was  from  lS!t7  to  18!)!)  a 
member,  and  secretary,  of  the  council  in 
chief  of  the  national  organization.  He  is  a 
firm  believer  in  the  princijiles  of  the  Masonic 
order  and  is  a  member  of  the  lodge  at  Ma- 
delia, and  has  served  as  Master  for  three 
tcriiis,  an  unusual  honor  for  so  young  a  man. 


EDDY,  Frank  M..  of  (ilenwood,  Pope 
county,  Minn.,  enjoys  the  distinction  of  be- 
ing the  first  of  Minnesota's  native  born  to 
represent  her  in  either  branch  of  congress, 
and  he  is  now  serving  his  fourth  term  as 
member  of  congress  from  the  seventh  con- 
gressional district.  Mr.  Eddy  is  essentially 
ii  selfiuade  man,  and  under  any  other  form 
(if  governiiienl  his  laleiils  weiild  have  gtuie 
unrecognized  and  lie  would  iiol  have  been 
able  In  I'vcii  secure  a  hearing.  -Mr.  lOddy 
comes  from  excellent  <-oloiiial  stock  which 
has  not  deteriorated  with  ige.  His  father, 
Richard  Eddy,  was  a  farmer  and  teacher  and 
was  a  son   of   Kichard    Eddy,   an   American 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GUICAT  NORTHWEST. 


FKA.NK   JI.   EDDY. 

soldiiT  ill  the  War  of  1812.  The  great  grand- 
father of  F.  M.  Eddy  wa.s  previous  to  the 
KeTolution  an  officer  in  the  British  colonial 
armj'.  He  resigned  his  position,  and  at  the 
outbreak  of  the  war  became  a  captain  of  a 
Khode  Island  company  in  the  Continental 
arniv,  and  his  commissions  in  both  armies 
are  now  in  the  possession  of  a  member  of  the 
Eddy  family.  Through  his  father's  family 
on  his  mother's  side  Mr.  Eddy  can  trace  his 
lineage  back  to  the  youngest  daughter  of 
Roger  Williams  and  through  her  to  Pere- 
grine White,  the  first  while  child  born  north 
of  Virginia.  The  mother  of  the  subject  of 
this  sketch  was  formerly  Mary  Eliza  Sand- 
born,  a  daughter  of  (1.  T.  Sanborn,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  3rd  Minnesota  volunteers.  Her 
ancestors  also  fought  in  the  War  of  the 
Revolution.  Her  mother  was  a  great  grand- 
daughter of  George  R.  T.  Hewes,  one  of  the 
leaders  in  the  "Boston  Tea  Party."  Frank 
M.  Eddy  was  born  April  1,  1856,  at  Pleasant 
Orove,  Olmsted  county,  Minn.,  and  his  early 
boyhood  days  were  spent  near  the  same 
locality.  He  attended  the  village  schools 
whenever  he  was  able  and  worked  in  a 
brick  yard  in  order  to  earn  the  money  neces- 
sary   to   kec])   up   liis   studies.     In   1SG8   he 


moved  with  his  parents  to  Pope,  returning 
to  Olmsted  county  in  1873  to  attend  school. 
In  1878  he  became  a  school  teacher  and 
taught  country  schools  for  several  years. 
In  1880  he  returned  to  Pope  county  and 
taught  school,  and  has  since  continued  to 
reside  there.  In  1883  he  became  a  land  ex- 
aminer or  cruiser  for  the  Northern  I'acific 
railway.  He  was  elected  clerk  of  the  dis- 
Iricl  court  in  1884,  and  held  the  position 
foi-  ten  years.  He  studied  shorthand  and 
also  became  court  reporter  for  the  Sixteenth 
judicial  district.  This  position  threw  him 
in  contact  with  people  in  all  parts  of 
northern  Jlinnesota.  Mr.  Eddy  aciiuired  a 
thorough  knowledge  of  the  Scandinavian 
hmguage,  and  his  studies  have  repaid  him 
many  fold  in  enabling  him  to  carry  on  a  po- 
litii-al  canvass  in  a  country  district  largely 
settled  by  Scandinavians.  In  1894  Mr.  Eddy 
received  the  nomination  for  congress  in 
his  district.  At  the  time  the  office  was 
tilled  by  a  Populist  and  the  district  was 
normally  against  the  Republicans,  but  Mr. 
Eddy  won  out.  He  has  been  re-elected  at  each 
election  since,  and  in  spite  of  determined 
efforts  to  defeat  him  has  increased  his  lead 
on  every  occasion.  Mr.  Eddy's  success  as 
a  campaigner  has  been  remarkable  and  his 
powers  of  endurance  are  wonderful.  Mr. 
PJddy  is  regarded  as  one  of  the  strongest 
men  in  the  Minnesota  delegation,  and  is  a 
close  observer  and  a  thorough  student  of 
mc^n  and  events,  and  his  political  future  is 
deemed  very  bright.  He  is  a  Mason,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Knights  of  Pythias  and  of  the 
Sons  of  the  American  Revolution.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Christian  church,  sometimes 
called  Campbellites.  He  was  married  June 
24,  1886,  to  Miss  Frances  Fraser,  of  Wash- 
burn, 111.,  and  has  a  family  of  five  children, 
Ruth,  Joyce,  Jessie,  Richard  Fraser  and 
Frances  Marion. 


\\'EISER,  George  Brosins,  whose  home  is 
at  New  Ulm,  Brown  county,  ]\Iinn.,  is  a  native 
of  Pennsylvania,  having  been  born  at  (ieorge- 
town,  Northumbeiland  county,  Sei)tember  7, 
1857.     He  adopted  the  profession  of  his  fa- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GIIBAT  NORTHA\'EST. 


ther,  Charles  S.  Weiser,  who  was  one  of  the 
best  known  physicians  in  Northnmberhind 
conutT,  and  a  prominent  man  in  the  com- 
munity. His  wife,  George  B.  Weiser's  moth- 
er, Sarah  Brosins,  was  a  native  of  George- 
town, and  the  adopted  daughter  of  George 
Brosins,  of  tliat  i)lace.  He  was  a  merchant 
and  ])rominent  liusiness  man  of  that  locality. 
The  ^^'eiser  family  is  of  (ierman  extraction, 
and  sprang  in  this  country  from  Conrad 
'SAViser,  who  came  from  Gennany  to  Amer- 
ica and  founded  the  German  settlement  in 
Berks  county.  Pa.  He  was  a  man  of  great 
force  of  character,  whose  sterling  qualities 
have  been  liberally  transmitted  to  his  de- 
scendants. The  settlement  which  he  founded 
left  the  impression  of  its  institutions  upon  a 
wide  surrounding  region,  and  its  influence  is 
still  a  living  force  in  the  commonwealth. 
Conrad  Weisei*  was  apjtointed,  by  the  colonial 
governor,  an  Indian  agent.  He  learned  the 
language  of  the  Indian  tribes,  and,  as  inter- 
preter, he  settled  many  disputes  and  made 
treaties  with  the  Indians.  ]?y  his  tact,  firm 
integrity  and  sagacity,  he  won  the  confidence 
of  the  red  men  and  exerci.sed  more  influence 
over  them  than  did  any  man  of  his  day,  so 
that  he  saved  much  bloodshed  in  the  valley 
of  the  Susquehanna.  Young  George  had 
favorable  surroundings.  He  was  liberally 
educated  in  the  public  schools,  and,  when  old 
enough,  attended  the  Fi'eeburg  Academy. 
From  there  he  went  to  the  Berrysburg  Semi- 
nary, and  finally  took  a  complete  literary 
course  at  the  Sunbury  Academy  or  Institute. 
His  father  died  in  August,  ISOl,  so  he  began 
the  study  of  medicine  with  Dr.  B.  L.Kerchner, 
who  had  much  of  George's  father's  practice. 
After  having  finished  his  preparatory  studies 
with  his  preceptor,  he  entered  the  Jefferson 
Medical  College  at  Philadelphia — there  is  no 
higher  grade  school  of  medicine  in  the  world 
— and  graduated  March  12,  1879.  Dr.  Weis- 
er also  took  a  special  course  at  the  Philadel- 
phia School  of  Anatomy,  and  another  at  the 
Pennsylvania  Disjiensary  for  Skin  Diseases. 
These  might  propei-ly  be  called  }>ost-gi-adu- 
ate  courses,  although  they  were  pursued  dur- 
ing his  regular  college  course  at  the  Jeffer- 
son.   Immediately  after  graduating,  he  went 


GEORGE  B.  WEISER. 

to  McKee's  Half  Falls,  Snyder  county,  Pa., 
and  began  practice.  He  remained  there  until 
1893,  when  he  went  to  New  Illm,  Brown 
county,  Minn.,  where  he  has  remaiuea  ever 
since,  and  has  built  up  an  extensive  practice 
in  surgerj'  and  medicine.  In  politics  he  is  a 
Republican,  and  very  early  took  an  active 
jiart  in  public  afl'airs.  In  Pennsylvania  he 
represented  Snyder  county  in  the  State  Ee- 
I)ublican  Central  Committee.  He  was  also 
elected  coroner  for  the  county,  and  served  for 
three  years.  He  was  auditor  of  his  town  from 
1881  to  1891.  He  is  now  a  member  of  the 
board  of  education  of  New  TUm,  and  in  1896 
he  was  made  county  physician  of  Brown 
county.  He  is  a  mendier  of  the  Brown  Coun- 
ty Medical  Society  and  the  Minnesota  Valley 
Afedical  Society.  He  belongs  to  the  Masonic 
order,  and  has  served  as  Master  of  Charity 
Lodge,  No.  98,  and  as  High  Priest  of  New 
TTlm  Chapter,  No.  i57,  and  is  a  Sir  Knight 
Tem])lar — belonging  to  Demolay  Command- 
ers. New  Tim.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the 
Mode] II  ^^'o(((llll(■ll  of  America,  and  the  ex- 
amining iihysician  of  Harmony  Cam]).  He 
holds  the  same  relations  to  the  A.  O.  U.  W'., 
Ilic  ().  D.  H.  S,.  and  the  AV.  C.  O.  F.     He  was 


HISTORY  OF  TIIK  OUKAT  NOUTIIWEST. 


married  to  Sarah  C.  Schoch,  daughter  of 
(leorse  J.  Scliorli,  of  Selinsgrove,  Pa.,  «)c 
tober  2,  18!)0.  They  have  one  child:  Kath- 
erine  Georgia  Wciser,  born  January  2,  lltOO. 


STEELING,  Thomas,  is  a  hiw.ver  practic- 
ing his  profession  at  Redfield,  S.  D.  Mr. 
Sterling  was  born  in  Faii-field  county,  Ohio, 
February  21,  1851.  His  parents  belonged  to 
the  agricultural  class,  and  were  a  sturdy, 
hard-working,  independent  people.  Charles 
Sterling,  his  father,  is  a  progressive  fanner 
and  in  good  circumstances.  He  removed 
from  Ohio  in  1S55  and  located  at  LeRoy, 
McLean  county,  111.,  where  he  now  resides. 
He  is  of  Scotch-Irish  descent.  His  wife, 
Anna  Kesler,  is  of  German  descent.  Though 
Thomas  had  only  the  meager  educational  fa- 
cilities afforded  by  the  district  school,  and 
was  compelled  to  work  on  the  farm  during 
the  spring  and  summer  months,  his  teachers 
were  for  the  most  part  of  a  splendid  type 
and  from  them  the  lad  received  an  inspira- 
tion to  go  beyond  the  limited  training  of  a 
counti'y  school.  When  nineteen  years  of 
age,  he  entered  the  Illinois  Wesleyan  Univer- 
sity at  Bloomington,  111.,  and  in  order  to  earn 
the  means  with  which  to  complete  the  course 
he  taught  for  three  tei-ms  in  the  district 
school.  During  his  term  at  college  he  was 
the  winner  of  the  sophomore  prize  essay,  and 
was  class  orator  on  his  graduation  in  1875. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Munsellian  Literai>y 
Society  of  that  institution.  The  two  years 
following  his  gi-aduation  he  was  principal  of 
schools  at  Bement,  111.,  and  devoted  his  leis- 
ure hours  to  reading  law.  In  June,  1877,  he 
entered  the  law  office  of  Hay,  Greene  &  Lit- 
tler, at  Springfield,  111.,  for  the  purpose  of 
taking  uj)  the  study  of  the  legal  profession 
in  earnest,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
June  of  the  following  year.  He  immediately 
began  to  practice  at  Sjjringtield  in  partner- 
ship with  Joseph  M.  Grout,  a  fellow-student 
in  the  same  office,  and  was  city  attorney  of 
Springfield  in  1881-2.  The  healthful  climate 
and  the  prospc^ctive  settlement  and  rapid  de- 
velopment of  the  then  Territory  of  Dakota 
attracted  the  young  lawyer,  and  in  October, 


1882,  he  located  at  Northville,  Spink  connty, 
S.  I).,  where  he  at  once  engaged  in  the  prac- 
tice of  law  and  in  the  real  estate  business. 
In  1886  he  was  elected  district  attorney  of 
Sjiink  connty  and  in  1887  removed  to  Ked- 
ticld,  where  he  has  since  resided.  In  Janu- 
ary. 1.8(»1,  he  formed  a  law  partnei-shij)  with 
Mr.  AA'.  A.  Morris,  under  the  firm  name  of 
Sterling  &  Morris,  which  continued  until 
January,  1001.  Mr.  Sterling  has  succeeded 
in  building  uj)  an  extensive  law  jiractice,  and 
is  regarded  as  one  of  the  leading  lawyers  of 
South  Dakota.  He  has  been  engaged  in  a 
number  of  important  civil  cases  affecting 
]iublic  interests,  and  relating  to  questions  of 
procedure  in  the  new  state.  He  was  made 
jiresident  of  the  South  Dakota  Bar  Associa- 
tion at  its  meeting  in  February,  1901.  In 
politics  he  has  always  been  a  Republican. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  constitutional  con- 
ventions of  1883  and  1889,  and  was  chainnan 
of  the  judiciary  committee  in  the  latter  con- 
vention. He  was  also  a  member  of  the  first 
state  senate  in  1889-90,  and  served  as  chair- 
man of  the  judiciary  committee  in  that  body. 
In  the  following  year  he  was  a  candidate  be- 
fore the  legislature,  though  not  previously, 
for  the  United  States  senate.  He  was  de 
feated  by  the  combined  Populist  and  Demo- 
cratic votes  which  were  given  to  Senator 
Kyle.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Masonic  and 
.V.  O.  U.  W.  fraternities.  His  church  con- 
nections are  with  the  Congregational  body. 
In  1887,  he  was  married  to  Anna  Dunn,  at 
Bement,  111.  She  died  in  1881.  In  1883,  he 
was  again  married,  to  Mrs.  Emma  R.  Thayer, 
of  Xorthville,  S.  D.  He  has  one  child.  Cloyd 
Dunn  Sterling. 


IIANNA,  Louis  Benjamin,  is  a  resident 
of  Fargo,  X.  D.,  where  he  is  prominently 
connected  with  the  banking  interest  of  the 
state.  He  was  born  August  9,  18(;i,  at  New 
Brighton,  Pa.  His  mother  was  Margaret  A. 
Hanna,  n6e  Lewis,  and  was  a  descendant  of 
a  prominent  French  Huguenot  family,  that 
came  to  this  country  in  an  early  day.  Jason 
R.  Hanna,  the  father  of  the  subject  of  this 
sketch,  although  of  Quaker  descent,  forsook 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


his  principles  for  the  sake  of  his  country,  and 
enlisted  durinpr  the  ("ivil  War  in  the  148d 
Pennsylvania  Volunteers,  and  was  lieuten- 
ant colonel  of  the  reji;iment.  He  died  shortly 
after  the  war  as  a  result  of  the  hardsliijis 
and  exposure.  The  boyhood  days  of  Louis 
B.  Hanna  were  spent  in  Cleveland,  Ohio, 
Pittsfield,  Mass.,  and  New  York  City,  and 
he  received  an  excellent  common  school  edu- 
cation in  the  schools  ot  these  cities.  He 
came  to  Noi-th  Dakota  in  1881,  when  he  was 
a  young  man  of  twenty,  and  for  over  a  year 
ran  a  fann  near  Hope.  He  came  to  the  con- 
clusion that  farming  was  not  to  his  liking, 
and  in  the  fall  of  1882  removed  to  Page,  and 
engaged  in  the  lumber  business,  which  he 
followed  until  1886,  when,  perceiving  the  op- 
l)ortunities  ottered  in  banking,  became  in- 
terested in  the  State  Hank  of  Page.  He  is 
now  president  of  the  bank  and  also  president 
of  the  First  National  Bank  of  Cooperstown. 
He  gradually  became  interested  in  other 
banks  in  the  state,  and  in  1S99  removed  to 
Fargo  to  become  vice  president  of  the  First 
National  Bank  of  Fargo.  Mr.  Hanna  has 
had  a  varied  experience  in  both  mercantile 
pursuits  and  banking,  and  has  come  to  be 
I'ecognized  as  an  able  man  in  the  various 
lines  of  commercial  activity.  Mr.  Hanna  has 
always  been  a  believer  in  the  principles  of 
the  Bepnblican  party,  and  has  taken  a  promi- 
nent place  among  the  leaders  in  North  Da- 
Ivota.  He  was  postmaster  at  Fargo  from  1887 
to  1894,  and  has  represented  the  people  of 
North  Dakota  in  both  branches  of  the  state 
legislature.  In  181)4:  he  was  electwl  a  mem- 
ber of  the  house,  and  his  ett'oi-ts  were  such 
that  the  people  of  his  district  rewarded  him 
by  electing  him  to  the  senate  in  18!)G,  for  a 
four  years'  tei'm,  and  as  senator  he  was  inter- 
ested in  much  of  the  important  legislation 
))assed  during  his  tenn.  He  served  as  chair- 
man of  the  Cass  ('ounty  Kepublican  Central 
committee  during  the  campaign  of  1900.  Mr. 
Hanna  is  a  member  of  the  Masonic  order, 
and  is  still  a  member  of  the  Hii'am  Lodge, 
No.  20,  at  Page,  of  which  he  is  a  Past  Master. 
He  is  a  Eoyal  Arch  ]Mason,  and  a  Knight 
Templar.  He  also  belongs  to  the  Scottish 
Rite  bodies,  and  is  a  Shriuer,  having  joined 


El  Zagel  Shrine  at  Fargo.  Mr.  Hanna  is  an 
attendant  of  the  Baptist  church.  He  was 
married  in  November,  1884,  to  Lottie  L. 
Thatcher,  of  North  Adams,  Mass.,  and  has 
had  a  family  of  three  children,  Margaret, 
who  died  in  1S94;  Jean  E.  and  Dorothy  L. 


DAKE,  Arthur  Newman,  is  a  very  promi- 
nent newspaper  man  and  liepublican  poli- 
tician residing  at  Elk  Kiver,  Minn.,  where  he 
is  editor  and  publisher  of  the  Sherburne 
County  Star  News.  Mr.  Dare  is  regarded  as 
one  of  the  best  exponents  of  country  journal- 
ism in  the  state,  and  the  opinions  advanced 
in  his  editorials  are  widely  quoted  and  com- 
mended. He  was  born  in  Jordan,  Onondaga 
county,  N.  Y.,  May  25,  1850.  Alfred  Dare, 
his  father,  came  to  this  country  in  1838  from 
Wales,  where  the  family  can  be  traced  back 
to  as  far  as  1545.  His  occupation  was  that 
of  a  miller.  He  married  Mary  Matilda  Allen, 
a  native  ot  Vermont.  The  family  came  to 
Minnesota  in  1807  and  located  in  Minneapo- 
lis, ^'oung  Dare  received  a  good  common 
school  education  is  his  native  town  iftd  a 
few  terms  in  the  village  academy.  He  enter- 
ed the  emi)loy  of  the  Minneapolis  Tiibune 
and  learned  the  trade  of  a  printer.  In  1807 
a  spirit  of  wandering  seized  him  and  he  de- 
cided to  become  a  sailor.  He  joined  the  crew 
of  a  whaling  vessel  from  Bedford,  Mass.,  and 
was  gone  for  over  two  years,  and  had  mimy 
exciting  adventures  in  the  Pacific  ocean.  He 
visited  in  many  foreign  countries  and  tinally 
decided  to  return  to  Minnesota,  and  located 
at  Elk  Hiver  in  1874,  where  he  was  employed 
as  a  printer  on  a  local  paper.  He  became 
local  editor  for  the  Elk  Kiver  Star  and  pur- 
chased a  half  interest  in  the  paper.  The  fol- 
lowing year  he  became  sole  owner.  In  1870 
he  jturchased  the  Elk  River  News  and  con- 
solidated the  two  publications  under  the 
name  of  the  Sherburne  County  Star  News. 
Mr.  Dare  has  always  been  a  Republican  and 
has  ser\ed  the  party  in  many  ways.  He  was 
chairman  of  the  Republican  County  Commit- 
tw  of  Sherburne  county  from  1884  to  189(i. 
In  1894  he  was  elected  to  rei)resent  his  dis- 
trict in  the  state  legislature:  his  work  was 


lUSTOKY  OI'    I'HK  GltKAT  XCJRTIIWEST. 


ARTHUR  ^'.  DAUE. 

sucli  that  be  was  le-elwted  iu  IS'JS  aud  made 
speaker  of  the  bouse  for  the  session  of  ISlit), 
which  i>ositioii  he  tilled  with  yi-eat  credit  to 
himself  aud  bis  district.  Mr.  Dare  was  ap- 
pointed to  take  charge  of  the  United  States 
census  of  IDOO  for  the  Sixth  congressional 
district  of  Minnesota  and  made  many  new 
friends  by  the  satisfactory  way  in  which  he 
pei-formed  bis  duties.  Mr.  Dare  is  a  man 
who  will  be  heard  from  again  in  political  cir- 
cles, for  his  abilities  are  sucb  that  the  peo- 
ple of  tbe  state  will  still  further  reward  him. 
Mr.  Dare  was  married  in  IIST.S  to  Susan  May 
Albie,  and  he  bas  a  family  of  three  children, 
Dapbne  D.,  Susan  and  Lawrence  A.  He  is 
a  member  of  Sherburne  Lodge  of  Masons, 
and  of  the  lodge  of  Elks  at  St.  Cloud. 


CAMl'HELL,  .James  Cray.,  of  Dickinson, 
N.  D.,  is  a  native  of  Scotland.  His  father, 
Blair  Campbell,  was  for  many  years  a  dealer 
in  boots  and  shoes  in  tbe  city  of  Edinburgh, 
and  towards  tbe  close  of  bis  life  came  to 
America.  His  wife's  maiden  name  was  Isa- 
bella Cray.  The  subject  of  tbis  sketcb  was 
born   in   p:diiil)urgli,  and   received   bis  earlv 


education  iu  that  city.  He  emigrated  to 
America  when  still  a  young  man,  and  located 
at  Cass  county,  111.  June  17,  18G1,  be  was 
luustered  into  the  service  of  tbe  United 
Slates  as  sergeant  of  Company  F,  Nineteenth 
Illinois  Infantry.  He  served  with  tbat  or- 
ganization and  was  mustered  out  with  it  at 
tbe  end  of  its  three  years"  term  of  service,  at 
Chicago,  111.,  as  captain  of  his  company,  tak- 
ing rank  as  such  from  January  2,  1863,  the 
day  when  bis  predecessor  in  command,  the 
gallant  Cai)tain  Knowlton  H.  Chandler,  was 
killed  at  the  battle  of  Stone  River,  while 
leading  his  company  in  the  charge  of  the 
Nineteenth  Illinois  upon  the  advancing  en- 
emy in  re.sponse  to  the  call  of  General  Neg- 
ley:  "AMio'll  save  the  left?"' — a  charge  which 
did  save  the  left  of  Kosecrans'  army  and  led 
to  liual  victory.  Mr.  Campbell  then  devoted 
himself  to  the  study  of  law,  and  after  his 
admission  to  the  bar  went  to  Michigan  and 
began  the  practice  of  his  profession.  In  the 
spring  of  1882,  he  came  west  and  settled  in 
Stark  county,  N.  D.,  taking  up  a  government 
claim.  He  followed  agricultural  pursuits, 
however,  for  only  the  short  period  of  two 
yeare,  when  he  again  turned  his  attention  to 
the  legal  profession.  He  served  as  judge  of 
lirobate  and  district  attorney  during  terri- 
torial days,  and  since  188!),  when  North  Da- 
kota was  admitted  to  statehood,  has  served 
ten  years  in  tbe  oftice  of  county  judge  of 
Stark  county.  Judge  Campbell  was  one  of 
the  three  commissioners  appointed  to  organ- 
ize this  county.  He  is  a  Republican  in  poli- 
tics, and  has  been  a  member  of  that  party 
ever  since  it  was  organized.  His  fraternal 
connections  are  with  the  Masonic  body  and 
the  I.  O.  O.  F.  He  is  an  adherent  of  the 
Presbyterian  church.  Judge  Campbell  was 
lirst  married  to  Martha  Hitchcock;  two  chil- 
dren were  born,  one  died  in  youth,  the  other, 
Archibald  James,  now  resides  at  Danville, 
111.  He  was  again  married  at  Muskegon, 
Mich.,  to  Alice  Davis,  and  nine  children  have 
been  born  to  them:  Clyde  Leith,  Clenlyon 
Drysdale  (died  in  infancy),  Alice  Isabella, 
Nina  Lucy,  Clarence  Argyle,  James  Douglas, 
Clementine  Corenia,  lone  Genevieve,  and 
Theodore  Blair. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


HALL,  William  Asbury. — It  is  not  long 
since  it  was  tbought  necessary  in  the  North- 
west to  take  any  case  requiring  skillful  sur- 
gery to  some  eastern  city  for  a  critical  opera- 
tion to  be  performed.  It  would  have  been 
considered  presumptuous  to  trust  any  sur- 
geon of  merely  local  rejiute  in  any  operation 
thought  to  imperil  life.  The  establishment 
of  hospitals  and  the  accumulation  of  medical 
and  surgical  talent,  fostered  by  the  necessity 
of  such  skill,  have  changed  all  this.  Some 
of  the  men  who  labor  in  this  field  have  won 
a  wide  celebrity  by  reason  of  noted  cases 
which  they  have  successfully  treated  and 
managed,  so  that  there  is  no  longer  a  ques- 
tion as  to  the  efficiency  of  the  Northwestern 
medical  and  surgical  service,  both  in  hospital 
and  private  i^ractice.  William  Asbury  Hall, 
the  subject  of  this  sketch,  is  prominent 
among  the  men  who  have  wrought  this 
change.  He  was  born  in  Aurelius,  N.  Y., 
June  17,  1853.  His  father  was  a  farmer  in 
only  moderate  circumstances.  His  mother's 
maiden  name  was  Mary  Jane  Caldwell.  The 
paternal  side  of  the  family  descended  from 
the  Fairfield  branch  of  Halls,  who  came  to 
this  country  from  England  in  1039,  and  first 
settled  in  Connecticut.  They  were  active 
and  conspicuous  in  the  War  of  the  Revolu- 
tion and  the  War  of  1812.  It  was  a  family 
noted  for  its  learning  and  scholarly  work, 
ratlier  than  for  its  ability  to  accumulate 
property  and  great  wealth.  The  maternal 
side  of  the  house  of  Dr.  Hall  was  of  Holland- 
er descent  from  progenitors  who  came  from 
Holland  and  settled  in  New  Amsterdam — 
now  New  York — and  afterwards  spread  into 
the  celebrated  Mohawk  Valley,  New  York. 
Willam  Asbury  Hall  received  his  primary 
education  in  the  common  schools,  and  his 
academic  training  in  the  Auburn  (New  York) 
Academic  High  School.  He  passed  success- 
fully the  literary  examination  of  the  board 
of  regents  of  the  l^niversity  of  the  State  of 
New  York  when  only  fourteen  years  of  age. 
Two  years  later  he  began  to  teach  mathe- 
matics and  continued  this  work  for  three 
years,  when  he  entered  the  office  of  Dr.  A. 
S.  Cunimings,  of  Cayuga,  N.  Y.,  and  began 
the  study  of  medicine.     In  1872  he  entered 


WILLIAM  A.   HALL. 

the  Albany  Medical  College  and  graduated 
December  23,  1875.  That  his  early,  it  might 
be  said  precocious,  proficiency  was  maintain- 
ed in  his  professional  studies  seems  certain, 
for  he  took  the  "Obstetrical  I'rize"  and  re- 
ceived a  special  honorable  mention  for  his 
graduation  thesis  on  the  subject,  "Inflam- 
mation."' Immediately  after  graduation, 
though  only  twenty-two  years  of  age,  he  re- 
ceived, after  a  competitive  examination,  the 
appointment  of  senior  resident  physician  and 
surgeon  of  the  Albany  (New  York)  Hospital, 
where  he  remained  until  1877,  when  he  set- 
tled at  Fulton,  Oswego  county,  N.  Y.,  and 
engaged  in  the  general  practice  of  his  pro- 
fessiou.  As  a  result  of  his  thorough  prepara- 
tion and  his  hospital  experience,  he  soon  so- 
cured  a  large  practice.  In  1881  he  read  a 
paper  on  "Uterine  Fibroids"  before  the  New 
York  State  Medical  Society,  and  exhibited  a 
specimen  weighing  three  pounds  and  nine 
ounces,  removed  from  a  patient,  per  vaginum, 
by  cutting  through  the  cul-de-sac  of  Douglas, 
the  patient  recovei'ing.  This  was  the  second 
opeiation  of  the  kind  reported  in  medical 
literature,  the  first  being  done  in  lS7(i  by  Dr. 
Vanderveer,  of  Albany,  N.  Y.,  at  which  ope- 


HISTORY  OF  XilK  <iIJEAT  NORTHWEST. 


eratiou  Dr.  Hall  was  present  and  assisted. 
In  1885  he  read  a  i)aper  before  the  same  so- 
ciety on  "Extra  Uterine  I'reguancy,"  calling 
attention  to  its  unrecognized  frequency  and 
recommending  laijarotoniy  for  its  relief,  ex- 
hibiting also  a  specimen.  From  these  facts 
it  was  very  natural  that  he  should  gain  a 
wide  celebrity  throughout  northern  ]S'ew 
York.  For  this  reason  he  was  called  as  a 
medical  witness  by  the  state  in  several  mur- 
der ti-ials.  In  1885  he  was  elected  president 
of  the  Oswego  (New  York)  Medical  Society. 
The  next  year  he  removed  to  Minneapolis, 
and  in  1888  was  appointed  jjrofessor  of  med- 
ical jurisprudence  in  the  Minnesota  Hospital 
College,  ^Minneapolis,  and  also  attending  sur- 
geon to  St.  Mary's  Hospital  of  the  same  city. 
At  this  institution,  in  1888,  Professor  Hall 
successfully  removed  a  kidney  for  sarcoma, 
this  being  the  first  nephrectomy  performed 
in  the  state.  In  1801:  he  was  elected  presi- 
dent of  the  Hennepin  County  Medical  Soci- 
ety. From  189i  to  1S!)!»  he  held  the  chair  of 
Trofessor  of  the  I'rinciples  of  Surgery  and 
Clinical  Surgery  in  the  Medical  Department 
of  Hamliue  University.  The  year  11)01  finds 
him  attending  surgeon  to  St.  Mary's  Hos- 
pital and  the  Minneaijolis  City  Hospital,  con- 
sulting surgeon  of  Asbury  Hospital  and  con- 
sulting physician  to  the  Northwestern  Hos- 
pital, and  in  the  continual  genei-al  practice 
of  medicine  and  surgery,  as  he  does  not  look 
favorably  on  the  so-called  specialties  in  med- 
icine. He  has  always  been  a  Kepublican  in 
politics,  and  permitted  himself  once  to  be 
elected  coroner  of  Oswego  county,  K.  Y.  He 
is  an  active  member  of  various  national, 
state  and  local  medical  societies.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Frotestant  Episcopal  church. 
In  1880  he  was  married  to  Miss  Ida  A.  Dick- 
inson, of  Lowville,  N.  Y.  They  have  two 
children,  Lerov  and  Helen  Hall. 


McCLEAEY,  James  Thompson.  —  It 
would  not  be  very  far  from  the  truth  to  say 
that  no  man  contributed  more  to  the  defeat 
of  the  financial  heresies  and  the  downfall  of 
IJryan  in  the  campaign  of  189G  than  James 


Thom^json  McCleary,  congressman  from  the 
Second  district  of  Minnesota.  Long  before 
Mr.  McCleary  entered  into  the  domain  of 
politics,  as  a  student  and  teacher  of  history 
and  civics,  he  took  a  deep  interest  in  the  live 
economic  questions  of  the  day  and  in  consti- 
tutional and  international  law.  To  these 
extremely  complex  subjects  he  brought  all 
the  enthusiasm  of  youth,  and  pursued  their 
study  with  great  diligence  and  intelligence. 
This  early  training  peculiarly  adapted  him 
for  a  discussion  of  the  "silver"'  question,  and 
without  additional  preparation  to  immedi- 
ately place  him  in  prominence  as  a  defender 
of  the  gold  standard  and  as  one  of  the  accred- 
ited spokesmen  of  the  Keijublican  party.  In 
the  closing  debate  on  the  currency  question 
in  the  Fifty-fourth  congress,  Mr.  McCleary 
made  a  speech  in  response  to  one  by  Mr.  C. 
A.  Towue,  then  congressman  from  the  Sixth 
district  of  Minnesota,  that  directed  particular 
attention  to  him  as  a  deep  thinker  and  stu- 
dent of  the  financial  question.  The  array  of 
facts  that  he  brought  against  Mr.  Towne's 
arguments,  and  his  clear  and  logical  state- 
ments brought  him  at  once  into  a  position  of 
national  prominence.  This  speech  was 
printed  by  the  million  copies,  and  of  all  the 
literature  sent  out  by  the  sound  money  cam- 
paign committee  it  did  the  best  service.  His 
speeches  on  the  iilatform,  too,  in  that  cam- 
jtaign,  were  forcible  and  convincing  and  gave 
him  a  national  reputation  as  an  authority  on 
economic  and  financial  questions.  But  this 
does  not  mean  to  say  that  Mr.  McCleary's 
ability  had  not  been  recognized  before  the 
memorable  campaign  of  1896.  His  home 
state  had  recognized  that  in  Mr.  McCleary 
they  had  a  cajjable  and  efficient  representa- 
tive in  congress.  He  is  not  a  man  who  is 
addicted  to  much  speaking,  but  what  he  has 
to  say  he  says  well.  He  inspired  a  warm 
feeling  of  respect  among  his  colleagues  in  the 
Fifty-third  congress  by  two  noteworthy 
speeches  that  revealed  to  them  the  ability  of 
the  representative  from  Minnesota.  One  of 
these  speeches  was  against  the  repeal  of  the 
federal  election  laws,  a  subject  which  his  ex- 
tensive and  thorough-going  study  of  consti- 
tutional history  and  constitutional  law  had 
well  fitted  him  to  discuss;  the  other  was  on 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


the  tariff,  in  which  he  made  a  clear  and  forci- 
ble iirescntation  of  the  fundamental  princi- 
ples on  which  the  doctrine  of  prote<'tion  rests. 
Mr.  Mcf'leary  was  first  elected  to  congress  in 
1892,  and  has  been  re-elected  to  that  body 
at  every  general  election  since,  with  an  ever- 
increasing  vote.  He  received  the  largest 
majority  in  1!)00  ever  given  in  any  district 
in  the  state,  where  there  was  a  contest.  The 
election  was  a  veiitable  land  slide.  He  did 
strenuous  work  for  his  party  in  this  cam- 
paign and  conti-ibuted  in  no  small  measure 
to  the  immense  vote  jjolled  by  Mr.  McKinley. 
He  is  a  Canadian  by  birth,  and  was  born  in 
IngersoU.  Ontario,  on  February  5,  185.'>. 
His  father,  Thompson  McOleary,  was  an 
architect  and  builder.  His  mother's  maiden 
name  was  Sarah  McCutcheon.  He  at- 
tended the  common  schools  and  the  high 
school  of  his  native  town,  where  his  pains- 
taking study  and  hard  work  won  him  the 
respect  of  his  teachers.  From  there  he  went 
to  Montreal  and  entered  the  McGill  Univer- 
sity, where  his  education  was  completed. 
He  came  to  the  United  States  shortly  before 
coming  of  age,  and  settled  in  "Wisconsin.  He 
entered  here  upon  the  vocation  that  he  fol- 
lowed up  to  the  time  he  received  his  election 
to  congress.  He  began  teaching  school  in 
that  state,  winning  such  respect  for  himself 
as  a  student  and  teacher  that  he  was  elected 
in  the  course  of  a  few  years  to  the  superin- 
tendency  of  public  schools  of  Pierce  county. 
His  active  interest  in  teachers'  institutes 
soon  won  for  him  considerable  reputation  as 
a  champion  of  the  newer  and  better  methods 
of  education,  and  the  quality  of  his  work 
stamped  him  as  a  man  of  mark.  He  was 
offered  in  1881  the  position  of  state  institute 
conductor  in  Minnesota  and  professor  of  his- 
tory and  civics  in  the  state  nonnal  school 
at  Mankato.  This  offer  was  accepted,  and  he 
held  these  positions  until  his  entrance  into 
the  field  of  active  politics.  He  took  an  ac- 
tive interest  in  educational  work  of  all  lines, 
and  during  his  vacati<m  seasons  he  conduct- 
ed teachers'  institutes  in  Wisconsin,  Dakota, 
N'ii'ginia,  Tennessee  and  ('oloi-ado.  As  a  re- 
sult of  his  deep  research  of  economic  ques- 
tions, Mr.  McCleary  published  in  1888  a  work 
entitled  "Studies  in  Civics."     This  was  fol- 


sisrt**- 


.lAMKS  T.    McCLIOAItV. 

l<iwcd  in  I894r  by  "A  Manual  of  Civics." 
iJolli  these  books  are  of  considerable  merit 
and  are  used  at  the  present  time  as^text 
books  in  the  best  schools  of  the  country.  In 
1883  he  served  as  secretary  of  the  Minnesota 
Educational  Association,  and  as  its  president 
in  18'Jl.  In  1892  political  conditions  in  Mr. 
McCleary's  home  district  were  such  as  to 
favor  his  candicacy  for  congressional  nomina- 
tion. His  studies  of  economic  questions  had 
naturally  imbued  him  with  the  ambition  of 
being  placed  in  a  position  where  he  might 
make  a  practical  test  of  his  theories.  He 
had  made  a  host  of  warm  personal  friends  in 
all  parts  of  the  Second  district,  and  they  soon 
evinced  their  friendship  by  active  work  in  his 
behalf  with  the  result  that  he  easily  secured 
the  nomination.  He  was  elected  by  a  large 
majority.  His  constituents  have  recognized 
the  faithful  work  performed  by  their  repi-e- 
senlative  in  congress  and  have  returiu'd  him 
to  congress  at  the  end  of  each  term  practical- 
ly without  (»]iposition.  This  honor  has  been 
most  worthily  bestowed.  He  has  not  only 
looked  after  the  interests  of  his  home  district 
and  given  perfect  satisfaction  in  that  direc- 
tion, but  he  has  risen  to  a  position  of  national 


HISTOKY  OF  THE  CItFAT   X*  )I!T1I\VKST 


promiuenci',  as  already  noted.  He  is  recog- 
nized as  one  of  tlie  leading  members  of  the 
lower  house  of  rongi-ess  and  his  eolleagnes 
regard  him  as  an  authority  on  the  great  ques- 
tions of  the  day.  Mr.  MeCleary  was  reared 
in  the  Presbyterian  ehurch.  He  was  mar- 
ried in  1874  to  Mary  Edith  Taylor.  Their 
union  has  been  blessed  with  one  son,  Leslie 
Taylor,  who  aets  as  his  father's  private  sec- 
retary.    The  family  home  is  in  Mankato. 


McGILL,  Andrew  R. — Hon.  Andrew  Eyan 
McGill,  governor  of  Minnesota  in  ISST  and 
1888,  the  years  of  the  greatest  development 
and  general  prosperity  in  the  history  of  the 
state,  was  born  at  Saegertown,  Crawford 
county,  Pa.,  February  19,  1840.  He  is  of 
Irish  and  English  ancestry.  His  paternal 
grandfather,  Patrick  McGill,  came  from 
County  Antrim,  Ireland,  to  America  about 
1774,  when  but  twelve  years  of  age.  He  was, 
with  an  older  brother,  connected  with  the 
American  army  during  the  war  of  the  Revo- 
lution, and  after  the  war  settled  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, first  in  Northumberland  county,  and 
later  emigrating  to  the  western  part  of  the 
state,  where  he  secured  a  large  tract  of  land 
in  what  subsequently  became  Crawford 
county.  This  land  became  the  "old  home- 
stead" of  the  McGill  family,  and  the  first 
house  built  thereon  by  Patrick  McGill  still 
stands  on  a  part  of  the  present  site  of  Sae- 
gertown. Governor  McGill's  father  was 
Charles  Dillon  McGill,  and  the  maiden  name 
of  his  mother  was  Angeline  Martin.  She 
was  of  Waterford,  Pa.,  a  daughter  of  Ar- 
mand  Martin,  who  was  a  soldier  in  the  AVar 
of  1812,  and  a  granddaughter  of  Charles 
Martin,  of  English  birth,  who  served  in  the 
patriot  army  during  the  war  of  the  Revolu- 
tion and  after  the  war  was  appointed  by 
Washington  an  officer  of  the  Second  United 
States  Infantry.  Subsequently  he  resigned 
from  the  regular  army  and  became  a  major- 
general  of  I'ennsylvania  troops.  Governor 
McGill's  mother  was  a  woman  of  strong 
character,  of  high  (Jhristian  conduct,  and 
rare  mental  (pialities.  She  died  when  he  was 
but  seven  years  of  age,  but  not  before  she 


had  impressed  some  of  her  characteristics 
u])on  him,  and  in  effect  shaj)ed  the  course  of 
his  life.  The  boy  who  was  to  become  the 
governor  of  a  great  commonwealth  was 
reared  to  young  manhood  in  his  native  valley 
of  (lie  A'enango,  a  rather  secluded  locality, 
"far  fiom  the  maddening  crowd's  ignoble 
strife."  His  education  was  received  in  the 
])ublic  schools  and  at  Saegertown  Academy. 
These  were  good  schools,  practical  and  thor- 
ough, and  he  was  a  good  student,  studious 
and  industrious,  and  made  the  most  and  the 
best  of  them.  When  he  was  nineteen  years 
of  age — or  in  1859 — he  set  out  in  life  on  his 
own  account.  He  had  not  much  to  begin 
with  aside  from  his  education,  and  he  did 
that  which  he  could  do  best.  He  went  to 
Kentucky  and  engaged  in  teaching  school. 
He  was  successful  as  a  teacher,  but  in  a  year 
or  so,  when  the  war  clouds  began  to  lower, 
Kentucky  became  an  unpleasant  place  of 
abode  for  a  Northern  man  of  Union  senti- 
ments, and,  in  the  spring  of  1861,  the  war 
of  the  Rebellion  ha^nng  begun,  he  returned 
to  the  North.  He  then  decided  to  go  to  the 
Northwest,  and  June  10,  1861,  arrived  in 
Minnesota.  Again  he  engaged  in  teaching 
and  became  principal  of  the  public  schools 
of  St.  I'eter.  The  following  year,  or  August 
19,  1862,  he  enlisted  in  the  Union  army  in 
Company  D,  Ninth  Minnesota  Infantry,  and 
was  made  orderly  sergeant  of  the  company. 
His  muster-in  dated  from  the  second  day  of 
the  great  Indian  outbreak,  in  whose  sup- 
pression his  regiment  took  part.  A  year 
later,  owing  to  protracted  and  serious  ill- 
health,  he  was  discharged  from  the  service 
for  disabilities.  Not  long  after  leaving  the 
military  service  he  was  elected  superintend- 
ent of  schools  for  Nicollet  county,  and  served 
two  terms.  He  now  became  a  somewhat 
])rominent  public  character.  In  186.1  and 
1866  he  edited  and  published  the  St.  Peter 
Ti-ibune,  a  Republican  papei',  with  which  he 
was  connected  as  publisher  for  several  years 
thereafter.  He  was  elected  clerk  of  the  dis- 
tiict  rourt  for  Nicollet  countj-  and  served 
four  years,  and  during  this  time  studied  law 
under  the  instruction  of  Hon.  Horace  Austin, 
then  judge  of  the  district  court,  by  whom, 
in  1868,  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar.     Two 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTUWESl 


years  later,  when  Judge  Austin  became  gov- 
ernor, Mr.  Mc-dill  was  appointed  his  private 
secretary.  In  1873  he  was  appointed  state 
insurance  commissioner,  and  by  successive 
reappointments  hekt  the  position  for  thirteen 
years.  Tlie  acceptability  of  his  service  and 
its  general  efiflcieucy  may  be  inferred  from 
its  length.  His  reputation  as  an  authority 
on  insurance  became  far-reaching,  and  his 
reports  are  yet  regarded  as  among  the  most 
valuable  ever  issued  on  tlie  subject.  In 
188(5  the  Eepublicans  nominated  him  for  gov- 
ernor. The  canvass  that  followed  was  one 
of  the  most  active  and  the  election  one  of  the 
closest  in  the  history  of  the  state,  llie  tem- 
perance question  was  to  the  fore,  and  the 
Rej)nblican  party  had  declared  for  local  op- 
tion and  high  license.  The  friends  of  the 
saloon  did  not  want  a  high  license  system, 
and  the  Prohibitionists  did  not  want  a  li- 
cense system  at  all,  and  so  both  these  ele- 
ments were  against  McGill.  His  Democratic 
opponent  had  the  support  of  all  the  licpior 
interests,  both  inside  and  outside  of  the  Re- 
publican party,  as  well  as  that  of  large  num- 
bers of  the  Prohibitionists,  who  took  this 
way  of  resenting  the  projjosition  of  any  state 
license  whatever.  JlcOill  was  a  man  of  un- 
assailable character,  and' manly  deportment, 
and  conducted  his  campaign  upon  a  dignified 
plane.  He  was  elected,  and  under  all  the 
circumstances  his  election  was  a  great  tri- 
umi)h  for  the  principles  he  advocated,  and 
for  himself  personally.  He  was  one  of  the 
best  chief  exei^utive.s  the  state  has  ever  had. 
His  administration  covered  a  period  when 
the  stale  was  being  developed  and  improved 
as  never  before  or  since,  when  its  business 
interests  were  being  most  rapidly  advanced, 
when  it  was  busiest  and  most  bustling.  The 
records  and  the  history  of  his  term  show 
what  was  accomplished.  One  of  the  most 
important  laws  enacted  under  his  administra- 
tion was  that  known  as  the  high  license  law. 
This  aimed  at  the  bettei-  control  of  the  H(|nor 
ti-attic.  and  has  become  the  model  for  similai- 
leg-islafion  in  other  states.  It  was  the  prin- 
ciple involved  in  this  law  on  which  the  cam- 
paign was  fought  out,  and  (iovernor  ]Mc(Jill, 
having  won  the  election,  insisted  on  the  pas- 
sage of  the  law;  and  it  was  through  his  ef- 


forts and  influence  that  the  legislation  was 
secured.  Of  its  wisdom  and  salutary  work- 
ings it  is  perhaps  sufficient  to  say  that  its 
repeal  has  never  been  attempted.  Other  im- 
portant measures  placed  on  the  statute  books 
during  Governor  McGill's  administration 
were  the  present  railroad  laws  relating  to 
transportation,  storage,  and  grading  of 
wheat;  the  watering  of  railroad  stock,  etc.; 
temj)erance  legislation  was  materially 
strengthened  and  improved;  the  tax  laws 
«('re  simjilitied;  contracts  detrimental  to  la- 
bor were  abolished;  the  State  Soldiers"  Home 
and  the  State  Reformatory  were  established; 
the  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics  was  created, 
and  numerous  other  important  measures 
were  inaugurated.  Governor  McGill  may 
await  with  unconcern  the  judgment  of  pos- 
terity upon  his  administration.  Upon  his  re- 
tirement from  the  chief  executive's  chair, 
(iovernor  McGill  became  engaged  in  the 
banking  and  trust  business,  from  which  he 
finally  retired  in  1S9G,  on  account  of  ill- 
health.  At  present  he  is  not  in  active  busi- 
ness, although  he  is  vice  president  and  direc- 
tor in  two  active  concerns,  one  a  loan  and 
the  other  a  manufacturing  company.  Me  is 
also  state  senator  from  the  Thirty-seventh 
senatorial  district  of  Minnesota,  having  been 
elected  in  1898  for  the  regular  term  of  four 
years.  He  resides  at  St.  Anthony  Park,  a 
suburb  of  St.  Paul,  where  he  has  a  pleasant 
home.  Governor  McGill  has  been  twice 
married.  His  first  wife  was  Eliza  E.  Bryant, 
a  daughter  of  Charles  S.  Bryant,  A.  M.,  a 
lawyer  and  an  author  of  some  prominence, 
formerly  of  St.  Peter,  and  whose  history  of 
the  Sioux  war  in  Minnesota  is  regarded  as 
the  best  on  the  subject.  She  died  in  1877, 
leaving  two  sons,  named  Charles  H.  and  Rob- 
ert C,  and  a  daughter  named  Lida  B.  Mc- 
Gill. The  oldest  son.  Captain  Charles  H. 
Mc(iill,  served  during  the  Spanish  war  as 
a.ssistant  adjutant  general,  with  the  rank  of 
captain.  In  1880  Governor  McGill  married 
Jfary  E.  Wilson,  a  daughter  of  Dr.  J.  C.  Wil- 
son, of  Edinboro,  Pa.  By  this  marriage 
lliere  are  tAA'o  sons,  named  Wilson  and 
Thomas  McGill.  The  ex-governor  is  a  gen- 
tleman of  admirable  personal  qualities. 
Plain,  unassuming,   frank  and  ojuni,  he  at- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


tracts  ai-quaintance  and  admiration  at  one 
and  the  same  time.  He  lias  a  (juiet,  dignified 
manner,  but  is  readily  accessible  to  all,  re- 
•jardless  of  rank  or  station.  He  is  a  man  of 
larfje  information  and  of  sound  ideas,  a 
staunch  friend,  and  firm  in  his  convictions. 
He  does  not  know  how  to  be  a  trimmer  and 
a  trickster,  and  does  not  care  to  learn. 

In  June  last,  on  the  recommendation  of 
Senator  C.  K.  Davis,  Governor  Mc(Till  was 
a])i)ointed  by  I'resident  McKinley  postmaster 
of  St.  Paul,  which  position  he  now  holds. 


RANDALL,  Euficne  Wilson.— It  may  tru- 
ly be  said  that  the  magnificent  proportions 
to  which  the  annual  exhibit  Riven  by  the 
]SIinnesota  State  Agricultural  Society  at 
Hamline,  has  jiTown,  is  largely  due  to  the  un- 
tiring efforts  of  Eugene  W.  Randall,  its  secre- 
tary. He  has  been  actively  connected  with 
the  society  since  1887,  and  as  its  secretary 
since  18i)5.  During  that  time  the  annual  ex- 
hibition has  grown  from  what  would  now  be 
called  an  ordinary  country  fair  to  one  that 
may  be  held  in  favorable  comparison  with 
that  given  by  any  other  state  in  the  union. 
Mr.  Randall  was  born  in  Winona,  Minn. 
January  1,  1859.  He  comes  from  old  colo- 
nial stock,  his  parents,  Albert  D.  and  Maria 
Jayne  Randall,  being  decsended  from  fam- 
ilies that  located  in  New  York  state  in  the 
early  days  of  its  settlement.  Mr.  Randall's 
father  died  in  November,  1859,  and  about  two 
years  later  his  mother  was  married  again  to 
J.  B.  Stebbins,  of  Utica,  Minn.  Eugene 
W.  was  brought  up  on  his  foster-fathei-'s 
farm,  attending  the  district  schools,  and  later 
the  high  school  in  St.  Oharles  and  the  state 
normal  school  at  Winona.  He  graduated 
from  the  latter  institution  in  1879,  and  was 
chosen  ]»rinci])al  of  the  public  schools  at  Mor- 
ris, Minn.  During  hi.s  tei"m  as  principal 
he  organized  the  Morris  high  school  under 
the  state  high  school  act.  He  resigned  his 
])osition  at  the  end  of  two  years  to  engage  in 
newspaper  work  and  give  his  undivided  at- 
tention to  the  Morris  Tribune,  which  he  had 
purchased.  The  Tribune  thrived  under  his 
management  and  grew  to  be  an  influential 


publication,  with  a  large  circulation,  especial- 
ly for  a  country  pap(M'.  In  1888  he  dis- 
posed of  the  Tribune,  and  purchased  what  is 
known  as  the  Spring  Lawn  Farm,  a  well- 
equijiited  place  of  400  acres,  near  Morris, 
which  he  still  owns.  Farm  work  has  always 
had  an  attraction  for  him,  and  he  ajtplied  to 
it  the  latest  scientific  methods,  with  the  re- 
sult that  he  has  one  of  the  most  productive 
and  tlioroughly  appointed  farms  in  western 
Minnesota.  He  was  actively  interested  in  the 
work  of  the  Stevens  County  Agricultural  so- 
ciety during  his  residence  in  Morris,  and 
seized  one  term,  also,  as  secretary  of  the 
Morris  Driving  Park  association.  In  1887 
he  was  appointed  assistant  secretary  of  the 
Minnesota  State  Agricultural  society,  since 
which  time  he  has  devoted  a  major  portion  of 
his  attention  to  its  affairs.  In  1893  he  was 
elected  one  of  its  board  of  managers,  and  in 
1S95  was  chosen  secretary  of  the  society, 
which  position  he  has  held  ever  since.  His 
work  as  secretary  has  been  successful  to  a 
marked  degree.  He  has  made  a  thorough 
study  of  the  varied  resources  of  the  state, 
and  has  studied  new  methods  and  exhibited 
a  remarkable  ability  in  divising  new  and 
l)raetical  plans  for  presenting  them  in  an  at- 
tractive way  at  the  state  fair  grounds.  The 
forty-first  Minnesota  state  fair,  held  in  1900, 
was  without  question  the  biggest,  most  com- 
plete, and  most  interesting  exhibition  of  the 
state's  industries  ever  held,  and  from  a  finan- 
cial standpoint  was  an  unqualified  success. 
Mr.  Randall  has  also  taken  a  deep  interest  in 
the  state's  development  and  has  given  his  aid 
to  every  movement  calculated  to  encourage 
immigration  to  it.  In  i>olitics  Mr.  Randall 
has  always  been  a  consistent  and  active  Re- 
jmblican.  In  1891  he  was  appointed  post- 
master at  Morris  by  President  Harrison,  and 
served  in  that  capacity  for  one  term.  He 
has  also  served  as  a  member  of  the  state 
central  committee,  and  as  chairman  of  the 
Stevens  county  committee.  He  was  married 
in  1882  to  Miss  Eudora  Stone,  of  Morris,  the 
youngest  daughter  of  Hon.  and  Mrs.  H.  W. 
Stone.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Randall  have  four  chil- 
dren, Clarence,  Ward,  Frank  and  Martha. 
One  child,  Dorothy,  died  when  less  than  two 
years  old.     The  family  have  their  residence 


EUGEN'E   W.   RANDALL. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST 


upon  the  state  fair  grounds  at  Hamline,  a 
residence  there  being  required  by  reason  of 
his  official  ])()sition  in  connection  with  the 
state  agricultural  society. 


TROBEC,  Rt.  Rev.  James.— It  is  practi- 
cally impossible,  within  the  limited  scope  of 
a  biographical  work  of  this  kind,  to  give  any 
dear  conception  of  the  duties  of  a  bishop 
of  the  Catholic  church,  or  to  form  any  esti- 
mate of  the  real  services  to  humanity  per- 
formed by  this  faithful  servant  of  the  reli- 
gion of  Christ.  That  his  influence  for  good 
is  incalculable  may  be  readily  understood. 
Men  who  occupy  such  exalted  positions  are 
accorded  this  honor  only  when  they  have 
demonstrated  eminent  capacity  for  the 
great  responsibilities  of  the  office.  Prepar- 
atory training  of  the  most  thorough  and 
complete  character,  lasting  over  a  long  term 
of  3'ears,  is  the  first  and  pre-eminent  quali- 
fication for  the  man  who  seeks  to  enter  the 
priesthood.  Then  follow  a  life  of  self-denial, 
a  life  of  devotion  to  the  spiritual  and  tem- 
poral needs  of  the  people  whose  adviser  and 
counsellor  he  has  become  by  virtue  of  his 
office,  the  carrying  of  burdens  to  lighten 
those  of  others — these  and  many  more  are 
the  crucibles  in  which  the  priest's  soul  is 
tried,  and  from  which,  if  he  emerge  with 
strengthened  moral  fibre  and  increased  men- 
tal power,  he  may  rise  to  greater  authority 
in  the  church  and  have  larger  responsibili- 
ties entrusted  to  his  care.  Rt.  Rev.  James 
Trobec,  of  St.  Cloud,  Minnesota,  bishop  of 
the  diocese  of  St.  Cloud,  can  truthfully  be 
said  to  have  filled  all  these  requirements. 
He  was  born  July  10,  1838,  in  Billichgraz, 
Carniola  province,  Austria,  the  son  of  Math- 
ew  Trobec,  a  farmer,  and  Ellen  (Pecovuik) 
Trobec.  His  early  education  was  confined 
to  two  years'  attendance  at  a  parochial 
school  in  his  native  town.  Later,  he  was 
sent  to  Leibach,  in  the  same  province,  where 
he  entered  the  seminary  at  that  place.  He 
remained  ten  years  in  this  institution,  re- 
ceiving a  thorough  preparatory  training  in 
the  classical  and  philosophical  course,  and 
a  partial  training  in  the  theological  course. 


Early  in  the  spring  of  1864  he  emigrated  to 
tlie  T'nited  States  and  continued  his  theo- 
logical studies  in  St.  Vincent's  College, 
Pennsylvania.  He  remained  here  until  the 
fall  of  the  following  year,  wlien  he  came 
west  and  was  ordained  priest  in  St.  I'aul, 
Minnesota,  September  8,  the  same  year.  His 
first  pastoi'ate  was  at  Belle  Prairie  in  Mor- 
rison county,  Minnesota, — from  October, 
1865,  to  October,  1866.  His  next  assign- 
ment was  at  AVabasha,  Minnesota,  as  pastor 
of  St.  Felix  church.  He  served  his  church 
long  and  faithfully  in  this  field,  his  pastor- 
ate extending  over  a  period  of  twenty-one 
years.  In  October,  1887,  he  was  entrusted 
with  the  organization  of  a  new  parish,  called 
St.  Agnes  parish,  in  St.  Paul,  Minnesota, 
and  served  as  its  pastor  for  ten  years.  Sep- 
tember 21,  1897,  he  was  appointed  and  or- 
dained bishop  of  the  St.  Cloud  diocese. 
Bishop  Trobec  has  made  many  warm  friends 
during  his  residence  in  Minnesota.  He  is 
greatly  loved  and  admired  by  those  mem- 
bers of  his  church  whom  he  served  as  spir- 
itual father  and  counsellor  for  so  many 
years,  and  who  recognize  his  advance  to  the 
bishopric  as  a  worthy  recognition  of  his 
faithful  service  to  the  church  and  of  his  in- 
tellectual capacity.  He  is  also  highly  es- 
teemed outside  the  sircle  of  his  own  reli- 
gious faith  for  the  deep  interest  he  takes  in 
all  charitable  eftorts,  as  well  as  for  his  ad- 
mirable personal  qualities  and  the  high  or- 
der of  his  intellectual  attainments. 


FLETCHER,  Loren,  has  represented 
Minneapolis  in  the  United  States  congress 
since  1892,  serving  as  a  member  of  the 
house,  from  the  Fifth  district  of  Minnesota. 
He  is  one  of  the  pioneers  of  the  city  of  Min- 
neapolis, his  connection  with  the  city  going 
back  to  1856,  when  he  brought  his  young 
wife  to  the  little  village  then  known  as  St. 
Anthony  and  established  his  home.  He  is 
a  son  of  Capt.  Levi  Fletcher,  who  was  a 
prosperous  farmer  living  in  the  town  of 
Mount  \'ernon,  Kennebec  county,  Me.  Lor- 
en was  the  fourth    son    and   he   was   born 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


April  10,  1833.  He  received  a  good  eduea- 
rion  in  the  village  schools  and  two  years  at 
Kent's  Hill  seminary,  a  famous  institution 
of  that  period.  At  the  age  of  seventeen  he 
started  to  learn  a  trade,  but  a  short  experi- 
ence as  a  stone  cutter  satisfied  him  that  he 
would  prefer  a  mercantile  career.  He  ob- 
tained a  position  as  clerk  in  a  shoe  store, 
where  he  worked  for  one  year.  He  received 
but  small  wages,  but  with  New  England 
thrift,  saved  what  he  could  and  then  decid- 
ed to  make  a  start  for  himself.  He  sought 
new  fields  for  his  activity  and  came  west, 
locating  at  Dubuque  for  a  short  time,  and 
then  at  St.  Anthony,  arriving  in  the  sum 
mer  of  1,S56.  He  secured  a  temporary  posi- 
tion as  a  clerk  and  then  entered  the  employ 
of  Dorilius  Morrison,  who  was  then  carry- 
ing on  an  extensive  lumber  business.  Young 
Fletcher  had  a  varied  experience,  some- 
times in  one  place,  and  then  in  another,  in 
the  office,  in  the  woods  and  on  the  drive,  and 
then  in  the  mills  at  St.  Anthony  Falls.  In 
18G0  he  purchased  an  interest  in  a  dry 
goods  store,  and  in  the  following  year 
formed  a  partnership  which  continued  in 
various  forms  for  over  thirty-five  years. 
The  new  partner  was  Charles  M.  Loring, 
and  the  firm  was  known  as  L.  Fletcher  & 
Co.  They  established  a  general  store  on 
the  site  of  the  old  city  hall  and  the  business 
was  carried  on  for  over  fifteen  years  at  this 
stand.  They  dealt  largely  in  lumbermen's 
supplies.  The  business  extended  to  other 
lines;  and  at  various  times  included  lumber- 
ing, farm  lands,  city  lots,  government  con- 
tracts, Indian  supplies,  pine  lands  and  final- 
ly milling.  The  firm  has  been  prominent 
in  this  line  for  many  years.  Tlu-y  owned 
several  mills,  including  the  Calaxy  and 
Minnetonka  mill.  Both  members  of  the 
firm  became  quite  wealth}'  through  their 
various  ventures,  and  long  since  retired 
from  active  participation  in  business.  Jlr. 
Fletcher  has  always  been  a  Republican  mid 
found  time,  in  spite  of  his  many  duties,  to 
devote  himself  to  the  public  welfare.  For 
nearly  ten  years  he  was  a  member  of  the 
lower  house  of  the  state  legislaturr.  lie 
served   as   speaker   of  the  house   for   three 


LOREN  FLETCHER. 

years,  the  last  time  elected  by  the  unani- 
mous vote  of  the  house,  securing ^every 
vote  of  all  parties,  a  rare  instance  of  polit- 
ical favor  in  any  state.  His  long  service 
testifies  more  than  words  to  the  merit  of 
his  work.  Mr.  Fletcher  retired  from  active 
})olitics  for  several  years  only  to  return  as 
a  candidate  for  the  nomination  for  member 
of  congress,  and  was  the  first  member  to 
represent  Minneapolis  when  that  city  and 
Hennepin  count}-  were  constituted  a  dis- 
trict. This  was  in  lSi)2  and  his  long  reten- 
tion in  that  much  sought  for  place  is  a  tes- 
timonial of  his  worth.  Mr.  Fletcher  has 
been  elected  for  five  successive  terms  and 
has  acquired  a  position  among  his  col- 
leagues which  enables  him  to  be  of  especial 
service  to  his  district.  He  is  not  much  of 
a  speaker  but  has  a  way  of  securing  the 
passage  of  bills  he  is  interested  in,  and  this 
fact  makes  him  a  most  valuable  member. 
Mr.  Fletcher  was  nuirried  while  in  Maine  to 
Miss  Ameretta  J.  Thomas,  of  Hangoi-.  She 
died  in  1891',  leaving  Mr.  Fletcher  without 
:i  family,  as  their  only  child  died  while  quite 
young. 


HISTORY  OF  THK  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


WILSOX  L.   RICHARDS. 

RICHARDS,  \\"ilsou  L.— The  career  of 
Air.  Richards,  banker  and  stockman  of  Dick- 
inson, N.  D.,  shows  what  niaj-  be  accomplish- 
ed in  our  newer  states.  He  was  boru,  August 
16,  1S62,  near  Louina,  Ala.  His  mother  was 
of  Irish  descent  and  her  maiden  name  was 
Mary  J.  Lawson.  His  father  was  T.  S.  Rich- 
ards, and  he  came  from  an  old  English  fam- 
ily. He  naturally  took  the  side  of  the  South 
during  the  Civil  War  and  served  as  an  officer 
in  the  Confederate  army,  receiving  a  com- 
mission as  captain  in  an  Alabama  regiment. 
After  the  war  the  conditions  were  such  in 
Alabama  that  he  decided  to  seek  a  new  home 
where  the  prospects  were  better;  accordingly 
he  removed  with  his  family  to  the  frontier 
of  western  Texas,  locating  at  Mineral  Wells, 
whei'e  he  was  for  many  years  a  hotel  man, 
and  became  very  well-to-do.  Young  Richards 
received  only  the  primitive  education  afford- 
ed by  the  country  schools  of  the  South,  and 
in  all  attended  school  but  about  one  year. 
His  further  education  has  been  obtained 
through  experience  and  reading.  He  natural- 
ly drifted  into  the  life  followed  by  the  boys  of 
his  locality,  and  when  quite  young  entered 
upon  the  career  of  a  cowboy.      His  work 


taught  quick  decision  and  self-reliance.  Mr. 
Richards  came  to  North  Dakota  in  1885  with 
a  herd  of  cattle  which  he  had  helped  to  drive 
from  Texas.  He  followed  the  life  of  a  North 
Dakota  cowboy  until  1889,  when  his  abilities 
were  recognized  and  he  became  manager  of 
a  large  cattle  ranch  for  W.  L.  ('rosby,  of  La 
Crosse,  ^Vis.  He  had  an  opportunity  to  learn 
the  business  side  of  ranch  life  as  a  working 
manager.  In  1897  he  decided  that  the  time 
liad  arrived  to  branch  out,  and  so,  in  com- 
jiany  with  one  other,  started  in  tlie  sheep 
business;  but  finding  that  cattle  ranching 
was  more  to  his  liking,  sold  out,  at  a  hand- 
some profit.  He  bought  out  his  fonner  em- 
jiloyer,  and  engaged  in  an  extensive  cattle 
business,  and  is  known  as  one  of  the  largest 
stockmen  of  his  district.  Mr.  Richards  has 
not  confined  himself  to  one  line  of  business, 
but  in  1900  organized  the  Dakota  State  Bank 
at  Dickinson  and  has  become  a  successful 
banker,  and  is  president  of  the  institution. 
He  is  interested  in  several  ventures  near 
Dickinson,  and  is  looked  upon  as  one  of  those 
who  has  contributed  largely  to  the  prosper- 
ity of  the  town.  Mr.  Richards  came  natural- 
ly by  his  belief  in  the  destinies  of  the  Demo- 
cratic party  of  North  Dakota.  He  is  one 
who  belives  that  much  pleasure  can  be  found 
and  many  lasting  friendships  formed  in  se- 
cret societies,  and  is  a  leading  member  of  the 
Masonic  lodge  at  Dickinson.  He  was  mar- 
ried, October  12,  1893,  to  Mabel  E.  Smith, 
and  has  two  sons,  Wilson  Crosby  Richards, 
born  January  7,  1895,  and  Thomas  Franklin 
Richards,  born  October  15,  1899. 


JORDAN,  Charles  Morison,  Ph.  D.— 
When  it  is  understood  that  eight  hundred 
and  fifty  teachei's  are  employed  in  the  public 
schools  of  Minneapolis,  and  that  they  have 
thirty-seven  thousand  pupils  in  training,  and 
the  number  constantly  increasing  for  whom 
educational  facilities  must  be  provided — 
some  conception  may  be  entertained  of. the 
labor  and  responsibility  required  to  keep  this 
vast  educational  organization  running  so  as 
to  be  effective  for  the  purpose  designed.  The 
man  who  has  so  successfully  performed  this 


HISTORY  OP  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


complicated  work  for  nearly  ten  years  is 
Charles  M.  Jordan,  the  superintendent  of 
schools.  By  natural  aptitude  and  traininjj; 
he  has  been  able  to  acconijilish  this  task  in  a 
manner  satisfactory  to  a  large  constituency. 
He  was  born  at  Eangor,  Me.,  November  12, 
1851.  His  father,  Nelson  Jordan,  the  son  of 
Samuel  and  Kachael  Humphrey  Jordan,  was 
a  teacher  for  several  years  in  western  ^Maine, 
before  he  became  a  merchant,  at  Bangor, 
where  he  had  a  general  store  for  six  years. 
In  1851  he  moved  to  Lincoln  Center,  and  was 
engaged  in  fanning,  lumbering,  and  manu 
facturing  until  1S74,  when  he  went  to  Somer 
ville,  Mass.  In  1877  he  came  to  Minnesota, 
where  he  purchased  and  operated  a  large 
farm  in  the  southern  i)art  of  the  state,  until 
he  came  to  Minneapolis,  in  1881,  where  he 
li^ed  the  remainder  of  his  days.  He  died 
]\rarch  26,  1805.  He  was  an  energetic  man 
and  took  an  active  interest  in  public  affairs, 
atlliliating  witli  tlie  Democi'atic  jiarty  in  poli- 
tics, and  in  religion  with  the  Universalists. 
Tlie  Jordan  family  in  America  date  from 
Rev.  Robert  Jordan,  who  came  from  Eng- 
land in  Ifl.'IO,  and  settled  at  Richmond's 
Island,  Me.  Dr.  Jordan's  mother  was  a 
Morison.  Her  maiden  name  was  Dorcas 
Staples  ]\Iorison,  boiii  a(  Livcrnmre,  Me., 
December  12,  1826.  She  was  the  daughter 
of  Samuel  and  Betsey  Benjamin  Morison, 
and  also  sister  to  Dorilus  and  H.  O.  G.  Mor- 
ison, the  well  known  early  settlers  of  Minne- 
aiiolis.  The  IMorisons  are  descendants  of 
William  Morison,  who  came  from  Scotland 
in  1740,  and  settled  at  Bridgewater,  Mass. 
The  vigor,  tenacity  and  practical  sense  of 
these  races — English  and  Scotch — seem  to  be 
united  in  Dr.  Jordan,  and, — as  a  New  Eng- 
lander  might  say — it  has  been  improved  by 
the  New  England  atmosi)here.  He  obtained 
his  early  education  in  the  district  schools  of 
Maine  until  old  enough  to  go  to  academy — 
the  stei)ping  stone  then,  in  New  England,  to 
all  higher  education.  He  spent  one  year  at 
Westbrook  Seminary,  and  tlien  entered  Tuft's 
College,  where  he  graduated  in  1877,  taking 
the  highest  honor,  the  valedictory  oration. 
On  graduating  he  immediately  made  appli- 
cation for  the  position  of  jirincipal   of  the 


IIAliLKS  M.  jriKD.XX. 


Itangor,  Me.,  high  school.  He  secured  the 
apjiointment  in  a  competitive  examination. 
Two  years  later  the  lower  grade  schools  of 
the  city  were  jilaced  also  under  his^harge. 
In  1883,  after  six  years  of  this  service,  he  re- 
signed this  position  to  accept  the  principal- 
ship  of  the  Winthrop  School  of  Jlinneapolis. 
In  March,  1884,  he  started  the  East  Side 
High  School,  and  carried  it  on  in  the  Adams 
school  building.  As  if  this  were  not  enough, 
in  1886,  in  addition  to  his  other  work,  he  was 
made  the  supervisor  of  the  evening  schools 
of  the  city,  and  he  continued  this  labor  until 
he  was  elected  superintendent  of  schools,  for 
three  years,  by  the  board  of  education,  in 
18!)2.  He  was  re-elected  in  1805,  in  1808  and 
in  1001.  He  received  the  title  of  Ph.  D. 
from  Tuft's  College  in  1802.  In  politics  he 
is  nominally  a  Democrat,  but  he  never  held 
nor  sought  a  political  office.  He  is  the  ])resi- 
deiit  of  the  National  Council  of  Education, 
and  is  a  member  of  two  Greek  letter  college 
fraternities— Zeta  Tsi  and  the  Phi  Beta 
Ka]ipa.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the  Sons  of 
the  Revolution,  and  a  Mason  in  the  thirty-sec- 
ond degree.  He  is  superintendent  of  the 
Sundav  school  of  the  Church  of  the  Redeem- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHAVEST. 


er,  belongiiifi  to  the  T^niversalist  bodj.  May 
7,  ]S!)5,  111'  was  niairiwl  to  Miss  Maude  Grim- 
sliaw,  dau;;litcr  of  IJobert  E.  Grimshaw,  of 
J[iiin<'ai)olis.  They  have  two  childreu:  Helen 
Doiras.  boi-n  February  !•.  18110,  and  Mildred 
Salome,  born  Auj^ust  17,  1899. 


CKAWFORD,  Gorie  Isaac— The  bust- 
ling events  of  a  young  state  cannot  fail  to 
test  the  metal  of  the  men  who  are  active  in 
its  construction.  There  is  a  sifting  process 
always  in  force  in  such  a  community  which 
eventually  winnows  the  chaff  from  the 
grain,  the  adventurer  and  charlatan  from 
the  men  of  substantial  merit  and  serious 
purpose.  Those  who  survive  this  ordeal, 
jiroving  their  stability  of  character,  worth 
and  ability,  are  the  men  who — as  a  painter 
would  say — give  tone  and  color  to  the  in- 
stitutions of  the  embryo  commonwealth,  and 
a  definite  trend  to  its  pi-ogress.  Among  the 
men  of  South  Dakota  who  are  typical  of 
this  character,  Corie — usually  contracted  to 
"Coe" — I.  Grawford,  the  subject  of  this 
sketch,  must  ever  stand  prominent  by  his 
sturdy  qualities  and  notable  achievements. 
He  was  born  upon  his  father's  fann  in 
Allamakee  county,  Iowa,  in  1858.  He  is 
Scotch-Irish  on  his  father's  side,  and  Irish- 
English  on  his  mother's,  both  of  Presby- 
terian faith.  Giandfather  and  Grandmoth- 
er Grawford  were  Scotch,  whose  ancestors 
emigrated  to  the  north  of  Ireland  and 
were  connected  with  the  Ramseys,  Fun- 
stons  and  McConnels,  who  came  from  the 
north  of  Ireland  and  settled  in  western 
Pennsylvania  and  eastern  Ohio  immediately 
after  the  war  of  1812.  General  Fiinston  of 
Kansas,  and  of  Philippine  fame,  is  one  of 
this  family.  Goe  I.  Crawford's  father,  Rob- 
ert Grawford,  was  a  wagon  maker  and 
farmer,  born  in  Ohio  in  1828.  He  moved  to 
Allamakee  county,  Iowa,  in  1853  and  opened 
up  a  farm.  He  was  in  comfortable  circum- 
stances and  raised  a  large  family.  He  died 
in  1896.  He  was  a  sturdy  man  of  unflinch- 
ing integrity,  and  a  member  of  the  Presby- 
terian church.     In  politics  he  was  a  staunch 


Republican,  and  a  leading  man  in  his  county. 
He  was  for  a  number  of  years  chairman  of 
the  Board  of  Gounty  Gommissioners.  His 
wife,  Coe  I.  Crawford's  mother,  was  born 
in  Ohio  in  1830.  Her  maiden  name  was 
Sarah  Shannon.  Governor  Shannon,  so 
well  known  in  the  early  history  of  Kansas, 
was  of  the  same  family. 

Mr.  Crawford's  opportunity  for  educa- 
tion in  early  life  was  very  meager,  consist- 
ing of  three  months  of  schooling  in  the  win- 
ter and  occasionally  a  summer  term  of  three 
months;  these  were  ungraded,  common 
country  schools.  When  fifteen  years  of  age 
he  was  permitted  to  attend  the  village 
school  for  one  year,  and  thus  made  such 
])rogress  that  he  was  prepared  to  teach. 
AMien  he  began  to  teach  it  was  in  the  coun- 
try district  schools.  For  this  he  received 
twenty  dollars  a  month  in  summer  and 
thirty-three  dollars  a  month  in  winter,  out 
of  which  he  had  to  pay  his  board.  He  did 
the  janitor  work  besides,  gratis.  He  taught 
three  years  in  Iowa  and  two  in  Ohio.  In  the 
meantime  he  studied  hard  in  a  private  way, 
and  read  very  extensively.  He  was  assisted 
very  materially  in  his  study  of  Latin,  Geom- 
etry and  Literature  by  an  educated  phy- 
sician in  whose  family  he  lived  for  two 
years.  After  he  quit  teaching  he  secured  a 
position  as  a  field  agent  for  a  subscription- 
book  publishing  house  of  Chicago,  and  trav- 
eled extensively  through  New  York,  Ohio 
and  West  Virginia,  for  two  years.  The 
work  was  not  (ongenial;  in  fact  he  detested 
it,  although  it  was  not  without  its  value  in 
after  life.  He  left  it  to  enter  the  law  de- 
partment of  the  University  of  Iowa  in  1881, 
from  which  he  graduated  in  1882.  His  pro- 
ficiency may  be  judged  from  the  fact  that ' 
he  was  made  president  of  the  Law  Literary 
society,  and  was  one  of  the  speakers  chosen 
for  the  commencement  exercises.  He  also 
was  awarded  a  share  of  a  dividend  prize  for 
his  written  thesis.  In  1883  he  formed  a 
I)artnership  with  Hon.  W.  H.  Holiiian,  for 
the  practice  of  law  at  Independence,  Iowa, 
whei-e  he  remained  for  one  year.  He  then 
removed  to  Pierre,  where  he  met  with  im- 
mediate success.  His  first  case  of  any  im- 
Iportaiicc  was  the  defence  of  a  poor  German, 


HISTORY  OF  TIIK  GltKAT  NORTHWEST. 


charged  with  murder.  Three  men  had  come 
to  his  corral  not  far  from  Pierre,  and  en- 
gaged with  him  in  a  quarrel  over  some  cat- 
tle. A  light  followed  in  which  he  resorted 
to  a  gun,  killing  one  man  and  wounding  the 
other  two.  Mr,  Fawcett  of  Pierre,  lately 
deceased,  was  Mr.  Crawford's  associate. 
They  convinced  the  committing  magistrate 
that  their  client  acted  in  self-defense  and  lie 
was  discharged.  The  next  suit  was  a  per- 
sonal Injury  case  which  he  prosecuted,  ask- 
ing f 5, 01)0  for  his  client.  It  arose  from  the 
negligence  of  a  telephone  company  in  leav- 
ing a  wire  obstruction  in  the  street.  The 
first  trial  resulted  in  a  compromise  verdict, 
awarding  his  client  only  fifty  dollars.  A 
new  trial  resulted  in  a  verdict  of  over  three 
thousand  dollars.  On  appeal  to  the  su- 
preme court  the  judgment  was  affirmed. 

In  1885  Mr.  Crawford  formed  a  partner- 
ship with  Mr.  C.  E.  Deland,  under  the  firm 
name  of  Crawford  &  Deland,  which  con- 
tinued for  twelve  years,  during  which  time 
the  practice  was  large  and  lucrative.  Mr. 
Crawford  was  a  leading  counsel  on  one  side 
or  the  other  in  nearly  one  hundred  cases  in 
the  supreme  court.  The  wide  range  and 
profound  character  of  these  suits  may  be 
seen  in  the  Sixth  South  Dakota  Territorial 
Report,  and  in  the  first  ten  volumes  of  the 
South  Dakota  Supreme  Court  Reports.  Mr. 
Crawford  was  attorney  general  of  the  state 
of  South  1  )ikota  from  180.3  to  1897.  He  was 
admitted  to  practice  in  the  supreme  court  of 
the  Cnited  States  in  1893.  During  the 
years  1895  and  lS9fi  it  became  his  duty  to 
]Mosecute  the  state  treasurer  and  his  bonds 
men  and  others  charged  with  conspiracy  to 
defraud  the  state.  The  suits  were  both  civil 
and  criminal;  also  to  prosecute  the  commis- 
sioner of  schools  and  jiublic  lands  for  failure 
to  distribute  school  funds.  These  cases 
were  complicated  with  habeas  corpus  and 
extradition  proceedings,  writs  of  error  and 
other  intricate  litigation,  involving  the  most 
specious  pleas  that  could  be  devised  by  the 
defense,  supported  by  ample  means.  The 
cases  were  historic  and  among  the  most  ex- 
citing events  in  the  history  of  the  young 
state.  The  parties  so  successfully  prose- 
cuted were,  many  of  them,  personal  friends 


and  associates  of  Mr.  Crawford  in  fraternal 
orders.  He  has  been  strongly  commended 
for  his  unswerving  fidelity  to  the  interests 
of  the  people  of  the  state  in  these  arduous 
and  prolonged  litigations.  The  prodigious 
labors  connected  with  them  nearly  ruined 
his  health.  In  1897  he  accepted  the  posi- 
tion of  attorney  for  the  Chicago  &  North- 
western railway  for  the  entire  state,  and 
moved  to  Huron,  where  he  now  resides,  still 
engaging  in  the  general  practice  of  law,  al- 
though the  railway  is  his  principal  client. 

He  was  president  of  the  State  Rar  asso- 
ciation of  South  Dakota  during  the  year 
1899.  Mr.  Crawford  has  no  military  record, 
for  he  was  too  young  for  the  Civil  war  and 
too  old  to  enlist  for  the  Sj)anish  war.  He 
lias,  however,  a  brother,  Robert  T.  Craw- 
ford, a  first  lieutenant  of  the  42d  Regiment 
I'.  S.  Volunteers,  now  in  the  Philippines. 
He  has  always  been  a  Republican.  He  was 
state  attorney  for  Hughes  county  from  18SG 
to  1888;  member  of  the  last  legislature  of 
the  territory  of  Dakota,  that  which  con- 
vened at  Bismark  in  1889;  member  of  the 
first  South  Dakota  state  senate,  1889  and 
1890  at  Pierre,  the  new  capital ;  in  1892  elect- 
ed attorney  general  of  the  state,  and  re- 
elected in  1894:  by  the  largest  majority  of 
any  candidate  on  the  ticket.  He  was  nom- 
inated for  congress  in  1896,  but  the  wave  of 
free  silver  and  populism  rose  to  high  tide 
that  year,  and  the  Republican  electors,  mem- 
bers of  congress  and  candidate  for  governor 
were  defeated  by  small  pluralities  ranging 
from  fifty  to  three  hundred  and  fifty.  He 
made  in  that,  the  greatest  political  conflict 
in  the  history  of  the  state,  one  hundred  and 
three  speeches.  Since  then  he  has  with- 
drawn from  active  work  in  politics,  al- 
though still  staunch  in  the  faith.  He  is  a 
Mason  and  a  Knight  Templar,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Presbyterian  church.  He  was 
married  in  1884  to  ^Sliss  May  Robinson, 
daughter  of  Levi  Robinson,  a  lawyer  of  Iowa 
City,  Iowa.  She  died  in  1894,  leaving  two 
children,  :Miriam,  now  fourteen  years  of  age, 
and  Irving,  eight  years  old.  In  1896  he  was 
married  to  Lavinia  Robinson,  of  the  same 
family,  at  Iowa  City.  They  have  also  a 
child,  Robert,  now  two  years  old. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GRIOAT  NORTHWEST. 


ALBEUT  A.  AMES. 

AMES,  Albert  Aloiizo,  who  enjoys  the 
distinction  of  being  four  times  mayor  of  Min- 
neapolis, and  who,  when  his  party  was 
thought  to  be  in  a  hopeless  minority,  reduced 
the  usual  overwhelming  majority  of  tens  of 
thousands  to  2,G()0,  is  beyond  question  the 
best  known  man  in  the  state.  His  personal 
following  is  unequalled.  There  must  be  some 
reasonable  foundation  for  his  remarkable 
popularitj'.  It  cannot  be  an  accident  when 
it  has  stood  so  many  public  tests,  extending 
over  so  many  years.  He  came  to  Minneapolis 
with  his  parents  in  1852,  before  the  place 
had  a  name,  and  when  it  was  a  part  of  the 
Fort  Snelling  reservation.  He  was  then  only 
ten  years  old,  and  it  may  be  fairly  said  that 
he  has  been  in  the  "public  eye''  ever  since, 
although  for  some  years  absent  from  the  city. 
He  was  born  at  (Jarden  Prairie,  Boone  coun- 
ty, III.,  January  18,  1842.  His  father,  Alfred 
Elislia  Ames,  was  a  physician.  He  came  to 
Minneai)olis,  as  mentioned,  and  he  had  a  fam- 
ily of  seven  sons,  of  whom  the  many  times 
mayor  was  the  fourth.  Young  Ames  was  a 
boy  of  great  energy  and  an  apt  pupil.  He 
was  educated  in  the  juiblic  schools  and  grad- 
uated at  the  high  school — then  on  the  square 


occupied  by  the  new  court  house — when  six- 
teen years  old.  In  the  meantime  he  had 
secured  employment  in  a  ]irinting  ottice,  and, 
among  other  duties,  served  the  paper,  the 
Northwestern  Democrat,  published  by  Major 
\\'.  .\.  Hotchkiss,  and  the  first  published  in 
.Miiiiicaj)olis  proper,  that  is,  on  the  west  side 
(if  tlie  river.  The  office,  still  standing,  was 
cm  the  southeast  corner  of  Third  street  and 
Fifth  avenue  south.  Here  the  dashing  young- 
ster earned  his  flrst  dollar.  In  1858  he  be- 
gan the  study  of  medicine  and  surgery  with 
his  father.  He  then  attended  two  prelimi- 
nary courses  and  two  regular  courses  at  the 
Kush  Jledical  College  of  Chicago,  and  gi'adu- 
ated,  when  only  twenty  years  of  age,  with 
the  degree  of  M.  D.,  February  5,  1862.  He 
returned  to  Minneapolis  in  August  of  that 
year  and  began  to  practice,  but  his  ardent 
patriotism  led  him  into  the  Civil  War.  There 
was  an  urgent  call  for  troops.  He  enlisted 
as  a  pi'ivate  soldier  and  heljied  to  organize 
Company  B,  of  the  Ninth  Minnesota  Volun- 
teer Infantry,  and  was  made  orderly  ser- 
geant. The  regiment  was  given  a  furlough 
of  fifteen  days  to  prepare  for  going  to  join 
the  army.  Owing  to  the  Indian  uprising  the 
furlough  was  rescinded  and  the  regiment  was 
ordered  to  gather  forthwith  for  active  duty. 
Anns  were  distributed  and  young  Ames  re- 
ceived his,  with  the  rest  of  the  company 
which  he  mustered.  He  still  keeps  that 
musket  as  a  trophy.  Shortly  afterwards  he 
Avas  commissioned  as  assistant  surgeon  of 
the  Seventh  Minnesota  Volunteer  Infantry, 
and  served  with  his  regiment  during  its  term 
of  senice,  being  promoted  to  full  surgeou  in 
1801.  when  only  twenty-two  years  old.  He 
returned  to  Minneapolis  after  military  serv- 
ice terminated,  but  in  18G8  he  went  to  Cali- 
fornia, by  way  of  the  isthmus.  Here  his  early 
taste  for  newspaper  work  came  back  to  him, 
and  he  became  the  managing  editor  of  the 
Alta  California,  one  of  the  leading  i)apers 
of  the  Pacific  coast.  In  1871  he  returned  to 
Minneapolis  on  account  of  his  father's  sick- 
ness and  has  been  a  resident  of  the  city  prac- 
tically ever  since.  He  was  always  interested 
in  public  affairs,  and  has  taken  an  active  part 
in  many  campaigns.  He  is  a  forcible  and 
convincing  public  speaker.     In  1867  he  was 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


elected  to  the  legislature  from  Henuepin 
(Oimty,  on  what  was  called  the  '•Holdiers' 
Ticket,"  the  success  of  which  was  due  large- 
ly lo  his  personal  popularity.  In  187(5  he  was 
elected  mayor  of  Minneapolis,  and  because 
of  the  celebration  that  year  of  the  centennial 
anniversary  of  the  Declaration  of  Indepen- 
dence, he  has  jjassed  into  history  as  the  "Cen- 
tennial Mayor."  He  was  elected  again  in 
1SS2  and  once  more  re-elected  in  1886.  He 
was  nominated  for  governor  the  same  year, 
on  the  Democratic  ticket,  and  reduced  the 
cu.stomary  Republican  majority,  as  already 
mentioned.  He  was  also  nominated  for  con- 
uress  and  for  lieutenant  governor,  but  the 
large  adverse  majority  was  too  strong  to  be 
overcome.  Dr.  Ames'  position  in  politics 
seems  to  have  been  misunderstood.  -The  prin- 
cipal plank  in  his  platform  has  always  been 
"the  rights  of  the  people."  He  has  been  in- 
dittereut  to  the  party  designation,  preferring 
lo  go  for  the  substance,  rather  than  the  name. 
Ills  sympathy  for  what  is  called  the  masses 
has  always  been  pronounced.  That  is  the 
key-note  of  his  apparent  change  of  party. 
In  188G  he  induced  the  Democratic  party  to 
declare  in  favor  of  building  a  Soldiers"  Home. 
This  was  the  first  public  movement  in  the 
state  for  this  purpose.  When  subsequently 
it  was  built.  Dr.  Ames  served  as  surgeon  of 
the  institution  for  many  years.  In  1900 
he  was  nominated  by  the  Republican  par- 
ty for  mayor  of  Minneapolis,  and  was 
elected,  this  being  a  fourth  term.  His 
election  was  notable,  and  will  always  be 
a  land  mark  in  political  progress,  because, 
for  the  first  time,  the  nominations  were 
made  by  a  direct  vote  of  the  people,  and 
not  by  party  conventions.  It  was  the  first 
application  of  what  is  called  the  new  "pri- 
mary election  law."  It  was  therefore  a  di- 
rect i)ractical  test  of  Dr.  Ames"  principles. 
Dr.  Ames  is  interested  in  fraternal  societies, 
and  is  prominent  in  several  of  the  leading 
brotherhood  orders.  He  is  a  Mason  and  has 
been  Master  of  Hennepin  Lodge,  No.  4;  High 
I'riest  of  St.  John"s  Chapter,  No.  9 ;  Eminent 
Commander  of  Zion  Commandery,  No.  2, 
Knights  Templar,  and  Grand  Generalissimo 
of  [he  Grand  Commandery  of  Minnesota.    He 


has  been  also  Chancellor  Commander  of  Min- 
neapolis Lodge,  No.  1,  Knights  of  I'ytliias; 
Grand  Chancellor  of  Minnesota,  and  Supreme 
Representative  to  the  Supreme  Lodge  of  the 
AVorld.  He  was  on  the  charter  list  of  No.  41, 
IJenevolent  and  I'rotective  Ordei-  of  Elks,  the 
tirst  lodge  of  the  Northwest,  and  he  was  its 
first  Exalted  Ruler.  He  is  a  member  of  G. 
N.  Morgan  Post,  No.  4,  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic. 


BURNETT,  William  J.— The  first  busi- 
ness industry  cifiried  on  in  the  Northwest 
was  the  trade  in  furs.  Although  the  char- 
acter of  this  industry  has  greatly  changed 
since  the  days  when  the  traders  trafficked 
with  the  Indians  for  the  furs  of  the  various 
animals  which  then  roamed  the  forests  in 
large  numbers,  it  still  confines  to  be  an  im- 
portant adjunct  to  the  commerce  of  the 
larger  cities.  One  of  the  most  prominent 
and  successful  enterprises  in  this  and  allied 
lines  is  the  Northwestern  Hide  and  Fur  Co|u- 
pany  of  Minneapolis,  of  which  >Villiam  J. 
liurnett  is  manager  and  proprietor.  Mr.  Bur- 
nett was  born  in  1843,  at  I'iltsburg,  I'a.  His 
father,  Mrgil  Justice  Burnett,  was  engag- 
ed in  the  grocery  business  in  Newark,  N.  J., 
but  the  panic  of  1837  swept  away  his  fortune, 
and  after  a  vain  endeavor  to  realize  on  his 
accounts  he  started  west  with  his  family  to 
begin  life  anew.  It  was  while  they  were  en 
route  that  William  J.  was  born  at  Pittsburg. 
The  family  remained  here  a  short  time,  Mr. 
Burnett,  who  was  a  carriage  blacksmith  by 
trade,  working  at  his  handicraft  in  order  to 
earn  money  to  pursue  their  journey  west. 
They  came  by  boat  from  Pittsburg  to  \'in- 
cennes,  then  by  canal  to  Terre  Haute,  Ind. 
On  arrival  here  the  father  had  but  fifty  cents 
left,  but  by  his  industry  and  skill  at  his  trade 
he  was  soon  in  comfortable  circumstances. 
He  became  prominent  in  the  atlairs  of  his 
own  community,  was  elected  to  the  state  leg- 
islature in  185(i,  and  was  one  of  the  most 
earnest  advocates  in  favor  of  the  passage  of 
the  famous  Indiana  liquor  law.  He  was  also 
one  of    five    to    found    the   free  schools   of 


HISTORY  OF  TUR  OHKAT  NORTHWEi^T. 


WILLIAM  J.    BURNETT. 

ludiiiua.  He  died  iu  1838,  honored  by  all 
who  knew  him,  and  sui'vived  by  his  wife 
(Harriet  S.  Burnett),  six  boys  and  two  girls. 
Mrs.  Burnett  is  still  living  in  the  enjoyment 
of  full  health  and  vigor  up  to  the  advanced 
age  of  93.  The  Burnett  family  is  of  Scotch- 
English  descent  on  both  sides  of  the  house, 
and  on  the  paternal  side  is  presumed  to  be 
closely  related  to  that  of  Bishop  Burnett. 
The  subject  of  this  sketch  came  to  Minneap- 
olis November  22,  1890,  and  established  the 
Northwestern  Hide  and  Fur  Company,  at 
417  Main  street  southeast,  as  dealers  in 
hides,  furs,  wool  and  tallow.  In  the  fall  of 
1895  the  property  at  407  and  109  Main  street, 
where  the  firm  now  conducts  its  business,  was 
purchased.  From  the  first  this  firm  has  en- 
joyed an  unusual  degree  of  success.  It  estab- 
lished most  favorable  relations  with  produc- 
ers throughout  the  Northwest,  and  does  an 
extensive  business  as  dealers,  jjaying  cash 
for  all  consignments  on  arrival.  These  con- 
signments are  disposed  of  to  the  large  manu- 
facturer and  export  buyers.  A  most  im- 
portant feature  of  the  business  is  the  trade 
in  North  American  fur  skins,  the  firm  having 
exhibited  great  enterj^rise  in  sending  men 
Ihrougliout  the  Northwest  to  place  it  in  close 
touch  with  the  trappers  of  the  wild  regions 


to  the  north.  Another  important  kindred 
interest  conducted  by  this  firm  is  sheep  dip. 
They  are  the  sole  agents  in  the  United  States 
for  the  celebrated  Highland  sheep  dip  manu- 
factured bj'  Alexander  Robinson,  of  Oban, 
Scotland,  and  are  also  the  Northwestern 
agents  for  E.  S.  Burche's  wool  gi'owers"  sup- 
plies. This  feature  of  the  business  is  being 
rapidly  built  up  and  agencies  have  been  es- 
tablished in  various  cities  and  sheep-growing 
districts  throughout  the  United  States.  The 
gratifying  success  of  this  firm  is  largely  due 
to  the  progressive  methods  pursued  by  Mr. 
Burnett  in  the  conduct  of  its  business,  and  to 
a  number  of  valuable  devices  of  his  own  in- 
vention pertaining  to  the  hide  and  fur  trade. 
He  is  acknowledged  as  one  of  the  be.st  in- 
formed men  on  hides  and  furs  in  this  country, 
and  a  "Hunters'  and  Trappers'  Guide,"  which 
he  published,  and  which  is  now  in  its  sixth 
edition,  is  a  leading  authority  on  this  subject. 
Mr.  Burnett  was  selected  by  the  Minnesota 
state  commission  to  collect  and  make  the 
wool  exhibit  at  the  Trans-Mississippi  Exposi- 
tion at  Omaha.  His  skill  and  good  judg- 
ment was  evidenced  by  the  fact  that  this  ex- 
hibit received  the  highest  award,  a  gold 
medal.  In  June,  1888,  Mr.  Burnett  was  mar- 
ried to  Miss  Alida  Suits,  of  Huron,  S.  D. 
They  have  one  daughter,  Harriet  Alida,  aged 
ten. 


COOLEY,  George  ^Vashington.— The 
men  who  are  making  the  northwest  are  so 
busy  with  the  work  in  hand  that  little  atten- 
tion is  paid  to  the  historical  value  of  what 
they  are  doing.  Men  yet  comparatively 
young  have  laid  the  foundations  of  enter- 
prises and  institutions  and  set  in  motion  in- 
fluences of  great  enduring  value,  with  no 
thought  of  future  fame  or  renown  as  found- 
ers or  originators.  But  the  time  is  coming 
when  the  part  they  have  acted  will  be 
conned  with  great  interest  by  those  who 
have  profited  by  the  labor  of  these  piopeers. 

The  first  schoolhouse,  the  first  church, 
factory,  mill,  bridge,  courthouse  or  railroad 
is  a  land-mark  of  progress  that  will  grow  in 
interest  as  years  pass  on.     The  men  instru- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


mental  in  projecting  and  bnilfling  it  will  be- 
come the  heroes  of  subsequent  generations, 
for  thev  have  made  history.  Among  those 
who  have  had  the  good  fortune  to  link  their 
names  with  these  landmarks,  the  civil  en- 
gineer stands  foremost,  and  of  these  none 
have  been  in  closer  relation  to  these  initial 
enteri)rises  than  the  distinguished  engineer, 
Geo.  W.  Cooley,  the  efficient  county  survey- 
or of  Hennepin  county,  Minnesota. 

Mr.  Cooley  was  born  in  New  York  city 
in  1845.  His  common  school  education  was 
supi)lemented  by  a  course  at  the  Cooper  In- 
stitute, the  well  known  institution  founded 
by  Peter  Cooper,  the  successful  business 
man  and  philanthroi)ist.  Mr.  Cooley's  prac- 
tical professional  training  began  in  the  field 
as  chainman  and  sub-assistant  on  railroad 
surveys.  He  may  be  said  to  have  graduated 
in  the  practical  school  of  the  field,  than 
^\liich  there  is  none  better. 

In  1864  he  came  to  Minneapolis  and  en- 
tered the  employ  of  the  St.  Paul  and  Pacific 
— now  the  Great  Northern — railroad,  as  as- 
sistant engineer  on  surveys.  He  drove  the 
first  stake  of  that  great  system  west  of  the 
Mississippi,  a  notable  incident.  After  two 
years"  service  in  this  capacity  he  opened  an 
engineer's  and  surveyor's  office  in  Minneap- 
olis. Here  he  took  in  a  wide  range  of  work. 
He  was  not  only  identified  with  all  the  local 
surveys,  of  which,  in  a  new  city,  of  necessity 
there  were  a  great  many,  but  he  engaged  in 
professional  work  throughout  the  north- 
west and  south  from  Texas  to  Oregon  and 
Washington.  In  1870  he  became  the  assist- 
ant engineer  of  the  Northern  Pacific  rail- 
road and  first  constructing  engineer  of  the 
system.  He  was  also,  for  several  years,  the 
assistant  engineer  on  the  Falls  of  St.  An- 
thony and  sclent  one  winter  on  the  improve- 
ment of  the  ^Minnesota  river,  for  the  United 
States  government. 

Since  18GG  ilr.  Cooley  has  been  an  active 
man  in  his  pi'ofession,  yet  he  has  not  ig- 
nored his  duty  as  a  citizen,  nor  his  social 
obligations  as  a  man.  He  has  always  been 
a  Kepublican  in  politics.  In  1884  he  was 
elected  an  alderman  from  the  Eighth  ward 
of  the  city  of  Minneapolis,  one  of  the  most 


influential  wards  in  the  city.  Mr.  Cooley 
made  a  brilliant  record  in  his  service.  He 
originated  the  system  of  underground  elec- 
tric wires  for  the  city,  and  secured  the  pas- 
sage of  the  ordinance  through  the  council. 
He  was  also  one  of  the  originators  and  pro- 
moters of  the  "patrol  limit"  system  for  the 
regulation  of  the  licjuor  traffic,  one  of  the 
most  beneficent  systems  ever  devised  for 
controlling  the  evils  of  licensed  saloons. 
These  two  measures  alone  would  entitle  Mr. 
Cooley  to  distinction  and  honor,  for  they 
show  a  high  order  of  foresight  and  original- 
ity, as  well  as  public  spirit  and  legislative 
capacity.  He  was  I'enominated  on  the  Re- 
publican ticket  for  county  surveyor  of  Hen- 
nepin county,  Minnesota,  in  1000,  after  a 
warm  contest  under  the  new  primary  law, 
and  was  triumphantly  elected  at  the  polls  in 
November. 

Mr,  Cooley  is  a  member  of  the  Masonic 
order  and  is  prominent  in  the  fraternity.  In 
1872  he  was  married  to  the  daughter  of  the 
late  R.  E.  Grimshaw,  and  has  six  children. 
He  is  highly  esteemed  socially,  as  well  as  in 
his  profession,  and  bears  his  honors  with 
the  modest  dignity  becoming  a  successftil 
man  of  affairs. 


SNYDER,  Harry,  Professor  of  Agricul- 
tural Chemistry  in  the  University  of  Minne- 
sota, was  born  January  2(i,  1867,  in  the  town 
of  Cherry  Valley,  Otsego  county,  N.  Y.  His 
anci'stors  were  among  the  original  settlers 
of  the  Mohawk  Valley,  and  many  of  them 
participated  in  the  French  and  Indian  and 
Revolutionary  AVars  and  the  War  of  1812. 
His  mothers  maiden  name  was  Mary  Ann 
Harter.  She  was  of  Gennan-Dutch  descent. 
His  father's  ancestors  were  of  English-Ger- 
man exti'action.  His  father,  David  W.  Sny- 
der, was  a  carpenter  and  farmer,  and  a  man 
of  much  mechanical  skill  and  natural  ability. 
He  was  educated  at  the  old  Cherry  Valley 
Senunary  and  taught  school  for  a  number  of 
years.  In  later  years  he  was  superintendent 
of  bridge  and  wood  work  construction  of  the 
Herkimer,  Newport  &  Poland  Railroad. 


HISTOIIY  OF  TIIK  GRIOAT  XORTHWEf^T. 


liAltltV    SNYDKU. 

The  subject  of  this  sketch  attended  the 
counti'.v  school,  Saltspriuyville,  Otsego  coun- 
ty, N.  Y.,  and  hiter  the  graded  school  at  Hei- 
kimer,  N.  Y.  After  working  two  summers 
in  a  grocery  store  and  a  .year  in  a  printing 
office  he  entered  the  Clinton  Liberal  Institute 
at  Fort  Plain,  N.  Y.,  where  he  prepared  for 
college,  and  in  the  fall  of  1885  entered  Cor- 
nell University.  At  the  end  of  the  first  two 
yeai-s  of  college  he  was  appointed  private  as- 
sistant to  Dr.  Caldwell,  the  head  of  the  chem- 
ical department  of  the  university,  a  position 
heictofore  always  held  by  a  graduate  stu- 
dent. While  serving  in  this  capacity,  Mr. 
Snyder  was  engaged  mainly  with  the  analy- 
sis of  foods,  drugs  and  farm  products.  Thus 
he  became  thoroughly  familiar  with  the  lab- 
oratory methods  of  instruction  and  investiga- 
tion, particularly  along  the  lines  of  agricul- 
tural chemistry,  a  subject  not  then  generally 
taught  in  American  colleges.  He  graduated 
in  188!)  with  special  honors  in  chemistry,  and 
was  appointed  to  the  position  of  instructor 
at  Cornell.  A  year  later  he  was  appointed 
assistant  chemist  of  the  experiment  station 
at  that  institution.    His  work  in  this  jjosition 


was  mainly  along  Ihe  line  of  milk  investiga- 
tion and  animal  nutrition,  in  I8!tl  he  came 
to  Minnesota  to  accept  the  i>osition  of  chem- 
is!  at  the  Minnesota  Experiment  Station,  and 
was  a]i])ointed  to  his  present  i)osition  the  fol- 
lowing year.  He  has  been  engaged  in  in- 
struction and  research  work  along  agricultu- 
ral lines  and  has  been  employed  as  an  expert 
in  nutrition  investigations  by  the  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture.  He  has 
pul)lished  thrive  text  books:  The  Chemistry 
of  Soils  and  Fertilizers,  The  Chemistry  of 
Foods,  and  the  Chemistry  of  Dairying.  These 
works  are  used  as  text  books  in  many  lead- 
iiiu  agricultural  colleges  and  schools.  He 
has  also  published  a  large  number  of  bulle- 
tins covering  a  number  of  topics.  Some  of 
his  bulletins  and  reports  have  been  trans- 
lated and  published  in  the  French,  German, 
Italian  and  Russian  scientific  journals.  He 
has  contributed  a  number  of  articles  to  chem- 
ical journals  and  to  leading  agricultural  pa- 
pers. His  work  in  soil  and  food  investiga- 
tions has  been  of  the  highest  value  to  the 
farmers  of  the  Northwest.  As  the  results  of 
careful  experiments  he  has  shown  that  it  is 
possible  by  adopting  proi)er  methods  of  farm- 
ing to  conserve  the  fertility  of  the  soil,  and  at 
the  same  time  i)roduce  large  yields  of  grain 
and  other  fann  products.  His  work  in  foods 
has  shown  how  it  is  possible  to  make  the  best 
economic  use  of  farm  crops  after  they  have 
been  produced.  The  studies  that  have  been 
made  of  Xorthwesteni  wheat  and  flour  by 
I'rofessor  Snyder  have  been  of  the  highest 
value,  and  they  have  assisted  materially  in 
establishing  the  fact  that  Northwestern 
wheat  and  flour  have  the  highest  food  value 
of  any  that  can  be  grown  or  manufactured." 

He  is  a  fellow  of  the  American  Associa- 
tion for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  American  Chemical  Society,  and 
the  Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Agricul- 
tural Science.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the 
Phi  Delta  Theta  fraternity,  the  I.  O.  O.  F. 
and  the  Royal  Arcanum.  He  was  mari-ied  in 
1890  to  Miss  Adelaide  Churchill  Craig, 
daughter  of  Rev.  Dr.  Austin  Craig,  formerly 
president  of  Antioeh  College,  Ohio. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


VAN  SANT,  SamiR'l  R.— Miimesota,  the 
largest  state  of  the  gn^at  Northwest,  the 
"reatest  in  i)opulatioii,  wealth  and  natm-al 
resources,  has  for  f;overuor  a  man  whose  suc- 
cessful career  is  an  inspiration  to  every  younji' 
American  of  the  United  States — Samuel  1{. 
^"an  Saut.  This  is  not  liecause  he  is  <i'ovev- 
nor,  but  because  lie  is  a  typical  ])rominent 
example  of  the  possibilities  of  development, 
inherent  in  a  free  I'overnnient  which  otters 
to  all  liberal  facilities  for  advancement,  un- 
limited scope  for  energy,  and  boundless  oj)- 
portunities  to  appropiiate.  Samuel  R.  Van 
Sant  is  a  native  of  Illinois.  He  was  born 
at  Rock  Island,  May  11,  1844.  His  father, 
John  \A'.  ^^an  Sant,  was  born  in  New  Jersey 
in  1810.  He  had  the  pleasure  of  beinji;  pres- 
ent at  the  capitol  at  St.  I'aul  on  his  ninety- 
first  birthday  to  sei'  his  son  inauj^urated  as 
(.••overnor  of  the  state  of  Minnesota.  The 
family  is  of  Dutch  descent.  Its  progenitors 
in  the  United  States  came  from  Holland, 
among  the  earliest  settlers  of  New  York  and 
New  Jersey,  and  formerly  spelled  the  name 
Van  Zandt.  Many  of  the  family  still  cling 
to  the  old  American  home  in  the  tide-water 
states.  The  leading  members  of  the  I'ace  for 
several  generations  were  sliijj  builders  and 
sailors.  It  was  currently  said  of  Governor 
Van  Sant's  great  grandfather,  John,  that  "he 
could  build  a  ship,  rig  it,  and  sail  it  to  any 
part  of  the  world."  The  old  hero  was  born 
in  1726,  and  served  his  country  in  the  marine 
service,  or  navy,  during  the  Revolutionary 
War.  On  the  patriotic  side  all  the  Van  Sants 
did  service.  His  son,  the  governors  grandfa- 
ther, was  a  soldier  in  the  War  of  1812.  He 
was  also  a  Methodist  clergyman,  and  had 
five  sons  who  were  clergymen  in  the  same 
denomination.  Rut  Samuel's  father  stuck 
to  the  ship  building  trade,  and  in  18:!7  came 
west  and  engaged  in  building  and  repairing 
steamboats,  a  business  which  he  and  his  sons 
still  follow  in  connection  with  the  Van  Sant 
<&  Musser  Transportation  Company.  The  fa- 
ther's home  is  at  f.e  Claire,  Iowa.  The  maid- 
en name  of  Samuel's  mother  was  Lydia  An- 
derson. She  was  also  born  in  New  Jersey, 
and  was  eighty-nine  years  of  age  when  her 
sou  was  made  governor.     She  is  a  daughter 


of  Elias  Anderson,  who  was  a  private  soldier 
in  the  Revolutionary  War.  II  will  thus  be 
seen  thai  Saiiniel  rauie  ti-oni  ]ialriolic  stock 
on  both  sides  of  tin-  iioiise.  His  early  educa- 
tion was  obtained  in  Die  coiiiiiiou  schools  of 
Rock  Island.  lie  had  advam-ed  as  far  as  the 
high  school,  of  whirii  lie  was  a  ]Mijiil,  when 
the  war  broke  out.  W'itli  liis  inherited  mar- 
tial spirit,  and  surrounded  by  the  atmosphere 
of  his  home,  which  was  a  grand  military 
entrejxit  of  the  United  Slates,  it  was  no  won- 
der that  the  boy's  patriotic  ardor  was  fer- 
vent, and  that  his  asjjirations  for  a  military 
life  were  too  strong  to  allow  him  to  remain 
at  school.  At  the  first  call  for  troops,  though 
not  seventeen  years  old,  he  enlisted,  but  he 
was  rejected  because  of  his  youth.  He  enlist- 
ed several  times  at  short  intervals  that  year. 
Finally  armed  with  his  father's  written  per- 
mission, he  enlisted  in  August,  18(51,  and  was 
accepted  as  a  iiieiiiher  of  ("omi)any  A,  Ninth 
Illinois  Cavalry,  lie  was  in  active  service 
o\-er  three  years,  most  of  the  time  with  the 
noted  (ienei-al  Criersoii's  raiders,  where  the 
hardships  of  the  campaign  were  unusually 
severe.  Yet  the  boy,  N'an  Sant,  never  was 
sick,  never  missed  a  liattle  of  the  organiza- 
tion, and,  fortunatel.w  ne\-er  was  wounded. 
A\'h(ni  mustered  out  he  resumed  his  studies 
by  entering  Burnham's  American  Business 
College,  at  Hudson,  N.  Y.,  where  he  gradu- 
ated. Feeling  then  that  his  educational 
e(liii]inient  was  not  as  thorough  as  he  desired, 
lie  planned  to  take  a  regular  college  course. 
He  was  dependent  upon  his  own  resources. 
He  began  his  preparation  by  entering  the 
prej)aratory  de](artnient  of  Knox  College,  a 
well  known  institution  of  (Jalesburg,  111.  He 
completed  that  course,  entered  the  college  as 
freshman,  and  ]iassed  through  that  year  of 
the  curriculum.  In  the  meantime  while 
studying  he  had  learned  the  caulker's  trade. 
He  gave  ii]i  his  college  course  for  lack  of 
means,  and  was  snhsei|iiently  ajii>oiiitcd 
superinlendeni  of  the  boatyard  where  ho 
learned  his  trade — no  small  compliment  to  A 
young  man  of  his  years.  Later,  in  connec- 
tion with  his  father,  he  bought  l  lie  same  l)oat- 
building  business  and  carried  it  on.  The  fa- 
ther and  son  built   the  tirsi   laige-si/,ed  raft- 


SAMUEL  It.  VAN  SANT. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


boat  constructed  exclusively  for  the  lumber 
rafting-  business.  The  success  of  the  first 
venture  led  to  the  construction  of  others  by 
them,  and  since  that  time  the  Van  Sants 
have  been  actively  engaged  in  rafting  and 
lumbering  on  the  Mississippi  river.  In  the 
spring  of  1S83,  Samuel  R.  Van  Sant,  for  the 
better  facilities  for  managing  the  interests 
of  the  Ann's  business,  came  to  this  state  and 
made  his  home  at  "NV^inona,  Minn.,  where  he 
still  resides,  although  liis  otTicial  residence 
will,  while  governor,  be  at  St.  I'aul.  ^A'ith 
the  same  public  spiiit  and  energy  always  ex- 
hibited, he  immediately  identified  himself 
with  all  the  public  affairs  of  his  new  home, 
just  as  every  active  citizen  should.  He  has 
always  been  a  consistent  Republican.  His 
neighbors  liked  him,  and  he  was  elected 
alderman  of  the  city.  T'hen  they  made  him 
a  member  of  the  legislature,  in  1S92.  He 
filled  tJie  position  so  satisfactorily  that  he 
was  reelected  in  18!)4.  Then  the  legislature 
had  such  an  estimate  of  him  that  he  was 
chosen  sjieaker  of  the  house.  At  home  we 
was  twice  (Vimmander  of  John  P>all  I'ost, 
(irand  Army  of  the  Rejiublic.  He  has  taken 
great  interest  in  this  philanthropic  organiza- 
tion, and  he  legards  its  honors  second  to 
none  in  the  gift  of  the  people.  In  1804  he 
was  chosen  Senior  \'ice  Commander  of  the 
Department  of  Minnesota.  In  1895  he  was 
made  Commander.  Such  was  his  fidelity  to 
his  duties  that  he  traveled  over  twenty  thou- 
sand miles  visiting  posts,  attending  reunions, 
celebrations,  establishing  new  posts  and  mak- 
ing iiublic  addresses.  He  was  elected  gover- 
nor of  Minnesota  in  1000.  His  genial  nature 
and  aptitude  for  social  life  is  indicated  by 
his  fraternal  associations.  He  is  a  Mason, 
mend)er  of  the  Ancient  Order  of  United 
Workmen,  of  the  Veteran  Masons,  of  the 
Elks,  of  the  Woodmen,  and  of  the  Sons  of  the 
American  Revolution.  In  181)8  he  was  mar- 
ried to  Ruth  Hall.  They  have  had  three  chil- 
dren, only  one  of  whom  survives.  Grant  Van 
Sant,  a  graduate  of  the  Law  Department  of 
the  University,  and  now  jirarticing  his  pro- 
fession. 


WILLI Ajr  It.    KOIKiEIiS. 

RODCERS,  William  l!;iker.— It  has  been 
truly  said  tlu'.t  the  weslern  states  are  the 
young  nmn's  paradise.  Opportunity,  for 
w  liiili  a  man  may  wait  for  years  in  the  thick- 
ly populated  centers  of  the  east,  is  always 
at  hand,  and  if  the  one  that  grasps  it  is  made 
of  the  right  material,  his  success  is  assured. 
William  R.  Rodgers,  although  a  young  man 
of  thirty-five,  has  for  over  two  years  occu- 
[lied  the  responsible  position  of  United  States 
District  attorney  for  the  District  of  Mon- 
tana. The  Rodgers  faiiiiiy  comes  from  tlii' 
good  old  Scotch-Irish  stock,  so  well  known 
in  this  country.  John  White  Rodgers  was 
an  Illinois  faioner  in  good  circumstances; 
lie  was  a  man  of  firm  convictions  and  was 
deeply  interested  in  public  affairs.  He  mar- 
lied  Margaret  Elizabeth  Gillenwater,  a 
daughter  of  one  of  the  early  pioneers  of  Illi- 
nr)is.  One  of  their  children  is  the  subject 
of  this  sketch,  William  Baker  Rodgers,  born 
January  7,  1803,  in  Coles  county.  111.  lie 
grew  ujt  on  the  farm  and  attendi'd  a  country 
school  when  his  work  was  such  as  to  permit. 
He  also  received  much  instruction  from  his 
mother,  who  was  well  educated,  and  devoted 


HISTORY  OF  TIIK  GItKAT  NOKTHWEST. 


iiiiicli  tiiiu'  to  the  wirly  traiiiiug'  and  cdiica- 
tioii  of  Ir'i-  cliildien.  lie  excelled  as  a  de- 
batei-  in  srhool  contests,  and  in  fact,  he  at- 
tribntes  much  of  his  subsequent  success  as 
a  lawyer  and  public  speaker  to  the  earlv 
traiuinj;  obtained  at  that  time.  He  deter- 
mined to  secure  a  collejie  education  and  to 
become  a  lawyer,  and  accordingly  entered 
Lincoln  University  at  Lincoln,  111.  He  was 
obliged  to  attend  college  a  year  and  then 
teach  a  year  in  order  to  secure  the  necessary 
funds.  Mr.  Eodgers  attended  the  law  de- 
partment of  Cumberland  Univereity,  at  Leb- 
anon, Tenn.,  and  was  graduated  in  1891  with 
the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Law.  The  young 
attorney  decided  to  locate  in  Montana,  and 
opened  an  oflBce  at  Phillipsburg.  In  1892  he 
formed  a  partnership  with  his  brother, 
Hiram  AV.  Rodgers.  The  firm  bad  offices  at 
Phillipsburg  and  at  Deer  Lodge,  the  county 
seat.  Subsequently  the  county  seat  was  i-e- 
moved  to  Anaconda,  and  the  firm  removed 
to  that  place,  whei'e  the  business  is  now  car- 
ried on.  The  brothers  have  been  very  suc- 
cessful, and  have  engaged  in  most  of  the  im- 
portant litigations  in  that  locality  for  several 
years.  Mining  and  water  right  law  has 
naturally  been  their  specialty,  although  not 
exculsively.  Mr.  Rodgers  has  always  been  a 
staunch  Republican,  and  back  at  his  home 
town  in  Illinois  was  elected  tax  collector 
when  barely  of  age.  He  took  an  immediate 
interest  in  Montana  politics,  and  within  one 
year  after  his  arrival  was  elected  county  at- 
torney of  Deer  Ix)dge  county,  although  the 
county  was  nonnally  largely  Democratic. 
Mr.  Rodgers  made  so  favorable  an  impres- 
sion that  in  IS94  he  was  elected  as  joint  rep- 
resentative for  the  counties  of  Deer  Lodge 
and  Missoula  in  the  state  legislature,  and 
served  on  several  important  committees  in- 
cluding the  judiciary,  and  as  chainuan  of  the 
committee  on  state  boards  and  otfices.  The 
year  1896  saw  the  Republican  party  in  Mon- 
tana badly  disrupted  by  the  silver  question, 
but  Mr.  Rodgers  remained  a  loyal  worker 
and  did  his  best  to  preserve  the  party  and 
its  organization.  In  1897  he  was  appointed 
Assistant  United  States  Attorney  for  the 
District  of  Montana,  and  in  1898,  upon  the 
expiration  of  the  term  of  Mr.  Preston   H. 


Leslie,  a  DeiiHic  rat.  Mr.  Rodgers  was  ap- 
jioiiited  to  succiH'd  liinj,  and  now  occupies 
the  position  with  much  credit  to  himself. 
Mr.  Rodgers  is  a  member  of  the  Alpha  Taw 
Omega  college  fraternity,  and  of  the  Knights 
of  I'ythias.  He  is  also  a  Royal  Arch  Mason. 
He  was  married  June  17,  189(i,  to  Miss  Alice 
Knowles,  of  I'etersburg.  111.,  and  has  one 
child,  ilargaret  Elizabeth  Rodgei-s. 


HO  AG,  William  E.— In  18.55  the  great 
Northwest,  which  was  attracting  so  many  of 
the  sturdy  sons  and  daughters  of  New  Eng- 
land, gave  a  home  to  Milton  .John  Hoag  and 
his  young  wife.  Catherine  Everitt  Hoag  (n^e 
Ricketson)  in  the  form  of  a  quarter  section 
of  land  in  Fillmore  county,  Minn.  The  am- 
bition to  establish  a  home  of  their  own  led 
them  to  leave  ancestral  homes  in  central  Xew 
York  state  and  "seek  their  fortune"  in  the 
west. 

Here  were  born  to  them  three  children, 
Ida  May,  in  185G;  William  Ricketson,  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1859,  and  Minnie  Ann,  in  1861. 

The  subject  of  our  sketch  began  his  edu- 
cation in  the  district  school,  which  was  con- 
fined to  the  winter  tenn  after  he  became  old 
enough  to  help  with  the  faion  work.  In  his 
school  work  he  early  developed  a  fondness 
and  cajjacity  for  mathematical  studies  which 
later  became  of  great  service  to  him  in  his 
professional  work. 

His  father,  after  twenty  years  of  success- 
ful fanning,  during  which  he  was  recognized 
as  a  leader  in  progressive  farming,  in  mat- 
ters of  education  and  all  questions  of  public 
interest,  mo^ed  to  Rochester,  where  he  de- 
voted himself  to  the  nursery  business  to 
which  his  early  tastes  and  training  directed 
him. 

Here  the  son  took  his  high  school  coui-se 
with  exceptional  credit,  a  pleasant  interrup- 
tion to  it  being  a  visit  to  the  Centennial  Ex- 
I)osition  at  Philadelphia  in  187<i.  This  jiroved 
hapjiy  also  in  that  it  directed  his  mind  along 
lines  of  higher  education  and  engineering 
construction,  and  thus  led  to  his  later  univer- 
.sity  course  and  railroad  experience  which  so 
well  fitted  him  for  his  life  work. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


In  Septt'iiilxT  of  187S,  p.ftcr  a  year  spent 
in  teacliinj;-  scliool,  he  eutei-ed  tlie  university 
as  a  candidate  for  the  degree  of  Civil  En- 
gineer. He  vei-y  wisely  extended  the  usual 
time  for  undergraduate  study  by  accepting 
employment  with  the  Northern  I'acific  Kail- 
road.  Thus  the  three  years  preceding  his 
graduation  in  1S84  were  about  e(iually  di- 
vided between  professional  study  and  pro- 
fessional practice  in  the  field  and  office. 

After  graduation  Mr.  Hoag  devoted  him 
self  to  jirofessional  work  which  gave  him  un- 
usual opj(ortunities  to  study  the  best  Amer- 
ican practice  in  railway  construction,  niain 
tenance  and  ojieration.  It  was  not  without 
reluctance  that  he  gave  up  his  ambition  in 
tliis  tiehl  lo  accejit  an  instructorship  in  ci\il 
engineering  in  his  Alma  Mater  in  September 
of  1SS.5.  But  his  love  for  mathematical  pur- 
suits and  his  desire  to  advance  his  studies  in 
applied  mechanics  prevailed.  These  studies 
occupied  liis  spare  time  while  passing 
through  tlie  successive  stages  of  instructor 
and  assistant  ])rofessor  to  that  of  professor  of 
civil  engineering,  and  enabled  him  to  obtain 
the  master  degiee  in  1888.  A  brief  course  in 
geodesy  at  Coi-nell  University  formed  a  part 
of  the  preiiaration  for  this  degi-ee. 

In  1887  I'rofess(jr  Hoag  was  made  acting 
assistant  of  ilie  Tniled  Slates  ("oast  and 
(leodetic  Survey,  and  gixcn  charge  of  its 
operations  in  Minnesota.  V])  lo  181(5  he  de- 
voted the  vacation  of  each  year  to  this  work, 
including  ijrimary  triangulation,  base  line 
measurement,  preci.se  levels  and  magnetics. 

Professor  Hoag  has  not  merely  become  an 
expert  engineer,  but  has  been  deeply  inter- 
ested in  the  jiedagogy  of  his  own  and  allied 
.specialties,  having  visited  many  of  the  lead- 
ing polytechnic  institutions  to  study  their 
organization  and  methods. 

Impressed  with  the  importance  of  consul- 
tation and  co-operation  among  teachers  en- 
gaged in  the  various  lines  of  engineering,  he 
was  the  first  lo  start  the  movement  which 
culminated  in  the  section  on  engineering 
education  of  the  congress  of  engineers  which 
convened  in  ("liicago  in  the  memorable  sum- 
mer of  18t>3.  So  successful  was  this  gather- 
ing that  it  was  resolved  to  make  it  a  perma- 


WILI.I  SM    K.   HO.\(i. 

neut,  national  organization,  and  it  continues 
as  the  Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Engineer- 
ing Education,  with  I'rofessor  Hoag  a  promi- 
nent worker. 

In  18!»2  he  was  appointed  state  topograph- 
er by  the  board  of  regents  of  the  university. 
In  connection  with  the  government  work  he 
jirosecuted  a  system  of  secondary  triangula- 
tion and  levels  which  will  furnish  absolute 
control  for  the  state  topographic  survey 
when  the  work  is  resumed. 

Two  seasons  have  bcH^n  spent  as  a  com- 
missioner and  engineer  of  the  State  Drainage 
Coinmission  in  the  supervision  and  stud}'  of 
state  drainage  ijuestions  relating  especially 
to  the  Ked  river  valley.  A  valuable  report 
at  the  conclusion  of  this  work  attests  the 
ability  with  which  these  studies  were  prose- 
cuted. 

A  fair  measure  of  honors  have  fiiilen  to 
the  lot  of  Professor  Hoag.  Upon  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  Phi  ISeta  Kajjpa  honorary 
society  at  the  university  he  was  the  only 
graduate  of  the  College  of  Engineering  to 
whom  luembershi])  was  accorded.  He  was 
one  of  tlie  four  original  members  establish- 
ing I  he  Sigma  \'i  scientific  honorary  societj" 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


at  the  universit.y,  he  having  received  his 
membership  at  Cornell  University  while 
there  pursuing  graduate  studies. 

At  the  Columbian  International  Exposi- 
tion Mr.  Hoag  was  a  member  of  the  jury  of 
award  and  worked  exclusively  with  instru- 
ments of  jjrecision  a  class  in  which  his  close 
study  and  professional  work  especially  fitted 
him.  This  honor  was  repeated  in  still  fuller 
measure  by  his  appointment  to  similar  duties 
at  the  Paris  Exposition  in  1900.  He  was  one 
of  two  jurors  from  the  T'uited  States  sitting 
with  the  general  jury  judging  instruments 
of  precision  and  medals.  The  fidelity  with 
which  the  interests  of  exhibitors  from  this 
country  were  guarded  in  his  class  may  be  in- 
ferred from  the  fact  that  compared  to  the 
number  of  exhibits,  the  number  receiving 
awards  in  his  class  was  greater  than  in  any 
other  country  in  the  world. 

Professor  Hoag  was  among  the  first  in 
this  counti'y  to  develop  a  strong  course  in 
highway  engineei-ing  as  a  part  of  the  civil 
engineering  course.  Through  his  teaching, 
his  newspaper  articles  and  his  work  with  the 
state  and  national  good  roads  associations 
he  has  become  one  of  the  leading  workers  in 
this  worthy  cause. 

In  the  discharge  of  his  university  duties, 
both  in  the  work  of  instruction  and  of  ad- 
ministration, Professor  Hoag  is  a  strong, 
sympathetic  and  progressive  factor.  This  has 
resulted  in  winning  the  confidence  and  per- 
sonal friendship  of  his  students,  as  well 
as  avoiding  conflict  with  other  olficers  of 
the  college  whose  personal  ambitions  have 
been  thwarted  by  his  fearless  opposition  to 
what  he  believed  to  be  contrai'y  to  the  best 
interests  of  the  college.  In  all  important  is- 
sues his  views  have  ultimately  prevailed,  and 
the  present  high  standing  of  the  school  of 
civil  engineering,  of  which  he  is  the  official 
head,  stands  proof  of  his  foresight  and  pro- 
fessional sagacity. 

In  1885  Mr.  Hoag  married  Miss  Annie 
L.  Lawrence,  a  classmate  of  his  at  the  uni- 
versity, and  daughter  of  Leander  C.  and 
Susan  B.  Lawrence,  one  of  the  first  families 
of  old  St.  Anthony. 

Professor  and  Mrs.  Hoag  are  members  of 


the  First  Congregational  church,  where  Mrs. 
Hoag  is  active  in  church  and  Sunday  school 
work.  Three  children  have  come  to  their 
home,  Richard  Lawrence,  in  1887;  Helen,  in 
188S,  aud  William  Milton,  in  1898. 

Though  Professor  Hoag  refers  with  pride 
to  his  connection,  on  his  mother's  side,  with 
Edward  Everett,  and  on  his  father's,  with 
Elijah  Hoag,  the  celebrated  Quaker  prophet 
and  preacher,  and  to  Charles  Hoag,  who  first 
formed  and  jjroposed  the  name  Minneapolis, 
yet  he  has  depended  upon  neither  the  influ- 
ence nor  financial  aid  of  family  or  friends. 
This  spirit  of  independence  inspired  him  to 
work  his  way  through  the  university  with 
out^  aid  from  his  father,  who  was  able  and 
willing  to  furnish  such  aid.  He  furnishes  a 
good  example  of  what  may  be  accomplished 
by  a  sturdy  farmer's  boy  who  makes  the  full- 
est use  of  the  educational  advantages  offered, 
and  rises  to  a  full  appreciation  of  the  pro- 
fessional opportunities  offered  in  the  great 
Northwest. 


SMITH,  Charles  A.,  is  a  prominent  lum- 
berman of  Minneapolis,  Minn.  Compelled  to 
rely  upon  his  own  resources  from  early 
youth,  with  pluck,  industry,  and  the  exhibi- 
tion of  a  high  order  of  business  sagacity,  he 
has  achieved  a  success  in  business  life  that 
reflects  great  credit  upon  himself  and  en- 
titles him  to  recognition  in  a  history. of  the 
Northwest.  Mr.  Smith  was  born  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Ostergottland,  Sweden,  December  11, 
1852.  His  father  was  for  thirty-three  years 
a  soldier  in  the  regular  army  of  Sweden.  Two 
of  his  sons  having  emigrated  to  America,  the 
father  decided  to  follow  them,  bringing  with 
him  Charles  and  an  elder  sister.  They  ar- 
rived in  Minneapolis  June  28,  1867.  In  the 
old  country  Charles  attended  the  counti"y 
school,  but  the  instruction  there  imparted 
was  not  of  a  kind  to  convey  much  knowledge 
of  a  practical  nature,  being  confined  largely 
to  committing  to  memory  the  catechism  and 
Bible  history.  Shortly  after  his  arrival  in 
Minneapolis  the  lad  was  placed  with  a  farm- 
er to  work  for  his  board  and  clothing,  and 
was  employed  chiefly  in  herding  cattle.    The 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GKKAT  NORTHWEST. 


first  money  hi'  ever  earned  was  by  collecting 
a  large  quantity  of  hazelnuts  on  the  farm,  re- 
ceiving therefor  seven  dollar's,  which  he  loan- 
ed to  his  brother  at  ten  per  cent.  Charles" 
first  lessons  in  English  were  received  in  a 
small  log  school  house  in  Wright  county,  lie 
devoted  his  spare  time  to  study,  and  in  the 
fall  of  1872  entered  the  State  University  wiili 
the  intention  of  taking  the  regular  couisc 
He  applied  himself  so  closely  to  his  studies, 
however,  that  his  health  failed  him  and  li' 
was  obliged  to  leave  at  tlic  end  of  the  first 
year.  He  then  obtained  employment  in  the 
general  hardware  store  of  J.  S.  Pillsbury  iS: 
Co.,  remaining  here  for  five  years.  .Frugal 
and  industrious,  he  succeeded  in  laying  by 
some  money,  and.  in  1878,  with  the  assistance 
of  ex-Govern(U'  Pillsbury.  built  a  grain  ele- 
vator at  Herman,  Minn.,  and,  under  the  fli-m 
name  of  C.  A.  Smith  &  Co.,  engaged  in  the 
grain  and  lumber  business.  In  July,  18S1,  he 
returned  to  Minneapolis  to  engage  in  the 
business  of  lumber  manufacture.  The  part- 
nershij)  with  Governor  l'illsl)ury  was  con- 
tinued until  189:;,  at  which  time  the  C.  A. 
Smith  Lumber  Companv'  was  incorporated, 
of  which  Mr.  Smith  is  the  president  and  gen- 
eral manager.  This  firm  has  enjoyed  unusual 
prosperity.  In  addition  to  the  saw  mill  and 
lumber  manufacturing  business  in  Minneapo- 
lis, which  ranks  among  the  largest  in  the 
United  States,  the  company  has  a  controlling 
interest  in  a  number  of  retail  lumber  yards 
in  Nebraska  and  North  and  South  Dakota. 
But  Mr.  Smith's  business  activities  have  not 
been  confined  exclusively  to  this  one  firm. 
He  is  identified  with  a  number  of  other  enter- 
prises in  Minneapolis  and  elsewhere.  In  poli- 
tics, Mr.  Smith  is  a  Republican.  Though  he 
has  taken  an  active  interest  in  party  affairs, 
he  has  never  been  an  oltice  seeker.  He  has 
been  a  delegate  to  various  conventions,  local 
and  national,  and  was  a  presidential  elector 
in  ISDO,  and  honored  by  being  elected  to  carry 
the  presidential  votes  of  the  state  to  Wash- 
ington. He  was  one  of  the  organizers  and  is 
a  trustee  of  the  Salem  English  Lutheran 
church,  of  Minneapolis;  is  a  member  of  the 
board  of  directors  of  the  English  Lutheran 
Seminary  of  Chicago,  and  is  treasurer  of  the 


CIl.VKLKS  A.  SMITH. 

Evangelical  Lutheran  Synod  of  the  North- 
west. February  11,  187S,  he  was  married  to 
Johanna  Anderson,  a  daughter  of  Olaf  An- 
derson, for  many  years  a  member  of  the 
Swedish  riksdag,  who  came  to  America  in 
1857,  locating  in  Carver  county,  Minn.  From 
this  union  five  children  lun  e  been  born :  Nan- 
na  A.,  Addie  J..  Myrtle  E.,  Vernon  A.  and 
Carroll  W. 


BROAVN,  James  Warren. — The  superin 
tendent  of  the  Minnesota  State  Trainin 
School  for  Boys  and  Girls,  at  Bed  Wing 
Minn.,  James  ^^'.  Brown,  is  a  native  of  Maine 
having  been  born  in  the  town  of  Millbridge 
\\'ashington  county,  of  that  state,  April  21 
1847.  His  father  was  Joseph  B.  Brown,  a 
farmer  and  stone  cutter  in  moderate  circum 
stances.  The  mother's  maiden  name  was  He 
becca  S.  Nichols,  of  the  same  nativity.  Young 
James  obtained  his  early  education  in  the 
common  schools  of  his  native  town.  He  then 
attended  the  Christian  Institute  at  Wolfbor- 
ough,  N.  H.,  going  from  there  to  the  Western 
State  Normal  School  at  Farmingion,  Me., 
then  under  the  direction  of  the  noted  edu- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHAVEST. 


.lAMKS  W.   I;U(_IWN. 

cator,  Di'.  C.  C  llouuds,  whose  personal  in- 
fluence for  good  made  a  lasting-  impression 
upon  Mr.  Brown,  as  it  did  upon  many  others 
so  fortunate  as  to  come  under  the  direction 
of  this  "grand  old  man."  Mr.  Brown  grad- 
uated from  this  institution  in  the  class  of 
1871.  He  was  accustomed  to  hard  manual 
labor.  When  not  attending  school  he  was 
occupied  on  the  farm  and  in  stone  cutting, 
stone  masoning  and  in  some  blacksmithing 
and  carpenter  work.  Before  he  graduated 
he  was  recommended  for  the  position  of  as- 
sistant superintendent  and  principal  teacher 
in  the  Reform  School  of  his  native  state,  and 
was  appointed  to  it  in  July,  1S71.  He  served 
in  this  capacty  until  the  winter  of  1873,  when 
he  accepted  the  position  of  principal  teacher 
in  the  State  Reform  School  at  Lansing,  Mich. 
While  serving  here  he  accepted  the  invita- 
tion of  Dr.  Riheldart'er  to  till  the  place  of  as- 
sistant superintendent  of  the  Minnesota 
school.  In  the  fall  of  1875  Mr.  Brown  left 
to  occupy  a  similar  position  in  the  Connecti- 
cut school,  but  in  1879  returned  to  his  old 
position  in  the  Minnesota  school,  and  served 
in  that  capacity  until  1880,  when  Mr.  Rihel- 
daffer  resigned.    Mr.  Brown  was  then  made 


sii])erintendent,  and  has  since  filled  that  re 
sjionsible  position.  The  school  was  then  at 
St.  I'aul.  and  was  known  as  the  State  Reform 
School.  During  ^Ir.  Brown's  administration 
nuxrked  improvements  have  been  made  in  the 
iiistitntion.  The  location  has  been  changed 
to  Red  Wing,  where  commodious  buildings 
were  erected  for  its  purposes.  The  school 
and  the  manual  training  have  been  organized 
on  a  better  and  broader  plan.  In  point  of 
etjuipment  and  elliciency  it  is  now  second  to 
no  similar  institution  in  the  country.  In  1895 
the  legislature  changed  the  name  to  one  more 
in  accord  with  its  character.  It  is  now  offi- 
<ially  known  as  the  "Minnesota  State  Ti-ain- 
ing  School  for  Boys  and  Girls."'  Mr.  Brown 
is  nominally  a  Republican,  but  believes  that 
the  best  interests  of  the  school  would  not  be 
sened  by  his  political  activity.  In  religion 
he  is  a  member  of  the  Christian  church  of  his 
native  town,  but  since  coming  west  he  has 
attended  the  Presbyterian  and  the  Methodist 
churches.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Damascus 
Commandery,  No.  1,  St.  Paul,  and  of  the 
Osman  Temple,  and  of  the  Red  Wing  Com- 
mercial Club.  In  1878  he  was  married  to 
Miss  Angie  D.  Dresser,  of  Standish,  Me.  They 
had  one  child,  May,  born  in  1879.  She  died 
at  an  earlv  age. 


HEATWOLE,  Joel  P,  of  Northfield, 
Minn.,  elected  to  congress  for  the  fourth 
time  by  a  phenomenal  majority  in  1900,  is 
a  native  of  Indiana.  He  was  born  August 
22,  1850,  at  Waterford,  Elkhart  county,  Ind. 
His  father,  Henry  Heatwole,  was  a  physician, 
born  in  Rockingham  county,  Va.  When  a 
young  man  he  moved  to  Ohio,  and  afterwards 
to  Indiana.  He  left  but  little  property.  His 
wife,  the  mother  of  Joel,  was  Barbara  Culp 
(Kolb),  a  native  of  Ohio,  and  of  German  de- 
scent. Tlie  original  stock  was  of  German  an- 
cestry on  both  the  father's  and  mother's  side. 
Perhaps  the  most  distinguished  ancestor  on 
the  father's  side  was  the  German  divine, 
George  Hutwohl — as  the  name  was  then 
spelled, —  a  minister  of  the  German  Lutheran 
church,  who  died  at  Marschbach,  Germany, 
lu  1608.     After  passing  through  the  public, 


IIISTDKV  (II'  Till',  CKIOAT   M  lUTIPAKST. 


cominoii  and  academic  schools,  Mr.  TIcatwole 
learned  the  jirintinji'  trade.  lie  came  from 
Indiana  to  ^linnesota  in  Aujiust,  1SS2,  and 
settled  at  (ilencoe,  where  he  edited  the  (lien- 
coe  Enterprise.  In  the  summer  of  ISS:!  he 
went  to  Dnlnth,  and  enjjafied  in  ne\\s])a]ier 
work.  He  returned  to  (Jlencoe  when  cold 
weather  set  in,  and  during  the  winter  of 
1883^  he  again  edited  the  (Ilencoe  Eiiter- 
prise.  In  March,  1884,  he  went  to  Xorthtield, 
purchased  the  Xorthtield  Xews,  and  lias  since 
made  Xorthtield  his  home,  lie  laiinlil  school 
and  conducted  a  paper  before  he  was  Iwenly 
years  old.  A\'hen  he  began  the  pnhlicaiion 
of  a  paper  hi-  was,  at  the  same  lime,  ihc  prin- 
cipal of  schools.  He  has  been  in  I  he  jirint- 
ing  business  ever  since.  He  was  always  in- 
terested in  public  affairs,  and  took  an  active 
part  in  jiolitics  as  a  Republican,  in  Indiana, 
befoiv  he  came  to  ^linnesota.  In  lS8(i  he  was 
made  a  member  of  the  Minnesota  State  Ke- 
publican  Central  Committee,  and  was  elected 
secretary  and  member  of  the  executive  com- 
mittee of  the  organization,  which  ])osition  lie 
held  until  18!)(),  when  he  was  elected  cli.iir 
man  of  the  central  committee.  He  also  ser\-ed 
six  years  as  a  regent  of  the  State  Fnivcrsity 
of  Minnesota.  In  1888  he  was  unanimously 
elected  delegate  at  large  to  the  National  Ke 
l)ublican  convention  which  that  year  met  at 
Chicago.  In  the  spring  of  18!(4  he  was  elect- 
ed mayor  of  his  home  city,  Xorthtield,  and,  in 


.Tni.:i.  !■.  III0,\'1-W 


liilion  which  led  lo  the  war  willi  Sjiain.  In 
I  he  Fifty-sixth  congress  he  was  relaiiied  on 
I  he  ('(unmittee  on  Foreign  Atlairs  and  on  the 
Census  Committee,  and  then  made  chairman 
of  the  Frintiug  Committee;  member  of  the 
Committee  on  AVashinglon  Centennial;  mem- 
ber of  Mie  Committee  on  Examinaticm  and 
Disposition  of  Documents,  and  the  chairman 
of  the  Board  of  "Visitors  to  the  United  States 
Xaval  Academv  at  Annapolis.    He  was  presi- 


thc  fall  of  that  year,  was  elected  to  the  Fifty-      jj^,j,j-  ^f  ^jjp  ilinnesota  Editors'  and  Tublish- 

ers'  Association  for  three  successive  terms. 
December  4,  18!)(l,  Ik-  was  married  to  Mi-s. 
(iertrnde  L.  Aicliibald. 


fourth  congress,  and  was  re-elected  to  the 
Fifty-fifth,  Fifty-sixth  and  Fifty-seventh  con- 
gresses, and  each  time  by  an  increased  ma- 
jor-ty.  X'^o  greater  endorsement  of  his  public 
service  could  be  made.  In  the  first  congress 
to  w  liicli  he  was  elected,  he  was  made  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Committee  on  Foreign  Affairs.  In 
the  next,  the  Fifty-tifth  congress,  he  served 
again  on  the  Committee  on  Foreign  Affairs, 
and  also  on  the  Committee  on  Census,  and 
was  made  chairman  of  the  Committee  on 
Ventilation  and  Acoustics.  He  was  also  one 
of  a  subcommittee  of  three,  having  charge 
of  all  the  resolutions  pertaining  to  Cuba — a 
\(My  iiiii)oitaiit  and  responsible  sei-\ice.  I'e- 
sides  this  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  three 
managers  on  the  jiart  of  the  House  of  Hepre- 
seutatives,  having  in  charge  the  famous  reso- 


CAIJLETOX.  Frank  11.,  is  one  of  the  lead- 
iiiL;  attorneys  of  Minnea]iolis.  .Minn.,  a  mem- 
bei  of  the  well  known  law  liiiii  of  Cross, 
Hicks.  Caileton  \-  Cross,  lie  is  of  English 
descent,  and  family  liistoiy  is  traced  bacU, 
on  the  palernal  side,  lo  Sir  (iuy  Carlton,  and 
on  the  maternal  side  to  Joseph  French,  a 
jironiinent  citizen  of  Salisbury.  Mass.,  a  gen- 
eration ])rior  to  America's  war  for  indepen- 
dence. His  father,  lleiiiy  C.  Carletcm,  was 
president  of  the  Savings  I'.aiik  of  Xewiiort, 
X.  H.,  for  forty-tive  years,  lie  was  a  leading 
member   of  the   Democratic   I'arty    in    that 


HISTORY  OF  THE  (JUKAT  NORTHWEST. 


FRANK  H.  CAULETOX. 

state,  and  was  for  forty  years  one  of  the  edit- 
ors of  the  New  Hampshire  Argus  and  Spec- 
tator. He  served  as  a  member  of  the  New 
Hampshire  legislature,  was  register  of  pro- 
bate, and  filled  other  impoi'tant  public  posi- 
tions. He  died  Jan.  23,  1901,  in  his  eighty- 
seventh  year.  Prank  H.  was  born  October 
8,  1849,  at  Newport,  N.  H.  He  attended  the 
common  schools  of  that  town,  and  prepared 
for  college  at  Kimball  Union  Academy,  at 
Meridan,  N.  H.,  where  he  graduated  in  June, 
1868.  He  then  entered  Dartmouth  College 
and  there  completed  the  course  with  the  class 
of  1872.  At  ditferent  times  during  his  aca- 
demic and  college  days  he  was  engaged  in 
teaching,  and,  in  1870,  was  principal  of  an 
academy  in  Mississippi.  For  some  months 
after  graduation  Mr.  Carleton  served  as  city 
editor  of  the  Manchester  Daily  Union.  He 
then  came  to  Minneapolis  and  was  engaged 
as  a  repor-ter  for  the  Minneapolis  News.  This 
position  he  held  for  several  months,  at  the 
same  time  serving  as  Minneapolis  correspon- 
dent for  the  St.  Paul  Press.  Subsequently 
he  was  appointed  city  editor  of  the  St.  Paul 
Daily  Press,  under  Mr.  Wheelock.  A  year 
later  he  entered  the  office  of  Cushman  K. 
Davis  and  C.  D.  O'Brien  for  the  purpose  of 


laking  up  the  study  of  law,  at  the  same  time 
serving  as  clerk  of  the  St.  I'aul  municipal 
court.  After  holding  this  position  for  five 
years,  he  resigned,  owing  to  ill-health,  and 
took  a  six  months'  trip  to  Europe.  On  his 
ictnni  he  was  ajipointed  secretary  to  fJov. 
.Iiiliii  S.  I'illsbury.  This  position  was  not 
iiicicly  u  clerical  one,  as  5Ir.  ("arleton  had 
Die  loiiiplcte  confidence  of  the  governor,  and 
he  rendered  important  service  in  connection 
with  the  settlement  of  the  rei)udiated  Minne- 
sota i-iulroad  bonds.  In  1882  he  removed  to 
^[inneapolis  and  formed  a  law  partnership 
with  Judge  Henry  G.  Hicks  and  Capt.  Jud- 
son  N.  Cross.  This  firm  still  exists,  the  only 
change  being  the  addition  of  Norton  M. 
Cross,  the  son  of  Captain  Cross.  It  enjoys 
an  extensive  practice,  particularly  in  the  line 
of  real  estate,  probate  and  financial  adjust- 
ment cases.  The  confidence  reposed  in  Mr. 
Carleton  is  attested  by  his  frequent  appoint- 
ment as  administrator  of  large  estates,  ex- 
ecutor of  wills,  and  as  trustee  of  funds  for 
individuals  and  institutions.  In  politics.  Mr. 
Cai'leton  is  a  Republican,  although  not  an 
active  participator  in  party  afl'airs,  preferring 
to  devote  his  leisure  time  to  scientific  re- 
search and  literary  pursuits.  From  1883  to 
1887  he  served  as  assistant  city  attorney  of 
Minneapolis  and  performed  important  serv- 
ices in  that  connection.  He  had  practically 
the  entire  management  of  the  large  amount 
of  litigation  arising  out  of  the  introduction 
of  the  noted  "patrol  limit"  system  in  Minne- 
apolis, and  successfully  combatted  all  suits 
brought  in  the  different  courts  to  annul  that 
ordinance.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Masonic 
order,  a  member  and  one  of  the  trustees  of 
the  Park  Avenue  Congregational  church,  and 
is  one  of  the  directors  of  the  Minnesota  Con- 
gregational Home  Mission  Society.  For  sev- 
eral years  he  has  been  one  of  the  directors  of 
the  Minneapolis  Public  Library.  In  1881  he 
was  married  to  Ellen  Jones,  the  only  daugh- 
ter of  the  late  Judge  Edwin  S.  Jones,  of  Min- 
neapolis. They  have  had  seven  children, 
Edwin  Jones,  Henry  Ouy,  George  Alfred, 
('harles  Pillsbury,  who  died  in  infancy; 
Frank  H.,  Jr.,  Fred  Pillsbury,  and  Margaret 
Sprague. 


HISTORY  OF  THK  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


POWERS,  Fred  M.,  the  vice  president  of 
the  City  Coiincil  of  Minneapolis,  Minn.,  was 
a  fanner  boy,  and  worked  on  the  farm  nntil 
he  was  of  age.  He  was  born  in  Chanhassen 
township,  Carver  county,  Minn.,  July  28, 
lSfi.3.  His  father  was  George  M.  Powers,  a 
well-to-do  man,  born  in  Massachusetts.  He 
came  to  Minnesota  in  the  spring  of  18.52,  and 
settled  on  the  farm  where  his  son  was  born, 
and  where  he  lived  until  his  death,  in  18!)1. 
The  Powers  family  is  of  English  descent,  the 
first  representative  of  which,  in  this  country, 
came  from  England  with  the  Boston  Colony 
in  1630.  Mr.  I'owers'  mother  was  Philena 
White,  also  a  native  of  Massachusetts^  and 
whose  ancestors  came  from  England  in  the 
Mayflower,  with  the  first  Plymouth  Colony, 
in  1620.  She  died  in  1870.  The  family  being 
fore-handed,  young  Fred  had  all  the  school 
advantages  which  the  country  afforded  in 
the  early  Minnesota  i)ioneer  days,  but  they 
were  meager,  being  only  four  months  school 
in  the  year.  He,  however,  made  such  prog- 
ress that  when  of  suitable  age  he  was  sent 
to  the  Minneapolis  Academy.  This  he  at- 
tended one  term,  and  was  prepared  to  teach 
a  district  school.  He  taught  school  for  five 
winters  and  worked  on  the  farm  during  the 
summers.  When  he  started  out  for  himself 
he  came  to  Minneapolis  and  engaged  in  the 
real  estate  and  insurance  business,  in  which 
he  continued  for  three  years.  Not  being  sat- 
isfied with  this,  he  went  into  the  flour,  feed, 
fuel  and  transfer  business,  which  he  still  car- 
ries on.  He  has  always  taken  an  interest  in 
public  affairs,  and  in  politics  he  is  a  Repub- 
lican, active  and  influential  in  the  councils  of 
his  party.  In  181)8  he  was  elected  to  the  City 
Council  froni  the  Eighth  Ward.  His  services 
were  so  acceptable  that  he  was  re-elected  in 
1!)00  by  the  largest  majority  ever  given  to  a 
candidate  in  the  ward,  being  larger  than  that 
given  for  l*resident  McKinley  at  the  same 
election.  His  associates  made  him  vice 
president  of  the  council.  He  originated  and 
promoted  the  policy  of  doing  all  city  work  by 
day  labor,  and  not  by  contract;  also  the 
measure  establishing  eight  hours  as  a  day's 
work,  believing  that  the  laborer  should  have 
eight  hours  for  work,  eight  hours  for  recrea- 
tion, and  eight  hours  for  rest.     In  religion 


FltEl)  M.  POWERS. 

he  is  a  Congregationalist,  and  attends  the 
Lyndale  Congregational  church.  He  is  also 
interested  in  fraternal  societies,  being  a  •em- 
ber of  the  Royal  Arcanum,  of  the  Modern 
Woodmen,  and  of  the  Iron  Chain.  In  1887 
he  was  married  to  JIamie  A.  Kinne,  of  Knox- 
ville,  Iowa.  They  have  three  children — two 
hoys  and  a  girl :  Carroll  Morris,  Earl  Kinne, 
and  Ila/.el  Marie  Powers. 


WINTERER,  Edwaid.— The  struggle  for 
an  education,  owing  to  a  lack  of  means,  al- 
though generally  regarded  by  the  young  man 
as  a  hindrance,  is,  like  the  training  of  an 
alhletc,  of  incalculable  service  in  after  life. 
The  career  of  Mr.  Winterer,  llic  well  known 
attorney  of  Valley  City,  N.  D.,  is  a  fair  illns 
tration  of  this  truth.  He  was  born  July  11, 
1861,  in  Kelso  township,  Sibley  county,  Minn. 
His  father  was  a  (icrmau,  born  in  Etlenheim, 
(Irand  l>uchy  of  IJadcn.  lie  learned  the  lock- 
smitlfs  trade,  and  came  \\  lien  a  young  man 
to  I'hiladelphia,  where  he  secured  employ- 
ment as  a  machinist  in  a  loconuitive  shop. 
Before  the  Civil  War  he  came  to  Minnesota 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GUKAT  NoKTUW  HST. 


KDWAUD  WINTEKEU. 

and  took  up  land  in  Sibley  county.  While 
opening-  up  his  farm  he  secured  employment 
in  the  mill  at  St.  Peter.  The  Indian  uprising 
drove  his  family  away  for  a  time.  In  1807 
he  bought  another  farm  at  Lake  Prairie, 
Nicollet  county,  to  which  the  family  moved 
and  continued  to  live.  He  died  in  1SS9  and 
left  a  large  family.  Edward's  mother  was 
Franciska  Kolifrath.  a  native  of  the  same 
place  as  his  father.  She  was  married  in 
Philadelphia.  Edward's  education  began  in 
the  country  schools  near  the  first  farm.  He 
worked  on  the  farm  summers,  attending 
school  only  winters.  Later  he  went  to  the 
Lake  Prairie  school,  held  in  a  log  school 
house,  fitted  with  benches  made  of  hewn  logs. 
It  was  called  a  "loud  school"  because  the 
pujjils  studied  "out  loud,"  making  a  babel  of 
voices.  During  part  of  the  winter  of  1871) 
and  18S0,  he  walked  three  or  four  miles  to 
attend  the  Le  Sueur  high  school.  In  the  fall 
of  18S(),  he  obtained  a  school  near  Dressel- 
ville,  Le  Sueur  county,  to  teach,  at  a  salary 
of  thirty  dollars  a  niimth,  and  worked  for  his 
board.  In  1881  he  entered  the  University  of 
Minnesota  as  a  special  student.  The  next 
summer  he  worked  on  the  farm  at  home,  and 
secured  a  school  near  St.  Paul  to  teach  for 


seven  months  during  the  following  fall  and 
winter.  In  the  summer  he  again  worked  on 
the  farm,  but  spent  the  fall  and  winter  at  the 
university.  He  jjursued  this  course  of  work- 
ing and  studying,  being  employed  as  a  book 
agent,  rodman  for  the  survey  of  the  Wiscon- 
sin, Minnesota  &  Pacific  Railroad,  and  a  con- 
struction civil  engineer  on  the  "Soo"  road, 
until  he  graduated  in  1887  at  the  university, 
with  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Literature. 
While  at  college  Mr.  Winterer  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Hermean  Literary  Society;  editor 
one  year  of  the  "Notebook"  department  of 
"The  Ariel";  an  efficient  and  interested  work- 
er of  the  society'  and  in  oratorical  contests, 
and  in  ]887  he  was  one  of  the  speakers  in  the 
intercollegiate  oratorical  contest,  and  won 
strong  commendation  for  his  theme,  "Home 
l\ule  for  Ireland."  He  is  a  fluent,  effective 
speaker  and  was  rated  among  the  very  best 
of  his  class.  The  year  he  graduated  he  was 
elected  principal  of  the  high  school  at  Valley 
City,  N.  D.,  where  he  has  since  lived.  He 
held  the  position  two  years.  During  the  last 
year  of  that  service  he  was  nominated  for  the 
office  of  county  superintendent  of  schools, 
but  in  the  election  he  was  beaten  by  23  votes. 
This,  no  doubt,  considered  by  him  at  the  time 
a  misfortune,  proved  to  be  a  blessing  in  dis- 
guise, for  the  next  year  he  entered  upon  the 
career  in  which  he  has  been  so  successful,  by 
taking  up  law  in  the  law  department  of  the 
university.  He  graduated  in  181t0,  with  the 
degree  of  Bachelor  of  Law,  being  the  first  of 
the  graduates  from  the  academic  department 
to  take  a  degree  from  the  professional  col- 
leges. He  formed  a  partnership  at  his  home 
with  his  brother,  under  the  style  of  AMuferer 
&  \\'interer,  which  still  continues,  and  has  be- 
come one  of  the  leading  law  firms  in  the 
state  in  the  amount  and  important  character 
of  the  litigation  conducted.  In  189C  Mr.  Win- 
terer was  elected  state's  attorney  on  the  Ke- 
publican  ticket,  by  a  majority  of  about  two 
to  one.  He  was  so  efficient  that  in  181)8  he 
was  re-elected  without  opposition — a  remark- 
able compliment.  This  was  partly  due  to  his 
unai)proachable  success  in  prosecutions  for 
\  iolations  of  the  liquor  law.  He  secured 
eleven  convictions  without  a  miss.  One 
noted  case  was  carried  through  all  the  courts 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GUEAT  NORTHWEST. 


to  the  United  States  supreme  court,  where 
judgment  was  affirmed.  He  is  a  lueiiiher  of 
tlie  Masonic  fraternity.  In  IS'Jl  lie  was  mar- 
ried to  Emogene  Ingersoll,  daughter  of  the 
hite  H.  M.  Ingersoll,  of  Concord,  ilich.,  and 
graduate  of  the  State  Normal  School  at  St. 
Cloud.  The  wedding  took  place  at  the  home 
of  5Ir.  S.  H.  Lovejoy,  now  iwstmaster  at  Min- 
neapolis, Minn.,  whose  wife  is  a  cousin  of  Mrs. 
Winterer.  They  have  three  boys.  Jlr.  AVin- 
terer  attends  the  Congregational  church,  of 
which  his  wife  is  a  member.  He  declined  a  re- 
election in  1000  as  state's  attorney,  and  refus- 
ed, though  urged  very  strongly,  to  become  a 
candidate  for  judge  of  the  Fifth  judicial 
district.  He  and  his  talented  wife  have  trav- 
eled considerably  throughout  the  United 
States  and  Canada,  spending  some  time 
camping  in  the  Selkirks,  in  the  "Rockies,'' 
and  taking  in  the  jilaces  of  interest  in  the 
interior,  as  well  as  on  the  .\tlantic  and  Pa- 
cific coasts. 


(lArciLVN.  .lames  Henry.— I'astor  duty 
in  a  church  parish,  though  a  service  of  great 
imjiortance  in  promoting  the  welfare  of  the 
people,  is  often  overlooked  in  recording  the 
activities  contributing  to  development  of  the 
gi-eat  Northwest.  Yet  the  men  who  labor 
assiduously  in  this  field  are  entitled  to  a  full 
share  of  the  credit  due  for  the  progress  made. 
A  frontier  town  without  a  church  is  only  a 
temporary  camp.  It  requires  the  chui'ch  and 
the  school  to  fit  it  for  true  homes  and  real 
I)rosperity.  Why,  therefore,  should  not  the 
minister  be  accorded  a  place  in  the  record  of 
advancement?  Reverend  J.  II.  Gaughan,  the 
pastor  of  St.  Joseph's  church  at  Red  Wing, 
is  one  of  the  men  who  have  labored  success- 
fully in  this  unostentatious  service.  He  is  of 
Irish  parentage,  born  February  27,  185.5.  His 
father,  Michael  Gaughan,  was  married  to 
Katherine  Dunbar,  in  Ireland,  and  in  1857 
they  moved  to  Minnesota  with  their  infant 
son.  He  began  his  educational  career  in  the 
common  schools.  He  was  a  studious  lad,  and 
early  designed  for  the  ministry.  After  com- 
pleting the  district  schools  in  Wisconsin, 
whence  his  parents  had  moved  in  the  mean- 
time, he  entered  the  Hinckley  Academy,  at 


Hudson,  Wis.,  then  just  (U-ganized,  ;ind  was 
one  of  the  flrst  pupils  to  enter  the  institution, 
to  prepare  for  college.  He  then  attendec^St. 
P^rancis  Seminary,  Wisconsin,  and  studied 
philosophy  at  St.  John's  College,  Minnesota. 
In  187!t  he  entered  the  Gnmd  Seminary,  Mon- 
treal, Can.,  and  studied  theology  under  the 
Sulpician  Fathers.  December  'I'l,  1883,  he 
was  there  ordained  priest,  by  Bishop  (later 
Archbishop)  Fabre.  Returning  to  his  home 
he  celebrated  his  first  holy  mass,  and  later 
on,  reporting  to  Kishop  Grace,  he  was  as- 
signed to  duty  as  assistant  to  Father  Tissot, 
in  St.  Anthony  church,  at  Minneapolis,  where 
he  remained  until  June,  1881.  His  next  serv- 
ice was  with  Rev.  M.  E.  Murphy,  at  St. 
.^lichael's  church,  Stillwater,  where  he  re- 
mained four  years.  Archbishop  Ireland 
l)laced  him  in  charge  of  St.  Mary's  church,  at 
Shakopee,  July,  1888,  from  which  place,  Sep- 
tember 25,  18!)0,  he  entered  upon  his  present 
iliarge  at  St.  Joseph's  church.  Red  Wing, 
with  which  were  combined  for  a  time  the 
missions  of  Pine  Island  and  Zumbrota,  which 
now  have  a  resident  pastor.  He  attends  to 
the  religious  instruction  of  the  Catholic  boys 
and  girls  at  the  State  Training  School  at  Red 
Wing. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


JULIUS  A.   SCHMAHL. 

aCHMAHL,  Julius  August.— While  the 
"art  preservative  of  arts" — the  printing  busi- 
ness— does  not  produce  a  large  proportion  of 
the  millionaires  of  the  country,  it  does  offer 
a  chance  to  show  a  man's  pluck  and  business 
capacity.  The  man  who  succeeds  in  it  dem- 
onstrates that  he  has  traits  of  high  character. 
Mr.  Schmahl,  of  the  Redwood  Gazette,  be- 
longs to  this  craft.  He  was  born  at  Traverse 
de  Sioux,  Nicollet  count}',  Minn.,  in  1867.  His 
father,  Jacob  Schmahl,  a  brewer  by  occupa- 
tion, was  not  blessed  with  a  large  share  of 
this  world's  goods.  The  maiden  name  of  his 
wife,  the  mother  of  Julius,  was  Rosetta  Ap- 
ple. Although  Julius  was  a  studious  boy  and 
an  apt  scholar,  at  the  early  age  of  thirteen 
years  he  went  to  work  to  learn  the  printer's 
trade,  with  James  Aiken,  of  the  Redwood 
Gazette.  But  he  did  not  forsake  his  books. 
As  the  best  thing  within  his  reach,  he  pur- 
sued a  "Chautauqua  Course"  of  four  years, 
and  became  a  graduate.  The  perseverance 
and  industry  required  to  accomplish  this, 
while  at  work,  made  the  achievement  very 
praiseworthy.  Mr.  Schmahl  then  went  to 
complete  his  trade  in  the  job  rooms  of  the 
Fargo  Argus,  at  Fargo,  N.  D.     Besides  this 


mechanical  equipment  he  took  a  business 
course.  In  188.5  he  went  to  the  Twin  Cities 
and  secured  a  position  as  reporter  for  the 
newspapers  of  St.  Paul  and  Minneapolis,  and 
was  so  employed  until  August,  1892,  thus 
completing  in  a  very  thorough  manner  his 
training  for  all  branches  of  the  printing  and 
newspaper  business.  He  then  bought  a  half 
interest  in  the  Redwood  Gazette,  at  Redwood 
Falls.  It  was  an  ordinary  "patent  inside" 
country  paper.  The  paper  was  enlarged  to 
an  eight-page  "all  home  print.'"  He  was  suc- 
cessful from  the  start.  He  has  since  erected 
one  of  the  finest  country  newspaper  build- 
ings in  the  state,  and  has  equipjjed  it  with 
the  latest  improved  machinery  for  both  news- 
paper and  job  work,  so  that  no  more  com- 
plete establishment  can  be  found  outside  of 
the  large  cities.  In  politics  Mr.  Schmahl  has 
always  been  a  Republican.  Mr.  Schmahl  was 
chief  clerk  of  the  house  of  the  11)01  session  of 
the  legislature.  He  is  especially  interested 
in  fraternal  societies,  being  a  Mason  of  the 
thirty-second  degree.  He  is  also  a  Forester 
and  a  member  of  the  Knights  of  Pythias.  In 
February,  1895,  he  was  married  to  Miss  Eliza- 
beth T.  Dunninglon.  They  have  one  child — 
Dana  Caswell  Schmahl. 


JOHNSON,  Edward  Morrill.— Among  the 
men  who  have  left  a  lasting  impress  on  the 
state  of  Minnesota,  and  particularly  upon  the 
city  of  Minneapolis,  Judge  Edward  M.  John- 
son must  be  accorded  a  high  rank.  He  was 
born  in  New  Hampshire  November  24,  1850. 
He  came  to  iMinnesota  in  1851,  with  bis  pa- 
rents, who  settled  at  St.  Anthony,  now  a 
part  of  Minneapolis.  They  were  of  early  New 
England  ancestry,  prominent  in  colonial 
times.  His  father,  Luther  G.  Johnson,  en- 
gaged in  mercantile  business  and  in  manufac- 
turing, and  established  the  first  furniture 
factory  in  the  city.  His  son,  Edward,  at- 
tended the  first  public  school  of  the  city,  held 
in  a  frame  building  on  University  avenue,  be- 
tween Second  and  Third  avenues  southeast. 
He  also  attended  the  first  high  school,  organ- 
ized about  1803.    He  was  sent  away  to  the 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


noted  military  academy  at  Chester,  Pa.,  for 
study  and  training-  during  the  school  year 
1866-7.  The  State  Uniyersity,  permanently 
I'eopened  in  1867,  wa.s  then  attended  by  Mr. 
Johnson  for  four  years,  hut  he  left  before  any 
class  had  been  graduated,  and  was  for  a  time 
employed  by  his  father.  In  1873  he  went  to 
Europe,  where  he  remained  for  nearly  three 
years,  studying  at  the  Uniyersities  of  Heidel 
berg  and  Herlin.  On  his  return  home  he  en- 
tered the  law  office  of  Shaw  &  Levi,  and 
later  the  law  school  of  the  Iowa  State  Uni 
yersity,  from  which  he  graduated  in  1S77, 
since  which  time  he  has  continuously  jirac 
ticed  his  profession,  except  when  upon  the 
bench.  As  a  lawyer,  Mr.  Johnson  has  made 
a  sjiecialty  of  the  law  of  corporations,  of  real 
estate  and  of  municipal  bonds,  of  which  he  is 
considered  a  high  authority. 

He  was  elected  clerk  and  attorney  of  the 
board  of  education  in  1877,  and  held  such  of- 
fice for  several  years.  From  1883  until  he 
resigned  to  go  upon  the  bench  in  1897  he  was 
the  attorney  of  the  Farmers'  and  Mechanics" 
Sayings  Bank. 

Mr.  Johnson's  public  services  began  in 
1883  when  he  was  chosen  one  of  the  alder- 
men of  the  Second  Ward  in  the  city  council. 
This  position  he  held  until  the  autumn  of 
1890,  when  he  resigned  upon  receiving  the 
nomination  of  state  senator  for  his  district, 
which  office,  however,  in  that  Democratic 
year,  he  failed  to  secure.  At  the  time  of  his 
resignation  he  was  serving  for  a  second  term 
as  president  of  the  council,  in  which  position 
he  had  won  for  himself  an  enviable  reputa- 
tion. During  nearly  all  the  years  of  his  serv- 
ice in  the  city  council  he  w-as  clearly  the  lead- 
er of  his  party  there,  and  largely  dominated 
its  more  impoi-tant  legislation.  One  of  the 
results  of  his  labors  in  the  city  council  is  the 
permanent  improvement  revolving  fund — 
then  a  novelty  in  municipal  legislation — but 
since  adopted  by  many  other  cities.  AVhile 
he  was  an  alderman,  the  city  was  making 
rapid  growth,  and  measures  were  being  con- 
stantly proposed  demanding  the  most  thor- 
ough examination  for  the  protection  of  its 
interests.  This  he  gave.  To  all  the  needs  of 
the  hour,  and  of  the  future,  he  devoted  the 


Er>W.\RD  M.   .lOHXSON. 

closest  attention,  bringing  to  his  work  the 
zeal  and  energy  of  a  public-spirited,  conscien- 
tious and  forceful  man.  The  steel  arch 
Ijridge,  the  jniblic  library  and  the  city  and 
county  building  are,  by  those  who  know  him 
best,  invariably  associated  with  him.  While 
today  there  probably  is  not  a  Miuneapolitan 
who  would  believe  that  the  traffic  between 
the  two  sides  of  the  river  could  be  handled 
without  the  steel  arch  bridge,  yet  when  he 
secured  its  construction,  it  aroused  the  most 
bitter  opposition.  The  daily  papers  and  many 
prominent  citizens  were  arrayed  against  it, 
and  it  was  even  sought  to  secure  the  opposi- 
tion of  the  United  States  government  be- 
cause of  alleged  danger  to  its  work  upon  the 
falls. 

A  lover  of  books,  it  may  be  said  without 
hesitation,  that  of  all  he  has  accomplished  for 
his  city,  that  which  he  did  in  connection  with 
the  public  library  has  given  him  the  most 
pleasure.  He  drafted,  and  was  largely  inter- 
ested in  securing  the  passage  of  the  act  under 
which  it  was  created  and  exists,  a  law  which 
was  pronounced  by  Mr.  Pool,  the  highest  au- 
thority on  library  measures,  the  ablest  one 
he  had  ever  examined.    From  the  creation  of 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


the  board,  uj)  to  January,  1901,  he  was  al- 
most eoutiuuously  one  of  its  members. 

He  was  appointed  a  member  of  the  Court 
House  aud  City  Hall  Commission  in  1881), 
and  lias  been  ever  since  actively  interested 
in  its  work.  For  years,  except  when  upon 
the  bench,  he  has  been  its  president. 

In  May,  18',)7,  he  was  appointed  by  Gover- 
nor Clouyh  to  till  the  vacancy  on  the  District 
Court  Eeuch  of  Hennepin  County  caused  by 
the  resignation  of  Judge  Henry  C.  Belden. 
That  his  temperament  and  wide  legal  knowl- 
edge made  him  esjjecially  fitted  for  such  a 
position,  those  who  knew  him  best  had  long 
believed,  and  now  he  did  not  disappoint 
them.  Ever  patient  and  courteous  in  the 
hearing  of  causes,  never  fearful  lest  his  own 
dignity  be  affronted,  but  regardful  of  that  of 
the  court  room,  he  won  the  respect  and 
esteem  of  those  who  appeared  before  him, 
and  how  well  he  succeeded  in  his  earnest  ef- 
fort to  understand  aud  interpret  the  law  cor- 
rectly, and  to  rule  judicially,  is  known  by  all 
those  familiar  with  the  history  of  those  cases 
which  he  decided. 

A  man  of  keen  intelligence  and  good  judg- 
ment, fearless  of  criticism,  never  seeking  the 
popular  side  of  a  measure,  nor  fearing  to  do 
what  was  unpopular,  but  doing  at  all  times, 
and  in  all  places,  that  which  seemed  right  to 
him  to  do.  Judge  Johnson  has  given  to  Min- 
ueaiJolis  much  of  his  best  strength.  Believ- 
ing absolutely  that  a  public  office  is  a  public 
trust,  he  has  used  in  the  discharge  of  the 
duties  placed  upon  him  the  best  of  his  ability, 
an  unflinching  honesty  of  purpose,  and  a  de- 
termination to  guard  the  interests  that  have 
been  entrusted  to  him. 

In  politics  he  is  a  Republican,  aud  has 
always  been  greatly  interested  in  the  success 
of  that  pai'ty.  In  18'J2  he  was  chairman  of 
the  Minneapolis  City  Campaign  Committee, 
in  18'J4  of  the  Hennepin  County  Executive 
Campaign  Committee,  and  in  18i)G  was  sec- 
retary of  the  State  Central  Committee.  Dur- 
ing the  campaign  of  1898  he  was  on  the 
bench,  and  in  the  summer  and  fall  of  1900 
he  was  in  Europe.  During  the  life  of  the 
Business  Men's  Union,  he  was  one  of  its  most 
industrious  members. 


He  is  a  member  of  the  Society  of  May- 
flower Descendants,  and  was  for  years  a  di- 
rector in  the  Minneapolis  Society  of  Fine 
Arts,  lie  is  an  attendant  of  the  First  Con- 
gregational church.  He  married,  in  1880, 
]\Iiss  Effie  S.  Richards,  daughter  of  Dr.  W.  O. 
Richai-ds,  of  Waterloo,  Iowa,  and  lives  on  the 
corner  of  Tenth  avenue  and  Fourth  street 
southeast,  which  neighborhood  has  been  his 
home  continuously  since  his  parents  moved 
from  New  Hampshire. 


TOWLER,  Silas  II.,  president  of  the 
Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Minnesota  Soldiei"s' 
Home,  was  born  at  Xenia,  Ohio,  January  3, 
1816.  He  came  of  old  colonial  stock.  The 
first  of  the  family  in  America  was  Chris- 
topher Towler,  who  settled  in  Virginia  col- 
ony in  or  about  1700,  and  became  a  planter 
and  slaveholder.  James  Towler,  the  grand- 
father of  the  subject  of  this  sketch,  becom- 
ing convinced  of  the  iniquity  of  human  slav- 
ery and  foreseeing  its  blighting  influence, 
sold  his  landed  property  in  Virginia,  freed 
his  slaves  and  moved  to  Ohio  in  1804,  build- 
ing the  first  hewed  log  house  in  the  town  of 
Xenia.  He  was  a  zealous  member  of  the 
Protestant  Methodist  church  and  a  lay 
preacher,  and  was  prominent  in  his  communi- 
ty. The  father  of  Silas  H.  was  Dr.  Thomas 
Sturrock  Towler.  He  was  five  years  old  when 
his  parents  moved  to  Ohio  from  Petersburg, 
Vi{.  ^^'hen  thirteen  years  of  age  he  acted  as 
a  guide  to  soldiers  in  the  War  of  1812.  He 
studied  under  James  P.  Espy,  the  "Storm 
King'';  later,  took  up  the  study  of  medicine 
under  Dr.  Daniel  Drake,  and  began  practic- 
ing at  Cincinnati.  He  was  intensely  anti- 
slavery  in  politics,  and  was  so  active  and  pro- 
nounced in  his  opposition  that  a  party  of 
Kentuckians  theratened  to  tar  and  feather 
him.  He  organized  the  Free  Soil  party  in 
Green  county,  Ohio,  which  was  victorious  at 
the  polls,  became  a  Republican  on  the  organ- 
ization of  that  party  and  remained  such  to 
the  time  of  his  death  in  1871.  He  was  com- 
nussioned  surgeon  of  Dragoons  of  the  state 
troops.  He  established  a  school  in  Xenia  for 
the  advanced  education  of  youth,  and  later 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


established  a  ladies'  seminary,  aud  was 
known  among  the  students  as  "Old  Moral 
Basis."  He  explored  the  geograi)hical  forma- 
tion of  Green  county,  Ohio,  and  his  work  was 
incoi-porated  in  the  state  reports.  He  was  an 
active  worker  in  the  cause  of  temperance, 
and  was  instrumental  in  securing  the  pass- 
age of  a  law  in  the  legislature  granting  local 
option  to  the  town  of  Fulton — now  a  part  of 
Cincinnati.  This  was  probably  the  first  local 
option  law  in  existence,  and  proved  success- 
ful. The  mother  of  our  subject  was  Jane 
White  Howell,  who  was  connected  with  some 
of  the  wealthiest  families  of  Ohio  at  that 
time.  She  was  a  woman  of  lovely  character 
aud  a  devout  Christian.  Though  Silas  H.  at- 
tended the  old  log  school  in  his  early  years, 
up  to  his  eleventh  year  his  education  was 
nuiinly  received  at  home.  Afterward  he  at- 
tended the  graded  schools,  and  spent  one 
year  in  the  high  school.  In  the  spring  of 
18G2,  with  the  consent  of  his  father,  he  en- 
listed in  Company  H,  Eighty-fifth  Eegiraent, 
Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry,  for  three  months' 
service.  Volunteers  being  called  for  to  resist 
Morgan's  I'aids,  his  corajjany  responded  and 
went  to  Frankfort.  While  there  he  came 
down  with  typhoid  fever,  but  inside  of  four 
weeks  was  again  with  the  regiment,  and  went 
with  it  to  Covington  to  repel  Kirby  Smith's 
anticipated  attack  on  Cincinnati.  After  his 
discharge,  he  remained  about  two  months  at 
home,  and  again  enlisted  as  the  first  recruit 
in  the  Twenty-second  Battery,  Ohio  Volun- 
teer Light  Artillery,  having  by  subterfuge 
secured  his  father's  signature  to  blank  forms 
consenting  to  his  enlistment.  He  was  placed 
in  command  of  the  first  lot  of  recruits,  and 
succeeded  in  holding  them  in  check  through- 
out the  winter,  with  only  two  desertions.  In 
the  spring,  enough  nu'n  having  been  secured 
to  man  four  guns,  the  battery  was  ordered  to 
West  Virginia.  Their  services  not  being 
needed,  they  returned  to  Camp  Chase,  Ohio, 
and  from  here  were  ordered  to  Parkersburg, 
W.  Va.;  then,  supported  by  other  trooj)S,  i)ro- 
ceeded  to  the  I'otomac  to  assist  in  harassing 
Lee  in  bis  retreat  from  (lettysbuvg,  but  ar- 
rived only  in  time  to  see  his  rear  guard  cross- 
ing the  river.   Returning  to  Parkersburg,  Mr. 


Sir.AS  H.  TOWLEIt. 

Towler  was  ordered  to  take  one  gun  on  board 
the  steamer  Emma  Graham  and  proceed  to 
a  fording  place  on  the  Ohio  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Little  Hocking  river.  Here  he  was  placed 
in  command  of  a  large  number  of  farmers 
congregated  to  repel  Morgan.  Morgan  not 
coming  that  way,  Mr.  Towler,  with  two  guns, 
and  su])ported  by  a  company  of  the  Eighty- 
eighth  Ohio,  patrolled  the  Ohio  until  the  Con- 
federate leader's  capture.  He  then  returned 
to  Camp  Thomas,  near  Columbus,  where  the 
battery  was  mustered  into  the  United  States 
service.  Up  to  this  time,  there  being  no  bat- 
tery organization,  Mr.  Towler  was  only  a  pri- 
vate soldier,  but  commanded  two  guns,  aud 
was  called  sergeant.  From  here  the  battery 
was  ordered  to  Camp  Nelson,  near  Nicholas- 
ville,  Ky.,  and  attached  to  a  brigade  under 
the  command  of  John  DeCourcey,  colonel  of 
the  Sixteenth  Ohio  Infantry,  and  assisted  in 
the  capture  of  (Cumberland  Gap.  It  was  then 
stationed  at  the  Ga]i  as  a  part  of  the  garri- 
son. In  January,  1S(>4,  Sergeant  Towler  was 
ordered  to  accompany  the  captain  of  the  bat- 
tery— Henry  M.  Neil — to  Ohio  on  recruiting 
service,  ^^■hile  thus  absent.  Captain  Neil  re- 
signed, and  Mr.  Towler  was  ((inimissioned 
second  lieutenant  and  laler  promoted  to  first 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


lieutenant  of  the  battery.  He  rejoined  his 
battei'T,  and  ininiediatelv  on  arrival  was  de- 
tailed as  adjutant  of  the  artillery  battalion, 
formed  of  the  independent  batteries  luanniu}; 
the  forts.  I,ater  he  was  placed  in  command 
of  his  old  battery,  and  with  it  was  ordered 
to  Knoxville,  Tenn.  Scanty  rations  and  im- 
proper diet  brought  on  acute  dysentery,  but 
his  strong  constitution  pulled  him  through 
though  the  surgeon  had  given  up  hopes. 
While  garrisoned  at  Knoxville,  Lieutenant 
Towler  was  detailed  on  boards  of  survey  to 
inspect  and  pass  upon  the  sen-iceableness  of 
ordinance,  quarteruuister  and  commissary 
stores,  and  to  sit  as  a  member  of  the  general 
court  martial  of  the  District  of  East  Tennes- 
see. He  remained  on  the  latter  detail  until 
July,  18G5,  when  the  battery  was  ordered 
to  Camp  Chase,  ()hio,  for  muster  out.  Re- 
turning home,  Lieutenant  Towler  took  a 
coui-se  of  instruction  in  a  business  college, 
and  then  entered  upon  an  active  career  in  the 
grocery  business.  His  strict  attention  to 
business,  and  his  honesty,  won  the  comi>lete 
confidence  of  his  employers,  and  eventually 
brought  him  success.  Up  to  1889  he  was  con- 
nected with  the  grocery  business,  both  retail 
and  wholesale,  and  for  a  time  was  a  member 
of  the  firm  of  E.  E.  Shedd  &  Co.,  of  Colum- 
bus, Ohio.  He  came  to  Minneapolis  in  1884, 
under  contract  with  Murray,  Warner  &  Co., 
wholesale  grocers.  In  1889.  he  engaged  in 
the  laundi'y  business,  which  he  has  conduct- 
ed ever  since  under  the  name  of  the  Minne- 
apolis Steam  Laundry.  Mr.  Towler  was  ap- 
pointed president  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of 
the  Minnesota  Soldiers'  Home  in  1897,  and 
since  then  has  devoted  a  large  portion  of  his 
time  in  the  interests  of  the  old  soldiers,  win- 
ning their  respect  and  esteem.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  John  A.  Rawlins  Post.  Xo.  12G,  G.  A. 
R.,  Department  of  Minnesota,  was  quarter- 
master for  four  years,  and  has  served  as 
Senior  Vice  Commander  and  (I'ommander. 
He  was  ai)pointed  chairman  of  the  (ieneral 
Memorial  Day  Committee  of  Minneapolis  for 
1901.  He  is  a  staunch  supportei-  of  the  Re- 
publican party.  He  is  a  life  member  of  Mag- 
nolia Lodge,  Ko.  20,  A.  F.  &  A.  M..  and  was 
\A'orshipful  Master  in  1874;  is  a  member  of 


-Vrk  Chapter,  R.  A.  M.,  and  Minneapolis 
Mounted  Commandery,  Knights  Temjjlar, 
and  ])resident  of  the  Ohio  Association  of 
^Minneapolis.  He  is  an  active  member  of 
I'ark  Avenue  Congregational  church  and 
chairman  of  its  board  of  trustees.  Novem- 
ber 21,  1871.  he  was  married  to  Mary  J.  Lon- 
nis.  Nine  childien  have  been  liorn  to  them: 
(Jeorge  H.,  (married  to  Mary  Shepard);  Mer- 
tie  L.,  (wife  of  Rev.  John  (i.  Briggs);  Mary 
Belle,  Henry  Lonnis,  Lucy,  Dora  A.,  Edna 
E.,  Robert  S.  and  David  Kinsman. 


CROSS,  Judson  Newell. — For  original 
ideas,  in  and  out  of  his  profession,  and  for 
fertility  of  re.sources  in  cari-ying  out  his 
l)lans,  Judson  N.  Cross,  a  noted  leader  of  the 
Hennepin  county  bar  for  more  than  twenty- 
five  years,  has  but  few  equals  in  this  or  any 
other  state.  He  would  have  won  distinction 
by  his  natural  gifts,  probably,  in  any  other 
pursuit  chosen.  He  was  born  at  Pogueland, 
in  the  town  of  Philadelphia,  Jefferson  coun- 
ty. N.  Y.,  January  16,  1838.  His  father  was 
( rorham  Cross,  a  Congregational  minister,  at 
Richville,  St.  Lawrence  county,  for  fifty-six 
years,  from  1S3S  to  1893,  when  he  died.  He 
was  well  known  as  the  "father  of  Congi'ega- 
tionalism'"  in  northern  New  York.  He  was  a 
native  of  New  Hampshire.  His  father,  Theo- 
dore Cross,  a  mill  owner  at  S.  Weare,  moved 
to  Jefferson  county,  N.  Y.,  in  1818,  and 
built  a  saw  mill  at  Sterlingville,  on  the 
Josejdi  Bonaparte  estate.  The  family  later 
followed,  and  he  rented  the  mill  and  bought 
a  faiTu  near  by,  on  the  same  estate,  when 
Gorham  was  thirteen  years  old.  He  was 
sent  to  school  and  obtained  a  good  comm'on 
school  and  academic  education.  Gorham 
was  at  first  a  surveyor  and  a  school  teacher, 
and  he  also  studied  law  at  Gouverneur,  St. 
Lawrence  county,  but  finally  settled  into  the 
ministry.  Sej)tember  13,  1831,  he  was  mar- 
ried to  Sophia  Murdock,  a  native  of  Wynd- 
ham  county,  ^'t.  She  had  come  to  northern 
New  York,  where  her  three  brothers  were  in 
practice  as  physicians,  to  teach  school.  She 
and  her  four  brothers  wei-e  greatly  interested 
in  miuei-ology,  then  a  new  science.    She  was 


HISTORY  OF  THE   GREAT  XOUTHWEST. 


tlie  daughter  of  Samuel  Murdock.  the  son  of 
Benjamin  Murdock,  a  soldier  of  the  Revolu- 
tionary War.  Samuel  married  Lois  Temple, 
a  daug;hter  of  another  soldier,  Joseph  Tem- 
jile,  the  descendant  of  the  first  Temple,  New- 
England  emigrant.  Rev.  Hollis  Read,  the 
first  missionary  to  Bombay  and  who  first 
translated  the  Bible  into  the  Indian  language, 
and  the  author  of  '"India  and  Its  I'eoi)le," 
"God  in  History,"  and  other  notable  books, 
was  a  cousin  of  ilrs.  Cross,  the  mother  of 
Judson  N.  Cross.  Many  other  progenitors  of 
Mr.  Cross,  on  both  sides  of  his  house,  have 
borne  conspicuous  j)arts  and  they  are  noted 
in  the  annals  of  the  country.  The  Crosses, 
now  in  the  tenth  generation,  live  in  the  "rock 
elm""  house  built  by  John  '"niss.  one  of  his 
ancestors  in  direct  line,  in  the  town  of 
Methuen,  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Merrimai- 
river,  just  east  of  Lawrence,  Mass.,  in  1070. 
His  ancestors  were  the  first  settlers  in  Essex 
county,  Mass. ;  among  them  was  Martha  Read 
Epps,  whose  sister  was  the  wife  of  John 
Winthrop,  the  younger  governor  of  Connecti- 
cut. Her  brother,  Colonel  Read,  distinguish- 
ed himself  in  the  Civil  wars  in  England  and 
was  governor  of  Sterling,  Scotland.  She 
married,  for  her  second  husband,  De])uty 
Governor  Symonds,  and  she  was  related  to 
General  Dennison,  the  commander  in  King 
Phillip"s  War,  and  also  to  several  other  colo- 
nial governors.  Mr.  Cross  also  has  for  ances- 
tors the  celebrated  Noyes  brothers,  of  the 
era  1629,  and  Lyonel  Chute,  the  first  teacher 
of  a  Gei-man  school  in  America,  at  Ipswich, 
Mass.  Professor  Parker  Cleveland,  of  Bow- 
doin  College,  the  author  of  the  first  work  on 
minerology  ever  published,  was  a  cousin  to 
his  grandmother  Cross.  He  had  three  great- 
grandfathers in  the  Revolutionary  War. 
Great-grandfather  Cross,  however,  died  in 
1769.  When  Grandfather  Cross,  his  son, 
was  fourteen  years  old,  he  wanted  to  enlist. 
His  mother  said:  "I  have  half  a  dozen  boys 
in  the  army  already,  and  you,  the  youngest, 
can't  go."  Joseph  Temjtle,  of  Dummerston, 
Vt.,  the  grandfather  of  Mr.  Cross"  mother, 
was  the  first  person  who  was  wounded  in  Ihe 
Revolutionary  War,  and  lived.  ^^'illia^ll 
White,  his  companion,  was  killed  by  his  side, 


.March  IL',  177.'),  at  Westminster,  Vt.  I'his 
ante-dates  the  battle  of  Lexington  by  more 
than  a  mouth.  See  Hairs  "History  of  East- 
ern ^'ermont.""  Mr.  Temple"s  life  was  ^ved 
by  a  pewter  porringer  in  a  haversack,  which 
hung  over  his  shoulder,  and  it  protected  his 
heart  by  stopping  the  musket  ball.  But  he 
was  clubbed  with  a  musket  until  his  skull 
was  broken  on  the  temple,  and  he  was  left 
for  dead.  Mr.  Cross,  from  the  education  of 
his  parents  and  the  admirable  village  and 
select  schools  at  his  home — which  were  large- 
ly attended— was  prepared  for  college.  He 
left,  on  the  day  he  was  seventeen  years  old, 
to  study  at  Oberlin  College,  Ohio,  where  his 
eldest  sister  had  preceded  him,  and  where 
five  of  his  brothers  and  sisters  were  also  edu- 
cated. He  had  clerked  some  in  a  store  at 
Richville,  and  after  spending  nearly  a  year  at 
Oberlin.  he  entered  his  Uncle  John  Cross' 
store  at  Boon vi lie,  N.  Y.,  where  he  was  em- 
ployed for  a  year.  He  then  returned  to  Ohio 
and  taught  school  and  studied  at  Oberlin 
until  the  War  of  the  Rebellion  broke  out, 
when,  at  the  first  call  for  troops,  the  inherited 
military  spirit  i)romi)ted  him  to  enlist,  April 
20,  1861.    This,  of  course,  cut  off  his  college 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


course.  He  was  elected  first  lieutenant  of  a 
company  of  college  students  who  enlisted  at 
Oberlin  at  a  meeting  held  in  the  great  church 
that  evening.  It  became  Companj-  C,  of  the 
noted  Seventh  Ohio  Regiment,  which,  after 
going  through  the  campaigns  of  West  Vir- 
ginia under  McClellan,  Eosecrans,  and  Cox, 
took  part  in  the  campaigns  of  1862  and  1SG3 
in  Virginia,  and  in  the  battle  of  Lookout 
Mountain  under  Hooker,  and  in  the  subse- 
quent battles  under  Sherman,  losing  at  Ring- 
gold, in  one  charge,  thirteen  officers  killed 
and  wounded — including  the  colonel  and 
lieutenant  colonel  killed — out  of  fourteen  en- 
gaged. Mr.  Cross  had  his  left  arm,  from 
shoulder  to  elbow,  shattered  at  the  battle  of 
Cross  Lanes,  W.  Va.,  August  26, 1861,  and  he 
was  taken  prisoner  by  the  forces  under 
Floyd — Buchanan's  former  secretary  of  war 
— and  Wise,  governor  of  Virginia,  who  hang- 
ed John  Brown.  At  the  battle  of  Carnifax 
FeiTy,  Mr.  Cross,  and  fifteen  others,  like  him, 
too  severely  wounded  to  be  taken  to  Rich- 
mond, were  re-captured  by  Major  Rutherford 
B.  Hayes,  of  the  Twenty-third  Ohio  Regi- 
ment, by  gallantly  crossing  the  swift  Gunley 
river  on  a  raft,  under  severe  fire.  Mr.  Cross' 
ann  was  not  operated  upon  until  he  reached 
the  Marine  Hospital  at  Cincinnati  by  boat, 
via  Charleston.  He  was  promoted  to  captain 
November  25, 1801,  and,  by  slow  stages,  final- 
ly went  to  his  home  in  northei-n  New  York. 
In  the  spring  of  1802,  he  was  ordered  to 
Cleveland,  as  recruiting  officer  for  his  regi- 
ment. At  his  own  urgent  request — against 
the  ad\dce  of  his  surgeon — he  was  ordered  to 
his  regiment  at  Dumfries,  Va.,  being  still 
obliged  to  cari-j'  his  arm  in  a  sling.  This  im- 
prudence nearly  cost  him  his  arm,  for  he 
caught  cold  in  a  severe  snow  stomi,  and  was 
obliged  to  resign,  for  disability,  in  March. 
He  then  took  up  the  .study  of  law,  and  en- 
tered the  Albany  Law  School  until  the  month 
of  June,  1803,  when  he  was  again  called  to 
military  duty  as  an  officer  in  the  Veteran 
Resen'e  Corps,  serving  in  various  western 
cities.  He  commanded  a  post  of  six  com- 
panies at  Madison,  Ind.,  during  the  winter 
of  1803-4.  In  the  si)ring  he  was  made  as- 
sistant adjutant  genei'al  of  the  district  of 


Indiana,   and   ordered   to  Kentucky  during 
Morgan's  raid.    In  July,  1804,  he  was  order- 
ed to  Washington,  D.  C,  where  he  served  on 
the  military  governors  staff  as  assistant  pro- 
vost marshal  of  the  department.    In  Decem- 
ber of  that  year  he  was  ordered  to  Annapolis, 
with  four  other  captains — among  them  J.  S. 
Poland,  a  major  general  during  the  late  Span- 
ish ^A'ar — to  muster  for  pay  and  exchange 
18, ()()()  pi-isonersfrom  Andersonville  and  else- 
where.   He  resigned  at  the  close  of  the  war. 
In  180.5  he  resumed  his  law  studies  at  the 
Columbia  College  Law  School,  but  went  back 
to  the  Albany  Law  School,  where  he  gradu- 
ated in  1800.     On  the  10th  of  May,  in  that 
year,  he  went  to  Lyons — now  Clinton,  Iowa — 
and  began  practice  in  fellowship  with  Hon. 
A.  R.  Cotton,  and  continued  it  for  nearly  ten 
years;  during  the  last  four  years  of  his  part- 
nership Mr.  Cotton  was  member  of  congress. 
In  the  spring  of  1875  he  left  Iowa  to  seek  a 
larger  field,  and  spent  the  summer  in  travel- 
ing, going  to  California  and  other  western 
states.     He    finally    selected    Minneajjolis, 
Minn.,  arriving  there  on  the  0th  of  October, 
1875.    On  the  fourteenth  he  settled  the  mat- 
ter  by   forming   a    partnership   with    Hon. 
Heni-yG.  Hicks — a  college  classmate  at  Ober- 
lin, and  a  fellow  teacher  in  southern  Ohio — 
under  the  style  of  Cross  &  Hicks,  which  con- 
tinned  until  the  spring  of  1882,  when  Frank 
H.  Carleton  was  associated,  and  the  firm  be- 
came Cross,  Hicks   &  Carleton,  and   so   re- 
mained until  1887,  when  Colonel  Hicks  was 
made    district   judge    of   Hennepin    county, 
where  he  served   until   1805.     In   1889  Mr. 
Cross'  son,  Norton  M.  Cross,  was  taken  into 
the   partnership,    making   the    style    Cross, 
Carleton  &  Cross.    When  Judge  Hicks  took 
his  ])lace  again  in  the  finn  it  became  Cross, 
Hicks,  Carleton  &  Cross,  and  was  a  leading 
firm  at  the  bar.    It  had  a  large  share  of  all 
imiiortant  litigation  in  the  city.     They  num- 
bered   among   their    clients    such    establish- 
ments as  the  Pillsburys,  the  T^nion  National 
Bank,  and  The  Tribune  Comi)any.  They  were 
in  the  noted  Finney  will  case  and  in  all  the 
Harwood  cases.    As  showing  the  originality 
of  Mr.  CiHiss,  it  may  be  mentioned  that  he 
suggested  to  General  Grant  the  use  of  ex- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


plosives  from  a  bellows  to  blow  up  forts;  to 
General  Fry,  the  use  of  photograpliiL-  records 
in  connection  with  other  data,  copyrighted 
by  some  one  twenty  j-ears  later.  He  edited 
the  first  paper  published  by  soldiers  in  the 
field,  July  4,  1801,  at  Weston,  W.  Va.  He 
established  before  the  supreme  court  the  le- 
gality of  "patrol  limits"  for  saloons,  against 
such  lawyers  as  tiordon  E.  Cole,  E.  M.  Wil- 
son, and  V.  M.  Babcock.  As  city  attorney, 
he  compelled  the  railroads  to  sink  the  tracks 
and  bridge  A\'asliingtou  avenue.  Third, 
Fourth,  and  Fifth  streets.  In  181)1,  when  a 
member  of  the  United  States  Immigration 
Commission,  he  was  sent  to  Europe  and  fer- 
reted out  the  system  by  which  thousands  of 
"jail  birds"  were  dumped  into  the  United 
States.  Mr.  Cross  has  always  been  an  active 
Republican.  He  was  mayor  of  Lyons,  Iowa, 
in  1871.  He  was  a  member  of  the  first  park 
board  in  Minneapolis  in  1883;  but  declined 
to  serve  again,  as  he  had  been  elected  city 
attorney.  He  has  been  a  member  of  the 
Board  of  Trade,  Commercial  (Jlub,  the  Athe- 
naeum, the  Bar  Library  Association,  Minne- 
sota Forestiy  Association,  of  which  he  was 
president  in  1891)  and  1900.  He  was  a  char- 
ter member  of  the  Congregational  Club.  He 
is  a  member  of  Plymouth  Congregational 
church.  He  was  married  September  11, 18G2, 
to  Miss  Clara  Steele  Norton,  a  graduate  of 
Oberlin,  who  was  one  of  six  young  ladies 
refused  admission  to  Ann  Arbor  for  a  class- 
ical course  on  equal  terms  with  men.  She  is 
a  descendant  of  John  Steele,  a  leading  found- 
er of  Connecticut,  and  of  Anthony  Hawkins, 
whose  name  was  on  the  hidden  "Charter 
Oak"  charter,  and  of  Mathew  Grant,  the  an- 
cestor of  President  Grant.  They  have  had 
five  children — Kate  Bird,  wife  of  United 
States  Engineer  F.  C.  Shenehon;  Norton  M., 
member  of  the  law  Ann;  Cleve  Sophia,  de- 
ceased in  infancy;  Nellie  Malura,  wife  of  Mr. 
Theodore  McFai-laue  Knappen,  city  editor  of 
the  Minneajtolis  Journal,  and  Clara  Amelia, 
a  high  school  teacher.  Mr.  Cross  suggested 
and  kept  before  the  people  by  his  writings 
in  the  Pioneer  Press  the  project  of  what  is 
now  the  "Soo"  railroad.  He  also  suggested 
in  a  letter  to  President  Dole  that  Hawaii  an- 


nex itself  to  the  United  States,  which  was 
practically  done.  He  also  nuide  valuable  sug- 
gestions to  Senators  Davis  and  Nelson  con- 
cerning the  Monroe  Doctrine  as  applied  to 
Canada.  The  letter  was  placed  before  the 
United  States  and  Canada  High  Joint  Com- 
mission, at  its  session  in  'Washington,  and 
was  highly  coumiended.  This  brief  outline 
will  serve  to  Indicate  in  some  degree  the 
originality,  large  grasp  of  mind  and  activity 
which  have  won  for  Mr.  Cross  the  eminence 
he  occupies.  In  G.  A.  E.  matters  and  in  the 
Loyal  Legion — in  both  of  which  he  is  a  mem- 
ber— he  takes  great  interest,  though  he  has 
never  been  so  active  as  manv. 


3I0KEY,  Charles  Anson.— The  school  of 
adversity  is  a  good  training  for  any  young 
man.  Through  it  he  learns  self-reliance  and 
the  value  of  application.  If  he  possesses  tal- 
ent or  skill,  and  has  the  energy  and  deter- 
mination necessary  to  fight  the  battle  for  pre- 
ferment, success  is  sure  to  crown  his  efforts. 
The  truth  of  this  is  attested  in  the  following 
biography.  Mr.  jMorey  was  born  at  A^ershire, 
Orange  county,  Vt.,  August  9,  1851.  •His 
father,  Royal  Morey,  was  a  fanner  by  occu- 
l)atiou.  His  mother's  maiden  name  was  Jean- 
ette  Ellen  Felton,  a  native  of  Vermont,  born 
at  Stratford.  She  is  a  grand-daughter  of 
Sarah  I'utnam,  a  niece  of  General  Israel  Put- 
nam, and  is  still  living  at  Lake  City,  Minn. 
Charles  attended  the  country  school  in  Ver- 
mont until  his  tenth  year,  at  which  time  the 
family  moved  to  Illinois.  After  remaining 
there  one  summer,  they  decided  to  go  further 
westward  in  search  of  a  healthier  climate, 
and  came  overland  in  a  covered  wagon  to 
U'abasha  county,  Minn.  The  boy's  early  life 
in  the  North  Star  state  was  one  of  hardship 
and  toil,  with  all  the  privations  of  farm  life 
on  the  frontier.  He  attended  the  common 
school  at  Chester,  Wabasha  county,  where  he 
had  excellent  teachers.  Later,  he  took  a 
course  in  the  high  school  at  Lake  f'ity.  In 
order  to  seiaire  the  means  with  which  to  ac- 
(]uire  an  education,  however,  the  young  man 
was  compelled  to  serve  his  apprenticeship 
as  .1  teacher  in  the  country  schools.    He  also 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


CHARLES  A.    MOREY. 

learned  the  trade  of  carpenter  and  a  mill- 
wriglit,  and  used  his  skill  in  those  directions 
to  increase  his  slender  resources.  He  grad- 
uated from  the  formal  School  at  Winona  in 
1872,  and  in  September  of  that  year  went  to 
Boston  and  took  a  conrsein  the  Massachusetts 
Institute  of  Technology,  preparatory  to  as- 
suming a  position  as  teacher  of  sciences  in 
the  Winona  IS'ormal,  which  lie  had  been  offer- 
ed, and  to  which  he  was  ajipointed  in  1874. 
In  1876  he  was  elected  president  of  that  in- 
stitution. Mr.  Morey  had,  however,  devoted 
much  time  for  five  years  to  the  study  of  law, 
and  in  1879  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  re- 
signed his  position  as  president,  and  began 
the  practice  of  law  at  Winona  as  a  member 
of  the  flnu  of  Berry  &  Morey.  He  has  suc- 
ceeded in  building  up  an  extensive  practice, 
and  is  regarded  as  one  of  the  leading  attor- 
neys of  southern  Minnesota.  He  has  also  ac- 
quired numerous  business  interests,  and  is 
prominently  identified  with  public  affairs. 
He  has  been  president  of  the  Winona  Sav- 
ings Bank  for  a  number  of  years,  secretary 
of  the  Winona  Building  &  Loan  Association 
for  twenty  years,  was  a  member  of  the  city 
council  for  four  years,  and  the  board  of  edu- 


cation for  six  years.  He  is  a  director  of  the 
public  library,  is  the  resident  director  and 
treasurer  of  the  ^^'inona  Normal  School,  and 
has  been  a  member  of  the  State  Nonual 
Board  since  188H,  Mr.  Morey  is  a  commis- 
sioner of  the  Circuit  Court  of  the  United 
States,  and  was  selected  by  the  government 
authorities  to  hear  the  famous  Minneapolis 
census  cases  in  1800.  He  is  a  Rej)ublican  in 
politics,  has  represented  his  district  in  nearly 
all  county  and  state  conventions  for  many 
years,  and  was  a  member  of  the  executive 
committee  of  the  Republican  State  Central 
Committee  in  the  campaign  of  1900.  His 
chnrcli  connections  are  with  the  Episcopal 
denomination.  He  was  married  Nov.  28, 
1877,  to  Miss  Kate  Louise  Berry,  daughter  of 
Judge  C.  H.  Berry,  of  Winona,  deceased. 
They  have  four  children,  Jeanette,  Charles 
Berry,  Frances  and  Bertha  Louise. 


COOLEY,  Clayton  R.,  is  deputy  collector 
of  United  States  customs  and  custodian  of 
the  Federal  building  at  Minneapolis,  Minn., 
to  which  position  he  was  appointed  in  1898. 
He  comes  of  old  Xew  England  stock.  His 
father,  Warren  Cooley,  was  a  native  of 
Massachusetts,  and  was  boim  at  Palma  in 
1820.  He  was  a  mechanic  by  trade  and  fol- 
lowed this  occupation  during  his  lifetime, 
attaining  a  moderate  competence.  He  came 
to  Minnesota  in  the  early  oO's  and  settled  in 
Houston  county,  but  afterwards  removed  to 
Iowa.  He  died  in  Minneapolis  in  1887.  His 
wife,  Eleanor  F.  Morris,  was  a  native  of 
Illinois,  and  was  born  at  Alton  in  1833. 
Their  son,  Clayton,  was  born  in  Houston 
county,  Minn.,  October  16,  1859.  Short- 
ly after  his  birth  they  migrated  to  Iowa, 
first  locating  at  Dubuque,  afterwards  at 
Cedar  Falls  and  Eldora,  in  the  same  state. 
It  was  in  the  public  schools  of  the  latter 
town  that  Clayton  received  his  early  educa- 
tion. He  commenced  his  business  career 
directly  upon  leaving  the  public  school. 
A^'hile  a  lad  he  had  earned  his  first  dollar 
working  in  Burt's  novel  factory  in  East  Du- 
buque. The  first  business  engagement  he 
secured,  however,  was  in  a  drug  store  at 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


Eldoi-a.  He  did  not  remaiu  very  long  at 
this  line  of  work,  but  took  a  position  in  an 
abstrai-t  and  loan  office  in  the  same  city,  ac- 
quiring there  his  first  knowledge  of  the  real 
estate  business,  which  he  followed  for  sev- 
eral .years.  He  held  this  position  until  his 
removal  to  Minneapolis  in  1884.  His  first 
employment  here  was  secured  in  the  office 
of  George  W.  Chowan  &  Co.,  but,  subse- 
quently, he  entered  the  office  of  Merrill  & 
Albee,  an  abstract  firm.  In  September, 
1886,  Mr.  Cooley  ac(]uired  Mr.  Merrill's  in 
terest  in  the  firm  and  the  business  was  con- 
ducted under  the  name  of  Albee  &  Cooley. 
This  firm  continued  until  Mr.  Cooley's  elec- 
tion to  the  office  of  county  auditor  in  18!)2. 
Mr.  Cooley's  political  affiliations  have  al- 
v.ays  been  with  the  Republican  party,  and 
his  first  vote  was  cast  for  James  A.  Garfield. 
He  has  taken  an  active  interest  in  the  affairs 
of  his  party,  and  for  his  faithful  services  in 
local  politics  was  rewarded  with  the  nomina- 
tion and  election  to  the  office  of  county  au- 
ditor of  Hennepin  county.  He  made  a 
capable  and  efficient  officer,  and  his  valu- 
able services  were  recognized  by  a  re-elec- 
tion to  the  same  office  in  1804.  At  the  ex- 
piration of  his  term,  January  1,  1897,  he 
again  devoted  all  his  energies  to  his  private 
business,  but  gave  it  up  in  1898  to  accept  his 
present  position  as  deputy  collector  of  Unit- 
ed States  customs  and  custodian  of  the 
Federal  building  at  Minneapolis.  He  has 
made  an  enviable  record  in  this  office,  and  is 
held  in  high  esteem  by  all  who  know  him. 
As  an  aid  to  him  in  his  private  business, 
Mr.  Cooley  took  a  course  in  the  law  depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  Minnesota,  from 
which  he  graduated  in  1893.  He  does  not 
intend  to  take  up  the  legal  practice,  how- 
ever. He  is  prominently  identified  with  a 
number  of  fraternal  organizations,  and  is 
a  member  of  the  Masonic  order,  the  Royal 
Arcanum,  and  the  Ancient  Order  of  United 
Workmen. 


RHODES,  Jeremiah  M.,  the  superinten- 
dent of  the  public  schools  of  ^^'iudom,  ^linn., 
was  born  at  Point  Pleasant,  Ohio,  March  1, 
1866.     Like  most  other  men  who  have  be- 


JEUK.MIAII  M 


come  efficient  in  the  profession  of  teaching, 
his  school  training  began  in  the  common 
school.  He  early  selected  his  vocati^  as 
teacher.  After  some  experience  in  common 
school  work,  he  entered  the  State  Normal 
School  at  Emporia,  Kan.,  in  1886,  and  gradu- 
ated in  1889.  He  then  served  as  superinten- 
dent of  the  public  schools  of  Council  Grove, 
Kan.,  and  of  Hiawatha,  of  the  same  state. 
In  1892  he  went  to  California  and  attended 
the  Stanford  University,  remaining  there  un- 
til 1893.  The  same  year  he  returned  east 
and  entered  the  Indiana  University  at  Bloom- 
ington,  Ind.,  where  he  graduated  in  1894 
with  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts.  But 
this  equipment  did  not  seem  to  satisfy  his 
ambition  for  scholarship,  for,  in  1896,  he  ex- 
tended his  studies  at  Harvard  University, 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  and  in  1898  secured  from 
that  institution  the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts. 
Even  this  high  honor  he  supplemented  by  a 
post-graduate  course  at  Columbia  College, 
New  York  City,  completing  it  in  1899.  His 
scholarship  and  ability  are  shown  by  the  fact 
that  he  won  prizes  in  both  essay  and  debate, 
and  became  a  member  of  the  Phi  Delta  Theta 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GRKAT  NORTHWEST. 


college  fraternitv.  In  August,  1899,  lie  came 
to  Windoui  to  take  diai-ge  of  the  city  schools. 
In  polities  Mr.  Ehodes  is  a  Republican.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Masonic  order,  including 
the  degree  of  Knights  Templar.  His  thor- 
ough scholarship  and  practical  experience  of 
a  dozen  years  in  teaching  in  a  variety  of 
schools,  in  widely  separate  localities,  give 
him  advantages  in  his  profession  which  few 
men  can  claim,  and  as  the  Cottonwood  Coun- 
ty Citizen  says:  "The  city  can  be  congratu- 
lated upon  securing  so  able  an  instructor." 


MATHEWS,  Marvin  E.— The  task  of 
writing  the  biographies  of  the  leading  repre- 
sentative men  of  any  community  is  an  ex- 
ceedingly difficult  one  because  of  the  prevail- 
ing modesty  of  the  successful  business  man, 
who  almost  invariably  manifests  a  certain 
repugnance  to  anything  that  partakes  of  per- 
sonal notoriety  or  prominence,  and  thus  dis- 
courages even  friendly  attempts  to  uncover 
the  secret  of  his  success.  Genuine  success  is 
not  likely  to  be  the  result  of  mere  chance  or 
fortune,  but  is  something  to  be  labored  for 
and  sought  out  with  consecutive  effort. 
Ours  is  a  utilitarian  age,  and  the  life  of  every 
successful  man  bears  its  lesson,  and  as  told 
in  contemporary  narration  perhaps  is  pro- 
ductive of  the  greatest  good.  Thus  there  is 
a  due  measure  of  satisfaction  in  presenting 
even  a  brief  review  of  the  life  and  accom- 
plishments of  such  a  man. 

The  subject  of  this  sketch  is  one  of  the 
eminent  members  of  the  bar  of  southwestern 
Minnesota;  nor  is  his  reputation  limited  by 
the  confines  of  this  section.  He  is  one  of  the 
popular  men  of  the  state,  widely  known,  and 
his  prominence  in  public  and  professional 
life  makes  him  well  deserving  of  biograph- 
ical honors. 

Mr.  Mathews  was  born  near  Jamestown, 
N.  Y.,  September  25,  1849;  removed  with  his 
parents  to  this  state  in  the  spring  of  1854, 
and  settled  on  a  farm  near  Rochester.  At 
that  time  the  Indians  and  wild  animals  were 
sole  possessors  of  this  portion  of  the  coun- 
try, except  that  here  and  there  a  small  log 
cabin   marked    the    coming   of    civilization. 


There  were  no  school  laws,  school  teachers 
nor  schools,  and  it  was  several  years  before  a 
school  could  be  established  in  that  country. 
At  length,  when  this  was  accomplished,  the 
school  year  was  of  only  a  few  months"  dura- 
tion. The  schools  were  supported  by  con- 
tributions from  those  in  the  ueighboriiood 
having  children  to  send,  and  the  school  house 
was  some  claim  shanty  chosen  so  as  to  be  as 
near  the  center  of  the  settlement  as  possible. 
It  was  furnished  with  seats  and  desks  made 
by  splitting  logs  into  slabs  and  placing  them 
on  legs  at  the  desired  height.  The  school- 
room contained  no  floor  save  that  which 
nature  provided,  and  was  heated  by  an  open 
fire-place  built  of  stone.  Iso  certificate  of 
(pialification  was  required  from  the  teachei-s, 
and  very  little  education.  Reading,  writing, 
spelling,  geography  and  arithmetic  were  the 
only  branches  taught  in  those  schools,  and 
consequently  those  desiring  a  further  educa- 
tion were  compelled  to  obtain  it  by  their  own 
unaided  exertions.  Mr.  Mathews  studied 
grammar  and  other  branches  while  working 
in  the  fields,  and  soon  made  the  contents  of 
such  volumes  his  own.  He  is  a  master  of  the 
English  language,  and  is  considered  good 
authority  in  many  of  the  higher  branches  ol 
education. 

After  leaving  the  country  school  he  con- 
tinued his  studies  in  the  high  school  of  Roch- 
ester. From  seventeen  years  of  age  he  work- 
ed as  a  farm  hand  by  the  month,  chopped 
wood  in  the  forest  through  the  coldest  winter 
weather,  later  taught  school,  and  thus  made 
his  way  in  the  world  unaided,  pushing  for- 
ward to  the  goal  of  success  with  an  ambition 
that  nothing  could  daunt. 

He  studied  law  in  the  office  of  the  Hon. 
R.  A.  Jones,  at  Rochester,  and  in  1872  he 
went  to  New  Ulm,  Minn.,  where  he  accepted 
the  position  of  teacher  in  the  high  school. 
While  thus  engaged  he  also  studied  law  in 
the  office  of  George  W.  Kuhlman  until  the 
fall  of  1873,  at  which  time  he  opened  a  law 
office  and  practiced  his  profession  at  that 
place  until  1876,  when  he  came  to  Marshall, 
where  he  has  continued  the  practice  of  law 
ever  since.  He  is  a  graduate  of  the  law  de- 
partment of  the  University  of  Michigan,  at 


HISTORY  OF  THE  (JKEAT  NOUTIIWEST. 


Ann  Aibm-,  and  is  one  of  the  foremost  iirac- 
titionei's  of  tlie  state,  and  nearly  alwavs  con- 
nected on  one  side  or  the  other  with  the 
most  important  litigations  in  this  region. 
He  has  an  analytical  mind  which  enables  him 
to  see  and  handle  all  the  details  of  a  case, 
giving  to  each  its  projier  weight,  and  at  the 
same  time  his  comprehensive  grasp  of  affairs 
enables  him  to  master  a  subject  in  its  en- 
tirety. His  argument  is  clear,  forcible  and 
logical,  and  liis  deductions  follow  one  an 
other  in  logical  sequence.  He  has  labored 
earnestly,  has  made  his  clients'  interests  as 
dear  to  him  as  his  own,  and  has  steadily 
worked  his  way  u])war(l  mil  11  he  is  today  en 
joying  a  large  and  distinctively  represinta 
five  clientage  which  biings  him  in  a  hand 
some  and  well  deserved  income.  ^Ir.  Ma 
thews  is  a  life-long  Democrat,  is  a  recognized 
leader  in  jiolitical  circles,  and  is  now  promi- 
nentl.y  connected  with  the  several  Demo- 
cratic organizations  of  the  state.  He  has 
served  as  county  attorney  of  his  county  and 
also  as  receiver  of  public  mone,vs  and  special 
disbursing  agent  of  the  I'uited  States  land 
office  at  Marshall,  Minn.  In  the  campaign  of 
1900  he  was  nnanimousl.v  nominated  by  both 
the  Democratic  and  Peojile's  parties  for  mem- 
ber of  congress  from  the  Second  ^linnesota 
district. 

He  has  never  been  a  candidate  for  any 
office,  and  it  was  with  considerable  difficul- 
ty that  he  was  persuaded  to  accept  the  nomi- 
nation. 

The  prosecution  of  a  murder  case  in  Lin- 
coln county  and  other  important  legal  busi- 
ness during  the  campaign  took  up  a  large 
portion  of  his  time,  but  he  made  a  few 
.speeches  in  his  district. 

His  arguments  were  plain,  logical  and  im- 
partial, and  his  speeches  were  clear  state- 
ments of  facts  bearing  upon  the  issues  of  the 
cami)aign,  and  so  inten.sely  loyal  and  patri- 
otic in  their  chai-acter  for  good  government 
and  good  <'itizenship  as  to  cai)tivate  his  large 
audiences  and  give  rise  to  an  increased  con- 
fidence in  his  intellectual  greatness  and  his 
ability  to  grasp  the  salient  points  of  the  sub- 
ject and  present  them  so  they  could  not  be 
misunderstood. 


M.\UVIX  K.  MATHEWS. 

Although  he  ran  many  xotes  ahead  of  his 
party,  he,  with  all  other  candidates  ojj  his 
ticket,  was  defeated. 

5Ir.  Mathews  was  married  in  New  I'lm  to 
;\[iss  Minnie  TJoesch.  She  was  educated  in 
New  Ulm  and  St.  Paul,  and  is  a  lady  of  cul- 
ture and  refin<^ment,  presiding  with  gracious 
hospitality  ()\-er  her  pleasant  home.  Four 
children  have  been  born  to  their  union:  Wer- 
ner B.,  Logan  B.,  Sidonia  A.  and  Roland  >r. 

Socially  Mr.  ilathews  is  a  member  of  the 
Knights  of  Pythias  fraternity,  the  Indepen- 
dent Order  of  Odd  Fellows,  the  Modern 
A^'oodmen  of  America,  and  the  Eastern  Star; 
and  in  Masonry  is  connected  with  the  council, 
the  consistory  and  with  the  Mystic  Shrine  at 
Minneapolis.  He  is  the  soul  of  honor  in  busi- 
ness life,  and  in  social  relations  his  career  is 
alike  blameless.  He  never  regards  lightly 
the  duties  of  citizenship;  for  his  friendship 
is  inviolable,  home  sacred  and  family  devo- 
tion not  sim])ly  a  dnt.v,  but  the  best  inspira- 
tion and  hapi)iness  of  his  life.  His  home  is 
one  of  the  finest  in  southwestern  Minnesota. 
It  is  handsome  airhitecturally,  and  the  lawn 
is  adorned  with  the  devices  of  the  landscai)e 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


gardenei-.  But  the  clianii  of  his  residence  is 
the  true  hospitality  which  abounds  within. 
Mr.  JIa thews  is  one  of  the  most  popuhir  men 
in  this  part  of  the  state.  His  friends  are 
limited  in  number  only  by  the  circle  of  his 
acquaintances,  and  he  has  the  happy  faculty 
of  holding  them  closer  as  the  yeai-s  roll  by. 


NORTHROP,  Cyrus.— The  great  state 
universities  of  the  Northwest  were  establish- 
ed reluctantly  and  with  considerable  trepi- 
dation. Many  doubted  the  ability  of  a  popu- 
lar government  to  manage  successfully  edu- 
cational institutions  of  high  grade  on  so  ex- 
tensive a  scale  as  was  necessary  to  carry  out 
the  university  idea.  The  charge  was  openly 
made  that  a  state  institution  on  the  plan  pro- 
posed could  be  nothing  more  than  a  nest  of 
politicians,  always  scheming  for  personal  ad- 
vantage; that  legislatures  would  appropriate 
funds  for  maintenance  only  by  fits  and  starts, 
controlled  by  an  economical  freak  at  one  ses- 
sion, giving  inadequate  support,  while  per- 
haps at  the  next  session  the  authorized  ex- 
penditures might  be  so  lavish  as  to  sustain 
the  charge  of  extravagance;  that  the  teach- 
ing staff  would  be  made  up  of  men  whose 
only  attainments  consisted  in  ability  to  in- 
fluence party  managers;  that  professorships 
in  the  institution  would  be  bones  of  conten- 
tion among  politicians,  and  therefore  subject 
to  such  continual  changes  as  to  impair  the 
efficiency  of  the  instruction  and  prevent  the 
engagement  of  a  high  grade  of  competent  in- 
structoi-s;  and,  lastly,  that  the  people  would 
not  willingly  tax  themselves  year  after  year 
to  sustain  such  an  institution,  especially,  as 
at  best,  only  a  moiety  of  the  population 
would  be  directly  benefited.  These  reasons 
for  doubt  as  to  the  feasibility  of  establish- 
ing state  universities  seemed  to  many  cogent 
and  plausible.  There  were,  no  doubt,  pei-ils 
in  the  scheme,  as  one  or  two  such  institutions 
have  suffered  at  times  from  some  of  the 
causes  enumerated  as  objections.  Experi- 
ence, however,  has  demonstrated  so  clearly 
the  wisdom  of  the  system  of  universities  that 
there  is  no  longer  a  question  of  their  utility. 
They  have  become  the  pride  of  the  nation. 


They  arc  recognized  throughout  the  world  as 
flowei-s  of  the  highest  culture  in  our  civiliza- 
tion. As  educational  centers  they  wield  a 
wide,  inspiring  influence,  while  the  well  train- 
ed graduates  whom  they  annually  send  forth 
become  the  leaders  in  thought  and  action  in 
all  parts  of  the  nation,  thus  serving  as  a 
leaven  among  the  peoi)le,  with  an  uplift  to- 
ward better  things.  This  success  of  state 
universities  comes,  chieflly,  from  one  source: 
the  forceful  character  of  the  man  at  the  head 
of  the  institution.  Experience  has  compelled 
the  recognition  of  this  fact.  Lack  of  execu- 
tive ability,  tact,  sound  judgment  or  an  at- 
tractive personality  in  the  president  entails 
disaster.  The  defect  permeates  the  adminis- 
tration. The  president  is  largely  the  univer- 
sity, however  ably  he  may  be  assisted.  The 
University  of  Minnesota  might  be  cited  to 
show  this  fact.  When  Dr.  Cyrus  Northroj) 
was  called  to  be  its  president  in  1884,  the  in- 
stitution had  scarcely  a  hundred  collegiate 
students.  The  catalogue  was  largely  made 
up  of  the  names  of  pnpils  in  the  prepara- 
tory department — equivalent  to  a  high  school 
— and  of  those  in  detached  classes  of  even- 
ing technical  studies  until  nearly  three  hun- 
dred seemed  to  be  present.  Three  buildings 
fonned  the  plant  of  the  college.  This  was 
apparently  sufficient,  for  there  is  no  dormi- 
tory system  attached  to  the  university.  In 
1901  the  enrollment  is  about  thirty-four  hun- 
dred. There  are  now  more  than  twenty  build- 
ings equipped  with  all  the  modern  apjdiances 
required  by  the  most  advanced  university 
dealing  with  all  departments  of  knowledge. 
80  wonderful  as  this  growth  has  been,  it  is, 
perhaps,  the  least  important  change  wtich 
has  taken  place  under  Dr.  Northrop's  admin- 
istration. From  a  college  teaching  only  lit- 
erary courses  of  the  simplest  character,  the 
institution  has  become  a  true  university,  em- 
bracing all  branches  of  scientific  and  tech- 
nical studies.  Nor  is  this  all.  The  standard 
of  scholarship  has  been  so  raised  that  a 
diploma  of  the  University  of  Minnesota  takes 
the  highest  rank  in  the  literary,  professional 
and  technical  world.  The  conditions  under 
which  President  Northrop  began  his  work 
were  in  no  respect  different  from  those  of  the 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  XORTHAVEST. 


previous  decade.  Hence,  the  success  and 
prosperity  of  the  institution  must  be  attrib- 
uted to  the  guidino'  hand  and  leading  spirit 
of  the  man  responsible  for  results. 

Cyrus  Xorthrop  was  born  at  Ridgefield, 
Conn.,  in  1834.  His  father,  also  named  Cy- 
rus, was  a  fanner.  His  mother's  maiden 
name  was  Polly  B.  Fancher.  She  was  born 
in  New  York.  Young  Northro])  began  his 
education  in  the  district  school  of  his  native 
town.  When  eleven  years  old  he  entered  the 
academy  of  the  town.  The  building  in  which 
the  school  was  held  has  historical  interest, 
being  the  birth-place  of  Samuel  (1.  Ooodrich. 
noted  as  Peter  Parley,  the  author  of  a  multi- 
tude of  juvenile  books  which  were  exceeding- 
ly popular  for  several  generations.  The 
teachers  of  the  academy  were  H.  S.  Banks 
and  Rev.  Chauncey  Wilcox,  both  gi'aduates 
of  Yale.  At  seventeen  years  of  age  he  fin- 
ished bis  preparation  for  college  at  Williston 
Seminary,  Easthampton,  Mass.,  under  Princi- 
pal Josiah  Clark,  and  graduated  at  the  end 
of  the  year  18.51.  He  entered  Yale  as  fresh- 
man in  18.52,  but  owing  to  a  loss  of  a  year  by 
sickness,  he  did  not  graduate  until  18.57, 
when  he  stood  third  in  rank  in  a  class  of  one 
hundred  and  four.  While  in  college  he  was 
a  member  of  the  Phi  Beta  Kapjia,  Delta  Kap- 
pa Epsilon,  Alpha  Sigma  Phi  and  the  Skull 
and  Bones  college  fraternities.  He  was  also 
first  president  of  the  "Brothers  in  T'uity,'"  a 
literary  society  made  up  of  one-half  of  the 
students  at  college.  In  the  fall  of  1857  he 
entered  the  Yale  Law  School,  intending  to 
pursue  the  profession  of  law.  He  graduated 
in  1859.  While  attending  to  his  law  studies 
he  taught  Latin  and  Greek  in  the  school  of 
Hon.  A.  N.  Skinner  in  New  Haven,  and  pre 
pared  two  classes  for  Yale  College.  Ujion 
comjileting  his  law  course  he  entered  the  law 
offfce  of  Hon.  Charles  Ives,  of  New  Haven. 
He  became  interested  in  political  affairs  and 
took  an  active  part  in  the  Lincoln  campaign, 
s])eaking  for  the  LTnion,  and  liberty — as  the 
struggle  seemed  to  him — in  both  New  York 
and  Connecticut  during  the  campaign.  He 
was  elected  assistant  clerk  of  the  Connecti- 
cut house  of  representatives  in  1860,  and  be- 
came clerk  in  the  next  vear.    In  18G2  he  was 


rVKUS   .NOKTIII 


elected  clerk  of  the  state  senate.  He  had 
opened  a  law  office  and  fully  expected  to  re- 
sume his  practice  at  the  close  of  the  session 
of  the  legislature.  He  was,  however.  tW^art- 
ed  in  his  desire,  being  called  to  the  manage- 
ment of  the  New  Haven  Daily  Palladium. 
Tlie  paper  was  prominent  and  influential  and 
was  therefore  compelled  to  express  opinions 
or  publish  comments  on  all  subjects  of  public 
interest.  Mr.  Northrop  himself  wrote  all  the 
editorials  and  attended  to  the  nunierous  de- 
tails then  common  to  daily  newspapers.  It 
is  said  that  Dr.  Northrop  now  regards  the 
work  of  that  year  the  hardest  toil  he  lias  ever 
undertaken.  It  seems,  however,  to  have  been 
needed  to  round  out  his  preparatory  experi- 
ence. In  18fio  he  was  appointed  jirofessor  of 
rhetoric  and  English  literature  in  Yale  Col- 
lege. He  occupied  the  chair  for  twenty-one 
years,  or  until  1884,  when  he  was  tendered 
the  presidency  of  the  University  of  Minne- 
sota, a  position  which  came  to  him  unsolicit- 
ed and  unexpectedly,  as  did  the  professor's 
chair  at  Yale,  which  clianged  the  current  of 
his  life.  During  the  war  and  "reconstruc- 
tion" time  he  also  took  an  active  part  in  pub- 
lic att'airs,  making  many  political  addresses. 


[IISTORY  OF  THE  GKEAT  NORTHWEST. 


He  was  induced  once  to  accept  a  nomination 
for  congress.  But  since  1870  he  lias  talcen 
no  part  in  politics,  except  to  cast  his  ballot. 
During  the  administrations  of  Presidents 
Grant  and  Hayes  he  was  collector  of  customs 
of  the  port  of  Xew  Haven.  Since  Dr.  North- 
roj)  came  to  Minnesota,  while  unceasing  in 
his  endeavors  to  build  up  the  university,  he 
has  made  many  addresses  and  delivered  num- 
erous lectures  on  a  wide  range  of  subjects, 
which  have  shown  the  versatility  of  his  pow- 
ers. He  is  said  to  be  easily  the  best  after- 
dinner  speaker  in  the  Northwest.  The  numer- 
ous demands  made  upon  him  for  platform 
service  forced  him  finally  to  decline  many  in- 
vitations, literary  as  well  as  social.  He  is  a 
forceful  speaker,  singularly  successful  in 
holding  his  audience,  no  matter  what  the 
subject  may  be,  while  he  makes  his  points  in 
a  manner  very  effective  to  the  popular  ear. 
He  is  no  less  happy  in  his  style  of  writing, 
thus  contradicting  a  common  saying  that  "no 
man  can  be  both  a  good  speaker  and  a  good 
writer."  He  is  an  active  and  prominent  mem- 
ber of  the  Congregational  church,  sometimes 
occupying  the  pulpit.  In  1889  he  was  mod- 
erator of  the  National  Council,  held  at  Wor- 
cester, Mass.,  a  distinction  rai-ely  accorded  to 
a  layman.  He  was  one  of  the  two  vice  presi- 
dents appointed  from  America  by  the  great 
International  Council  of  the  denomination 
held  in  London,  in  1891.  to  which  he  was  a 
delegate.  In  1862  he  was  married  to  Miss 
Anna  Elizabeth  Warren,  of  Stamford,  Conn. 
They  have  had  three  children.  The  first  born, 
Minnie,  was  taken  away  when  only  ten  years 
and  six  months  old.  Their  son,  Cyrus  North- 
rop, Jr.,  is  a  graduate  of  the  university.  The 
surviving  daughter,  Elizabeth,  was  also  a 
student  of  the  institution,  but  was  com- 
pelled to  give  up  study  because  of  ill-health, 
before  graduation. 


ROBERTS,  William  I'reston.— Some  of 
the  most  successful  men  of  the  Northwest 
came  to  this  region  in  search  of  health,  rather 
than  for  business  pui-poses,  as  its  bracing  and 
invigorating  climate  has  a  wide  reputation. 


^Villiam  P.  Roberts,  twice  the  representative 
from  Hennepin  county  in  the  lower  house  of 
tlie  legislature,  is  one  of  the  number.  He  is 
a  native  of  I'ennsylvania,  having  been  born 
in  <rwynedd  township,  Montgomery  county, 
in  that  state,  June  1(5,  1845.  His  father,  Job 
Koberts,  was  a  farmer  in  moderate  circum- 
stances, and  was  of  Wel.sh  descent.  Tlie  fam- 
ily came  to  this  country  in  l(i'.)8  from  Bala, 
North  V\'ales,  and  settled  in  what  is  now 
(iwynedd  township — a  Welsh  name,  pro- 
nounced as  though  spelled  Gwyneth,  with 
Ihe  sound  "th"'  soft,  as  in  "the."  His  mother 
was  Hannah  Pickering.  William  obtained 
his  early  education  in  the  public  schools  ot 
Pennsylvania,  and  in  Maryland,  where  he 
lived  three  years.  The  schools  of  the  latter 
state,  at  that  time,  were  indifferent,  because 
only  i)artially  supported  by  the  state.  He 
afterwards  attended  the  First  State  Normal 
School  at  Millersville,  Lancaster  county.  Pa., 
from  which  he  graduated  in  1867,  after  the 
War  of  the  Rebellion,  which  interrupted  his 
college  course.  Choosing  law  for  his  pi'ofes- 
sion,  he  entered  the  law  department  of  the 
University  of  Michigan,  which  has  supplied 
the  bar  with  so  many  brilliant  men  of  the 
profession.  After  a  full  course  in  this  insti- 
tution he  graduated  in  1869,  and  immediately 
began  the  pi'actice  which  he  has  continued 
ever  since.  He  first  opened  a  law  office  in 
Nebraska,  where  he  practiced  for  six  years — 
the  first  two  alone,  and  then  was  a  member 
of  the  firm  of  Cole  &  Roberts,  which  was  dis- 
solved when  he  was  compelled  to  leave  for 
Minnesota  in  search  of  better  health.  He 
settled  in  Minneapolis  in  1874,  and  practiced 
alone  until  1878,  when  he  formed  a  pai'tner- 
ship  with  Col.  R.  C.  Benton  and  his  brothei", 
C.  H.  Benton,  first  under  the  style  of  Benton 
&  Benton,  and  later  as  Benton,  Benton  & 
Roberts.  In  December,  1881,  this  partner- 
ship was  dissolved  and  another  formed  by 
Mr.  Roberts  and  Colonel  Benton,  under  the 
style  of  Benton  &  Roberts,  which  later — 
when  Rome  O.  Brown  became  associated — 
was  known  as  Benton,  Roberts  &  Brown,  and 
so  continued  until  1893,  when,  by  the  death 
of  the  senior  partner,  the  partnership  termi- 
nated.   Since  that  time  Mr.  Roberts  has  con- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


ducted  his  law  practice  witliout  an  associate. 
His  practice  has  been  general,  but  his  more 
iuijiortant  worlv  has  been  connected  witli  tlie 
settlement  of  estates,  and  with  trusteeships. 
He  was  active  in  the  preparation  and  trial 
of  the  St.  Anthony  Falls  water  power  litisa 
ti(m,  and  with  the  "railroad  crossiu;;'"  cases 
in  Jliuneapolis.    He  enlisted  as  a  pi'ivate  sol- 
dier when  a  school  boy,  June  10,  18(!:5,  in  the 
17th  Pennsylvania  Volunteers,  and  served  as 
corporal  in  Company  H.    Before  the  end  of 
the  year  he  was  commissioned  as  second  lieu- 
tenant in  the   45th   United   States    CoK)red 
Troops,  and  served  with  the  Army  of  the 
Potonuic  and  with  the  Army  of  the  James  a 
large  part  of  the  time.    During  the  draft  dis- 
turbances of  1803,  he  was  on  duty  in  tlie  coal 
regions  of  Pennsylvania  and   in   AVest   ^'il• 
ginia,  but  was  with  Grant  in  his  last  cam- 
paign, culminating  at  Appomattox.    In  May, 
1865,   the   command   was   sent    to  the   Rio 
Grande.    During  the  latter  part  of  this  serv- 
ice he  was  in  the  brigade  staff.    He  was  mus- 
tered out  as  first  lieutenant  in  December, 
1805.    During  all  the  time  he  held  a  commis- 
sion he  had,  except  about  one  month,  com- 
mand of  his   company  whenever   it  was   in 
active  campaign,  except  when,  at  times  he 
was  detailed  for  duty  as  adjutant,  quarter- 
master, or  aide-de-camp.    He  is  a  member  of 
the  G.  A.  R.,  and  past  post  commander  of 
Geo.  N.  Morgan  Post,  No.  4,  of  Minueajjolis. 
He  has  been  judge  advocate  of  the  State  De- 
partment of  the  Order  and  a  member  of  its 
National  Council  of  Administration.     He  is 
also  a  member  of  the  Loyal  Legion,  and  has 
been  the  junior  vice  commander  of  the  Min- 
nesota Department.    He  has  always  been  a 
Republican,  and  shouted  for  Fremont,  in  a 
slave  state  when  a  school  boy.    He  had  never 
held  office  until  he  was  elected  to  the  legisla- 
ture in  1898.    He  was  re-elected  in  1900,  and 
has  been  one  of  the  active  members.    He  in- 
troduced two  original  bills  in  his  first  legis- 
lative teiTii  which  have  attained  considerable 
attention — one,  to  place  names  of  candidates 
alternately  on  the  ofiflcial  ballot  has  just  be- 
come a  law;  the  other,  a  "primary  election 
law"  of  general  application,  gave  way  to  a 
modified  plan  now  a  law.    He  was  president 


WILLIAM    I', 


of  the  Union  League  of  Minneapolis  in  1895. 
He  is  also  a  member  of  the  Fourth  Ward 
Republican  Club,  and  of  the  Commercial 
Club,  and  a  prominent  Mason,  being  past 
master  of  Hennepin  Lodge,  No.  4,  and^s  at 
present  the  grand  orator  of  the  Grand  Lodge. 
He  belongs  to  the  Universalist  Church.  In 
1809  he  was  married  to  Anna  M.  Pugh,  who 
died  in  1870,  leaving  no  children.  He  was 
married  to  Agnes  Doyle  Taggart,  of  St. 
Clairsville,  Ohio,  in  1876,  who  died  in  1895, 
leaving  two  sons  who  served  in  the  late  Span- 
ish War  in  the  Thirteenth  Minnesota  Volun- 
teers—Horace W.,  born  July  8,  1877,  and 
Roy  G.,  born  January  29,  188U. 


SARGENT,  William  C,  sheriff  of  St. 
Louis  county,  has  had  a  varied  and  interest- 
ing career — one  that  demonstrates  his  ster- 
ling worth  as  a  man,  and  is  typical  of  the 
sturdy  race  from  which  he  sprung.  The 
Sargents  for  several  generations  back  have 
been  residents  of  New  England,  where  the 
progenitors  of  the  family  settled  on  coming 
from  England.  The  late  Hon.  George  Bar- 
nard Sargent,  of  Duluth,  Minn.,  whose  biog- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


WILLIAM  ('.  SARGENT. 

raphy  will  be  foimd  ou  another  page,  was  the 
father  of  our  subject.  A  shrewd  liuancier, 
a  man  of  energy  and  great  strength  of  will, 
he  strongly  impressed  himself  upon  the  small 
settlement  at  the  head  of  the  lakes,  and  Du- 
lutli  owes  much  to  the  interest  he  took  in  its 
upbuilding.  (He  was  a  native  of  Massachu- 
setts, born  at  lioston  in  1818.)  In  1809,  estab- 
lished the  banking  house  of  Geo.  B.  Sargent 
&  Co.,  at  Duluth,  acting  as  western  agent  for 
the  most  prominent  financial  houses  of  New 
York.  He  died  in  1875.  Mr.  Sargent  was 
married,  in  1830,  to  JIary  I'erin,  the  mother 
of  the  subject  of  this  sketch.  William  C.  was 
born  at  lioston,  Mass.,  December  4,  1859. 
■\Mien  four  years  of  age  his  father  located  in 
Kew  York  City,  and  the  boy  attended  the 
public  schools  of  the  metropolis  for  a  time. 
When  ten  j-ears  of  age  he  became  a  student 
in  the  Faribault  Military  Institute,  subse- 
quently taking  a  course  of  instruction  at  St. 
John's  Seminary,  which  is  situated  about 
twelve  miles  from  Syracuse,  N.  Y.  He  came 
to  Minnesota  when  still  in  his  teens,  and 
though  his  father  was  at  that  time  one  of 
Duluth's  most  successful  business  men,  the 
lad  was  endowed  with  a  spirit  of  indepen- 


dence and  was  prepared  to  work  at  whatever 
task  i)resented  itself.     His  first  employment 
was  as  a  teamster  in  the  logging  business. 
This  he  followed  for  a  short  time,  liut  always 
kept  his  eye  ojien  for  larger  opportunities. 
In  1880  he  was  appointed  superintendent  of 
the  Duluth  Blast  Furnace  Company,  and  in 
18S0  he  was  made  manager  of  the  Lakeside 
Land  Company,  which  latter  position  he  held 
for  a  jieriod  of  nine  years.     Mr.  Sargent  in- 
herited  his   father's  talent  for  financiering, 
and  with  youth  and  energy  at  his  command, 
he  succeeded  in  laying  the  foundation  of  a 
substantial  fortune.  The  financial  depression 
of  the  early  '90s,  however,  with  its  accom- 
]:anying  depreciation  of  real  estate,  proved 
\eiy  disastrous  and  swept  away  the  major 
[lortion  of  the  property  he  had  accumulated. 
Thus  thwarted,  Mr.  Sargent  turned  his  activ- 
ities in  another  direction — that  of  the  polit- 
ical  arena.     His  enthusiasm  and  energy  in 
political  campaigning  had  made  him  a  potent 
force   in    Eepublican   politics   in    St.   Louis 
county,  and  gained  recognition  in  his  nomina- 
tion for  sheriff  in  1890.    He  was  elected  by  a 
handsome   majority,  and  was  re-elected  in 
1898  and  1900.     Mr.  Sargent  has  many  ad- 
mirable social  qualities  which  have  won  for 
him  many  wai*m  friends,  especially  so  in  con- 
nection with  the  numerous  secret  organiza- 
tions to  which  he  belongs.    He  is  prominent 
in  the  Masonic  body,  being  a  member  of  all 
the  different  orders,  and  is  a  member  of  the 
Elks  and  the  Foresters.     He  was  married 
January  13,  1887,  to  Miss  Rhobie  L.  Peck,  at 
Syracuse,  N.  Y.     Three  children  have  been 
born  to  them,  one  of  whom  is  deceased. 


MILLER,  Joseph  Gustav. — As  a  tele- 
grajih  operator  at  some  wayside  station  in 
early  youth — such  has  been  the  modest  be- 
ginning of  many  men  of  prominence  in  busi- 
ness and  the  professions.  The  responsibility 
resting  upon  a  mere  boy  at  the  key  for  the 
safety  of  the  traveling  public  teaches  him  a 
self  reliance  which  is  of  inestimable  value  in 
later  life.  To  the  boy  of  ambitous  mind  it  is 
a  stepping  stone  which  wins  for  him  quick 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


recognition  of  his  abiltj  and  the  thrusting 
upon  him  of  greater  responsibility.  Joseph 
G.  Miller  was  but  fifteen  years  of  age  when 
he  left  school  and  conuuenced  the  active 
duties  of  life  as  a  railroad  telegraph  operator. 
Rewai'd  came  iiuick  in  response  for  his  faith- 
ful service.  In  the  eight  years  fcdlowing  he 
had  successfully  served  in  the  responsible  po- 
sitions of  train  dispatcher,  assistant  sujier- 
inteudent  and  assistant  master  mechanic. 
Mr.  Miller  is  of  (lernian  descent.  The  family 
on  both  sides  of  the  house  were  prominent 
in  mercantile  and  manufacturing  circles  in 
their  respective  communities  in  Germany. 
Anton  Miller.  Joseph's  father,  was  born  in 
1833,  in  (jirosherzogthum,  Baden.  He  caine  to 
this  country  in  ISoit  and  engaged  in  milling. 
Later  he  entered  into  mercantile  pursuits, 
and  is  now  retired.  Mr.  Miller  has  an  hon- 
orable war  record.  When  the  war  broke  out 
he  enlisted  as  a  private  in  Co.  I,  36th  Illinois 
volunteers,  sen'ing  four  years  and  four 
months,  or  until  the  close  of  the  war.  He 
was  in  the  battles  of  Pea  Ridge,  Pennyville 
and  Murfreesboro,  being  slightly  wounded 
in  the  latter  contest.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Wm.  H.  Thompson  Post,  No.  308,  G.  A.  E.,  at 
Pawpaw,  111.  The  maiden  name  of  Joseph's 
mother  was  Hannah  Louise  Peters.  She  was 
born  in  Germany  Sept.  16,  1845,  coming  to 
this  country  at  the  age  of  five.  She  died 
April  2,  1883.  The  subject  of  this  sketch 
was  born  Sept.  3,  1868,  at  Oswego,  111.  He 
attended  the  schools  in  that  place  until  1883, 
at  which  time  he  left  the  high  school  to  ac- 
cept a  position  with  the  C,  B.  &  Q.  Ey.  Co. 
as  telegraph  oi)erator  at  Sheridan,  111.  He 
devoted  his  whole  time  to  his  duties,  and 
earned  quick  pi-omotion.  He  has  served  in 
nearly  all  departments  of  railroad  work,  for 
the  past  six  years  holding  official  positions. 
He  I'esigned  June  1,  I'JOO,  to  accept  the  uonii- 
r.ation  of  state  railroad  and  warehouse  com- 
missioner, to  which  office  he  was  duly  elected 
in  November  by  a  handsome  endorsement. 
Mr.  Miller's  political  affiliations  are  with  the 
Eepublican  party.  He  has  served  as  chair- 
man of  the  Lake  county  central  committee 
for  six  consecutive  year's.  In  1896  he  was 
elected  to  the  office  of  clerk  of  court  of  Lake 


(  ouuty,  an  office  he  has  filled  very  acceptably. 
He  is  a  member  of  a  number  of  fraternal  so- 
cieties, and  that  he  is  prominent  in  social  life 
is  attested  by  the  fact  that  he  has  held  offices 
in  all.  The  orders  of  which  he  is  a  niAiber 
are:  The  K.  of  P.,  M.  W.  of  A.,  I.  O.  F.,  B.  P. 
( >.  1'].,  and  the  Two  Harbors  Commercial 
Club.  Dec.  18,  1890,  Mr.  Miller  was  married 
to  Mary  Agnes  Roth,  of  Oconto,  Wis.  They 
have  three  sons:  Gregor  A.,  J.  Vivian  and  F. 
Newman. 


^^■RIGIIT,  Fred  B..  so  well  known 
throughout  the  state  for  his  efficient  service 
for  two  years  as  the  president  of  the  State 
League  of  Republican  Clubs,  was  born  Janu- 
ary 17,  1856,  in  Coos  county,  N.  H.,  where  it 
is  said  that  the  best  product  of  the  state  is 
men  and  women  of  the  finest  grade.  The 
merit  of  the  saying  is  that  it  is  largely  true. 
He  is  enthusiastic  in  his  praise  of  Minnesota, 
claiming  that  he  came  to  the  state  because  of 
the  "vast  possibilities  for  a  great  and 
wealthy"  commonwealth,  and  to  Minneapolis 
"by  i-eason  of  its  splendid  natural  location, 
the  loyalty  and  push  of  the  people,  which 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


FRED  T'..   WniGHT. 


made  Bliiuicapolis  ccrlain  of  becoming  a 
large  city."  His  fatlier,  Beiiali  Wright,  was 
a  farmer  in  moderate  circumstances,  and  had 
a  large  family.  He  had  a  great  amount  of 
native  ability,  and  he  was  held  in  high 
esteem  in  the  community.  He  was  named 
after  his  grandfather,  Beriah  Wright,  who 
was  a  native  of  ^'ermont,  and  a  captain  in 
the  United  States  army  in  the  War  of  1812. 
The  captain  had  only  one  child,  a  son,  Sey- 
mour H.  Wright,  also  born  in  Vennont,  and 
who  reared  a  large  family  consisting  of  Solon 
B.,  Beriah,  the  father  of  the  subject  of  this 
sketch,  Lumon  F.,  William  H.,  Arthur  A. 
and  Hosea  D.  ^Vright,  and  four  daughters, 
Sarah,  Surei)ta,  Ellen  and  Alice.  These  are 
all  living  except  Sarah,  Ellen  and  Solon.  The 
last  lived  at  St.  Johnsbury,  Vt.,  and  died 
there  at  the  age  of  seventy,  after  a  busy  and 
useful  life,  having  occupied  many  places  of 
trust  and  confidence.  Lumon  is  a  wealthy 
and  prominent  farmer  of  Linn  county,  Iowa. 
Arthur  is  a  prominent  physician  in  the  state 
of  New  York.  Eliza  R.  Wright,  the  grand- 
mother of  Fred.  B.  Wright,  was  also  a  native 
of  Vermont,  and  belonged  to  a  leading  fam- 
ily. Her  brother,  Elum,  was  a  leading  law- 
yer at  the  New  York  bar  for  many  years. 


Mr.  Wright  obtained  his  early  education  in 
tlic  district  sclidols,  and  then  entered  the  St. 
.Tolinsbury  Academy,  from  which  he  gradu- 
ated in  the  class  of  1878.  He  then  taught 
scliool  until  he  entered  upon  his  law  studies. 
For  this  pui-jjose  he  entered  the  law  office  of 
Hon.  (Jeorge  A.  Bingham,  at  Littleton,  N. 
H.,  and  completed  his  law  course  at  the  Bos- 
ton Law  School.  In  1883  he  came  to  Minne- 
ai)olis  to  practice  his  profession,  and  has 
continued  it  ever  since  with  marked  success, 
winning  a  high  standing  at  the  bar,  which  is 
esteemed  the  strongest  in  the  Northwest. 
Mr.  Wright's  practice  has  been  of  a  genei*al 
character,  as  shown  by  the  History  of  the 
Bench  and  Bar,  where  many  interesting  de- 
tails are  noted.  Mr.  Wright  has  always  been 
an  active,  public-spirited  citizen.  In  politics 
he  is  an  unmistakable  Republican.  For  two 
years  he  was  the  president  of  that  most  ag- 
gressive Republican  organization,  the  State 
League  of  Republican  Clubs.  Mr.  Wright's 
vitality  gave  it  much  of  its  success.  He  has 
held  no  other  political  office.  He  is  a  Mason 
of  high  degree,  belonging  to  the  Blue  Lodge, 
Royal  Arch  Chapter,  and  to  the Commandery. 
He  was  married  to  Helen  M.  Conant,  of 
Greensboro,  Vt.,  August  27, 1884.  They  have 
four  children:  Ralph  C,  Fred  B.  Wright, 
Jr.,  Barbara,  Helen  and  Donald  Orr  Wright. 


CREER,  John  N.,  principal  of  the  Cen- 
tral High  School,  Minneapolis,  Minn.,  is  a 
native  of  Iowa,  and  was  born  in  Scott  county, 
April  17,  1858.  His  father,  Nathan  Greer, 
was  a  farmer.  His  mother's  maiden  name 
was  Rebecca  Logan  McGrew.  In  his  early 
youth.  Professor  Greer  was  passionately  fond 
of  the  wild  animals  of  the  prairies  and  lost 
no  opportunity  to  study  them  and  their  hab- 
its, thus  acquiring  that  taste  for  natural  his- 
tory and  that  habit  of  close  observation 
which  are  now  so  characteristic  of  him. 
Farm  life,  however,  had  its  restraints,  and 
the  lad's  natural  inclinations  were  smothered 
somewhat  through  being  compelled  to  assist 
in  labor  on  the  farm  when  only  ten  years  of 
age.    Two  vears  later  his  father  died,  leaving 


HISTOIIY  OF  THE  GHIOAT  NORTinVKST, 


him  in  charge  of  the  farm ;  but  the  boy  proved 
equal  to  the  arduous  task  and  for  three  years 
successfully  carried  on  the  farm  work,  lie 
attended  the  district  school  during-  the  win- 
ters until  fifteen  years  of  age,  then, desiring  to 
obtain  further  advancement,  entered  the  pub- 
lic schools  of  Davenport,  Iowa.  Five  years 
afterward  he  was  graduated  from  the  high 
school,  having  mastered  in  three  years  the 
full  four  years'  course,  and  was  valedictorian 
of  the  class.  Tlie  following  year  he  taught 
at  Blue  Grass,  in  his  home  county.  In  Sep 
tember,  1870,  he  entered  Iowa  Tolh-ge,  and 
was  gi^aduated  in  1882.  His  rapid  advance 
through  the  classical  course,  paralleled  by 
sjjecial  work  in  the  sciences,  secured  for  him 
in  this  short  time  the  two  degrees  of  A.  B. 
and  B.  S.,  an  honor  bestowed  upon  only  one 
other  student  in  the  history  of  the  college. 
This  was  a  deserving  tribute  to  his  close  ap- 
plication to  his  studies.  In  1885  he  was  hon- 
ored by  his  Alma  Plater  with  the  degree  of 
M.  A.  While  at  college  he  took  an  active  in- 
terest in  athletics  and  was  always  foremost 
in  all  kinds  of  sports.  He  was  also  an  active 
member  of  the  Chrestomathian  Literary  So- 
ciety, receiving  through  it  a  training  that 
proved  of  much  practical  value.  Soon  after 
leaving  college.  Professor  Greer  entered  the 
law  office  of  Cook  &  Dodge,  in  Davenport. 
After  about  a  year  with  this  firm,  during 
which  time  he  had  almost  prepared  himself 
for  admission  to  the  bar,  he  accepted  a  re- 
sponsible position  with  a  telephone  company, 
which  had  its  headquarters  at  Cedar  Eap- 
ids,  Iowa.  A  year  later  he  accepted  the  ap- 
pointment of  principal  of  School  No.  2,  of 
Davenport.  He  resigned  this  position  in  Jan- 
uary, 1880,  to  became  principal  of  the  North 
Side  High  School  in  Minneapolis;  and  in  Au- 
gust, 1892,  he  exchanged  this  positioTi  for  the 
corresponding  one  at  the  Central  High. 
Though  succeeding  a  most  popular  man — 
Professor  Crombie — and  placed  in  a  position 
calling  for  much  tact  and  executive  ability. 
Professor  Greer  has  achieved  a  great  sn<'- 
cess.  He  at  once  secured  the  respect  and  ad- 
miration of  both  teachers  and  pu]tils,  and 
now  enjoys  such  a  degree  of  popularity  as  is 
seldom  the  reward  of  one  in  his  position.    A 


•IDHN  N.  (.UtEKI!. 

man  of  kindly  nature,  in  com])lcte  sympathy 
with  youth,  his  inlluence  has  been  of  inesti- 
mable ^■alue  in  inspiring  the  students  of  his 
school  with  a  love  for  the  higher  and  nobler 
things  of  this  life,  and  stimulating  them  to 
more  strenuou.s  efforts  for  advancement.  In 
1884  Professor  Greer  was  married  to  Sarah 
Elizabeth  Russell,  daughter  of  Hon.  Edward 
Russell,  of  Davenport,  Iowa.  A  sou,  E.  Rus- 
sell, and  two  daughters,  Marguerite  R.  and 
Abby  E.,  complete  the  membership  of  his 
family. 


ESCH,  John  Jacob,  of  La  Crosse,  Wis.. 
is  a  member  of  congress  from  the  Seventh 
district  of  Wisconsin.  He  is  descended 
from  old  (ierman  families,  as  his  ancestors 
on  both  sides  came  from  the  old  country. 
His  mother,  Mathilda  (Menn)  Esdi,  was  a 
(laughter  of  one  of  the  earliest  settlers  in 
.Monroe  county,  NNis.  His  father,  Henry 
Ksch,  was  in  early  life  a  minister.  He  set 
tied  in  ^Slonroc  coniily  in  I  lie  tcrrilorial 
(lays  of  Wiscdusiii,  and  cleared  a,  farm  in 
I  he  Idlest.  He  was  one  of  the  pioneer  min- 
islcrs  (if  llial   liuic  and    traveled    a    circuit. 


HISTORY  OF  THK  GUKAT  NOKTIIWEST. 


John  J.  Escli  was  born  on  a  farm  near  Nor- 
walk,  Monroe  county,  Wis.,  March  20,  1861. 
His  education  has  been  secured  in  the 
schools  of  Wisconsin  and  he  is  essentially 
a  product  of  the  Badger  state.  He  received 
a  very  thorough  preparatory  course  in  the 
high  school  at  Sparta,  graduating  in  1878, 
and  entered  the  University  of  Wisconsin, 
taking  up  the  work  of  the  Modern  Classical 
Course,  and  was  graduated  in  1882.  He  took 
a  prominent  part  in  college  life  and  was  es- 
pecially interested  in  debating,  and  was  a 
joint  debater  in  one  of  the  annual  debates. 
He  was  class  prophet  at  commencement  and 
was  also  a  commencement  orator.  During 
his  senior  year  he  was  managing  editor  of 
the  college  weekly.  In  1882  he  began  teach- 
ing school  at  Sparta,  Wis.,  which  position 
he  left  in  1886  to  enter  the  law  department 
of  the  state  university.  He  had  been  study- 
ing law  while  teaching  and  declined  an  of- 
fer of  the  principalship  that  he  might  be- 
come a  lawyer.  He  completed  the  course 
in  1887  and  located  in  La  Crosse,  becoming 
a  member  of  the  firm  of  Winter,  Esch  «S: 
Winter,  and  has  been  engaged  in  many  of 
the  more  important  cases  in  that  locality. 
Mr.  Esch  has  always  been  interested  in  mil- 


itary affairs  and  while  in  Sparta  was  one  of 
the  organizers  of  the  Sparta  Kirtes,  a  com- 
pany in  the  Third  Regiment.  Wisconsin  Na- 
tional Guard.  He  served  four  years  as  cap- 
tain of  the  company.  He  also  organized 
Company  M  of  the  Third  Regiment,  at  La 
Crosse  and  was  captain  of  this  company  for 
some  time.  In  1891  he  was  appointed  judge 
advocate  general,  with  the  rank  of  colonel, 
on  the  staff  of  (iov.  Upham,  but  declined  a 
reappointment.  Mr.  Esch  has  always  been 
an  active  Republican.  His  first  office  was 
that  of  city  treasurer  at  Sparta,  in  1884.  In 
18!)6  he  was  temporary  and  peiTnanent 
chairman  of  the  state  convention  which 
nominated  delegates  at  large  to  the  nation- 
al Republican  convention  at  St.  Louis.  He 
has  also  been  prominent  in  several  state 
conventions.  He  was  elected  to  congress 
in  181)8  by  a  plurality  of  over  eight  thou- 
sand votes.  He  has  secured  the  passage  of 
several  measures  of  great  importance  t9  his 
district  and  is  identified  with  several  meas- 
ures now  before  congress.  He  was  re-elect- 
ed to  congress  in  1900  by  a  largely  in- 
creased plurality.  Mr.  Esch  is  a  member 
of  the  Modern  Woodmen  of  America  and  of 
the  Hamilton  and  Nineteenth  Century  clubs 
— both  literary  societies — at  La  Crosse.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Congregational  church, 
ilr.  Esch  was  married,  December  24,  1889, 
to  Miss  Anna  Herbst,  of  Sparta,  and  has  five 
children,  Paul,  Irene,  Helen,  Marie  and 
Ruth. 


ANDREWS,  John  Wesley,  is  a  physician 
and  surgeon,  practicing  his  profession  at 
Mankato,  Minn.  His  father,  John  R.  An- 
drews, was  a  Methodist  minister,  and  one  of 
the  pioneer  messengers  of  the  gospel  in  south- 
western Jlinnesota.  John  R.  Andrews  and 
his  wife,  Delilah  (Araistrong)  Andrews,  came 
to  Minnesota  from  Illinois  in  the  autumn  of 
1856,  and  located  first  near  St.  Peter,  but  the 
following  spiing  Mr.  Andrews  pre-empted 
one  hundred  and  sixty  acres  of  what  is 
known  as  the  big  woods.  The  business  de- 
pression of  1857  came  on,  and  for  the  next 
two  years  the  Andrews  family,  in  common 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


with  their  neighbors,  endured  great  priva- 
tions. Flour  was  fD.OO  a  barrel,  and  had  it 
not  been  for  the  high  price  of  ginseng  and 
the  abundance  of  tliat  root  in  their  region, 
many  would  havo  suffered  for  food.  The  An 
drews  family  is  of  English  descent,  the  father 
of  John  11.  being  an  English  sea  cai)tain. 
The  subject  of  this  sketch  was  born  at  Kus- 
sellville,  Lawrence  county,  111.,  April  G,  1S41). 
The  country  district  schools  of  that  time 
were  i)ooi-Iy  ecjuipped,  and  the  educational 
advantages  he  enjoyed  were  of  a  very  insuf 
ficient  and  limiled  chai-acter.  After  comjilet- 
ing  the  course  affoi'ded  by  the  ])ublic  schools, 
he  entered  the  State  Normal  School  at  llan- 
kato,  but  at  the  end  of  his  course  and  before 
graduation  he  was  taken  sick  willi  lyphoid 
fever  and  was  not  able  to  rel  ui  ii.  1  le  became 
a  leacliiT  ill  llie  high  scliool  al  SI.  IN'lcr, 
where  he  was  engaged  for  three  years,  when 
he  took  up  the  study  of  medicine,  and  jirose- 
cuted  it  as  diligently  as  his  means  would  jier- 
mit.  He  attended  the  medical  department 
of  the  University  of  Michigan,  and  later  Rush 
Medical  College,  where  he  graduated  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1S77.  iVfter  practicing  in  Minnesota 
for  about  two  years  he  went  to  New  York 
and  entered  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  Col- 
lege, where  he  took  the  regular  course  in 
medicine  and  surgery  and  the  allied  branches 
of  study  and  was  graduated  in  March,  1880. 
He  again  returned  to  the  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession, which  he  continued  until  the  sum- 
mer of  1886,  when  he  went  to  Europe  for  a 
year  of  study  in  Berlin  and  Vienna.  Upon 
his  return  to  Mankato  he  resumed  his  jiro- 
fessional  work,  and  continued  it  up  to  the 
present  time,  with  intervals  of  six  weeks  or 
two  months  sjient  every  two  or  three  years 
in  study  and  observation  in  some  of  the 
larger  cities,  for  the  purpose  of  familiarizing 
himself  with  any  new  discoveries  or  methods 
which  may  have  been  adojited  in  his  jirofes- 
sion.  Dr.  Andrews  is  a  member  of  the  Min- 
nesota Medical  Society,  of  the  Minnesota  Val 
ley  Medical  Society,  of  the  American  Jledical 
Association,  and  of  other  medical  organiza 
tions.  He  has  taken  very  little  interest  in 
politics,  although  he  was  nominated  for 
mavor  of  Jlaiikato  in  1893  and  came  within 


.iiiii.N  \v.  .\.\iii;i;\vs. 

seven  votes  of  being  elected.  In  the  spring  of 
1895  he  was  induced  to  take  a  seat  in  the 
council  as  a  representative  of  the  Fourth 
^Vard  of  that  city.  Dr.  Andrews  is  at  p^sent 
devoting  himself  largely  to  the  practice  of 
surgeiy,  and  but  few  physicians  in  the  state 
enjoy  a  larger  or  more  lucrative  practice. 
He  has  always  been  a  Kejiublican  and  identi- 
fied with  that  party.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Masonic  fraternity  and  was  for  two  years 
senior  warden,  and  then  for  four  consecutive 
years  master,  of  the  Blue  Lodge,  Mankato, 
No.  12.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Mankato 
Board  of  Trade,  and  of  the  Social  Science 
Club  of  Mankato.  He  was  reared  in  the  Meth- 
odist church  and  became  a  member  of  that 
society  when  about  tweiily  years  of  age.  He 
was  married,  April  4,  1877,  to  Miss  Jennie 
French,  formerly  of  Wellsville,  N.  Y.,  but  at 
the  lime  of  her  marriage  residing  in  Mar- 
sh.ill,  Mh\u.  They  have  one  child.  Boy  N. 
Andrews. 


ilKOl'in',  Batrick  Jerome,  of  15utte, 
Mont.,  is  regarded  as  one  of  the  leading 
wholesale  merchants  in  the  state.  He  is  quiet 
,111(1  unassuming,  but  his  success  as  a  mer- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


PATRICK  J.    BROPHY, 

chant  has  shown  to  the  people  that  he  is  a 
man  of  sterling  worth  and  strict  integrity. 
He  came  to  Montana  in  February,  1881,  when 
the  state  was  a  territory  and  practically  un- 
deyeloped,  and  when  the  stage  was  the  only 
means  of  transportation  to  Butte.  P.  J. 
Brophj  was  born  in  1855,  in  Carlow  county, 
Ireland.  His  mother,  Johanna  Barry  Welsh, 
was  a  natiye  of  Wexford  county,  and  his  fa- 
ther, Thomas  Brojjhy.  was  a  well-to-do  farm- 
er in  Carlow  county.  Their  son  was  giyen 
the  education  proyided  by  the  commissioners 
of  National  education.  The  schools  were  of 
good  quality,  with  a  fine  influence  on  the 
scholars.  Young  Brophy  seryed  a  four  years' 
apprenticeship,  without  pay,  in  a  large  estab- 
lishment near  his  home.  He  then  went  to 
Dublin  and  to  Liyerpool  and  gained  yaluable 
experience.  He  decided  that  the  opportuni- 
ties ayailable  afforded  better  prospects  in 
America,  and  came  to  the  United  States.  Mr. 
Brophy  liyed  in  Chicago  for  a  few  years  be- 
fore going  further  west.  He  then  went  to 
Y\'yoniing,  locating  at  Eyanston.  He  yery 
soon  heard  of  the  possibilities  of  Montana, 
and,  in  company  with  Mr.  George  H.  Casey, 
came  to  Butte,  arriying  in  1881,  and  started 


in  business.  The  firm  carried  a  general  mer- 
ca.ntile  line  and  built  up  a  protitable  business 
in  a  few  years.  Mr.  Casey  desiring  to  change 
his  work,  Mr.  Brophy  bought  his  interest  iu 
isss.  and  lias  since  continued  the  business 
under  the  name  of  P.  J  .Brophy  &  Company, 
working  into  wholesale  and  retail  groceries, 
.ind  is  now  one  of  the  largest  dealers  in  that 
line  in  the  state.  Mr.  Brophy,  while  a  be- 
lieyer  in  the  principles  of  the  old  line  Deni- 
iicracy,  is  not  a  politician,  in  the  ordinary  ac- 
ceptation of  that  term.  He  has,  howeyer, 
always  taken  an  actiye  interest  in  local  af- 
fairs. He  seryed  for  two  terms  as  school 
tiiistee,  with  much  credit  to  himself  and 
beneflt  to  the  public  schools  of  the  then  in- 
fant mining  camp.  He  was.  also,  chainnan 
of  the  board  of  police  commissioners  for  two 
years,  during  the  entire  period  that  this 
method  of  police  goyernment  was  proyided 
by  Montana's  municipal  laws.  Mr.  Bi'ophy 
is  an  attendant  of  the  Eoman  Catholic 
church,  and  is  a  prominent  member  of  the 
Ancient  Order  of  Hibernians.  He  is  also  a 
member  of  the  Piher  Bow  Club,  at  Butte.  Mr. 
Brophy  was  married  in  1893  to  Marguerite 
Gertrude  D'Arcy,  at  Joliet,  111.,  and  has  a 
family  of  three  fine  boys,  Thomas  D'Arcy, 
John  Anthony  and  Patrick  Joseph. 


DEAN,  William  J.,  is  one  of  the  sub- 
stantial business  men  of  Minneapolis,  Minn. 
He  was  born  July  19,  1813,  near  Port  Hope, 
Ontario.  His  father,  Matthew  Dean,  was  a 
pioneer  in  the  North  Star  state,  haying  set- 
tled on  a  farm  in  Scott  county,  near  Shako- 
pee,  in  1855.  Though  he  did  not  hold  any  po- 
sition of  particular  prominence,  Mr.  Dean  was 
an  honest,  upright  man  in  all  his  dealings, 
and  was  esteemed  and  respected  by  his  neigh- 
bors. He  was  born  in  Ireland,  as  was  his 
wife,  Ann  Longmoor,  and  on  coming  to 
America  first  settled  in  Ontario.  The  parents 
were  unable  to  give  their  children  the  ad- 
yantages  of  a  yery  liberal  education.  There 
were  yery  few  schools  in  the  state  of  Minne- 
sota in  those  days,  the  school  tenu  in  most 
cases  not  extending  oyer  sixty  days  at  one 
time,  and  the  subject  of  this  sketch  did  not 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


attend  school  a  wliole  year  in  his  life.  He 
helped  his  father  to  break  up  the  prairie,  cut 
off  the  limber  and  open  up  the  faiTU,  and  re- 
mained at  home  until  August  22,  1802,  when 
he  enlisted  as  a  private  in  Company  I,  Ninth 
Regiment.  Minnesota  Volunteers.  He  served 
for  three  years,  and  was  engaged  in  the  bat- 
tles of  (iuntown.  Miss.;  Nash\ille,  Tenn.,  and 
ilobile.  Ala.;  also  particijjated  in  a  number 
of  skirmishes.  For  a  short  time  he  was  de- 
tailed as  company  clerk,  and  then  promoted 
to  corporal.  A\'hen  mustered  out,  he  return- 
ed home  and  resumed  work  on  the  farm. 
],;iter,  lie  took  a  two  months"  course  in  a 
business  college  for  the  jjurpose  of  acquiring 
a  business  education.  Mr.  Dean  came  to 
Minneapolis  in  1S77  and  engaged  in  business 
as  a  dealer  in  agricultural  implements,  and 
his  fii-m  was  the  first  to  engage  in  the  whole- 
sale imijlement  business  in  Minneapolis.  He 
had  but  a  limited  amount  of  capital,  yet  with 
great  pluck  and  the  exhibition  of  a  remai'k- 
able  business  capacity  he  has  built  up  prob- 
ably the  largest  business  in  this  line  in  that 
city.  He  is  held  in  high  esteem  for  his  busi- 
ness integrity,  and  for  the  deep  interest  he 
takes  in  all  matters  of  public  welfare.  Mr. 
Dean  was  one  of  the  first  business  men  in 
Minneapolis  to  advocate  the  introduction  of 
a  profit-sharing  system  among  employes,  and 
has  had  this  .system  in  practical  operation  for 
a  number  of  years,  a  fact  which  has  won  for 
Mr.  Dean  and  his  firm  the  unusual  loyalty  of 
their  numerous  employes,  ^^'heu  the  valu- 
able property  of  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  in  Minne- 
apolis was  sold  under  foreclosure  about  five 
years  ago,  Mr.  Dean  was  induced  to  take 
charge  of  the  finances  of  that  institution. 
Under  his  conservative  management  a  debt  of 
$25,000  has  been  paid,  the  property  redeem- 
ed, and  the  association  placed  on  a  sound 
financial  footing.  He  is  still  president  of  its 
board  of  directors.  He  was,  also,  a  member 
of  the  board  of  charities  and  corrections  for 
four  years,  and  jjerformed  valuable  services 
in  that  connection,  saving  the  city  a  consid- 
erable sum  of  money  by  the  introduction  of 
practical  business  methods  in  the  manage- 
ment of  the  various  charitable  institutions 
under  its  charge.    Mr.  Dean's  political  afflli- 


WII.LIA.M  .7.  DEAN. 

ations  were  witii  the  Jiepiililican  party  unlil 
ISSG,  since  which  time  he  has  been  a  Tro- 
hibitionist.  He  was  twice  the  nominee  of 
that  party  for  the  office  of  governor  of  the 
state.  In  1900,  at  the  earnest  solicitaflbn  of 
a  large  number  of  business  men,  he  ran  as  an 
independent  candidate  for  the  office  of  mayor 
of  Minneapolis,  but  failed  of  election.  Mr. 
Dean  has  been  an  active  member  of  the  Meth- 
odist church  since  18C6,  and  has  been  hon- 
ored with  every  office  in  the  church  to  which 
a  layman  is  eligible.  December  25,  1867,  he 
was  married  to  Cordelia  Rebecca  Pond.  Four 
children  were  born:  Janette  C,  Arthur  J., 
Anabelle  Ireland  and  Irene  Rebecca. 


LIBL5EY,  Elias  David,  is  adjutant  gen- 
eral of  the  state  of  Minnesota,  having  been 
appointed  to  that  office  by  Governor  Van 
Sant.  January  21:,  1901.  This  appointment 
was  a  fitting  recognition  of  a  capable  and  effi- 
cient officer,  and  of  a  military  career  in  which 
any  soldier  miglit  take  more  than  a  passing 
pride,  (ieneral  Libbey  has  been  an  active 
woiker  in  the  cause  of  the  National  (Juard  of 
^[innesota  since  his  first  connection  with  it 
in  ISSS.     But  his  military  record  is  not  con- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST 


KLIAS  D.  LIBBEY. 

fined  to  the  aunals  of  the  citizen  soldiery. 
He  enjovs  the  distinction  of  ranking  among 
the  first  in  the  number  of  engagements  par- 
ticipated in  daring  the  Civil  War,  though  one 
of  the  Tounge^it  veterans.  He  was  bom  at 
Stockton,  Me.,  June  li,  1.S44,  the  son  of 
John  C.  Libl>ey,  a  shipbuilder,  and  .Vngeline 
E.  (Steele)  Libber.  His  early  education  was 
limited  to  an  attendance  at  the  common 
schools  of  his  native  town.  He  had  not  yet 
reached  the  age  of  eighteen  when  he  enlisted 
in  the  seirices  of  his  country  as  a  volunteer. 
His  military  ability  was  so  marked  that  it  at- 
tracted the  notice  of  his  superiors,  and  he 
was  steadily  advanced  through  the  list  of 
non-commissioned  officers,  and  six  months 
before  hijs  majority  was  commissioned  lieu- 
tenant of  the  Sixth  Banery,  Maine  Light  Ar- 
tillery. He  was  honor-ably  discharged  June 
17, 1865.  He  i>articipated  in  the  engagement 
at  Cedar  Mountain,  the  second  battle  of  Bull 
Run,  and  the  battles  at  .Vntietam,  Gettys- 
burg, the  \^'ilderness.  SjK»tt.sylvania  Court 
House.  Cold  Harbor,  Petersburgh,  and  num- 
erous others,  of  more  or  less  importance, 
both  in  "\'irginia  and  the  S«^>uth.  ilr.  Libbev 
came  west  in  1873,  and  settled  at  St.  Paul. 


iLnn.,  where  he  has  resided  ever  since.  For 
a  number  of  years  he  has  occupied  a  high 
position  in  commercial  and  manufacturing 
circles  as  a  member  of  the  Libbey-Scribner 
Company,  of  which  he  was  one  of  the  found- 
ers. In  1888.  he  was  commissioned  aide-de- 
camp on  the  staff  of  Governor  McGill.  with 
the  rank  of  c-aptain,  and  in  1890  was  elected 
major  of  the  First  Battalion  of  Artillery. 
Minnesota  National  Guard,  and  commission- 
ed October  3  of  that  year.  For  nearly  a 
decade  he  has  guided  the  destinies  of  the 
battalion  and  won  the  admiration  and  the 
esteem  of  officers  and  men  alike.  He  has 
been  a  leader  in  all  efforts  to  secure  needed 
legislation  in  the  interests  of  the  National 
<juard,  and  was  one  of  the  officers  who  drew 
up  the  jjresent  state  military  code.  He  also 
had  the  honor  of  being  placed  in  command 
of  the  state  troops  at  the  time  of  the  Indian 
outbreak  at  Leech  Lake  in  1898.  General 
Libl>ey  enjoys  almost  universal  popularity, 
not  only  in  national  guard,  but  business  cir- 
cles as  well.  In  1866  he  was  married  to 
Lizzie  G.  Stajjles.  Two  children  have  been 
born:    Allen  S.  and  Faustina  H. 


SCOTT,  Hugh  Balph. — The  county  audit- 
or of  the  city  of  ilinneai>olis,  Hugh  B.  Scott, 
was  bom  in  ilinneapolis,  Jime  6,  1863.  His 
father  was  Charles  Scott,  the  senior  member 
of  the  fir-m  of  Scott  &  Morgan,  noted  in  local 
annals  for  building  the  first  foundry  and  ma- 
chine .shoji  in  the  city  of  Minneapolis,  in 

1858,  at  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony.  They  cast 
the  first  iron  in  their  foundry  January  1, 

1859.  Besides  this  interesting  achievement. 
Mr.  Scott's  i>ersonal  experience  made  him^ 
man  of  consider-able  note.  His  progenitors 
came  to  America  with  the  distinguished  Rog- 
er ^^'iUianls,  of  religious  liberty  fame.  His 
grandfather,  also  named  Charles  Scott,  was 
a  soldier  of  the  Revolutionary  War,  and  was 
wounded  during  Gener-al  Sullivan's  expedi- 
tion to  Rhode  Island.  His  father  was  a  sol- 
dier in  the  ^Var  of  1812,  while  he  himself 
was  a  veteran  of  the  Mexican  War.  He  serv- 
ed on  the  L'nited  States  ship  Constitution. 
He  was  wounded  in  an  engagement  during 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


Commodore  Stockton's  expedition  to  Califor- 
nia, and  received  a  medal  from  congress  for 
gallant  and  distinguished  service.  He  died 
in  1804.  His  wife,  the  mother  of  the  county 
auditor,  was  Margaret  Hamilton,  of  Dexter, 
Me.  Her  ancestors  were  early  Scotch-Irish 
people.  Young  Hugh  obtained  his  early  edu- 
cation in  the  schools  of  Hennepin  county, 
Minn.  This  was  followed  by  a  course  at  the 
high  school  at  Stillwater,  Minn.,  which  pre- 
pared him  for  the  University  of  Michigan,  at 
Ann  Arbor,  where  his  school  training  was 
completed.  While  at  the  university  he  be- 
came a  member  of  the  Phi  Chi  college  fra- 
ternity. He  then  returned  to  Stillwater  and 
learned  the  drug  business,  which  he  followed 
until  18'Jl,  when  he  entered  the  city  engi- 
neer's office,  at  Jlinneapolis.  In  1897  he  was 
appointed  second  deputy  county  auditor, 
which  position  he  held  at  Ihe  breaking  out  of 
the  Spanish  ^Var,  when,  true  to  the  military 
spirit  of  his  lineage,  he  accepted  the  position 
of  second  lieutenant  of  Company  L,  13th  Min- 
nesota Volunteer  Infantry,  and  went  with 
that  organization  to  Manila,  I*.  I.,  where  he 
participated  in  the  native  uprising  at  Manila, 
February  22,  18t)'J;  battle  of  Salacot,  capture 
of  San  Miguel;  of  San  Kogue;  of  San  Isidro; 
of  Cabiou;  of  Aryat,  and  the  skirmish  near 
the  latter  place.  He  was  mustered  out  with 
his  regiment  at  San  Francisco,  October  3, 
1899.  When  he  returned  home  he  was  em- 
ployed in  the  county  treasurer's  office.  At 
the  first  election  under  the  new  "rrimary 
Law,"  September  18,  1900,  he  was  chosen  as 
the  Eeijublican  nominee  for  the  office  of  coun- 
ty auditor  of  Hennepin  county,  Minn.,  and 
was  elected  on  the  ensuing  Cth  of  November, 
by  a  majority  of  8,G31  over  his  Democratic 
competitor.  He  assumed  the  office  January 
1,  1901.  He  has  always  been  a  Republican. 
In  1896  he  was  a  member  of  the  party  cam- 
paign committee.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Masonic  order;  of  the  Royal  Arcanum;  of  the 
A.  O.  U.  W.,  and  of  the  Spanish  War  Vet- 
erans. In  1894  he  was  High  Priest  of  the 
Masonic  Royal  Arch  Ark  Chapter,  and  in 
1896  the  Master  of  Ark  Lodge,  No.  176.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Westminster  Presbyterian 
church   of  Minneapolis.     He   was   married. 


HIGH    R.    SCOTT. 


June  27,  1888,  to  Mary  Alice  Graves,  of  Still- 
water, and  they  have  two  daughters:  Mary 
Alice,  born  March  16,  1891,  and  Jeanette 
Hamilton,  bom  May  22,  1892. 


SHEEHAN,  Timothy  J.,  the  Commander 
of  Fort  Ridgely,  Minnesota,  during  the 
Sioux  Massacre  of  1862,  is  one  of  the  best 
known  men  in  the  state.  He  was  born  in 
the  County  Cork,  Ireland,  December  21, 
1835.  He  was  the  son  of  Jeremiah  and  Ann 
McCarthy  Sheehan,  who  lived  on  a  farm  in 
that  county.  Both  his  parents  died  in  1836 
when  he  was  but  three  years  old,  and  he 
was  reared  almost  from  infancy  to  young 
manhood  by  bis  parental  grandfather.  He 
was  given  the  rudiments  of  education  in  the 
national  schools  of  his  native  land,  being 
kept  at  his  studies  until  he  was  fourteen 
years  of  age. 

In  1850  he  came  to  the  United  States, 
landing  in  New  York  City  in  the  month  of 
November,  and  going  thence  directly  to 
Glen's  Falls,  N.  Y^.,  where  he  again  attended 
school  for  some  time,  and  where  for  two 
years  he  was  engaged  as  a  mechanic's  ap- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


jn-enticc.  In  1855  he  went  to  Dixon,  111., 
wheie  he  remained  two  years,  at  work  in  a 
saw  mill  in  the  summer  and  attendinjj 
school  in  the  winter. 

In  the  sprint;  "f  1857  he  eame  to  the  then 
Territory  of  Minnesota,  arriving  May  3  at 
Albert  Lea,  then  a  frontier  village  only  a 
year  old,  and  Minnesota  has  ever  since  been 
his  home.  On  Lake  Albert  Lea,  three 
miles  from  the  village,  he  made  a  homestead 
and  for  some  years  worked  his  claim.  In 
18G0  he  was  elected  clerk  of  the  township 
of  Albert  Lea,  was  re-elected  in  1861,  and 
held  the  office  nntil  he  resigned  to  enter  the 
Union  army. 

On  October  11,  1861,  when  the  war  of  the 
rebellion  was  fairly  on,  he  left  his  home  at 
Albert  Lea  and  enlisted  as  a  private  in  Com- 
pany F,  4th  Minnesota  Infantry  Volunteers. 
He  was  made  a  corporal  and  soon  became  so 
proficient  in  the  duties  of  a  soldier  and  evi- 
denced such  fitness  generally,  that  General 
John  B.  Sanborn  recommended  him  for  a 
commission.  Feb.  15, 1862,  at  Fort  Snelling, 
he  was  dis<harged  from  the  4tli  Regiment 
by  order  of  Major  General  Hallock  to  ac- 
cept promotion,  and  three  days  later,  on 
February  18,  was  commissioned  by  Gover- 
nor Ramsey  1st  lieutenant  of  Company  C  of 
the  5th  Regiment  Minnesota  Volunteers, 
then  being  organized.  His  company  was 
made  up  very  largely  of  men  from  Freeborn 
county  and  Lieutenant  Sheehan  recruited 
sixty-five  men  for  the  company  among  his 
neighbors  and  friends.  After  this  his  mili- 
tary experience  was  a  very  notable  one 
throughout. 

Upon  the  organization  of  the  5th  Regi- 
ment, March  20,  1862,  Company  C — Lieut. 
Sheehan's  company — was  ordered  to  Fort 
Ripley,  Minn.  Lieut.  Sheehan's  services  in 
Minnesota  in  1862,  meritorious,  conspicuous 
and  valuable  as  they  were  to  the  state,  are 
so  fully  set  forth  in  the  pages  of  other  au- 
thentic histories  that  they  need  not  here  be 
described  in  detail,  and  only  certain  inci- 
dents connected  therewith  may  be  adverted 
to. 

On  June  18,  1862,  Lieut.  Sheehan  was 
ordered  witli  fifty  men  of  his  company  to 


march  overland  from  Fort  Ripley  to  Fort 
Ridgely,  a  distance  by  the  route  marched  of 
nearly  two  hundred  miles.  He  arrived  with 
liis  detachment  on  the  28tli,  and  the  next 
day  was  ordered  with  the  portion  of  his  com- 
pany present  and  fifty  men  of  Company  B, 
under  Lieut.  Thos.  P.  Gere,  to  the  Yellow 
Medicine  Indian  Agency,  forty-five  miles  dis- 
tant up  the  Minnesota  River,  to  report  to 
Agent  Galbraith,  for  the  purpose  of  preserv- 
ing order  and  protecting  LTnited  States  prop- 
erty during  the  time  of  the  annuity  payment 
which  was  expected  to  take  place  in  a  few 
days.  He  was  placed  in  command  of  the 
force  consisting  of  one  hundred  men  and 
took  with  him  one  cannon,  a  twelve  pound 
mountain  howitzer. 

On  the  27th  of  July,  while  in  service  at 
Yellow  Medicine,  Lieut.  Sheehan  with  four- 
teen of  his  soldiers,  four  citizens,  and  an  In- 
dian guide  named  Wasu-Ho-Washte  (or  Good 
Voiced  Hail)  made  an  expedition  from  the 
agency  to  the  Dakota  line  west  of  Lake  Ben- 
ton, after  the  bloody  and  merciless  Ink-pa- 
doo-ta,  the  leader  of  the  Indians  in  the  Spirit 
Lake  and  Sj^ringfield  massacres  of  1857. 
The  lieutenant  set  out  on  the  morning  of 
July  28,  before  daylight,  and  for  a  week  was 
engaged  in  an  unsuccessful  search  for  the 
wicked  but  wil}'  marauder,  who,  warned  of 
bis  danger,  had  fled  swiftly,  far  into  South 
Dakota. 

The  troublous  times  at  Yellow  Medicine 
during  the  month  of  July  and  first  part  of 
August,  1862,  are  described  in  other  vol- 
umes. It  must  suffice  here  to  say  that  the 
agency  was  almost  constantly  threatened  by 
several  thousand  wild,  turbulent  and  hun- 
gry Indians,  who  were  ready  for  any  des- 
perate undertaking  because  of  the  protract- 
ed and  inexplicable  delay  of  the  annual  pay- 
ment: Nothing  saved  the  agency,  its  prop- 
erty and  its  white  occupants  at  this  time  but 
the  presence  and  the  brave  and  intelligent 
conduct  of  Lieut.  Sheehan  and  his  soldiers, 
who  now  had  two  pieces  of  artillery.  When 
on  August  1,  about  eight  hundred  armed 
warriors  came  upon  the  agency,  broke  in  the 
door  of  the  government  warehouse,  and  be- 
gan plundering  it  of  its  stores,  there  was 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  XOUrilWEST. 


DO  fallei'inji  ill  this  siil'init  band.  A  iiiouii- 
tain  howitzer  was  promptly  trained  on  the 
brol;en  doorway  by  Lieut.  (Jere.  The  In 
dians  at  once  fell  away  fi'om  the  ranjje  of 
the  cannon,  and  through  the  avenue  thus 
formed  Lieut.  Sheehan  and  Sergeant  Tres- 
cott,  with  sixteen  men,  marched  sti-aijiht  to 
the  warehouse  and  drove  out  every  plunder- 
ing Indian.  Lieut.  Sheehan  kept  his  men 
well  in  hand.  If  under  the  great  provoca- 
tion a  single  musket  had  been  filed,  not  a 
soldier  would  have  li\cd  lo  Icll  llie  stttry. 
A  dreadful  slaughter  was  fuither  ])rev('nte(l 
by  Lieut.  Shechan's  success  in  inducing 
Agent  (Jalbraith  to  give  the  Indians  a  iiiod- 
erate  su](])ly  of  provisions;  and  when  the 
savages  again  became  insolent  and  iiieiiac 
ing,  he  i)ut  his  men  into  position  and  his 
guns  "in  battery"  in  front  of  the  warehouse 
and  then  the  Indians  withdrew.  The  im 
pending  storm  of  carnage  and  ra]»ine  had, 
however,  only  been  checked  for  the  time. 

But  it  was  in  the  gallant  defense  of  Foi't 
Ridgely  when  and  where  Lieut.  Sheehan  so 
greatly  distinguished  himself  and  rendered 
such  invaluable  service  on  the  evening  of 
August  12,  1X(')'2.  The  lieutenant  returned 
to  Fort  Ridgely  from  Yellow  Medicine  with 
his  command;  all  pi-osiject  of  trouble  with 
the  Sioux  Indians  in  that  quartei-  had 
disappeared.  On  the  17th  he  was  ordered 
to  maich  with  his  detachment  back  to 
Fort  Kipley.  and  he  set  out  in  the  early 
morning  of  the  next  day — August  IS. 
The  Sioux  had  broken  out  at  the  Redwood 
Agency  and  had  commenced  one  of  the 
most  horrid  massacres  recorded  in  the 
pages  of  American  history,  indisci'iminate- 
ly  murdering  and  scaljjing  men,  women 
and  children,  and  burning  and  destroying 
all  property  in  the  surrounding  country. 
At  eleven  o'clock  in  the  forenoon  the  news 
of  the  outbreak  reached  Captain  Mai'sh  at 
Fort  Ridgely  and  he  at  once  determined  to 
move  to  llie  scene  of  the  troulile  with  the 
larger  iiortion  of  his  conii>any.  At  the 
sanu^  time  he  disi)atch(Hl  a  messager,  Cor- 
poral McLean,  with  the  following  order  to 
Lieut.  Sheehan,  who  was  (hen  on  his  way  to 
Fort  Ripley: 


"I[ead(|uartei's,  Fort  Ridgely, 

August  18,  1862. 
Lieutenant  Sheehan: — 

It  is  absolutely  nec(^ssary  that  you 
should  return  with  your  <-ommaiid  immedi- 
ately to  this  post.  The  Indians  are  raising 
hell  at  the  Lower  .\gency.  Return  as  soon 
as  ]M)ssible. 

JOHN  S.  MARSH, 
Captain  Commanding  I'ost." 

Corjioral  .McLean  did  not  oxi-rlake  Lieut. 
Sheehan's  detachment  until  evening,  when 
it  was  in  camp  near  (ilencoe,  forty-two  miles 
from  Fort  Ridgely.  The  men  had  nmrched 
l\venl\li\c  miles  that  hot  day  and  were 
g(!ing  into  bivouac  for  the  night,  but  (he 
lieiUenant  ai  once  ordered  them  to  "about 
face"  and  they  obeyed  cheerfully,  and  the 
i-eturn  march  was  begun. 

Meantime  Capt.  Marsh  and  twenty-three 
of  his  men  had  jierislied  in  the  deadly  Indian 
ambuscade  at  the  Redwood  Ferry.  Fort 
Ridgely  \\as  being  filled  with  citizen  refu- 
gees— men,  women  and  children — ^many  of 
them  wounded  and  all  destitute  and  terror 
stricken.  The  prairies,  the  roads,  ly^d  the 
little  farms  were  strewn  with  mangled  bod- 
ies; murder  and  rai)ine  were  in  the  air;  the 
glare  of  burning  buildings  illuminated  the 
sky.  The  savages  had  besel  the  fort  and 
(lie  surrounding  country.  The  fort  was 
merely  a  military  i)ost.  a  collection  of  build- 
ings about  a  sipiare  with  not  a  stone  in 
place  as  a  fortification,  not  a  spadeful  of 
earth  thrown  u])  as  a  breastwork.  As  a 
garrison  to  defend  the  place,  there  were  but 
twenty-nine  men  with  muskets,  under  Lieut, 
(icre,  a  young  officer  only  nineteen  years  of 
age.  Following  is  an  extract  from  Lieut. 
Ceie's  account  of  the  situation  at  this  time: 

"The  Indians,  hilarious  at  the  desolation 
they  had  wrought  during  the  day.  were  at 
(he  agency,  celebrating  in  mad  orgies  their 
successes,  and  neglected  their  opjiorl unity 
(o  capture  what  proved  to  be  the  barrier  to 
(he  devastation  of  the  ilinnesota  Valley. 
Tuesday  nuirning  dawned  on  mingled  Iiojk" 
and  a|ii)rehension  for  the  coming  hours,  and 
when    sunlight    shone    upon    the    prairies, 


TIMOTHY  J.  SHEEHAN. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


every  quarter  was  closely  soanned  from 
the  roof  of  the  highest  building  through 
the  powerful  telescoi)e  fortunately  at  hand. 
At  about  !)  o'clock  Indians  began  congregat- 
ing on  the  prairie  some  two  miles  west  of 
the  fort,  mounted,  on  foot  and  in  wagons, 
where,  in  plain  view  of  the  fort,  a  council 
was  held.  This  council  was  addressed  by 
Little  Crow  and  their  movements  for  the  day 
decided  upon.  While  this  was  in  progress, 
cheers  of  welcome  announced  the  arrival  at 
the  fort  of  Lieut.  Sheehan  with  his  fifty  men 
of  Company  C.  The  courier  dispatched  by 
Capt.  Marsh  on  the  previous  day  had 
reached  this  comnmnd  at  evening  soon  sifter 
It  had  gone  into  camp,  forty-two  miles  from 
Fort  Ridgely,  between  New  Auburn  and 
Crlencoe.  I'romptly  obeying  the  order  for 
his  return,  Lieut.  Sheehan  at  once  struck 
tents,  and  the  command  commenced  its 
foi-ced  march,  covering  during  the  night  the 
entire  distance  traversed  in  the  two  preced- 
ing days,  arriving  the  first  to  the  rescue  and 
meriting  high  ])raise.  Lieut.  Sheehan  now 
took  command  at  Fort  Ridgely." 

The  lieutenant  and  his  men  reached  the 
fort  in  the  nick  of  time,  at  ten  minutes  of 
nine  a.  m.,  on  Tuesday  morning,  having 
marched  forty-two  miles  in  ten  hours  and 
seventy  miles  in  twenty-two  hours.  There 
is  no  parallel  to  this  great  endeavor  in  the 
otHcial  records  of  the  war  department,  and 
no  account  of  its  having  been  surpassed  is 
mentioned  in  history. 

Reaching  the  fort,  he  found  the  place 
thronged  with  weeping  and  sorrowful  peo- 
ple; illy  supplied  with  food,  water  and  am- 
munition; without  protection  even  against 
the  Indians'  bullets;  with  but  few  arms  save 
those  of  the  soldiers,  and  no  prospect  of  re- 
inforcement or  relief  of  any  sort.  But  when 
the  Renville  Rangers  arrived,  he  had  then 
one  hundred  and  fifty  brave  and  resolute 
men  in  his  command,  three  good  cannon, 
and  a  great  interest  at  stake,  and  he  deter- 
mined to  defend  the  post  and  its  helpless 
occupants  to  the  last. 

He  knew,  too,  that  Fort  Ridgely  was  the 
gateway  to  the  lower  Minnesota  valley,  and 
that  if  it  were  forced  by  the  savages,  not 


only  would  there  be  one  of  the  greatest  and 
bloodiest  butcheries  in  history,  but  the  en- 
tire beautiful  valley  would  be  desolated 
with  fir(>  and  gun  and  tomahawk.  The  In- 
dians were  present  in  vastly  superior  num- 
bers and  were  eager  to  attack  him,  confident 
of  success. 

Of  the  defense  of  Fort  Ridgely  during  its 
eight  full  days  of  siege  and  investment  by  a 
very  largely  superior  force,  history  speaks; 
but  of  the  responsibilities  upon  the  young 
commander,,  his  trying  experiences,  his 
great  exertions,  there  can  be  no  adequate  de- 
scription. He  was  greatly  aided  and  sup- 
ported by  his  gallant  and  faithful  subordi- 
nate, Lieut.  T.  P.  Gere,  and  by  every  soldier 
and  also  by  the  citizen  defenders,  whom  he 
oi'ganized  into  a  company,  with  Hon.  R.  H. 
Randall  as  their  captain. 

The  first  formidable  and  concerted  at- 
tack on  the  fort  by  Little  Crow  and  his 
chiefs,  with  about  six  hundred  braves  and 
warriors,  on  August  20,  began  about  two 
o'clock  p.  m.,  and  did  not  cease  until  dark. 
It  was  met  and  repulsed  at  every  quarter, 
for  the  commander  was  prepared  for  it.  He 
had  placed  his  aitillery,  had  built  breast- 
works, and  distributed  his  men  to  the  oest 
advantage  and  the  result  was  all  that  could 
be  desired.  In  a  desperate  fight  during  the 
afternoon,  the  Indians  wt^'e  whipped  and 
driven  off. 

The  heaviest  and  most  desperate  attack 
was  made  on  Fort  Ridgely  on  August  22. 
Little  Crow,  believing  that  if  Fort  Ridgely 
were  taken  his  path  to  the  Mississippi  would 
be  comparatively  clear,  resolved  to  make 
one  more  desperate  attempt  at  its  capture, 
his  numbers  having  been  increased  to  1,200 
or  1,500  warriors.  The  second  and  most  fu- 
rious attack  was  made  at  about  one  o'clock 
]).  m.  With  demoniac  yells  the  savages  sur- 
rounded the  fort  and  at  once  commenced  a 
heavy  musketry  fire.  The  garrison  re- 
turned the  fire  with  equal  vigor  and  with 
great  effect  on  the  yelling  demons.  Early 
in  the  fight.  Little  Crow,  with  his  warriors, 
took  possession  of  the  government  stables, 
1lie  sutler's  store  and  all  outside  buildings, 
and  in  order  to  dislodge  the  Indians  from 


HISTORY  OF  THE  OltEAT  NORTHWEST. 


tliose  buildiuffs,  Lieut.  Sheehan  ordered 
them  set  on  fire.  Then  on  came  tlie  painted, 
yellinjj  warriors,  firinj^  volley  after  volley, 
as  they  charged  on  the  ffarrison.  The  hero- 
ic defenders  opened  an  all-around  fire  from 
the  artillery  and  musketry,  which  paralyzed 
the  Indians  and  drove  them  back.  Thus,  af- 
ter six  hours  of  continuous  blazing  conflict, 
alternately  lit  up  by  the  flames  of  burning 
buildings  and  darkened  by  whirling  clouds 
of  smoke,  terminated  the  second  and  last  at- 
tack on  Fort  Kidgely.  T"])  to  this  time  more 
than  1,000  innocent  people  were  slaugh- 
tered, scalped  and  otherwise  mutilated  by 
the  savages. 

Four  more  days  and  nights  of  sus])ense 
ensued  until,  on  the  morning  of  the  liTth  of 
August,  the  fort  was  relieved  by  the  ad- 
vance of  General  Sibley's  force,  consisting 
of  175  mounted  men,  mostly  from  Minneap- 
olis, commanded  by  Capt.  Anson  Northrop. 

Before  the  fight  the  following  message 
was  received  from  Hon.  (".  E.  Flandrau, 
commanding  at  New  Ulm: 

"New  Ulm,  August  20. 
Commander,  Fort  Eidgely: — 

Send  me  100  men  and  guns  if  possible. 
We  are  surrounded  by  Indians  and  fighting 
every  hour.  Twelve  whites  killed  and  many 
wounded.  C.  E.  FLANDRAU, 

Commanding  New  L"lm." 

Flandrau's  message  was  most  discour- 
aging, for  it  showed  the  general  situation  at 
New  Ulm  and  the  surrounding  country.  But 
the  young  lieutenant  rose  to  the  occasion 
with  the  address  of  a  veteran,  although  this 
was  his  maiden  battle.  He  assumed  charge 
of  everything  and  directed  the  defense  in 
every  detail. 

f)n  August  31,  1862,  he  was  promoted  to 
cai>tain  of  his  company.  He  continued  in 
command  of  Fort  Ridgely  until  September 
18,  when  he  was  ordered  with  his  company 
to  Fort  Ripley.  After  the  Sioux  massacre 
in  November,  Companies  B  and  C  were  sent 
to  the  South  to  join  the  main  portion  of 
their  regiment,  from  which  they  had  been 
sei)arated      since     its     organization,     and 


rcachi'd  it  near  Oxford,  Mississippi.  Decem- 
ber 12,  1862. 

Capt.  Sheehan  served  at  the  head  of  his 
comi)any  in  the  south  during  the  war  of  the 
rebellion  from  December,  1862,  to  Septem- 
ber. 1865.  He  particii)ated  in  several  im- 
])(>rtant  campaigns  and  was  engaged  in  a 
number  of  battles  and  skirmishes,  promi- 
nent among  which  were  the  siege  of  and  as- 
sault on  Vicksburg;  the  battle  of  TujjcIo, 
Mississippi,  where  he  was  in  command  of 
the  portions  of  the  Fifth  ^linnesota  and 
Eighth  Wisconsin  present,  and  other  de- 
tachments, in  all  three  hundred  men;  the  ac- 
tion at  Abbeysville;  the  long  and  arduous 
campaign  through  Arkansas  and  Missouri, 
known  as  the  Price  campaign;  the  battles 
about  Nashville,  notably  that  of  December 
16,  1864,  and  the  siege  of  Mobile  in  the 
spring  of  1S65.  He  was  discharged  from 
the  service  at  Demopolis,  Ala..  September  6, 
1865.  He  was  frequently  mentioned  in  or- 
ders and  on  many  occasions  distinguished 
himself.  In  the  gallant  charge  of  Gen.  Hub- 
bard's brigade  at  Nashville,  which  swept 
away  a  part  of  Hood's  strongest  line,  Capt. 
Sheehan  was  among  the  foremost.  His  was 
the  ''color  company"  of  the  regiment.  Five 
color  bearers  were  shot  down.  Capt  Shee- 
han seized  the  colors  and  charged  with  his 
( ompany  over  the  breastworks,  command- 
ing the  Confederates  to  surrender  to  the 
flag.  For  his  conduct  on  this  occasion,  he 
was  especially  mentioned  in  the  reports. 

On  the  first  day  of  September,  1865, 
Capt.  Sheehan  was  commissioned  by  Gov. 
Miller,  lieutenant  colonel  of  his  regiment. 

The  fine  substantial  monument  ere'cted 
by  the  state  in  18D6  on  the  former  site  of 
P'ort  Ridgely,  to  conmiemorate  its  defense  in 
1862,  bears  upon  it  a  brief  history  of  the 
memorable  engagement  and  a  life-size, 
bronze  medallion  of  Lieut.  Sheehan,  the 
ctmimander,  as  he  appeared  at  the  time. 
The  dedicatory  inscription  reads,  "In  mem- 
ory of  the  fallen,  in  recognition  of  the  living, 
and  for  the  emulation  of  future  genera- 
tions." and  altogether  the  monument  is  a 
most  befitting  and  appropriate  structure. 

After  his  return  from  the  army  to  his  old 


HISTORY  OF  Tlir:  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


lioiiio  at  Albert  Lea,  Minnosota,  f'ol.  i^heo- 
lian  reengaged  in  his  foimer  ociMipatlon, 
that  of  farming.  In  1871  he  was  elected 
sheriff  of  Freeborn  county  and  at  subse- 
(]uent  elections  was  re-elected  Ave  times, 
holding  the  office,  in  all,  six  terms  or  twelve 
years.  In  that  iiosition  he  showed  great  ac- 
tivity, adroitness  and  expedition  in  arrest- 
ing criminals  of  various  kinds,  and  was  a 
popular  county  oflRcer. 

February  25,  1885,  Col.  Sheelian  was  aji- 
pointed,  by  President  Arthur,  agent  for  the 
("liipi)ewa  Indians  of  the  White  Earth  Agen- 
cy of  Minnesota.  This  office  he  held  for 
more  flian  four  years,  or  until  June,  1889. 
His  service  was  of  great  value  and  impor- 
fance,  and  acceptable  both  to  the  govern- 
ment and  the  Indians.  He  took  a  promi- 
nent part  in  making  what  was  known  as  the 
I'.ishop  Whipple  treaty  of  188G,  and  the  Hen- 
ry M.  Rice  treaty  of  1889,  with  the  Chippe- 
v»as  of  Minnesota. 

In  May,  1890,  he  was  appointed  dcpuly 
United  States  marshal,  by  Col.  J.  <'.  Dcma- 
liower.  He  has  held  the  position  evei-  since, 
under  all  the  changes  of  administration,  in- 
cluding the  present  Republican  incumbent. 
Hon.  W.  H.  Grimshaw.  Col.  Sheehau  him- 
self has  always  been  a  Republican.  He  has 
made  a  most  efficient  and  valuable  officer, 
has  often  been  entrusted  with  matters  of 
large  responsibility'  and  has  always  dis- 
charged his  entire  duties  with  intelligence 
and  satisfaction. 

While  in  service  as  deputy  marshal  un- 
der Marshal  O'Connor,  in  October,  1898,  Col. 
i^heehau  took  a  prominent  and  an  active 
part  in  the  incidents  connected  with  the  bat- 
tle with  the  Chippewa  Indians  at  Sugar 
I'oiut,  which  is  described  elsewhere  in  this 
volume.  His  intimate  acquaintance  with 
the  Leech  Lake  Indians — having  for  four 
years  been  their  agent — and  his  thorough 
knowledge  of  Indian  character  generally,  en- 
abled him  to  be  of  great  service  on  this  oc- 
casion. He  was  first  sent  up  to  Leech  Lake 
to  arrest  the  turbulent  Indians  who  had  re- 
sisted and  who  were  still  defying  the  au- 
thorities and  the  law.     He  accompanied  the 


force  under  General  Bacon  and  Alarshal 
O'Connor  that  went  from  Walker  to  Sugar 
Point,  and  it  was  Col.  Sheehan  in  person 
who  arrested  the  first  of  the  lawless  Bear 
Islanders  for  whom  warrants  had  been  is- 
sued. When  the  battle  began  he  at  once 
became  a  participant  and  fought  as  he  did 
at  Ridgely.  During  the  fight  he  was  wound- 
ed three  times — in  the  right  arm,  in  the  hip, 
and  severely  across  the  abdomen — yet  he 
never  left  the  field.  The  wounds  he  re- 
ceived at  Sugar  Point  made  seven  given  him 
ii)  battle — two  at  Ridgely,  two  at  Nashville 
and  three  at  Sugar  Point. 

In  the  opinion  of  the  best  informed  a 
jiiece  of  work  performed  by  Col.  Sheehan  in 
the  battle  of  Sugar  Point  contributed  very 
largely  to  saving  the  white  forces  from  ut 
ter  defeat,  if  not  from  annihilation.  This 
was  his  charge  with  a  platoon  of  soldiers 
and  deputy  marshals  on  the  Indian  left 
tiauk  which  was  being  pushed  around  and 
threatened  to  envelop  Gen.  Bacon  and  his 
entire  command.  Mr.  Will  H.  Brill,  of  the 
St.  Paul  Pioneer  Press,  who  has  written^and 
jmblished  the  standard  account  of  the  Sugar 
I'oint  affair,  says: 

"Meanwhile  Col.  Sheehan  had  taken 
charge  of  the  fighting  on  the  right  of  the 
flank,  and  he  did  wonders  with  the  green 
men  that  composed  his  command.  He  also 
ri'fused  to  take  shelter,  but  kept  on  walking 
up  and  down  the  line,  encouraging  his  men 
and  imploring  them  to  keep  cool.  After  the 
first  two  or  three  volleys  he  ordered  his  men 
to  charge  the  fence  on  the  right,  under  cover 
of  which  the  Indians  were  pouring  in  a  cross 
lire.  The  charge  was  successful  and  the  In- 
dians were  driven  off.  In  this  charge  twelve 
of  his  detachment  of  twenty  men  were  killed 
and  wounded." 

Col.  Sheehan's  conduct  in  the  Sugar 
Point  fight  was  the  theme  of  admiring  com- 
ment from  the  public  press  of  the  state  and 
ihc  nation  and  he  received  numerous  letters 
of  congratulation  from  friends  and  associ- 
ates. Ex-Governor  xMcGill  wrote  him  as  fol- 
lows: 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHAVEST. 


"St.  Paul.  October  12,  1898. 
IXnir  Col.  Sheehan : — 

I  fongi-atulate  you  on  the  gallant  part 
you  played  in  the  recent  battle  at  Leec-h 
Lake  with  the  hostile  Indians,  and  I  am  pro- 
foundly grateful  that  your  life  was  spared. 
In  your  ease  the  hero  of  '6'J  has  become  the 
hero  of  '98.  It  has  been  thirty-six  years 
since  your  famous  tussle  with  the  red  men 
at  Fort  Ridgely.  The  lapse  of  time  seems 
neither  to  cool  your  blood  nor  modify  your 
courage.  You  are  the  same  gallant  oflfieer 
you  were  when  I  first  met  you  at  St.  Peter, 
after  the  siege  of  Fort  Ridgely.  I  did  not 
meet  you  personally  then,  but  saw  you,  and 
have  always  since  that  time  carried  you  in 
my  mind  and  heart  as  one  of  Minnesota's 
most  gallant  soldiers  and  bravest  men. 
God  bless  you.  Colonel,  for  all  you  have  done 
and  endured.  But  don't  do  so  any  more. 
You  have  won  the  right  to  refrain  from  fur- 
ther Indian  fighting.  Let  the  younger  men 
do  the  rest  of  it.  We  want  you  with  us  as 
long  as  the  rest  of  us  live.  Poor  Major  Wil- 
kinson! How  sincerely  I  mourn  his  death. 
It  was  simply  the  chance  of  war  that  his  life 
was  taken  while  jours  was  spared.  Again 
congratulating  you  on  j-our  courage  and 
never-failing  grit,  and  again  admonishing 
you  to  stop  fighting,  I  am  sincerely. 
Your  friend, 
A.  R.  McGILL." 

Col.  Sheehan  was  married  in  November, 
1866,  to  Miss  Jennie  Judge,  who  was  also 
bcrn  in  Ireland.  They  have  three  sons  now 
grown  to  manhood  and  named  Jeremiah, 
George  W.,  and  Edward  Sheehan.  Mrs. 
Sheehan  is  an  accomplished  and  most  esti- 
mable lady  and  a  worthy  companion  for  her 
husband.  She  is  jn-ominent  in  church  work 
and  other  beneficent  movements  and  a  well 
known  member  of  the  best  social  circles. 
One  of  the  state  historians,  who  has  long 
and  intimately  known  Col.  Sheehan,  says: 

"All  the  woi'ld  admires  a  hero.  And 
when  he  has  been  brave  and  imperiled  him- 
self in  a  right  cause  and  the  fruit  of  his 
courage  is  a  substantial  benefit  to  his  fellow 
u:en,  he  is  to  be  honored  for  all  time.  With 
true  courage  come  the  other  qualities  and 


elements  which  constitute  right  manhood 
and  make  a  man  worthy  of  right  distinction. 
As  one  who  fills  this  measure — as  one  who 
has  fought  the  battles  of  liis  state  and  his 
country  and  by  his  invincible  courage  and 
fidelity  saved  hundreds  of  valuable  lives  and 
a  great  area  of  territory  from  destruction, 
and  as  one  who,  as  a  citizen,  soldier,  and 
public  official  has  made  an  unblemished  rec- 
())-d,  Col.  Sheehan  well  merits  his  place 
among  Minnesota's  most  honorable  and 
distinguished  men.  And  it  is  gratifying 
and  good  to  say  that,  with  the  blessings  of 
Providence,  there  are  many  more  years  of 
distinction  and  usefulness  before  him. 
Well  does  Col.  Sheehan  deserve  the  gold  and 
bronze  medals  which  adorn  his  breast." 

The  fine,  substantial  monument  erected 
at  Fort  Ridgely  to  commemorate  the  defense 
of  the  fort  against  the  Sioux  Indians  during 
the  massacre  of  1862,  is  52^  feet  in  height 
from  its  foundation,  with  a  base  of  14  feet 
square,  and  composed  of  Minnesota  granite 
from  the  Rockville  quarries  near  St.  Cloud. 

The  inscriptions  are  on  white  bronze  tab- 
lets, securely  fastened  to  the  granite  dies. 
Upon  the  east  side  of  the  main  shaft,  above 
the  dies,  is  a  life-sized  bronze  medallion  of 
Lieut.  T.  J.  Sheehan,  cast  at  Philadelphia 
from  a  photograph  taken  near  the  time  he 
was  in  command.  The  monument  was  com- 
pleted and  set  during  the  month  of  Septem- 
ber, 1896.  It  stands  on  the  exact  site  of  the 
former  flag  staff  of  the  fort  in  the  center  of 
the  parade  ground.  The  inscriptions  are  as 
follows: 

IN  MEMORY  OF  THE  FALLEN; 

IN  RECOGNITION  OF  THE  LIVING; 

AND  FOR  THE  EMULATION  OF 

FUTURE  GENERATIONS. 

Erected  A.  D.  1896,  by  the  State  of  Minne- 
sota, to  preserve  the  sight  of  Fort  Ridgely,  a 
United  States  military  post  established  in 
1853,  and  especially  to  perpetuate  the  names 
and  commemorate  the  heroism  of  the  sol- 
diers and  citizens  of  the  State,  who  success- 
fully defended  the  Fort  during  nine  days  of 
siege  and  investment,  August  18-27,  1862, 
and  who  gallantly  resisted  two  formidable 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST 


and  protracted  assaults  upon  it,  made  Aug. 
20  and  22, 1SG2,  by  a  vastly  superior  force  of 
Sioux  Indians  under  command  of  Little 
Crow  and  other  noted  Indian  leaders  and 
■warriors. 


August  18,  18G2,  the  Sioux  Indians  of  the 
Upper  Minnesota  River,  in  violation  of  their 
treaties,  broke  into  open  rebellion,  and  with- 
in a  few  days  thereafter  massacred  about 
one  thousand  citizens  in  the  southwestern 
part  of  the  state,  and  destroyed  property  of 
the  value  of  millions  of  dollars.  Many  men, 
women  and  children  fled  to  Fort  Ridgely  and 
were  under  its  protection  during  the  siege. 
The  successful  defense  of  the  fort  by  its 
garrison,  consisting  of  parts  of  Companies 
p.  and  C,  Fifth  Regiment  Minnesota  Volun- 
teer Infantry,  the  "Renville  Rangers,"  and 
citizens  and  refugees,  was  very  largely  in- 
strumental in  saving  other  portions  of  Min- 
nesota from  ravage  and  devastation,  and 
greatly  contributed  to  the  ultimate  defeat  of 
the  Indians  and  their  expulsion  from  the 
State. 


During  the  entire  siege  of  Fort  Ridgely  the 
garrison  was  skillfully  commanded  by  Lieut. 
Timothy  .J.  Sheehan,  of  Co.  C,  5th  Regiment, 
Minnesota  Infantry.  He  was  ably  assisted 
by  Lieut.  Norman  K.  Culver,  Co.  B,  of 
the  same  regiment,  Acting  Post  Quarter- 
master and  Commissary,  in  charge  of  de- 
tachments; Lieut.  Thos.  P.  Gere,  Co.  B, 
oth  Minnesota  Infantry,  in  command  of 
the  portion  of  his  company  present  (Capt. 
John  F.  March  and  23  men  of  that  company, 
and  Peter  Quinn,  U.  S.  Interpreter,  having 
been  killed  by  the  Indians  at  Redwood 
Ferry,  Aug.  18,  18fi2);  Lieut.  James  Gorman, 
in  command  of  the  Renville  Rangers;  Hon. 
Benj.  H.  Randall,  in  charge  of  armed  citi- 
zens; Ordnance  Sergeant  John  Jones,  of 
the  Regular  Army,  in  general  charge  of  the 
artillery,  with  Sergt.  James  G.  McGrew,  Co. 
B.  5th  Minnesota  Infantry,  and  Mr.  John  C. 
^^'hipple.  each  in  charge  of  a  gun.  Dr.  Al- 
fred Muller,  Post  Surgeon.     The  names  of 


the  other  defenders  of  the  Fort  appear  else- 
where on  this  monument  and  are  as  follows: 

CO.  B.  5th  MIXN.  INFTY. 

1st  Lieut.  K.  K.  ("ulver,  I'ost  Quartermaster 
and  Commissary. 

2d  Lieut.  Thos.  P.  Gere,  Commanding  his 
(I'ompany. 

Sergts.  Jas.  G.  McGrew,  A.  C.  Ellis,  Jno.  F. 
Bishop. 

Corpls.  W.  E.  \Yinslow,  T.  I).  Huntley,  C.  H. 
Hawley,  Michael  Pfremer,  Arthur  Mc- 
Allister, Allen  Smith,  J.  C.  McLean. 

Drummer,  Chas.  M.  Culver;  Wagoner,  Elias 
Hoyt. 


PRIVATES. 


(Jeo.  M.  Annis, 
Jas.  M.  Atkins, 
Chas.  H.  Baker, 
Chas.  Beecher, 
Wm.  H.  Blodgett, 
Christ  Boyer, 
John  Brennan, 
L.  M.  Carr, 
W.  H.  H.  Chase, 
James  Dunn, 
Caleb  Elphee, 
A.  -J.  Fauver, 
J.  W.  Foster, 
Columbia  French, 
Ambrose  Gardner, 
W'm.  Good  (w'd), 
W.  B.  Hutchinson, 
L.  W.  Ives, 
J.  W.  Lester, 
Isaac  Lindsey, 
Henry  ^Martin, 
J.  L.  McGill  (w'di, 
•lohn  McGowun, 
J.  M.  Muuday, 


Jas.  Murray, 

E.  F. Ilehrhood, 

Thos.  Parsley, 

\\'.  J.  I'errington, 

II.  F.  Pray, 

Antoine  Rebenski, 

Heber  Robinson, 

Andrew  Ruf ridge  (w'd), 

Lauren  Scripture,    • 

John  Serfling, 

R.  J.  Spornitz  (w'd), 

Sam'l  Steward, 

Wm.  J.  Sturgis, 

Wm.  A.  Sutherland, 

Ole  Svendson, 

M.  J.  Tanner, 

J.  F.  Taylor, 

J.  A.  I'nderwood, 

Stephen  Van  Buren, 

Eli  Wait, 

O.  G.  Wall, 

A.  W.  Williamson, 

M.  II.  Wilson. 


CO.  C,  5TH  INFTY. 

1st  Lieut.  T.  J.  Sheehan,  Coiiimanding  (w'd). 
Sergts.  John  P.  Hicks,  F.  A.  Blackmer  (w'd), 

John  C.  Ross. 
Corpls.  M.  A.   Chamberlain,  Z.  C.  Butler, 

A\in.  Young,  Dennis  Porter  (w'd). 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


PRIVATES. 

!S.  P.  Beighley,  Ij.  C.  Jones  (w'd), 

E.  D.  Brooks,  K.  I.  Lowtliian, 

J.  M.  Brown,  A.  J.  Luther  (w'dj, 

J.  L.  Bullock,  Jolm  Malachy, 

Chas.  E.  Chapel,  John  McCall, 

Zachariah  Chute,  Orlando  McFall, 

L.  H.  Decker,  F.  M.  McKeynolds, 

Chas.  Dills,  J.  H.  Mead, 

Chas.  H.  Dills,  J.  B.  Miller, 

Daniel  Dills,  Dennis  Morean, 

S.  W.  Dogan,  Peter  Nisson, 

L.  A.  Egj>leston,  Andrew  Peterson, 

ITalvor  Elefson,  J.  M.  Rice, 

Martin  Ellingson,  Chas.  A.  Rose, 

C.  J.  Graudy,  K.  F.  Ross, 
Mark  M.  Greer  (killed),  Edward  Roth, 
J.  P.  Green,  C.  O.  Russell, 
A.  K.  Grout,  W.  S.  Russell, 
Andrew  Gulbrauson,  Isaac  Shortledge  (w'd), 
Peter  E.  Harris  (w'd),  Josiah  Weakley, 
Philo  Henry,  G.  H.  Wiggins, 
Jamas  Honan,  J.  M.  Ybright, 

D.  N.  Hunt,  James  Young. 

RENVILLE   RANGERS. 

1st    Lieut.    James  Gorman,    Commanding 

(wounded). 

Sergts.    Theophile  Richter,    John    McCole, 

Warren  Carey. 
Corpls.  Louis  Arner,  Dieudonne  Sylvestre, 

Roufer  Burger. 

PRIVATES. 

Urgel  Amiot,  B.  H.  Goodell, 

Joseph  Auge,  R.  L.  Hoback, 

Geo.  Bakerman,  Geo.  La  Batte, 

Rocque  Berthiaume,  Fred  La  Croix, 

Ed.  Ribeau,  Joseph  La  Tour, 

John  Bourcier,  Cyprian  Le  Claire  (w'd), 

Pierre  Boyer,  Medard  Lucier, 

Sam'l  Brunelle,  Moses  Mireau, 

l»avid  Carpenter,  Theophile  Morin, 

Antoine  Chose,  A.  B.  Murch, 

Geo.  Dagenais,  Ernest  Paul, 

Fred  Denzer,  Henry  Pflaume, 

Henry  Deuzer,  Henry  Pierce, 

Alexis  Demerce,  Joseph  Pereau, 

Francois  Demerce,  Thos.  T.  Quinu, 

Carlton  Dickinson,  Magloire  Robidoux, 

James  Delaney,  Joseph  Robinette  (w'd), 

Louis  Demeule,  (>has.  Robert, 
Joseph  Fortier  (w'd),  Francois  Stay. 


ARMED  CITIZENS. 
B.  H.  Randall.  Commandinf;. 

\A'm.  Anderson,  Victor  Rieke, 

Robt.  Baker  (killed), Louis  Robert, 


Werner  Boesch, 
Louis  Brisbois, 
Wm.  Butler, 
Clement  Cardinal, 
M.  A.  Dailey, 
J.  W.  De  Camp, 
Frank  Diepolder, 
Henry  Diepolder, 
Alfred  Dufrene, 
J.  C.  Fenske  (w'd), 
Jo.  Jack  Frazer, 
T.  J.  Galbraith, 
E.  A.  C.  Hatch, 
Patrick  Heffron, 
Geo.  P.  Hicks, 
Keran  Horan, 
John  Hose, 
Joseph  Kochler, 
Louis  La  Croix, 
James  B.  Magner, 
John  Magner, 
Oliver  Martelle, 
Pierre  Martelle, 


Louis  Sharon, 
Chris.  Schlumberger, 
Gustav  Stafford, 
Joshua  Sweet, 
Louis  Thiele, 
Nikolas  Thinnes, 
().  "\'anasse  (killed), 

A.  J.  Van  Voorhes, 
John  Walter, 

J.  C.  Whipple, 
C.  G.  WykofE, 
Xavier  Zolner. 
John  Meyer, 
John  Nairn, 
Dennis  O'Shea, 
Joseph  Overbaugh, 

B.  F.  Pratt, 
J.  C.  Ramsey, 
John  Resoft, 
Adam  Rieke, 
August  Rieke, 
Geo.  Rieke, 
Heinrich  Rieke  (died), 


A  number  of  women  cheerfully  and  bravely 
assisted  in  the  defense  of  the  Fort.  The  fol- 
lowing named  rendered  especially  valuable 
services.  They  were  detailed  by  Lieutenant 
Sheehan  to  cast  bullets  and  cook  for  the 
men  during  the  siege: 
Anna  Boesch,  Mrs.  E.  Picard, 

Kenney  Bradford,        Mrs.  E.  Pereau, . 
Elizabeth  M.  Dunn,     Wilhelmina  Randall, 
Margaret  King  Hern,  Valencia  J.  Reynolds, 
Mary  A.  Heffron,         Mary  Rieke, 
Eliza  Muller,  Mrs.  R.  Schmahl, 

Juliette  McAllister,    Mrs.  Spencer, 
Mary  D.  Overbaugh,    Julia  Sweet, 
Agnes  Overbaugh,       Emily  J.  West. 
Julia  Peterson, 

The  historian  of  this  volume  will  say 
that  the  honors  of  this  great  defense  belong 
to  all  those  who  participated  in  it,  but  the 
young  Irish  lieutenant  who  inspired  his  men 
to  such  deeds  of  heroic  valor  and  marched 
his  company  forty-two  miles  in  ten  hours 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


to  the  defense  of  Fort  Ridgely;  took  coiii- 
inand  of  the  fort,  and  directed  its  defense 
with  consuniniate  skill,  deserves  to  go  down 
to  history  along  with  those  of  the  most  hon- 
ored commanders  in  all  the  years  of  border 
warfare.  His  name  shonld  be  written  side 
by  side  with  those  of  Forsyth,  Crooks, 
Wayne  and  Jackson.  He  held  the  fort  and 
saved  the  lives  of  three  hnndred  women  and 
children  and  gave  time  for  the  people  of 
the  state  to  rally  to  its  defense. 

May  his  well-won  laurels  ever  be  green. 
and  his  name,  indelible  on  the  scroll  of  fame, 
never  receive  ambition's  taint,  but  like  the 
burnished  gold  be  reflecting  more  glory 
when  children's  diildren  shall  recount  with 
pride  the  valor  and  achievements  of  Timothy 
J.  Sheehan. 


IRWIN,  Alexander  Francis,  is  one  of  the 
most  prominent  of  the  younger  physicians  of 
the  city  of  Minneapolis.  He  has  been  assist- 
ant city  physician  of  Minneapolis  since  1893, 
and  in  that  position  has  become  favorably 
known  among  all  classes  of  the  people.  Dr. 
Irwin  was  born  in  Chatham,  Ontario,  Can. 
His  mother  was  formerly  a  Miss  Margaret 
Campbell  and  his  father  is  Thomas  Ii*win,  a 
well-to-do  farmer  and  a  university  regent 
from  his  distinct.  The  early  education  of 
young  Irwin  was  obtained  in  the  schools  of 
Canada  and  this  was  supplemented  by 
courses  at  the  University  of  Toronto,  and  the 
University  of  Michigan,  from  which  institu- 
tion he  was  graduated  with  honor  in  1889. 
He  was  honor  graduate  in  natural  science 
and  a  gold  medalist  in  ancient  history.  He 
had  early  decided  to  become  a  physician  and 
his  college  work  had  been  preparatory  for  a 
medical  course  and  considerable  of  it  had 
been  completed  when  he  entered  the  medical 
department  of  McGill  University,  at  Mon- 
treal, from  which  university  he  was  gradu- 
ated with  honors  in  1890.  Dr.  Irwin  decided 
to  locate  in  the  middle  west  and  came  to  Min- 
neapolis in  1890,  where  he  soon  became  well 
known  as  a  careful  and  successful  physician. 
In   1893   he   was   appointed   assistant   city 


ALEXANDER  F.    lUWIN. 

physician,  and  the  experience  gained  in  this 
position  has  been  invaluable  to  him.  Dr. 
Irwin  is  a  member  of  the  Hennepin  County 
Medical  Association,  and  has  served  ag  its 
secretary.  He  also  belongs  to  the  State  Med- 
ical Association  and  the  American  Medical 
Association.  Dr.  Irwin  has  traveled  quite 
extensively,  as  ill-health  in  1896  caused  him 
to  spend  the  winter  in  the  South,  when  he 
touied  through  Texas  and  Mexico.  In  the 
winter  of  1897  he  again  went  South  and  on 
this  trip  toured  Mexico,  Central  America,  the 
West  Indies  and  part  of  South  America,  go- 
ing as  far  south  as  Buenos  Ayres.  He  re- 
turned to  Minneapolis  In  the  summer  of  1898 
and  resumed  his  practice.  Dr.  Irwin  is  an  ad- 
herent to  the  principles  of  the  Republican 
party.  He  is  a  member  of  several  fraternal 
societies,  among  them  the  Royal  Arcanum 
and  the  Masonic  order.    He  is  not  married. 

NOHTON,  Aretus  K.,  M.  D.,  one  of  the 
best  known  physicians  and  surgeons  of  Min- 
neapolis, was  born  at  Byron,  111.,  August  13, 
1850.  His  father,  Hamilton  Norton,  a  mem- 
ber of  one  of  the  oldest  families  of  the  state 
of  New  York,  came  from  Rome,  Oneida  coun- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


AKE'I'IS  K.    XOKTdX. 

ty  of  that  state,  to  (Jalena,  111.,  in  1835  as  a 
colporteur  of  the  American  Tract  Society. 
He  labored  in  that  field  for  two  years,  and 
then  moved  to  Byron  and  engaged  in  farm- 
ing. In  1854  he  removed  to  Polo,  111.,  and 
engaged  for  a  time  in  the  grain  and  lumber 
business.  He  was  appointed  postmaster  by 
President  Lincoln,  and  served  in  that  capac- 
ity during  the  administrations  of  Lincoln, 
Johnson  and  Grant.  He  was  a  Republican 
from  the  organization  of  the  party.  He  died 
in  1877  at  the  age  of  sixty-seven.  The  Nor- 
ton family  has  an  honorable  position  in  the 
early  history  of  New  York.  B.  F.  Thomp- 
son's "History  of  Long  Island"  has  an  ex- 
tensive sketch  of  one  member,  of  whom  Dr. 
Norton  is  a  direct  descendant.  Nathaniel 
Norton,  the  history  says,  was  a  native  of 
Long  Island,  born  at  Brookhaven  in  1742. 
At  the  lireaking  out  of  the  French  War  in 
1756,  he  is  recorded  as  having  volunteered  as 
a  private  in  the  Provincial  Corps  commanded 
by  Major  General  Bradstreet.  In  the  year 
1760  he  was  stationed  at  Osewgo,  N.  Y.,  and 
"displayed  on  all  occasions  the  characteris- 
tics of  a  brave  and  prudent  soldier."  In  the 
War  of  the  Revolution  he  took  the  patriotic 


side,  and  accepted  a  commission  in  1776  as  a 
lieutenant  of  the  Fourth  New  York  Conti- 
nental Regiment,  commanded  by  Col.  Henry 
B.  Livingston,  with  which  he  was  connected 
until  1781.  He  participated  in  the  battle  of 
Monmouth,  June  26.  1778,  serving  the  artil- 
lery in  the  organization  known  as  the  "Corps 
(le  Reserve."  He  afterwards  accompanied 
General  Sullivan  in  the  expedition  against 
the  Six  Nations  Indians  in  the  western  part 
of  New  York.  He  was  prevented  by  sickness 
from  taking  part  in  the  battles  of  Bemis 
Heights  and  Stillwater,  which  led  to  the  sur- 
render of  Burgoyne  and  his  army.  When  the 
five  New  York  regiments  were  consolidated, 
lie  was  left  without  anny  command,  but  was 
commissioned  the  same  year,  by  the  governor 
of  the  state,  to  raise  money  for  the  cause, 
among  the  Whigs  of  Long  Island  and  New 
York.  It  was  a  secret  commission,  and  the 
better  to  conceal  the  matter.  Captain  Noi'ton 
was  put  in  command  of  a  small  vessel  called 
the  "Suffolk."  He  was  very  successful  and 
disiliarged  the  duty  with  conspicuous  fidel- 
ity. Owing  to  his  important  services,  con- 
gress, by  a  special  I'esohition,  continued  him 
in  rank,  pay  and  enrollment  until  the  close  of 
the  war.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  retired 
to  his  farm  at  Brookhaven.  He  was  gifted 
as  a  public  speaker,  and  eventually  became  a 
minister  of  the  Baptist  church.  He  sei'ved 
as  pastor  in  Connecticut  and  at  Herkimer, 
N.  Y.  Owing  to  the  disabilities  of  age,  he 
relinquished  the  ministry  and  lived  in  retire- 
ment on  ihe  liberal  pension  granted  him  by 
the  government,  and  died,  full  of  honors, 
while  on  a  visit  to  New  York  City,  October 
7,  1887.  He  was  buried  according  to  his  de- 
sire, at  Brookhaven,  his  old  home,  and  rests 
in  the  Baptist  church  burial  ground  at  Car- 
um,  having  been  escorted  hither  by  his  old 
comrades  of  the  Cincinnati,  of  which  he  was 
the  senior  member.  Dr.  Norton's  mother 
was  Ann  J.  Allyn,  a  native  of  Vermont,  born 
at  Bennington,  of  early  Colonial  and  Revo- 
lutionary War  ancestry.  She  was  a  descend- 
ant of  the  noted  Captain  "Sam"  Robinson 
and  of  Stephen  Dewey,  one  of  Admiral  Dew- 
ey's ancestors.  She  is  still  living.  The  young 
doctor  obtained  his  academic  education  in 


HISTORY  Of  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


the  public  schools.  Having  chosen  the  pro- 
fession of  medicine,  he  began  his  study  in 
the  office  of  Dr.  W.  W.  Barns,  at  Polo,  111. 
In  1868  he  entered  the  Chicago  Medical  ("dl- 
lege — which  was  the  medical  department  of 
the  Northwestern  University — from  which 
he  graduated  March  12,  1872.  He  was  im- 
mediately ai)i)ointed  physician  with  the  Clu- 
cago  Relief  and  Aid  Society,  the  ''great  tire" 
organization,  in  which  service  he  remained 
for  two  years.  Tlie  next  two  years  were 
sjient  in  the  practice  of  medicine  at  SaA'ana, 
111.,  removing  thence  to  New  Milford,  and 
then  to  Rockford,  111.  In  1882,  mainly  on 
account  of  his  wife's  health,  he  removed  to 
Minnesota,  and  settled  at  Detroit  City,  Bed; 
er  county,  where  he  remained  nine  years  and 
established  a  large  j)ractice.  To  secure  the 
advantages  of  a  large  city  for  his  family,  he 
then  removed  to  Minneapolis.  In  1802  he 
was  aiijtointed  medical  inspector  of  the  City 
Health  Department,  and  .sened  in  this  capac- 
ity until  1898,  when  he  was  made  health  com- 
missioner, and  occupied  this  j)osition  until 
January  8,  1901.  Dr.  Norton  in  politics  has 
always  been  a  Republican.  He  is  interested 
in  fraternal  societies,  being  a  ]Mason  of  high 
degree,  including  the  Scottish  Rite  and 
Shrine.  He  is  also  a  past  grand  master  of 
Odd  Fellows,  and  has  served  as  grand  rep- 
resentative to  the  Sovereign  (Jrand  Lodge. 
He  is  likewise  a  member  of  the  Commercial 
Club.  In  religion  he  is  a  Congregationalist. 
December  27.  1875,  he  was  married  to  Mary 
Lilla  McArthur,  daughter  of  the  late  Dr. 
Alonzo  McArthur,  surgeon  of  the  Civil  War 
Examining  Board.  They  have  three  chil- 
dren: Clinton  McArthur  Norton,  William 
Hamilton  Noi-ton  and  Allvn  Kent  Norton. 


SARGENT,  George  B.,  an  early  resident 
and  capitalist  of  Duluth,  Minn.,  now  de- 
ceased, was  of  old  New  England  stock,  his 
ancestors  having  come  to  this  country  from 
England  in  early  Colonial  days.  He  was 
born  at  Boston,  Mass.,  in  1818.  His  advan 
tages  in  early  life  were  limited,  and  what 
schooling  he  received  was  only  elementary 
in  its  character,  yet  it  proved  sufficient  as  a 


GEIIKCE  P..   S.VUGENT. 

basis  for  the  broad,  practical  education  later 
acquired  by  self-culture.  He  chose  civil  en- 
gineering as  his  vocation  in  life,  and  being 
industrious  and  economical  in  his  habits  by 
his  eighteenth  year  had  laid  by  a  c^psider- 
able  sum  of  money.  He  left  his  native  state 
in  1830  and  came  west,  locating  at  Daven- 
I)ort,  Iowa,  where  he  engaged  in  the  banking 
business.  He  met  with  considerable  success 
as  a  banker,  and  continued  in  that  line  of 
business  for  about  sixteen  years,  when  he 
was  appointed  surveyor  general  for  the  dis- 
trict comprising  the  states  of  Minnesota,  Wis- 
consin and  Iowa.  In  1857  he  was  elected 
mayor  of  the  city  of  Davenport,  and  served 
for  a  term  of  two  years.  He  then  resumed 
his  financial  operations  at  Davenport,  with 
connections,  also,  in  Boston.  In  1863  he  re- 
moved, M'ith  his  family,  to  New  York  City, 
and  for  six  years  was  engaged  as  a  banker 
and  broker  in  Wall  street.  He  returned  west 
in  1809,  locating  at  Duluth,  where  he  organ- 
ized the  banking  hou.se  of  Geo.  B.  Sargent  & 
Co.,  which  acted  as  western  agent  for  Jay 
Cooke  &  Co.,  of  New  York,  and  other  promi- 
nent banking  houses  in  the  East.  In  1870, 
Mr.  Sargent  was  appointed  financial  agent  for 
the  Northern  Pacific  Railway  Company,  and 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GRKAT  NORTHWEST. 


tile  same  year  made  a  trip  to  Eiiroiie  in  the 
interests  (if  that  eomjian.v,  transacting  for  it 
many  inijiortant  deals.  Duluth  owes  nuich 
to  Mr.  Sargenfs  aggressive  spirit  and  his 
deep  interest  in  the  development  of  the 
Northwest.  More  than  ten  years  before  he 
took  up  his  residence  at  the  head  of  the 
(Jreat  Lakes,  he  appreciated  its  strategic  po- 
sition and  foresaw  its  commercial  import- 
ance when  the  vast  resources  of  the  country 
to  the  west  were  developed,  and  so  expressed 
himself  in  a  lecture  delivered  before  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce  at  Tremont  Temple, 
Boston,  February  24, 1858.  He  was  a  man  of 
exceptional  ability,  and  his  long  experiences 
in  the  handling  of  finances  made  him  a  po- 
tent force  in  the  financial  world.  With  the 
co-operation  of  such  strong  institutions  as 
Jay  Cooke  &  Co.,  Dodge  &  Co.  and  J.  S.  Mor- 
gan &  Co.,  of  T\'all  street,  he  was  able  to  do 
much  toward  laying  the  foundations  for  the 
Northwest's  future  greatness.  Duluth  had 
no  citizen  more  devoted  to  its  interests  than 
Mr.  Sargent.  Many  of  its  early  improve- 
ments received  their  first  impulse  from  him, 
and  it  was  largely  due  to  his  tireless  energy 
that  they  were  successfully  consummated. 
He  encouraged  the  erection  of  substantial 
buildings  and  progressive  enterprise  general- 
ly, often  to  the  extent  of  contributing  from 
his  individual  capital;  he  laid  out  the  London 
addition  to  the  city  of  Duluth,  which  is  now 
a  beautiful  suburban  section,  and  was  instru- 
mental in  attracting  immigration  toward  that 
city  in  the  early  70's.  Mr.  Sargent  was  mar- 
ried in  18.30  to  Mary  Perin.  To  them  were 
born  ten  children,  only  two  of  whom  are  liv- 
ing: William  C,  whose  biography  appears 
elsewhere  in  this  work,  and  Mrs.  F.  W.  Paine, 
now  living  in  Duluth.  Mr.  Sargent  died  in 
1875. 


BEADLE,  William  Henry  Harrison.— It 
is  doubtful  if  any  single  person  in  the  state 
has  been  more  influential  in  moulding  the 
policy  and  institutions  of  South  Dakota  than 
fieneral  W.  H.  H.  Beadle,  president  of  the 
State  Normal  School  at  Madison,  S.  D.  Com- 
ing to  the  Territory  of  Dakota  April  30, 1879, 


when  it  was  scarcely  more  than  a  paper  or- 
ganization, he  has  been  a  continuous,  intelli- 
gent, uplifting  force  in  the  development  and 
progress  of  the  commonwealth  from  its  crude, 
inchoate  condition,  to  its  present  proud  posi- 
tion of  mature  statehood.  He  has  put  his 
impress  especially  upon  the  public  school  sys- 
tem of  the  state,  by  securing  the  establish- 
ment of  the  township  school  cor])orations, 
and  by  his  labors  for  the  preservation  of  the 
scliool  lands  and  school  funds.  His  services 
as  secretary  of  the  commission  to  codify  the 
general  laws  of  the  territory  were  likewise 
far-reaching  in  their  results. 

General  Beadle  was  born  January  1, 1838, 
in  Liberty  township,  Parke  county,  Ind.,  in  a 
tidy,  hewn-log  house  built  by  his  father  in 
1837,  and  which  is  still  standing.  His  father, 
James  Ward  Beadle,  was  born  in  Kentucky, 
although  his  father,  the  grandfather  of  Gen- 
eral Beadle,  was  a  native  of  Virginia.  The 
Beadle  American  ancestors  came  from  Eng- 
land and  settled  in  New  York  about  the  time 
of  the  first  English  occupation  of  the  prov- 
ince. James  Ward  Beadle  was  one  of  seven 
sons.  His  mother  was  of  Scotch-Dutch  ex- 
traction, a  woman  of  remarkable  industry 
and  excellence  of  character.  She  educated 
her  own  children,  and  made  them  honorable 
and  successful  men.  Some  of  the  English 
ancestors  were  Liberals  and  preachers  of  the 
Nonconformist  churches.  James,  however, 
was  a  fanner  and  a  merchant,  dealing  in  pro- 
visions. He  packed  pork  and  made  eighteen 
voyages  to  New  Orleans  in  his  own  boats, 
loaded  with  produce.  Later  he  became  a 
land  owner  in  good  financial  circumstances. 
The  maiden  name  of  General  Beadle's  mother 
was  Elizabeth  Bright.  She  was  the  daughter 
of  Captain  John  Bright  and  Elizabeth  Bur- 
roughs, of  Maryland,  where  she  lived  until 
1816,  when  the  family  removed  to  Kentucky. 
^Mien  a  child  she  saw  the  burning  of  Wash- 
ington by  the  liritish  in  the  War  of  1812. 
Some  of  the  troops  landed  on  her  father's 
farm  to  get  water  from  a  great  spring  on  the 
place.  Not  long  after,  at  the  call  of  their 
mother  that  "Washington  was  burning,"  the 
children  climbed  up  a  ladder  to  the  top  of 
the  house  and  watched  the  fire  during  the 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


evening.  On  their  journeT  to  Kentucky  the 
family  crossed  the  Potomac  at  Harper's  Fer- 
ry, then  kept  by  Harper  and  his  son-in-law, 
Schwartz.  Elizabeth  was  on  horseback  and 
Harper  advised  and  helped  her  to  dismount, 
for  crossing  the  river,  and  then  helped  her  to 
remount.  Her  maternal  grandmother  was 
Margaret  Harrison,  a  native  of  England,  and, 
through  ancestors,  a  relative  of  Benjamin 
Harrison,  of  Virginia,  a  signer  of  the  Decla- 
ration of  Independence.  Collaterally  Eliza- 
beth was  related  to  John  Hanson,  the  ilary- 
land  patriot.  Otherwise  she  was  of  pure 
Scotch  origin,  and  had  the  virtue  and  indus- 
trial eiliciency  of  the  women  of  that  stock. 
She  remembered  some  Scotch  songs  taught 
her  by  her  grandfather,  James  Bright,  and 
she  could  speak  the  Scotch  dialect  a  little, 
and  a  few  phrases  were  frequently  on  her 
tongue  through  life.  She  had  a  twin  sister, 
Ann.  Both  lived  to  be  nearly  eighty-eight 
years  of  age.  Captain  John  Bright,  and  hi.s 
wife,  lived  to  the  age  of  ninety-four,  and 
lacked  only  from  December  to  May  of  having 
lived  sixty-five  years  as  husband  and  wife. 
He  was  the  oldest  soldier  in  Parke  county, 
Ind.,  and  the  (t.  A.  K.  keeps  a  flag  over  his 
grave  every  day  in  the  year.  The  early  edu- 
cation of  young  William  was  begun  in  the 
"subscription  school,"  taught  by  a  traveling 
master,  in  a  log  school  house,  surrounded  by 
forests  full  of  mystery.  He  saw  a  panther 
before  he  was  eight  years  old.  His  mother, 
however,  was  a  better  teacher.  His  first  book 
was  "Peter  Parley's  America'';  the  second, 
"Robinson  Crusoe."  His  maternal  uncle  had 
a  considerable  library.  He  read  the  "Vicar 
of  Wakefield''  at  ten,  and  Burns'  poems  at 
twelve  years  of  age.  He  holds  in  honored  re- 
membrance Miss  Lavina  Tucker,  the  first 
woman  teacher  in  that  region.  She  had  at- 
tended for  a  jear  the  Quaker  Academy  at 
Bloomingdale,  eleven  miles  distant,  and  she 
greatly  advanced  the  education  of  the  neigh- 
borhood. In  the  fall  of  1841)  his  father  be- 
came sheritt'  of  the  county.  This  gave  the 
embryo  general  an  opportunity  to  attend  the 
Rockville  county  seat  school,  where  he  took 
an  advanced  standing,  and  while  living  upon 
a  farm  near  Rockville,  he  prepared  for  col- 


WILLl.VM  H.  II.   BEADLE. 

lege.  His  father,  one  day,  told  him  to  look 
forward  to  the  ownership  of  the  farm  of  240 
acres.  But  William  declared  that  he  would 
not  get  married  for  a  long  time  yet,  and  that 
he  wanted  to  go  to  college.  After  %iany 
weeks  of  debate  the  father  concluded  to  keep 
the  farm  and  to  advance  enough  money  to 
give  William  a  college  education.  He  at- 
tributes his  energy  to  his  father,  what  indus- 
try he  has  to  his  mother,  and  many  of  his  best 
incentives  to  both,  as  well  as  to  Miss  Tucker, 
his  first  woman  teacher.  Anti-slavery  senti- 
ment was  then  rising.  His  father  and  moth- 
er and  all  their  ancestry  were  anti-slavery  in 
principle  and  practice.  Miss  Tucker,  from 
the  Quaker  school,  added  her  gentle  influence 
to  the  paternal  trend.  A  fugitive  slave  was 
one  day  reported  captured  north  of  his  home. 
He  and  five  other  boys  went  over  to  see  him. 
They  saw  two  men  on  horseback  ahead,  one 
of  whom  was  leading  a  horse  on  which  the 
bareheaded,  barefooted  slave  was  tied  by  the 
feet.  Two  more  men  rode  behind.  The  four 
white  men  were  armed.  This  composed  what 
one  of  the  boys  called  afterwards  "the  pro- 
cession ol  slavery.''  It  made  a  deep  impres- 
sion on  till'  lads,  anil  of  the  six  boys  three  lie 
in  soldiers'  graves  in  the  South.     In  the  fall 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


of  1S57.  Mr.  Beadle  enteit^  the  T'niTersity 
of  Michigan,  anil,  taking  the  <  lassiial  omrsi-. 
graduated  in  1801,  in  a  ehiss  strong  in  num- 
bers and  abilily.  The  first  year  in  toUege  he 
secured  a  high  standing.  He  was  one  of  the 
charter  members  iu  ISaS  of  the  Zeta  Psi  col- 
lege fraternity;  he  was  also  one  of  the  orators 
chosen  for  the  "Junior  Exhibition,"  then  a 
lironiinent  function  in  the  college  course. 
Duriug  the  first  semester  of  the  senior  year 
he  was  unanimously  elected  president  of  the 
Alpha  iS'u — the  leading  literary  society  of 
the  university.  Among  his  classmates  were 
the  late  President  Edward  Searing,  of  the 
Minnesota  Mankato  2Cormal  School;  Presi- 
dent Charles  K.  Adams,  of  the  Wisconsin 
Universitj;  General  Byron  M.  Cutcheon  and 
Jonas  H.  McGowan,  members  of  congress; 
late  Walter  S.  Perry,  Charles  H.  Denison, 
General  Isaac  H.  Elliott,  of  Illinois;  James 
J.  Hagerman,  of  Colorado,  and  others  of  note 
in  education  and  other  professions.  The 
same  institution  bestowed  ujion  him  the  de- 
gree of  Master  of  Arts.  In  18G7  he  graduated 
in  the  law  department  of  the  same  university. 
A  college  publication  mentions  him  as  a  "suc- 
cessful man  of  affairs,  and  a  credit  to  the 
university."  He  began  his  practice  at  Evans- 
ville,  Ind.,  and  later  continued  it  in  pai-tner- 
ship  with  Hon.  George  C.  Hazelton,  at  Bos- 
cobel,  Grant  county,  Wis.  In  tlie  full  tide  of 
success,  by  reason  of  his  long  army  service, 
his  health  gave  way.  In  the  spring  of  1S69 
he  accepted,  at  the  hands  of  President  Grant, 
the  position  of  surveyor  general  of  the  Terri- 
tory of  Dakota,  and  established  Ms  residence 
at  Yankton,  where  he  made  his  home  for 
twenty  years.  \A'hile  in  this  sei-vice,  he  be- 
came, from  personal  observation  in  his  ti-av- 
els,  thoroughly  familiar  with  the  extent  and 
excellence  of  the  lands  of  the  great  territory, 
and  appreciated  the  vast  heritage  of  school 
lauds  granted  bj  congress.  It  was  double 
the  amount  given  to  the  older  states.  He 
knew  how  the  schiK>l  lands  had  been  frittered 
away — if  not  squandered — in  the  states  of 
Indiana,  Michigan.  Wisconsin,  and  other 
states,  and  believed  that  the  school  lands  of 
Dakota  might  be  more  productive  to  the 
school   fund.     It  became  almost  a  passion 


with  him  to  bring  about  this  result.  He  la- 
bored year  after  year  by  perscmal  interviews, 
correspondence,  lectures  and  in  the  constitn- 
tional  convention,  to  this  end.  He  was  for 
nearly  twelve  years  a  member  of  the  board 
of  education  of  Yankton  and  part  of  the  tune 
its  president.  In  1S78  Hon.  William  A.  How- 
ard, of  Michigan,  was  aptpointed  governor  of 
the  territory.  He  selected  General  Beadle  as 
his  private  secretary.  This  giive  him  an  ad- 
vantage in  promoting  his  plans  for  the  cause 
of  education.  In  187H  he  was  apftointed 
superintendent  of  public  instruction,  and 
held  that  office  over  six  years^n  succession. 
AAhen  asked  to  accept  he  made  known  his 
desires  to  save  the  school  lands  and  to  organ- 
ize the  School  districts  on  the  township  plan. 
In  1883  he  secured  the  passage  of  a  complete 
school  law.  In  1885  he  di-afted  the  school 
article  of  the  state  constitution  according  to 
his  views.  Although  mntidated  to  some  ex- 
tent by  his  successors,  the  school  law  remains 
today  in  most  of  its  important  points  as  Gen- 
eral Beadle  designed  it.  If  j»ersistent  efforts 
and  faithful  service  crowned  with  sncc-ess  is 
worthy  of  recognition.  General  Beadle  may 
well  be  called  the  "father  of  the  school  sys- 
tem of  the  state."  Congress  afterwards  em- 
bodied his  principles  as  to  school  lands  in  the 
enabling  acts  of  Xorth  Dokota,  Mantana, 
^^'yoming,  Idaho  and  Washington.  In  1876 
he  was  ajipointed  secretary  of  the  commis- 
sion to  codify  the  laws  of  the  territory.  His 
work  was  very  highly  praised.  Chief  Justice 
Shannon  declared  the  result  when  he  said 
that  General  Beadle  "Md  a  most  scientific 
knowledge  of  law."  When  the  commission 
made  its  lejKjrt  he  was  elected,  in  1877,  a 
member  of  the  legislature  from  Yankton 
county.  He  declined  in  a  caucus,  the  nomi- 
nation for  sjteaker.  and  was  ajipointed  chair- 
man of  the  judiciary  c-ommittee.  which  had 
charge  of  the  codes.  His  work  then  has  been 
deemed  one  of  the  most  valuable  ever  ren- 
dered to  the  territory  or  state.  After  gradu- 
ating in  June.  1861,  General  Beadle  s(K>n  en- 
listed in  the  Union  army,  in  the  "Wabash 
Killemen,"  a  company  organized  at  Monte- 
zuma, Parke  county,  Ind,  The  Universitr  of 
iCchigan  added  voluntary  military  drill  to 


HISTORY  OF  'niK  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


iitlik'lics.  Wlien  Siiinter  was  fired  upon,  a 
coiDiiany  of  sludciits  ottered  their  wei'viees, 
but  (he  men  were  persuaded  to  remain  in 
school  until  after  graduation.  The  drill  con- 
tinued more  assiduously,  each  studi^nt  taiviu}' 
turns  as  captain  and  drilling  squads  for  prac- 
tice. An  officer  of  (he  noled  "Detroit  Jvight 
(luards"  superintended  I  lie  matter.  When 
the  "Wahash  Kiflemen"  hcnuiie  ( "ompany  A, 
of  the  'J'hirty-lirst  Kegiinenl,  Indiana  N'olun- 
teer  Infantry,  (Jeneral  IJeadie  was  commis- 
sioned first  lieutenant  of  that  company. 
Frederick  Arn,  a  fc^wiss  and  a  college  class- 
mate, was  made  captain.  He  was  made  major 
and  Jaeulenant  Beadle  \\:is  coiumissioned 
captain  ^'ov.  D,  ISOl,  while  in  I  he  field  in 
Kentucky.  The  regiment  was  in  a  brigade 
attached  to  (Jeneral  (irant's  command  for  the 
movement  on  Forls  Henry  and  Donelson, 
and  continued  in  that  relation  until  the  cap- 
ture of  Corinth,  in  which  Captain  Headle 
took  so  conspicuous  a  part  that  his  company 
was  granted  the  place  of  honor  at  the  head 
of  the  column  which  first  entered  the  city. 
May  ;J0,  18(;2.  In  the  summer,  Uoveruor  Aus- 
tin lilair,  of  Michigan,  who  favored  univer- 
sity men  of  merit,  appointed  Captain  IJeadle 
lieutenant  colonel  of  the  First  Regiment  of 
Michigan  Sharpshooters,  with  which  he 
served  until  June,  1804,  when  he  was  dis- 
abled. He  was  then  transferred  to  the  Vet- 
eran Ileserve  Corps  and  reported  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.  lie  ser\ed  in  the  defense  of 
Washington  against  Early's  raid  under  the 
eye  of  I'resident  J.,incoln,  Secretary  Stanton, 
and  oth(?r  distinguished  men.  His  regiment 
was  placed  in  the  defenses  south  of  the  Fo- 
tomac.  Here  for  a  time  he  was  in  command 
of  the  Third  Urigade  of  De  Jiussy's  Division, 
with  headquarters  at  Fort  Kichardson.  One 
day  they  heard  the  cannonading  of  the  battle 
of  Winchester,  famous  for  "Sheridan's  Itide." 
Early  in  the  winter  his  regiment,  for  the  ex- 
cellence of  its  disciijline  and  faithful  service, 
was  ordered  to  duty  at  the  old  Capital  and 
the  Carroll  I'rison,  and  at  the  Washington 
arsenal  and  the  navy  yard.  The  commanders 
of  regiments  and  other  field  otticers  were 
made  "officers  of  the  day  for  all  camps  and 
comnuinds  throughout  the  city,"  and  enjoin- 


ed to  make  the  rounds  of  the  posts  once  after 
midnight.  About  one  o'clock  on  a  morning 
about  Ihe  middle  of  February,  ISti.'j,  on  ap- 
proaching the  Executive  Mansion  with  a 
guaid  taken  from  the  regiment  in  its  rear, 
Ihe  guard  was  challenged  by  the  guard  at  the 
jiorlico.  At  the  comnuind  to  "halt"  given 
to  the  "grand  rounds,"  there  was  a  rattle  of 
arms.  Fresident  Lincoln  immediately  came 
out  of  the  door,  somewhat  startled  at  the 
sound,  and  asked:  "What  is  this?"  Colonel 
l'>c;i(llc  replied,  "Its  all  right,  Mr.  President. 
It  is  only  the  inspection  of  the  guard,"  offer- 
ing his  services  to  the  president.  They  were 
accepted,  and  he  accompanied  the  chief 
magistrate  to  the  war  office,  where  Secre- 
taries Stanton  and  Seward,  with  an  adjutant 
and  clerks,  were  waiting  for  the  latest  news 
from  (irant,  Thomas,  and  others.  Colonel 
F.cadle  remained  and  returned  with  the  presi- 
dent. The  faithful  duty  of  his  regiment,  the 
Third  Jiegiment,  Veteran  Reserve  Coi-ps, 
nuide  such  a  reputation  that  Colonel  Iteadle 
was  ordered  to  select  three  hundred  men  as  a 
guard  at  the  Capitol  during  the  second  in- 
auguration of  I'resident  Lincoln.  Colonel 
IJeadle,  on  duty,  stood  within  fifteen  ftet  of 
the  president  during  the  exercises.  A  few 
days  later  (Jolouel  IJeadle  was  order(;d  to  go 
to  Utica,  N.  v.,  to  relieve  the  provost  mar- 
shal there.  One  of  (Jolonel  Beadle's  reports 
was  the  basis  of  the  first  parliamentary 
■'quarrel"  between  James  G.  Blaine  and  Ros- 
coe  Conklin,  which  led  to  a  committee  of  in- 
vestigation, and  later,  to  far-reaching  polit- 
ical consequences.  In  the  muster  out  of 
troops,  he  served  at  Brattleboro,  Vt.  On  re- 
turning, he  was  sent  on  duty  to  Richmond, 
\'a.,  and  to  Raleigh,  N.  C,  and  finally  to  Wil- 
mington, X.  ('.,  where  he  commanded  the 
Southern  District  of  North  Caroline  for  some 
months.  The  war  being  over,  he  ottered  his 
resignation,  but  it  was  refused  on  the  state- 
ment of  General  Howard  that  "the  services 
of  such  men  could  not  be  spared.'"  He,  how- 
('\er,  sent  in  another,  through  the  senators 
from  Michigan,  and  they  secured  its  accept- 
ance, so  that  he  was  honorably  discharged 
March  2(i,  ISGO.  During  his  service  of  over 
four  years  he  was  once  wounded,  and  receiv- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTH^VE.ST. 


ed  three  brevets,  the  last  beino;  that  of  briga- 
dier general,  "for  gallant  meritorious  services 
during  the  war." 

(Jeneral  IJeadle's  work  has  been  mainly  in 
edutational  lines.  He  held  temporarily  the 
position  of  sui)erinteudeut  of  the  Harrison 
Institute,  an  Indian  industrial  school  near 
Salem,  Ore.  He  was,  for  some  time,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  governing  boards  of  the  Territorial 
University  and  Normal  Schools.  In  July, 
1889,  he  was  called  to  the  presidency  of  the 
State  IS'ornial  School  at  Madison,  S.  D. — the 
position  which  he  now  holds.  He  is  given 
great  credit  for  the  upbuilding  of  this  insti- 
tution, which  takes  high  rank  among  teacher- 
training  colleges.  He  knows  what  is  needed, 
and  has  the  scholarship,  experience  and  apti- 
tude for  teaching  necessary  to  make  such  an 
institution  effective  and  successful.  Among 
fraternal  societies  he  has  adhered  to  the  Ma- 
sonic order,  and  has  taken  all  the  strictly 
Masonic  degrees,  including  the  Thirty-third 
degree  of  the  Scottish  Rite,  Southern  juris- 
diction, in  which  he  was  for  years  deputy 
general  inspector.  He  is  master  of  the  Ori- 
ental Consistory,  No.  1,  Yankton,  S.  D.  He 
is  a  companion  of  the  Wisconsin  Command- 
ery  of  the  Loyal  Legion.  His  church  rela- 
tions have  been  for  many  years  with  the  Con- 
gregational church.  On  the  18th  of  May, 
1863,  he  was  mari-ied  to  Ellen  S.  Chapman, 
who  died  July  21,  1897.  Their  only  child, 
Mae  Beadle  Frink,  is  the  wife  of  Fred.  G. 
Frink,  a  student,  engineer  and  university  pro- 
fessor. 

General  Beadle  is  a  man  of  fine  presence 
and  engaging  manners.  He  is  a  forcible  writ- 
er and  an  effective  public  speaker,  but  a  se- 
vere attack  of  pneumonia,  while  a  soldier, 
created  a  bronchial  trouble  which  limits  the 
exercise  of  his  oratorical  powers.  Of  his 
many  addresses,  that  delivered  in  1888  at 
Yankton,  at  the  dedication  of  the  monument 
to  Rev.  Joseph  Ward,  D.  D.,  a  close  friend 
and  co-laborer  in  the  educational  field,  is  one 
of  his  best.  In  1888  he  wrote  a  work  for 
school  use,  entitled  "The  Geography,  History 
and  Resources  of  Dakota  Territory."  In  con- 
nection with  A.  F.  Bartlett,  he  wrote  "The 
Natural  System  of  Teaching  Geography." 
His  report  for  1882-3-4,  sketched  very  fully 


the  history  of  the  territory,  and  discussed 
('Aery  phase  of  the  school  system,  while  giv- 
ing its  history.  He  has  seen  the  state  grow 
rich  without  sharing  to  any  considerable  ex- 
tent in  its  wealth.  In  one  business  enterprise, 
the  Yankton  I'acking  Company,  he  lost  all  he 
had,  but  paid  every  penny  of  his  obligations. 
He  retains,  with  wonderful  vigor,  the  fiiin- 
ness,  industry  and  Scotch  persistence  which 
have  made  him  such  a  power  in  the  state. 
He  holds  the  respect  of  the  people  of  the 
state  and  the  confidence  of  all  who  know  him 
— students  and  associates.  The  state  super- 
intendent of  public  instruction,  E.  E.  Collins, 
in  view  of  the  success  achieved,  calls  General 
Beadle  the  "Grant  of  the  state's  educational 
campaigns." 


DEAN,  William  B.,  of  the  wholesale  iron 
house  of  Nicols  &  Dean,  of  St.  Paul,  Minn.,  is 
one  of  the  leading  business  men  of  that  city, 
and  for  the  past  forty  years  has  been  promi- 
nently identified  with  its  commercial  and 
financial  interests.  He  is  a  native  of  Penn- 
sylvania, and  was  born  at  Pittsburg  in  1838, 
the  son  of  William  and  Aurelia  (Butler) 
Dean.  He  comes  from  old  Colonial  stock, 
and  is  a  lineal  descendant  of  soldiers  of  the 
Revolutionary  War  on  both  sides  of  the 
house.  His  early  education  was  received  in 
the  public  schools  of  Pittsburg,  and  later  he 
attended  Bolmar's  Academy,  West  Chester, 
Pa.  In  1856,  he  came  west  and  located  at 
St.  Paul,  and  for  some  time  was  engaged  as 
a  bookkeeper  for  the  hardware  firm  of  Nicojs 
&  Berkey,  successors  to  the  late  ex-Governor 
W.  R.  Marshall,  who  established  the  house 
in  1855.  In  1860,  Mr.  Dean  acquired  Mr. 
Berkey's  interest,  and  the  firm  became  Nicols 
&  Dean,  by  which  style  it  has  ever  since  been 
known.  On  the  death  of  Mr.  Nicols,  in  1873, 
Mr.  Dean  associated  with  himself  his  broth- 
er-in-law, Mr.  J.  R.  Nichols.  This  firm  is  the 
oldest,  operating  under  the  same  name,  in  the 
state  of  Minnesota.  It  enjoys  an  extensive 
patronage  and  has  a  valuable  reputation.  A 
man  of  strong  character,  and  possessing  the 
confidence  of  the  public  in  a  high  degree,  Mr. 
Dean  has  taken  a  prominent  position  in  pub- 


WILLIAM  I!.   I>EAN. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GRKAT  NORTHWEST. 


lie  life.  In  politics,  he  is  a  Republican,  and, 
in  1894,  was  one  of  the  Minnesota  president- 
tial  electors  on  the  Blaine  and  Logan  ticket. 
In  1890,  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  uj)- 
per  house  of  the  legislature,  but  declined  a 
re-election  in  1894.  Mr.  Dean  assumed  a 
prominent  position  in  that  bodv.  He  secured 
important  amendments  to  the  St.  Paul  city 
charter,  and  was  influential  in  securing  the 
passage  of  the  bill  for  the  erection  of  the  new 
State  Capitol  building.  For  many  years  Mr. 
Dean  has  been  interested  in  the  subject  of 
sound  finance.  In  1897  he  was  a  delegate 
from  the  St.  Paul  Chamber  of  Commerce  to 
the  Indianapolis  Monetary  Convention,  and 
upon  its  organization  was  elected  a  member 
of  the  executive  committee.  He  was  also 
honored  by  being  made  a  member  of  the 
Monetary  Commission,  although  this  distinc- 
tion came  against  his  earnest  protest.  The 
report  of  this  commission  is  now  accepted  as 
a  standard  authority  on  the  subjects  of  stand- 
ards, cuiTency  and  banking.  When  the 
Northern  Pacific  was  under  construction  in 
Idaho,  Mr.  Dean  was  appointed  a  special  ex- 
amining commissioner  for  that  portion  of  the 
line  by  the  president.  He  has  been  a  mem- 
ber of  the  St.  Paul  Board  of  Education,  and 
of  the  boards  of  fire  and  water  commissions. 
He  is  a  director  of  the  Second  National  and 
the  State  Savings  Banks,  of  St.  Paul,  and  is 
also  a  director  in  the  Minneapolis,  St.  Paul  & 
Sault  Ste.  Mai-ie  Railway.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  Chamber  of  (Commerce  and  of  the  Job- 
bers' Union,  of  St.  Paul,  and  is  a  trustee  of 
Oakland  Cemetery.  He  also  belongs  to  the 
Minnesota  and  the  Commercial  Clubs,  and  is 
a  member  of  the  Presbyterian  church.  In 
1860,  he  was  married  to  Miss  Mary  C.  Nicols, 
a  daughter  of  John  Nicols,  his  former  busi- 
ness partner.  To  them  have  been  born  eight 
children,  six  daughters  and  two  sons. 


LOUNSBERRY,  Clement  A.— To  Colonel 
Clement  A.  Lounsberry,  of  Fargo,  N.  D.,  is 
due  the  credit  of  establishing  the  first  news- 
paper in  North  Dakota.  As  early  as  1870  he 
had  arranged  for  the  establishment  of  a 
newspaper  at  the  crossing  of  the  Missouri 


river  by  the  Northern  Pacific,  when  it  sliould 
reach  that  point,  and  with  that  in  view  dis- 
jio.sed  of  his  newspaper  property  at  Wells. 
Minn.,  and  took  temporary  employment  on 
the  ilinneapolis  Tribune,  where  he  was 
recognized  as  a  strong  writer  on  topics  per- 
taining to  the  development  of  the  city  and 
state,  ])redicting'  the  marvelous  development 
that  has  come  to  Jlinneapolis  and  the  state. 
During  the  campaign  of  1872  he  was  assign- 
ed to  aid  Hugh  Creen  in  the  editorial  man- 
agement of  the  ]SIinneai)olis  Times,  an  even- 
ing jiaper  which  passed  into  other  hands  and 
finally  became  merged  into  what  is  now  The 
Journal.  It  was  here  that  his  versatility  as 
an  editorial  writer  was  most  noticeable,  for 
his  editorials  for  the  Times  were  quite  as 
widely  copied  and  commented  on  by  the  pa- 
pers of  the  state  and  the  leading  papei"s  of 
the  country  as  were  those  for  The  Tribune, 
taking  the  opposite  view  of  the  opposing 
political  forces.  Both  being  under  assign- 
ment he  was  not  open  to  the  charge  of  carry- 
ing water  on  both  shoulders,  however.  No 
man  is  more  competent  than  Colonel  Louns- 
berry to  go  to  the  bottom  of  a  subject  and 
bring  out  the  various  shades,  or  develop  the 
weak  points.  He  is  a  quick  and  ready  writer, 
clean  cut  and  forcible  in  expression,  gener- 
ous in  criticism  and  always  just  and  reason- 
able. He  conducted  the  Bismarck  Tribune 
for  thirteen  years  and  since  then  has  been 
connected  with  various  newspapers  as  a 
writer,  and  is  now  publishing  The  Record, 
an  historical  and  literary  magazine  at  Fargo. 
Colonel  Lounsberry  is  well  known  as  a  legis- 
lative reporter,  having  reported  thirteen  leg- 
islative sessions  in  Minnesota  and  North  Da- 
kota, several  terms  for  the  Associated  Press. 
He  was  the  correspondent  who  compiled  and 
telegraphed  the  New  York  Herald  its  mas- 
terly report  of  the  Custer  massacre,  one  of 
the  greatest  scoops  on  earth.  He  held  the 
wires  until  the  Herald  received  fourteen 
columns  of  nonpareil,  but  to  cover  contin- 
gencies filed  a  copy  of  the  New  Testament  for 
the  operator  to  use  in  case  he  ran  out  of 
copy.  But  he  did  not  run  out.  The  first  re- 
port covered  every  detail,  the  list  of  dead  and 
wounded,  details  of  the  battle  so  far  as  they 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST 


have  ever  been  known,  of  the  facts  leading 
up  to  it,  interviews  with  the  survivors, 
guides,  guards,  cam])  followers,  steamboat 
captains,  mates  and  roustabouts.  Much  of 
the  matter  had,  of  course,  been  prepared  foi- 
him  on  the  held  and  on  the  way  down  the 
river,  and  his  own  correspondent,  outfitted 
and  equipped  by  him.  Mark  Kellogg,  claimed 
by  the  Herald  by  his  permission,  had  pre 
pared  considerable  matter  before  he  fell 
with  the  other  victims,  which  was  gathered 
up  by  General  Brisbin  and  forwarded  to  him. 
together  with  his  own  notes.  This  ga^c  liiiu 
time  to  interview  General  Terry,  Dr.  rorli  r. 
Grant  Marsh,  Fred  Girard  and  all  Of  tlic 
notable  chai*acters  among  those  who  came 
down  on  that  sad  but  Hying  trip  of  The  Far 
West,  and  to  ari'ange  and  prejiare  the  report. 

Colonel  Lounsberry  was  born  of  New 
York  and  New  England  ancestry  in  DeKalb 
county,  Ind.,  March  27,  1843.  His  father's 
people  settled  previous  to  1660  among  the 
Dutch  on  the  Hudson,  and  the  Lounsberry 
farm,  known  as  such  in  1660,  is  still  so 
known.  They  went  from  the  Hudson  to 
Stamford,  Conn.,  and  have  long  been  known 
as  one  of  the  leading  families  in  New  Eng- 
land. His  mothei"'s  people,  Weeks,  came  to 
New  England  with  Winthrop  in  1635.  His 
father's  mother  was  of  the  Eli  Whitney  fam- 
ily. Every  branch  of  his  family  and  families 
related  have  a  record  in  the  Colonial,  Revo- 
lutionary and  other  wars  of  the  republic. 

When  the  "V^'ar  of  the  Rebellion  broke  out 
Colonel  Lounsberry  was  a  homeless  boy 
working  on  a  farm  in  Michigan  for  wages  in 
summer  and  doing  chores  for  board  in  win- 
ter. He  was  without  a  relative  in  the  state 
and  without  acquaintance  excepting  in  the 
two  neighborhoods  where  he  had  worked. 
He  enlisted  as  a  private  and  was  at  Alex- 
andria the  raoraing  Ellsworth  was  killed, 
Avas  with  Grant  in  his  last  compaigu,  com- 
manded his  regiment  on  the  Grand  Review 
at  Washington,  and  was  mustered  out  as  its 
commanding  officer. 

On  page  875  of  a  volume  publislied  in 
1879  by  the  state  of  Michigan,  entitled 
"Michigan  in  the  War,"  we  find  the  follow- 
ing record  of  Colonel  Lounsberry: 


"Lounsberry,  Clement  A.,  Marengo,  en- 
tered service  May  1st,  1861,  as  a  private,  com- 
pany I,  first  (three  months)  infantry;  wound- 
ed and  then  taken  prisoner  July  21  sf  1861; 
exchanged  and  mustered  out  July  1st,  1862; 
enlisted,  sergeant,  company  I,  Twentieth 
Michigan  infantry,  August  flth,  1862;  second 
lieutenant,  Jan.  26th,  1863;  wounded  and 
taken  prisoner,  Jlay  9th,  18(i3;  rescued  May 
.30th,  1863;  first  lieutenant,  Nov.  l!)th,  1863; 
cai)taiu,  May  12th,  1804;  wounded  in  action 
at  Spottsylvania,  ^'a.,  May  12th,  1864;  bre- 
vet major  V.  S.  volunteers,  Dec.  2d,  1864,  for 
gallant  and  meritorious  service  during  the 
present  campaign  before  Richmond,  Va.; 
lieutenant  colonel,  Dec.  2()th,  1864;  colonel, 
March  11th,  1865;  mustered  out  and  honor- 
ably discharged  May  30th,  1865." 

His  regiment  is  recorded  as  having  met 
the  enemy  at  Fredericksburg  December  12, 
13  and  14,  1862;  Horse  Shoe  Bend,  Ky.,  May 
10,  1863;  siege  of  Vicksburg,  June  22  to  July 
4,  1863;  Blue  Springs,  Tenn.,  Oct.  10,  1863; 
London,  Tenn.,  Nov.  16,  186:!;  Lenoir  Station, 
Tenn.,  Nov.  15,  1863;  Cauipbell  Station, 
Tenn.,  Nov.  16, 1863;  siege  of  Knoxville,  Nov. 
17  to  Dec.  5,  1863;  Fort  Sanders,  Tenn.,  Nov. 


HISTORY  or'  THE  GREAT  XORTHAYEST. 


20.1Sf):'.;  Thnrlev'sFoi-d.Dei-.  5, 18(ia;  Stniw- 
liorry  Mains,  Jan.  22.  ISfii;  Clincky  Bend, 
JIanli  14,  18(i4;  Wildeiness,  Va.,  Jlay  5,  fi 
and  7.  1861;  Xy  i-ivei-.  May  !).  1864;  Spottsyl- 
vania.  Va.,  May  10,  11  and  12,  1864;  North 
Anna,  Va.,  May  24  and  25,  1864;  Kethe.sda 
chui'ch,  Va.,  Juue  2  and  3,  1864;  Cold  Hai- 
lioi-,  Va.,  June  7,  1864;  Petersburg,  Va.,  June 
17  and  18,  1864;  The  Crater,  Va.,  July  :5(), 
1S64;  Weldon  Railroad,  Va.,  Aug.  19  and  21, 
1864;  Keams  Station,  Va.,  Aug.  25,  1864; 
Poplar  Spring.s  church,  Sept.  30;  Pegrani's 
Farm,  Oct.  2;  P.oydtown  road,  Oct.  18; 
Hatcher's  Run,  Oct.  27  and  28,  1864;  Fort 
Steadnian,  ^'a.,  March  25,  1865;  capture  of 
Petersburg,  April  3,  1865;  and  siege  of 
Petersburg,  from  June  17,  1864,  to  April  3, 
1865. 

Colonel  Lounsbei-ry  commanded  the  two 
legiments.  First  Michigan  sharj^shooters  and 
Second  Michigan  infantry,  which  occupied 
Petersburg  April  3,  1865,  and  caused  the  flag 
to  be  raised  on  the  court  house  and  custom 
house  in  that  city  houre  before  the  arrival 
of  any  other  troops,  and  captured  about  3,000 
jn'isoners. 

On  page  1188,  Chap.  63,  War  of  the  Re- 
bellion, Series  I.,  Vol.  51,  Part  I.,  will  be 
found  a  letter  from  John  G.  Parke,  com- 
manding 9th  A.  C.,  recommending  among 
others  Colonel,  then  Captain,  Lounsberry  for 
]iromotion.  The  name  appears  in  the  list  as 
follows:  "Captain  C.  A.  Lounsberry,  Twen- 
tieth Michigan  Volunteers,  for  gallantry  in 
the  actions  of  the  Wilderness  and  Spottsyl- 
vania;  wounded  May  12,  1864,  being  the 
third  wound  received  during  the  war." 

Colonel  Lounsberry  before  this  recom- 
mendation had  been  promoted  from  first  lieu- 
tenant to  captain,  the  recommendation  hav- 
ing been  made  immediately  after  May  12,  and 
on  December  2,  Secretary  Stanton  informed 
him  that  President  Lincoln  had  appointed 
him  "for  gallant  and  meritorious  sen-ices 
during  the  present  campaign  before  Rich- 
mond, Va.,  a  major  of  volunteers  by  brevet.'' 
He  was  then  acting  assistant  adjutant  gen- 
eral of  Ely's  brigade  of  the  First  Division  of 
the  Ninth  Army  Corps,  and  soon  aftei'wards, 
having  been  promoted  to  lieutenant  colonel. 


look  command  of  his  own  regiment,  and  was 
later  appointed  colonel.  The  wound  received 
ill  Spottsylvania  was  really  the  fourth  re- 
ceived during  the  war,  the  first  two  being  at 
Fir.st  Bull  Run.  the  third  at  Horseshoe  Bend, 
Ky.,  when  Morgan  attempted  to  cross  the 
Cumberland  on  a  raid  into  Ohio,  and  the 
fourth  at  the  time  mentioned  by  (leneral 
Parke.  The  last  wound  has  troubled  the  col- 
onel through  life,  and  in  1SS7  his  leg  was 
broken  as  a  result  of  it.  He  spent  one  year 
in  Confederate  prisons,  the  last  time  escap- 
ing rather  romantically  through  the  aid  of 
two  young  girls  and  the  wife  of  a  Rebel  lieu- 
tenant who  had  had  the  care  of  him,  being 
too  badly  wounded  to  be  carried  away.  He 
had  been  left  in  their  care  by  General  Mor- 
gan. 

In  civil  life  Colonel  Lounsberry  was  four 
years  county  auditor  of  Martin  county, 
^finn.,  a  justice  of  the  peace  later  at  Wells, 
?Iinn.,  ten  years  postmaster  at  Bismarck,  N. 
D.,  four  years  a  director  in  the  penitenitai"y 
board  at  Bismarck,  and  eight  years  a  special 
agent  of  the  general  land  office,  a  position 
now  held  by  him.  In  recommending  him  for 
his  present  position.  General  B.  M.  Cutcheon 
said:  "Colonel  Lounsberry  served  under  me 
as  a  private,  a  sergeant,  a  second  lieuten- 
ant, a  captain,  as  aide,  and  as  assistant  ad- 
jutant general  and  chief  of  my  staff,  and 
finally  succeeded  me  as  colonel,  and  I  feel 
that  I  can  say  that  I  think  he  was  the  brav- 
est man  I  ever  knew."  General  Noble,  then 
secretary  of  the  interior,  refused  to  read  a 
single  endoi'sement  or  hear  another  wor^, 
lint  made  the  appointment  on  the.  spot. 
Three  years  later  the  commissioner  of  the 
general  land  office  wrote  him  that  he  had 
advanced  the  work  of  the  department  ten 
years.  He  was  sent  from  North  Dakota  to 
Nebraska,  thence  back  to  South  Dakota,  and 
again  to  Noi'th  Dakota,  and  thence  to  Wyo- 
ming, Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and  then  to 
Oregon  and  A\'ashington,  and  back  again  to 
Minnesota,  having  charge  of  as  high  as 
twelve  special  agents,  cleaning  up  and  organ- 
izing the  work  of  cleaning  up  the  muss  that 
Sparks  had  made  in  connection  with  the  ad- 
ministration of  the  public  lands  department. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


He  was  reinstated  uj)on  tlie  request  of  Sen- 
ator Hansbi-onj;li  and  Kepresentative Jolinson 
under  the  civil  service  rules  in  1807,  haviuj; 
been  dropped  by  President  Cleveland.  In 
whatever  position  Colonel  Louusberry  has 
been  placed  he  has  had  the  reputation  of  hav- 
inj;'  done  his  duty  fearlessly.  He  is  a  com 
nninicant  in  the  Episcojjal  church,  a  Knijilit 
Templar  in  JIasonry,  and  his  ])rivate  life  has 
been  without  rejjroach. 

Colonel  Louusberry  has  four  sons.  Wells 
J.cuinsberry,  of  St.  Paul;  George,  Fred  and 
William,  of  Uuluth,  and  one  daughter,  Hat- 
tie,  wife  of  C.  E.  ^^  Drajier,  of  Mandan. 


OLSEN,  John  Wayenblaz.— The  present 
state  superintendent  of  public  instruction 
came  from  Denmark  to  Minnesota  when  a 
child  seven  years  old,  with  his  parents,  who 
settled  in  Freeborn  county,  in  1871.  He  was 
born  in  Copenhagen,  Denmark,  April  28, 
1864.  His  father  was  jS'els  Olsen,  a  farmer  of 
Danish  birth,  who  came  to  this  country  with 
but  little  means.  His  mother  was  also  of  the 
same  nationality.  Young  John  began  his 
education  in  the  district  schools  of  Freeborn 
county.  He  then  went  to  the  Albert  Lea 
high  school,  and  from  there  to  the  Normal 
College  a  Valparaiso,  Ind.,  where  he  gradu- 
ated in  1887,  with  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of 
Science.  Afterwards  he  did  college  work  and 
taught  in  country  schools.  In  1886-7  he  was 
principal  of  the  schools  at  Alden,  Minn.  He 
then  went  to  Kansas  and  was  principal  at 
Holton,  Kan.  In  1889-1(0  he  read  law  with 
Lovely  &  Morgan  at  Albert  Lea.  In  1890  he 
was  elected  county  superintendent  of  schools 
of  Freeboi-n  county.  His  success  in  this  held 
was  very  marked.  He  was  elected  to  this 
position  for  six  successive  terms  and  made  a 
wide  reputation  for  his  superior  administra- 
tion of  the  schools  of  the  county,  and  by  his 
efficiency  secured  an  extended  acquaintance 
with  the  teachers  of  the  state.  In  1896  he 
was  elected  president  of  the  County  Su])erin- 
tendents'  State  Association.  In  1899  he  was 
made  president  of  the  Minnesota  Teachers" 
Reading  Circle.  In  1900  he  was  supported 
by  a  strong  representation  of  the  teachers  in 


the  state  for  the  position  of  state  superinten- 
dent of  public  instrucion,  and  was  appointed 
to  the  position  by  Governor  Van  Sant — an 
office  which  he  now  holds.  Mr.  Olsen  has  al- 
ways been  a  Republican.  For  the  last  ten 
years  he  has  taken  an  active  part,  being  many 
times  a  delegate  to  the  district,  county,  and 
state  conventions  of  his  party.  In  1900  he 
was  the  chairman  of  the  Couuty  Republican 
Committee  of  Freeborn  Couuty.  In  religion 
Mr.  Olsen  is  a  Methodist,  and  is  the  secretary 
of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  First  Meth- 
odist church  of  Albert  Lea,  and  is  the  s\iper- 
intendent  of  its  Sunday  school.  He  was  mar- 
ried July  21, 1891,  to  Carrie  L.  Naylor.  They 
have  three  children — Olive  M..  Florence  M. 
and  Carroll  B.  Olsen. 


WIRTH,  Carl. — Among  the  physicians 
and  surgeons  of  the  Northwest,  who  have  be- 
come conspicuous  for  their  surgical  skill  and 
success  in  their  profession,  the  name  of  Dr. 
Carl  Wirth,  the  well  known  surgeon  and 
physician  of  St.  Raul,  must  stand  in  the  front 
rank.  He  is  a  native  of  Germany,  having 
been  born  in  Rhein-Hessen,  in  1845.  He  re- 
ceived his  literary  training  in  the  public  and 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


CARL  WIKTH. 

IjriTate  schools  aud  gjuiuasia  of  his  native 
country.  In  the  seventies  he  came  to  the 
United  States  and  at  once  entered  into  the 
spirit  of  a  true  citizen  of  his  adopted  coun- 
try. He  chose  medicine  for  a  profession. 
Having  a  sound  preliminary  basis  on  which 
to  build,  he  attended  the  Chicago  Medical 
College  at  once,  beginning  in  11S70,  and  grad- 
uated in  1S73.  He  then,  after  the  thorough 
manner  characteristic  of  German  scholars, 
took  a  post-graduate  course  at  the  celebrated 
Kush  Medical  College  of  the  same  city.  He 
was  now  more  than  commonly  equipped  for 
his  work.  He  began  his  regular  practice  at 
Plymouth,  Wis.,  where  he  met  with  immedi- 
ate success  in  establishing  a  large  practice. 
This  work  he  continued  tor  nine  years.  He 
then  left  Plymouth,  to  pursue  his  studies 
still  further  in  Germany,  where  he  attended 
some  of  the  best  medical  colleges  and  hos- 
pitals. On  his  return,  in  1885,  he  settled  in 
St.  Paul,  to  have  a  larger  field  for  his  ad- 
A'anced  skill.  The  result  has  justified  his  ex- 
pectations. He  has  lived  there  ever  since, 
and  has  secured  a  very  extensive  and  lucra- 
tive i>ractice.  For  the  past  seven  years  he 
has  made  a  specialty  of  treating  tuberculosis 
of  the  lungs  by  a  system  of  hypodermic  in- 


jection which  has  met  with  very  gratifying 
success.  He  has  always  taken  an  interest  in 
])ublii'  affairs,  and  has  been  i)rominent  in  the 
Kepublican  party,  of  which  he  is  a  member. 
He  was  chosen  for  a  presidential  elector  in 
1!)00  from  the  Fourth  district  of  the  state. 
He  is  likewise  active  in  educational  and  liter- 
ary nuitters,  and  was  a  member  of  the  St. 
Paul  I.ibrary  Board.  His  friends  are  verj- 
numerous,  and  he  is  held  in  great  esteem  by 
them,  not  only  for  his  professional  skill,  but 
for  his  qualities  as  a  citizen,  neighbor',  and 
an  upright  man. 


SHAW,  Thomas,  Professor  of  Animal 
Husbandry  in  the  University  of  Minnesota, 
and  sijecial  lecturer  on  agriculture  and  live 
stock  to  the  Farmers'  Institutes  of  that  state, 
is  well  known  throughout  the  Northwest. 
He  is  regarded  as  one  of  the  highest  authori- 
ties on  the  science  of  agriculture  and  has 
few,  if  anj',  equals  in  this  country.  Profes- 
or  Shaw  was  born  at  Niagara-on-the-Lake, 
Outai'io,  Can.,  January  3,  1843.  His  father, 
Robert  Shaw,  emigrated  to  Canada  from 
Ayrshire,  Scotland,  soon  after  attaining  his 
majority,  aud  laboi-ed  for  many  years  at  hia 
trade,  that  of  a  caiijenter.  The  latter  decades 
of  his  life  were  spent  on  a  farm  near  Hamil- 
ton, Out.  His  wife,  Margaret  Carnachan, 
was  also  a  native  of  Ayrshire,  Scotland.  She 
reared  a  family  of  five  sons  and  four  daugh- 
ters; two  of  the  sons  are  now  deceased, 
though  the  aged  mother  is  still  living.  Both 
father  and  mother  were  plain.  God-fearing 
people  of  the  stock  of  the  old  Covenanters, 
the  ancestors  of  Mr.  Shaw  having  been  shep- 
herds for  several  generations.  Thomas  at- 
tended the  common  district  schools  until  his 
sixteenth  yeai",  the  summers  being  spent  in 
work  on  the  farm.  During  that  time,  how- 
ever, he  had  access  to  an  old  Association 
library  in  the  village  of  Woodburn,  near  his 
home,  and  here  found  his  inspiration  for  a 
higher  learning.  He  thus  qualified  himself 
as  a  teacher  and  began  teaching  in  the,  dis- 
trict school  when  only  sixteen  years  of  age, 
and  though  his  earnings  were  small,  soon 
saved  sufficient  money  to  make  the  purchase 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GHEAT   NOUTinVEST. 


of  a  hundred  acres  of  land,  and,  later  on,  of  a 
second  hundred.  During  the  ten  years  he 
taught  school  he  was  constantly  engaged  in 
farm  work,  and  succeeded  so  well  that  in  the 
course  of  a  few  years  he  was  owner  of  five 
hundred  acres.  In  1882,  Mr.  Shaw  began  the 
publication  of  the  "Stock-Raisers'  Journal" 
to  advocate  his  ideas  as  to  successful  stock 
raising  and  dairying.  Later  the  name  of  the 
paper  was  changed  to  "The  Canadian  Live 
Stock  and  Farm  Journal."  It  was  a  success 
from  the  start  and  is  regarded  as  a  leading 
exponent  of  the  live  stock  industry  in  the 
Dominion.  Mr.  Shaw  sold  his  publication  in 
1888  to  accept  the  appointment  of  I'rofessor 
of  Agriculture  at  the  Ontario  Agricultural 
College  and  superintendent  of  the  experi- 
ment farm,  located  at  Guelph.  His  work  in 
connection  with  that  institution  gave  him  a 
wide  reiJUtatioD.  He  assisted  in  organizing 
the  Central  Farmers'  Institute  at  Toronto  in 
1887  and  was  its  first  secretary.  For  six  sue 
cessive  years  he  competed  for  and  won  the 
prize  offered  by  the  Agricultural  aud  Arts 
Association,  of  Ontario,  for  the  best  and 
mo.st  useful  essay  on  some  farm  topic.  In 
1888,  at  the  request  of  the  Minister  of  Educa- 
tion, he  prepared  a  text-book  on  elementary 
agriculture  for  use  in  the  schools  of  Ontario, 
which  was  adopted  and  is  in  general  use  in 
the  Dominion  and  in  different  parts  of  the 
United  States.  I'rofessor  Shaw  took  the 
chair  of  Animal  Husbandry  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Minnesota  in  the  fall  of  181)3.  His 
services  in  that  connection  have  been  invalu- 
able to  the  agriculturists  of  the  state.  He 
was  the  first  to  advocate  the  growing  of  the 
rape  plant  in  the  United  States,  aud  five 
million  head  of  sheep  and  lambs  are  fattened 
on  it  annually;  was  the  first  to  fight  the  bat- 
tle in  favor  of  the  dual  purpose  cow,  and  was 
the  first  to  advocate  growing  the  bacon  type 
of  pig,  a  controversy  which  is  still  in  prog- 
ress. He  is  a  constant  contributor  to  "The 
Canadian  Live  Stock  and  Farm  Journal," 
and  a  frequent  contributor  to  "The  Bi-eeders' 
Gazette,"  of  Chicago;  "The  National  Stock- 
man," of  Pittsburg;  "The  Ohio  Farmer,"  of 
Cleveland,  and  "The  Live  Stock  Report,"  of 
Chicago.  Among  others,  he  has  also  writ- 
ten the  following  books:    "Weeds  and  Meth- 


THOMAS  .SlIAW. 

ods  of  Eradicating  Them";  "Forage  Crops 
Other  Than  Grasses";  "Soiling  Crops  aud 
The  Silo";  "The  Study  of  Breeds,"  and  'Ani- 
mal Breeding,''  several  of  which  are  used  as 
standard  text-books  in  all  or  nearly  all  of  the 
agricultural  colleges  of  this  country.  Mr. 
Shaw  is  a  member  of  the  Presbyterian 
i-liunli,  and  has  taught  Bible  classes  almost 
uninterruptedly  for  forty  years.  July  4, 
1865,  he  was  married  to  Mary  Janet  Sidey, 
and  four  children  have  been  born.  Robert 
Sidey,  the  eldest,  is  Professor  of  Agriculture 
at  the  Montana  Experiment  Station;  Will- 
iam Thomas  is  assistant  in  the  entonudogical 
department  of  the  Iowa  Agricultural  Experi- 
ment Station;  May  Isabella  is  married  to 
Dr.  M.  H.  Reynolds,  Professor  of  Veterinary 
Science  at  the  LTniversity  of  Minnesota,  and 
Florence  Williams,  the  youngest,  lives  with 
her  parents. 


PAINTER,  Jonathan  Ellsworth.— The 
desirability  of  the  introduction  of  manual 
training  into  the  public  schools  a  few  years 
ago  was  a  matter  for  serious  debate.  Now 
its  cost  is  considered  as  legilimate  an  item  of 
public  expense  as  that  of  any  of  the  tradition- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST 


JONATHAN  E.  PAINTER. 

al  subjects.  Experieuce  lias  demonstrated 
that  the  pupils  are  the  better  for  it,  physical- 
ly as  well  as  mentally.  It  is,  therefore,  of  the 
utmost  importance  that  the  superintendence 
of  such  instruction  should  be  in  the  hands  of 
thoroughly  competent  men.  Such  a  man  is 
Prof.  Jonathan  E.  Painter,  supervisor  of 
manual  training  in  the  public  schools  of  Min- 
neapolis, Minn.  Mr.  Painter  was  born  No- 
vember 2[),  1862,  near  Newark,  Licking  coun- 
ty, Ohio.  His  father,  William  Painter,  fol- 
lowed the  occupation  of  a  teacher  in  early 
manhood,  and  throughout  his  whole  life  was 
an  active  promoter  of  all  matters  which  were 
calculated  to  benefit  the  educational  inter- 
ests of  his  own  community.  He  was  a  soldier 
in  the  War  of  the  Rebellion,  serving  as  ser- 
geant of  Company  P,  135th  Regiment,  Ohio 
Volunteer  Infantry.  Julina  Latta  Robinson, 
the  mother  of  our  subject,  was  a  teacher  also 
before  her  marriage.  A  Christian  woman  of 
great  strength  and  sweetness  of  character, 
she  impressed  herself  strongly  upon  her  chil- 
dren and  inspired  in  them  an  ambition  to  live 
fruitful,  industrious  lives,  and  do  well  what 
was  allotted  them  to  do.  She  was  a  native 
of  the  ]}uckeyc  state,  as  was  her  husband. 


her  parents  having  migrated  to  that  state 
from  ^'iI•ginia.  The  remote  ancestry  of  the 
Painter  family  was  Scotch-Irish.  Jonathan's 
early  life  was  spent  on  the  farm,  and  the  only 
instruction  received  was  that  afforded  by  the 
country  sihool.  He  taught  in  the  country 
schools  for  a  number  of  yeai-s,  later  entering 
the  Ohio  Normal  University,  at  Ada,  and 
graduated  in  the  class  of  1801.  He  then  went 
to  Boston  and  studied  one  year  in  the  Sloyd 
Training  School  of  that  city,  teaching  at  the 
Liverridge  Institute  of  Industry  while  pui-su- 
ing  this  course.  He  received  a  certificate  for 
one  year's  work  in  the  Boston  Art  School 
night  classes.  He  also  taught  one  tenn  in 
the  North  Bennett  Street  Industrial  School. 
In  September,  180?>,  he  came  to  Minneapolis 
to  take  up  the  work  of  his  present  position. 
His  services  in  that  connection  have  been 
eminently  satisfactory.  Manual  tr-aining  in 
the  Minneapolis  schools  has  been  brought  to 
a  high  state  of  perfection,  and  this  has  been 
largely  due  to  Mr.  Painters  untiring  indus- 
try and  devotion  to  his  work.  Mr.  Painter  is 
a  Republican  in  politics,  but  does  not  take  an 
active  interest  in  political  affairs.  His  re- 
ligious affiliations  are  with  the  Baptist 
church,  of  which  he  is  a  member.  June  12, 
1895,  he  was  married  to  Fannie  Fernald  Bar- 
bour. To  them  have  been  born  two  children: 
Flemming  Winfield  and  Fernald  Ellsworth. 


HAL\'t)RSEN,  jNIarcellus,  editor  and  pro- 
prietor of  the  "Enterprise,"  Albert  Lea, 
Minn.,  was  born  in  Egersund,  Norway,  Feb- 
ruary 24,  1855.  His  father,  Rasmus  Halvor- 
sen,  was  engaged  in  the  mercantile  business 
in  Norway  for  many  years.  In  June,  1863, 
he  came  to  the  United  States  with  his  family, 
living  for  a  short  time  at  Chicago,  then  in 
Racine  and  Vernon  counties,  Wis.  In  the 
fall  of  1864  they  removed  to  Newburg,  Fill- 
more county,  Minn.,  remaining  here  until  the 
spring  of  1866,  when  they  moved  to  Forest 
City,  Iowa.  In  the  old  country  Mr.  Halvor- 
sen  was  connected  with  the  Lutheran  church, 
but  when  he  came  to  America  joined  the  Nor- 
wegian-Danish M.  E.  church,  and  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Wisconsin,  Minnesota  and  Iowa 


HISTOKY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


conferences  of  that  denomination  and  a  min- 
ister' of  the  gospel  for  a  number  of  years. 
His  wife's  maiden  name  was  Mechaline  Chris- 
tine Madland.  llarcellus  attended  a  private 
school  in  Norway,  but  after  coming-  to  Amer- 
ica his  education  was  limited  to  attendance 
at  the  ])nblic  schools.  In  early  youth  he 
worked  at  farming,  and  when  about  fourteen 
years  of  age  entered  the  Winnebago  Press 
office,  at  Forest  City,  as  an  apprentice.  He 
worked  in  that  office  for  two  years,  learning 
the  printer's  trade,  at  the  end  of  which  time, 
in  company  with  another,  he  purchased  the 
plant.  In  the  summer  of  1871  he  became  the 
sole  owner  of  the  entire  outfit,  and  was  the 
youngest  editor  and  publisher  in  the  state  of 
Iowa.  He  continued  in  the  printing  business 
at  Forest  City  until  the  fall  of  1S74,  when 
he  sold  out  and  removed  to  Lake  Mills,  Iowa, 
where  he  started  the  Independent  Herald. 
Tills  he  sold  the  following  August,  when  he 
purchased  the  Enterprise  at  Albert  Lea, 
Minn.  The  plant  was  in  a  run-down  condi 
tion,  but  the  youthful  editor  took  hold  with 
great  vigor,  added  new  type  and  other  facili- 
ties, and  advanced  the  price  of  the  paper 
from  one  to  two  dollars  per  year.  Instead 
of  losing,  it  gained  new  subscribers,  was 
placed  on  a  paying  basis,  and  the  following 
spring  was  enlarged  to  a  six-column  quarto. 
In  1878  the  Enterj)rise  moved  into  new  of- 
fices, and  Mr.  Halvorsen  purchased  a  power 
cylinder  press,  the  first  brought  to  Albei-t 
Lea.  In  1883  he  formed  a  partnershij)  with 
Clint  L.  Luce,  which  was  continued  until 
1897,  when  he  bought  out  Mr.  Luce's  interest 
and  became  sole  owner.  In  1899  he  moved 
the  plant  to  a  large  two-story  brick  building 
on  Clark  street,  and  has  associated  with  him- 
self his  son,  A.  S.  Halvorsen.  The  Enter- 
prise enjoys  the  largest  actual  and  paid  cir- 
culation of  any  paper  published  in  Freeborn 
county.  In  politics  Mr.  Halvorsen  is  a  Re- 
publican. He  was  a  delegate  to  the  Repub- 
lican state  convention  of  Iowa  when  only 
seventeen  3'ears  of  age.  In  1880  he  was  elect- 
ed state  senator  by  a  thousand  majority  over 
Dr.  Ballard  and  D.  N.  Gates,  opposition  can- 
didates, both  older  and  highly  esteemed  men. 
He  made  an  excellent  record  in  the  senate. 


JIAHL'ELLUS  IIALVOKSIC.N. 

serving  on  the  judiciary,  j)ublic  lands,  print- 
ing, road  and  bridge  and  engrossed  bills 
committees.  He  introduced  several  impor 
tant  measures,  and  succeeded  in  g^ing 
through  a  resolution  dismissing  sixteen  sen- 
ate employes.  He  could  easily  have  been  re- 
nominated in  1890,  and  elected,  if  he  had 
taken  any  personal  interest  in  his  own  cam- 
](aign.  Mr.  Halvorsen  is  a  member  of  the 
I.  O.  O.  F.,  the  M.  W.  A.  and  the  M.  15.  A. 
August  15,  187(t,  he  was  married  to  Mildred 
A.  Salsiih,  at  Hail  land.  Wis.  Three  children 
were  born  to  tlieiu:  Alexander  S.,  associated 
with  his  father,  and  Hope,  attending  the  juib- 
lic  schools.    One,  a  son,  is  dead. 


AVILLIAMS,  Erastus  A.,  U.  S.  Surveyor 
General  of  North  Dakota,  came  to  Yankton, 
Dakota  Territory — now  South  Dakota — in 
May,  1871,  and  came  to  the  settlement  then 
without  name  and  now  Kismarck,  the  capital 
city  of  North  Dakota,  by  wagon  train  in 
1872.  It  was  largely  through  the  etforls  of 
(leneral  Williams  thai  the  town  was  finally 
given  its  present  iiaiiic  lie  was  born  at 
Mvslic  River,  Conn.,  October  i:!,  1S.")().     His 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


EUASTfS   A.   \MLLIAJ1S. 

father,  Daniel  K.  Williams,  was  a  lumber 
manufactui-ei-  in  ^^■isconsin.  He  was  a  man 
full  of  energy  and  enterprise.  He  was  in  Cali- 
fornia in  an  early  day,  but  finally  settled  in 
the  lumber  regions  of  Wisconsin.  General 
Williams'  mother's  maiden  name  was  Matilda 
Appleman.  Like  her  husband,  she  was  of 
old  New  England  ancestry.  Erastus  was 
nine  years  old  when  his  parents  moved  to 
Wisconsin,  and  his  early  years  were  spent  in 
lumber  camp  surroundings,  where  he  gained 
a  knowledge  of  men  and  things  while  obtain- 
ing his  school  education.  He  went  to  Illinois 
to  study  law,  and  in  1871  was  admitted  to 
practice  at  Freeport,  where,  eleven  years 
later,  he  mari-ied  his  wife.  Immediately  after 
his  admission  to  the  bar  he  struck  out  for  the 
west,  and  landed  at  Yankton,  as  mentioned. 
His  first  employment  at  Bismarck  was  with 
the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  Company,  and 
soon  afterward  he  entered  the  employ  of  the 
Lake  Superior  &  Puget  Sound  Land  Com- 
pany. In  1872  he  was  elected  to  the  lower 
house  of  the  territorial  legislative  assembly. 
In  1874  and  1875  he  served  as  assistant 
United  States  attorney,  under  Col.  William 
Pound.  In  1874  and  1875  he  was  a  member 
of  the  territorial  council.    In  the  fall  of  1882 


he  was  again  elected  to  the  legislature  of 
1883,  and  chosen  speaker  of  the  house.  In 
1885  he  was  re-elected  member  of  the  house 
and  again  in  1887.  Preparatory  to  the  for- 
mation of  the  state  of  North  Dakota  he  was 
elected  to  the  constitutional  convention.  He 
was  then  elected  a  member  of  the  first  legis- 
lature of  the  state.  In  all  these  positions 
General  Williams  proved  himself  to  be  a 
man  of  sound  judgment  and  of  marked  abil- 
ity. In  1800  President  Harrison  appointed 
him  U.  S.  Surveyor  General,  a  position  which 
he  held  for  four  years.  In  1896  he  was  again 
elected  to  the  legislature,  and  was  a  second 
time  made  speaker  of  tlie  house.  In  1898 
he  was  again  appointed  V.  S.  Surveyor  Gen- 
eral— this  time  by  President  McKinley — a 
|)osition  he  still  holds,  with  his  home  at  Bis- 
marck, of  which  city  he  has  been  a  resident 
since  it  was  settled,  (ieneral  Williams  is  a 
Republican,  and  has  been  one  of  the  most 
prominent  and  influential  men  of  the  state. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Masonic  fraternity, 
and  prominent  in  political  and  social  affairs. 
In  1882  he  ^\as  married  at  Freeport,  111.,  to 
Jennie  E.  Hettinger,  who  died  in  1894.  They 
had  five  children:  Eva  E.,  Matilda  A.,  Alice 
J.,  Erastus  H.  and  Odessa  Williams. 


REYNOLDS,  Oeorge  H.,  was  born  at  La- 
mont,  Mich.,  January  20,  1852.  His  father, 
Judge  Reuben  Reynolds,  was  a  native  of 
Genesee  couny,  N.  Y.  Hs  was  educated  for 
the  ministry,  regularly  ordained  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Conference, 
and  preached  for  several  years  in  that  con- 
nection. Removing  to  Lamont,  Mich.,  he 
married  Lucia  Aurora  Tucker.  Mr.  Reynolds 
liecame  alienated  from  his  denomination  in 
theology  and  pi-eached  for  several  years  as  a 
I'nitarian.  In  1854  he  removed  to  Roches- 
ter, Minn.,  where  he  made  his  home  for  fif- 
teen years,  and  was  highly  esteemed.  He 
served  one  term  as  the  clerk  of  the  district 
court,  and  two  tenns  as  judge  of  probate  of 
Olmsted  county.  During  the  war  he  held  a 
United  States  office  in  connection  with  the 
jtrovost  marshaVs  department.  In  1870  he 
went    to    Alexandria    and    associated    with 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


Knute  Nelson  in  tlip  priiclicc  of  law,  and  was 
larjjcly  instminicntal  in  scriiriiii;- Mr.  Nelson's 
election  to  liis  first  term  as  eongressinan,  foi- 
Mr.  Keynolds  was  a  very  eflicient  caraiiaigii- 
ei-.     In  1S72  lie  was  a]i])ointert  receiver  of  the 
rnitcil  States  land  office.    In  1S7G  lie  remo\- 
ed  to  llinneaiiolis  and  j)racticed  law,  liein;; 
also  a  special  jndj^e  of  the  ninniciiial  courl. 
In  1S7!)  he  was  Mp]iointed  clerk  of  the  conrt 
of  Folk  county,  at  ("rookston,  ■where  he  niiide 
his  home  until  his  death  in  ISS!),  durin<;  his 
sei\  ice    as    jud<;e    of    the    district    court    to 
which  he  had  been  promoted.    Mrs.  Reynolds 
was  the  mother  of  ei^lit  children,  two  sons 
and  two  daufihters  only  livinj;-  to  mature  af;e. 
(reorpe    II.    Reynolds    obtained    his   literary 
education  in  the  public  schools  of  Rochester, 
J! inn.      For  his  professional  traininfi  he  en- 
tered the   law   school   of  the   T^niversity    of 
Michigan,  and  graduated  in  1X75.    He  imme- 
diately  formed   a   partnershi])   with   Knute 
Nelson — now    United    States    senator — and 
commenced  practice  at  Alexandria,  Douglas 
county,   Minn.     Mr.   Reynolds   practiced   in 
this   relation,  through  three  seperate  part- 
nership agreements,  most  of  the  time  until 
1886,  when  he  settled  at  St.  Cloud,  Minn., 
where  he  has  since  made  his  home.     For  the 
first  year  at  this  place  he  was  in  jiartnership 
with  D.  W.  I'ruckart,  and  then,  with  (Jeorge 
W.  Stewart,  formed  the  firm  of  Reynolds  & 
Stewart,  succeeding  to  the  business  of  Hon. 
D.  R.  Searle,  appointed  district  judge.    This 
firm  continued  until  18t)0,  when  Mr.  Reynolds 
took  up  his  practice  alone,  continuing  thus 
until  1898,  when  the  present  finn  of  Reynolds 
&  Roeser  was  formed.    While  Mr.  Reynolds 
has  had  a  large  general  ])ractice,  corporation 
law  has  had  sjiecial  prominence  in  his  busi 
ness.     Since  1881)  he  has  been  the  local  at- 
torney of  the  Great  Northern,  the  Northern 
Pacific,  and  the  "Soo"  railways  at  St,  Cloud, 
Minn.    In  politics  he  is  a  stalwart  and  out- 
spoken Republican,  too  busy  with  his  ])ro- 
fession   to   hold  office,   but    he   has   licen   an 
active  participant   in   the   presidential   cam- 
paigns of  the  i)arty  to  which  he  has  rendered 
valuable  service,     ;Mi',  Reynolds,  like  his  fa- 
ther, has  always  been  interested  in  literary 
matters,    and    in    literarv    societi<'S    of    th<' 


GICOKGIO   11.    KKVXOI.nS. 

towns  where  he  has  resided.  He  is  the  presi- 
dent of  the  Unity  Club  of  St.  Cloud,  the  only 
literary  society  in  the  city  holding  meetings 
o]ieii  to  tile  public.  He  has  been  fiso  an 
active  iiiembcr  of  the  Unitarian  church  since 
its  organizalioii  in  ISS!).  Mr.  Reynolds  has 
been  twice  nuiiried :  In  1877  to  Mary  J.  Cow- 
ing, of  Alexandria,  who  died  without  issue, 
and  on  the  :!(»th  of  Oi-tober.  188!),  to  May  R. 
L.\iiall.  of  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 


I5LANCH,  Henry  (i.,  is  a  teacher  by  |)ro- 
fession.  He  is  a  native  of  Minnesota,  having 
been  born  on  the  farm  near  Mantor\ille, 
July  5,  18G4.  He  is  of  mixed  English-* ier- 
man  descent.  His  father  was  born  in  Kent 
county,  England,  July  .">,  ISi!".!.  ^^'llen  nine- 
teen years  of  age  he  came  to  this  country 
and  settled  at  Rome,  N.  Y.,  where  he  lived 
for  six  years.  In  ls.f)4  he  came  to  Minnesota, 
\\iieie  he  remained  until  lS;j8,  when  he  re- 
turned to  Rome.  In  ISO:}  he  again  came  to 
Minnesota,  with  his  family,  and  settled  on  a 
farm  near  Mantoryille.  and  became  a  well- 
lodo  citizen,  I'caring  a  large  family.  He  died 
(111  his  homestead  March  2,  18;)!».     His  wife. 


HISTOKY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWES1-. 


HENRY  G,  BLANCH. 

Louisa  M.  Getbahet,  was  born  in  Germany 
December  2G,  1841,  and  came  to  Rome,  N.  Y., 
in  184(j,  where  she  was  reared  and  educated. 
She  was  married  to  Henry  Bhxuch  November 
6,  1860,  and  came  to  Minnesota  with  her  hus- 
band and  little  family  in  1863.  She  was  a 
woman  of  great  force  of  character.  She  is 
the  mother  of  ten  children,  all  of  whom  are 
living.  Young  Henry  obtained  his  early  edu- 
cation in  the  district  schools  near  his  Man- 
torville  farm  home.  The  school  house  was 
built  of  logs,  and  was  the  first  one  in  Disti'ict 
No.  25,  Mantorville  township.  He  then  at- 
tended the  Mantorville  high  school,  from 
which  he  graduated  in  1886.  This  training 
was  supplemented  by  a  course  at  Chicago 
and  at  the  State  University  of  Minnesota. 
He  chose  a  teacher's  profession  for  his  life 
work,  and  taught  his  fii-st  school  at  Argo, 
Brookings  county,  S.  D.  He  then  returned  to 
Minnesota  and  taught  in  Dodge  county,  at 
the  schools  of  Hayficld,  Concord  and  Clare- 
mont.  He  was  then  elected  principal  of  the 
graded  schools  at  Dover,  Olmsted  county, 
Minn.,  where  he  remained  three  years.  For 
one  year  he  seized  as  superintendent  of  the 
^A'indom  high  school,  and  subsequently  en- 


gaged as  superintendent  of  the  Lake  Crystal 
high  school,  where  he  served  for  three  years 
jircvious  to  his  engagement  at  Kenyon,  his 
] in-sent  home.  In  189.5  Mr.  Blanch  was  em- 
jiloyed  in  the  Bank  of  Mantorville,  and  dur- 
ing the  year  he  and  his  brother,  L.  M.  Blanch, 
]iiir(hased  the  institution,  Henry  becoming 
jiresident  of  the  bank,  and  his  brother  cash- 
ier. It  was  afterwards  sold  to  T.  S.  Slinger- 
laud  iS;  Company,  L.  iL  Blanch  remaining  as 
cashier,  while  Henry  returned  to  his  profes- 
sion, which  he  has  since  followed.  In  politics 
Mr.  Blanch  is  a  Republican.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  r)dd  Fellows"  lodge  at  Kenyon.  In  re- 
ligion he  is  a  Congregationalist,  being  a 
iiiember  of  the  Congregational  church  at 
ilantorville.  In  1891  he  was  married  to  Sara 
y.  Hook,  of  Mantorville,  an  educated  woman, 
and  an  exceptionally  good  teacher.  Since 
their  marriage  Mrs.  Blanch  has  always  been 
associated  with  her  husband  in  teaching. 


JOHNSON,  Gustavus.— One  of  the  most 
prominent  institutions  in  the  Northwest  for 
the  teaching  of  music  and  the  dramatical  art 
is  "The  Johnson  School  of  Music, Oratory  and 
Dramatic  Art,"  located  at  Minneapolis,  of 
which  Gustavus  Johnson  is  director.  Mr. 
Johnson  is  not  only  one  of  the  foremost 
teachers  of  music  in  the  Northwest,  but  he 
has  achieved  considerable  renown  as  a  com- 
poser. He  established  "The  Johnson  Piano 
School"  in  Minneapolis  in  1898,  meeting  with 
such  success  that  the  scope  of  the  school  was 
enlarged  the  following  year  and  oratory  and. 
dramatic  art  included  in  the  curriculum,  the 
name  being  changed  to  its  present  title.  In 
1900,  having  outgrown  the  old  quarters  in 
the  Century  Building,  the  school  was  moved 
to  its  present  quarters  in  a  beautiful  new 
building  which  was  erected  for  its  exclusive 
use,  and  is  now  one  of  the  best  equipped  con- 
servatories in  the  country.  Mr.  Johnson's 
ancestry,  on  the  maternal  side,  dates  back 
to  William  the  Conqueror.  His  maternal 
gi-andfather  was  Admiral  Lewis  Hole,  who, 
at  the  time  of  his  death,  aged  ninety-two, 
was  the  oldest  admiral  in  the  British  navy, 
ha^'ing  served  for  75  j'ears  under  her  majes- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GRKAT  NORTHWEST. 


ty's  flag.  Admiral  Hole  was  a  lieutenant  at 
Trafalgar  and  fought  on  tbe  same  ship  on 
whieh  Nelson  was  killed.  On  the  paternal 
side,  Mr.  Johnson  is  of  Swedish  descent.  His 
father,  Peter  Johnson,  was  a  native  of  Swed- 
en. ^^'hen  seventeen  years  of  age  he  crossed 
o\er  to  England  and  for  twenty-ttve  years 
conducted  a  successful  business  in  that  coun- 
try. He  was  married  liere  to  Henrietta  Hole, 
daughter  of  Admiral  Hole.  In  18(JU,  he  re- 
turned with  his  family  to  the  country  of  his 
birth  and  engaged  in  business  as  a  merchant 
at  Stockholm,  which  he  continued  up  to  the 
time  of  his  death  in  IJSST.  The  English 
equivalent  of  Johanson  is  Johnson,  and  this 
surname  has  naturally  clung  to  the  subject 
of  this  sketch  ever  since  his  arrival  in  Amer- 
ica. Gustavus  was  born  November  2,  1850, 
at  Hull,  England.  He  was  only  three  years 
of  age  when  his  family  removed  to  Sweden. 
He  received  the  advantages  of  a  liberal  edu- 
cation, ateuding  the  best  schools  in  Stock- 
holm, and  taking  a  course  in  the  new  Ele- 
mentary School  established  there  at  that 
time.  He  also  attended  the  Schartau  Busi- 
ness College,  graduating  from  this  institu- 
tion in  1874.  The  training  he  received  there 
has  proven  of  great  value  to  him  in  the  con- 
duct of  his  present  enterprise.  During  this 
time  he  also  i)ursued  the  study  of  music  in 
the  Eoyal  Conservatory  of  Music,  under  the 
best  masters  in  Stockholm.  His  princi])al 
teachers  were :  Lindstrom,  Mankell  and  Nord- 
quist,  in  piano;  Mankell  and  Winge,  in  the- 
ory, and  Hackanson,  in  singing.  In  Septem- 
ber, 1875,  he  came  to  this  country,  and,  after 
a  six  months'  stay  at  Providence,  R.  J.,  came 
west  and  located  at  Minneapolis.  He  taught 
music  in  the  Twin  Cities  for  nearly  a  year, 
then  moved  to  Wisconsin  and  pursued  his 
profession  as  a  teacher  in  that  state.  He  re- 
turned to  Minneapolis  in  1880,  and  has  resid- 
ed here  since  that  time.  For  several  years 
he  taught  music  privately,  and  with  consider- 
able success.  He  has  produced  scores  of  ex- 
cellent i)layers  who  have  become  noted  art- 
ists. It  was  in  order  to  enlarge  his  field  of 
activity  and  afford  an  opportunity  for  the 
expansion  of  his  method  of  teaching  among 
the  greatest  number  that  he  opened  a  school. 


His  success  in  that  direction  has  already 
been  outlined.  Through  careful  study  and 
close  application,  I'rof.  Johnson  has  gradu- 
ally advanced  to  his  present  positron  as 
teacher  and  pianist,  having  achieved  especial 
distinction  as  a  performer  and  for  his  gen- 
eral theoretical  knowledge  of  his  art.  His 
compositions  include  numerous  pieces  for  the 
piano,  songs,  quartettes,  and  a  concerto  for 
piano  and  orchestra.  He  is  a  Kepublican  in 
politics.  He  was  married,  in  1882,  to  Caro- 
line Frances  Winslow,  of  Royaltou,  Vt.  Mrs. 
Johnson  is  a  direct  descendant  of  Edward 
Winslow,  one  of  the  early  Colonial  governors 
of  Massachusetts.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Johnson 
have  one  child,  Laura  Louise. 


CHUATE,  Augustus  B.,  was  born  in 
Wayne  county,  Ohio.  His  father,  Isaiah 
Madison  Clioate,  was  educated  for  the  min- 
istry, taught  school,  and  in  1850  came  to 
Minnesota  and  engaged  in  farming  and  stock 
raising.  The  maiden  name  of  his  wife,  the 
mother  of  Augustus,  was  Minerva  Bell.  The 
( "hoate  family  is  among  the  most  distinguish- 
ed in  New  England.    It  is  said  to  have  oriiji- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GRICAT  NORTHWEST. 


AUGUSTUS  B.   CHOATE. 

nated  in  Holland,  and  to  have  come  to  Eng- 
land at  an  early  day.  The  founder  in  this 
fonnti'V  was  John  Choate,  who  came  from 
England  and  settled  at  Ipswich,  Mass.,  in 
1643.  He  was  the  ancestor  of  Kufus  Choate, 
the  celebrated  lawyer  of  Boston.  Joseph  C. 
Choate,  of  jS'ew  York,  now  minister  to  Great 
Britain;  Judge  (ieorge  Francis  Choate,  and 
Judge  William  Gardner  Choate,  of  the  United 
States  circuit  court.  JIany  other  members 
of  the  family  have  been  prominent  in  pro- 
fessional and  literary  circles,  as  lawyers, 
physicians,  and  writers.  The  subject  of  this 
sketch  obtained  his  early  schooling  in  a  coun- 
try district  school,  and  at  high  school  at 
Sj)riug  Valley,  Minn.  He  then  entered  the 
.State  Xoi-mal  School  at  Winona,  and  gradu- 
ated in  1878.  Choosing  law  for  a  profession, 
he  entered  the  I'nion  College  of  Law  at  Chi- 
cago, and  graduated  in  1883,  thus  supple- 
menting his  law  study  of  two  years  with 
Benton  &  Eoberts  at  Minneapolis.  In  1883 
he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  by  the  district 
court  at  Minneapolis,  and  immediately  enter- 
ed upon  his  i)ractice  without  a  partner,  and 
so  continued  until  1891,  when  he  fonued  a 
partnershij)  with  Mr.  A.  Y.  Merrill,  under  the 


style  of  Choate  &  Merrill.  This  firm  con- 
tinued until  1898,  since  which  time  Mr. 
Choate  has  jiracticed  alone.  While  having 
no  specialty  in  his  profession,  it  being  a  gen- 
eral practice,  incidentally  i)robate  law  and 
real  estate  have  received  more  attention  than 
other  branches,  except  i)erhaps  the  law  of 
highways.  Mr.  Choate  is  one  of  the  lecturers 
at  the  law  school  of  the  University  of  Min- 
nesota and  has  "Easements  and  Highways" 
for  his  subject.  Mr.  Choate  was  a  Repub- 
lican and  always  atliliated  with  that  party 
until  1896.  He  is  greatly  interested  in  the 
constitutional  questions  arising  out  of  the 
Spanish  War,  and  holds  the  same  views  there- 
on as  those  recently  presented  by  the  late 
ex-President  Harrison.  Mi".  Choate  has  made 
several  addresses  maintaining  his  position, 
and  he  now  affiliates  with  the  Democratic 
party.  He  has  never  held  or  sought  a  polit- 
ical office,  except  the  nomination  for  judge  of 
the  district  court  under  the  primary  election 
law  of  1900.  He  takes  an  interest  in  the 
Masonic  order,  and  is  a  member  of  the  Blue 
Lodge,  the  Royal  Arch  Chapter,  the  Minne- 
apolis Mounted  Commandei-y,  the  Zuhrah 
Temple  Shrine,  and  the  Eastern  Star. 


SMITH,  Washington. — The  patriotic  sur- 
name of  Mr.  Smith  is  undoubtedly  an  indica- 
tion of  the  patriotism  and  intense  American- 
ism of  his  father,  Andrew  M.  Smith,  the  for- 
mer being  transmitted  through  a  long  line  of 
ancestors,  and  the  latter  through  the  active 
service  of  the  father  in  behalf  of  his  adopted 
country.  Washington  Smith  was  born  in 
I^hiladelphia,  Pa.,  but  his  father  and  mother 
are  both  of  Danish  descent,  running  back 
for  several  centuries  and  which  can  be 
traced  for  at  least  nine  hundred  years.  All 
the  male  members  of  the  family  have  been 
officers  in  the  army  or  navy  of  Denmark, 
Germany  or  France,  and  almost  since  these 
nations  were  formed.  The  father,  who  is 
now  a  wealthy  wholesale  wine  merchant, 
served  in  the  expedition  to  Paraguay  and 
afterwards  in  the  Civil  War  in  both  the 
iumy  and  navy  through  four  enlistments 
and  from  beginning  to  end  of  the  contest. 


HIS'L'ORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


His  wife's  maiden  name  was  Botiila  Elberg'. 

The  son,  Washington  Smith,  born  in  Phil- 
adelphia, as  stated,  received  his  first  school- 
ing in  the  popular  public  schools  of  that  city. 
Subsequently  he  attended  the  schools  in  Chi 
cago  and  Minneajtolis.  He  then  studied  at 
Swathmore  college,  near  Philadelphia,  well 
known  for  its  thorough  curriculum.  After- 
wards he  went  to  the  noted  St.  John's  Mili- 
tary school  at  Manlius,  N.  Y.,  for  a  course  of 
study  and  training  which  would  fit  him  to 
enter  the  army.  This  school  is  famous  for 
its  military  and  educational  training,  being 
second  to  none  in  the  United  States.  He 
graduated  at  the  University  of  Minnesota  in 
the  class  of  '90.  This  course,  supplemented 
by  an  extensive  tour  of  travel  through 
Europe,  South  America  and  the  United 
States,  has  given  Mr.  Smith  an  eciuijuuent 
rarely  found  in  young  men  of  the  West. 
He  had  an  opportunity  to  put  his  abilily 
somewhat  to  the  test  by  filling  the  position 
of  assistant  instructor  and  conmiandant  at 
the  school  of  his  early  training,  St.  John's 
military  school.  Mr.  Smith  read  law  in 
the  ofJfice  of  John  Day  Smith  of  Minneapolis 
(who,  however,  is  no  relative  of  his),  one 
of  the  most  distinguished  lawyers  in  the 
Northwest.  In  June,  18i)G,  Mr.  Smith  was 
admitted  to  jiractice  in  the  courts  of  Minne- 
sota and  later  in  the  courls  of  the  slutc  of 
New  York.  His  jtracticc  embraces  all 
branches  of  his  profession,  with,  perhaps, 
the  strongest  leaning  towards  real  estate 
law  and  practice  in  the  probate  courts. 
Mr.  Smith  is  trustee  of  several  estates  and 
guardian  of  several  wards  with  estates  in 
Minnesota,  Illinois  and  New  York.  He  has 
always  been  a  Republican,  but  has  never  ac- 
cepted an  official  position.  He  is  active  in 
social  and  fraternal  society  circles,  being  a 
member  of  the  Lafayette  club,  Minnetonka 
ice  yacht  clul),  Minnesota  Lodge,  No.  224, 
A.  F.  &  A.  M.;  Ark  Chapter,  No.  53,  R.  A.; 
Minneapolis  Mounted  Commandery,  No.  2:J, 
K.  T. ;  besides  being  a  member  of  the  Inde- 
pendent Order  of  Foresters,  Flour  City 
Camp,  No.  630,  M.  W.  A.;  Minnesota  Camp, 
No.  1,  W.  ().  W.,  and  K.  \-  L.  of  S.,  Council 
No.  793. 

In  October,  1898,  he  oi-gauized  a  company 


WASlIlNTiTOX  SMITH. 

of  the  national  guard  and  was  elected  its 
captain.  This  company  was  assigned  to  the 
4th  regiment  as  company  "D,"  but  on  the 
retu-ganization  of  the  1st  regiment,  bae  com- 
pany was  transferred  to  that  regiment  and  is 
now  known  as  company  ''F." 

He  has  recently  been  made  president  of 
the  Northwestern  Chemical  Manufacturing 
comi)any  of  this  city.  His  religious  associa- 
tions are  with  the  Episcopalians.  He  was 
married  to  Miss  Lillian  Stacey  of  Oeneva, 
N.  Y.,  in  December,  1890.  A  daughter  was 
born  to  tlicm  in  December,  1897,  who  died  a 
year  later.  No  young  man's  jirospects  seem 
to  be  more  promising  of  jiermanent  success 
in  liis  cIkisi-ii  career. 


ANDERSON,  Jolin  1>.,  one  of  .Miuneajio- 
lis'  leading  ])liysiciaiis,  is  a  Canadian  by 
bii'th,  and  first  saw  life  in  I  lie  connly  of  Vic- 
toria, Out.,  Juiu;  29,  1S55.  His  paternal 
grandfather  was  a  captain  in  the  Rritish 
army,  and  emigrated  to  Canada  in  1832. 
Within  five  hours  of  his  arrival  at  Jlontreal 
both  he  and  his  wife  died  of  Asiatic  cholera. 
Their  son,  John,  who  was  born  in  I'erth,  Scot- 
land, survived  I  hem.    He  became  one  of  tlie 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


JOHN  D.  ANDERSON. 

pioiieer.s  of  Ontario  and  siKteetled  in  build- 
ing ui>  a  large  competence,  living  to  the  ad- 
vanced age  of  ninety  years.  His  wife,  Janet 
McLaren,  was  also  a  native  of  Scotland,  born 
in  Calendar.  She  came  with  her  parents  to 
Ontario  in  1832,  her  father  engaging  in  the 
banking  business.  Their  son,  John  D.,  the 
subject  of  this  sketch,  was  given  the  advan- 
tage of  a  liberal  education.  He  attended  the 
public  schools,  then  entered  the  Oakwood 
high  schools,  and  was  graduated  in  1872.  He 
received  a  teacher's  certificate,  and,  without 
solicitation  on  his  part,  was  appointed  assist- 
ant teacher  in  the  high  school.  Desiring, 
however,  to  take  up  the  study  of  medicine,  he 
entered  Trinity  Medical  School,  at  Toronto, 
in  1875.  and  was  graduated  in  1879.  That  he 
was  an  assiduous  student  is  evidenced  by  the 
fact  that  the  same  year  he  also  graduated 
from  the  medical  department  of  Toronto 
University,  Ti'inity  College,  and  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  After  taking  a 
short  rest  at  home  the  young  medical  student 
started  for  Scotland,  where,  in  Jlay,  1879,  he 
entered  the  Royal  Infirmary  at  Edinburgh. 
He  passed  the  examination  for  licentiate  of 
the  Royal  College  of  Physicians  after  a  hard 
summer's  study,  and  had  the  honor  of  being 


graded  one  hundred  per  cent,  in  both  oral 
and  clinical  examinations,  therefore  standing 
at  the  head  of  his  class,  which  included  grad- 
uates of  all  the  leading  medical  colleges  of 
Europe.    Dr.  Anderson  came  to  Minneapolis 
January  12,  1883,  where  he  has  since  been 
engaged  in  the  active  practice  of  his  profes- 
sion.    A  man  of  eminent  abilities,  he  has 
taken  a  high  rank  in  his  profession,  and  a 
large  and  successful  practice  has  rewarded 
his  efforts.    He  is  a  member  of  the  British 
Medical  Association,  American  Medical  As- 
sociation, the  Minnesota  State  Medical  Soci- 
ety, and  the  Hennepin  County  Medical  Soci- 
ety.    ^^'hile  living  in  Ontario  he  was  an  ac- 
tive worker  in  the  Refonn  party.    Since  his 
residence  in  the  United  States  he  has  affili- 
ated  with  the  Republican  party   and   is  a 
staunch  advocate  of  Republican  principles. 
He  also  belongs  to  the  Caledonia  Society. 
His  <-hurch  affiliations  are  with  the  Presby- 
terian denomination.     In  1881  he  was  mar- 
ried to  Mill'}-  Miller,  daughter  of  Dr.  D.  Gil- 
lispie  Carmington,  of  Ontario.    Dr.  Anderson 
removed  to  Minneapolis  on  account  of  his 
wife's  health;  but  the  change  did  not  prove 
permanently    beneficial,    and    she    died    six 
months  afterward.    In  January,  1896,  he  was 
married  to  Jessie  C.  MacGregor,  a  graduate 
of  the  University  of  Minnesota,  and  eldest 
daughter  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  A.  MacGregor,  of 
Minneapolis. 


SMITH,  Lyndon  Ambrose,  Lieutenant 
Governor  of  Minnesota,  is  a  native  of  New 
Hampshire.  He  was  born  July  15,  1851,  in 
the  little  village  of  Boscawen,  in  the  same 
house  where  it  ks  said  Daniel  Webster  began 
to  fit  for  college.  His  father,  Ambrose  Smith, 
was  a  clergyman,  and  was  pastor  of  the  Con- 
gregational church  at  Boscawen  from  1852 
until  his  death  in  1862.  Cynthia  M.  Egerton, 
his  wife,  was  a  descendant  of  Governor  Bi*ad- 
ford,  of  the  Ph-mouth  colony,  and  of  Jere- 
miah Mason,  the  father  of  the  eminent  law- 
yer of  that  name.  Justin  H.  Smith,  a  brother 
of  our  subject,  is  professor  of  Modern  His- 
tory and  Diplomacj'  at  Dartmouth  College, 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  XORTH\VEST. 


and  is  the  author  of  "The  Troubadours  at 
Home."  Lyndon  A.  attended  the  district 
schools  at  Boscawen  and  Pembroke,  N.  H., 
and  academies  at  I'embroke,  and  Norwich, 
\'t.  Later  he  entered  Dartmouth  College  and 
graduated  with  the  chass  of  ISSO.  He  was 
vah^dictorian  of  his  chiss,  and  took  first 
prizes  in  Latin  and  nnithematics.  He  was  a 
member  of  Psi  U])silon  college  fraternity. 
From  1S7C  to  ISSO,  Mr.  i^mith  served  as  town 
superintendent  of  scliools  in  Xorwicli,  Vt.,  at 
the  .same  time  keejjinj;'  uj)  his  studies  at  Dart- 
nioutli.  After  graduatin};-  he  went  to  Wasli- 
injiton,  D.  ('..  and  was  assistant  to  the  Na- 
tional ("ommissioner  of  lulucation  froin  ISSO 
to  1S85.  During'  this  time  lie  prei)ared,  among 
other  documents,  a  Tolume  on  scliool  law, 
and  one  on  agricultural  colleges.  In  1SS4-5 
he  was  sui)erintendent  of  the  educational  de- 
partment of  the  Cotton  Centennial  Exposi- 
tion. His  leisure  moments  w'ere  spent  in  the 
study  of  law,  taking  a  three  years'  course  in 
the  College  of  Law  of  Georgetown  Univer- 
sity, and  one  year  in  the  law  department  of 
the  National  LTniversitv.  In  1885  he  came 
west,  and,  after  spending  a  few  months  in 
St.  Paul,  selected  Montevideo,  Chii)pewa 
county,  ilinn.,  as  his  future  home,  where  he 
has  ever  since  resided.  He  here  began  the 
practice  of  law,  in  whiih  he  has  been  emi- 
neiiUy  successful.  Mr.  Smith  is  a  I{e|)nb- 
lican  in  politics,  and  an  active  worker  in  the 
interests  of  his  party.  He  served  as  county 
attorney  of  Chippewa  county  from  ISSS  to 
ISilO.  In  1808  he  was  nominated  lieutenant 
governor  and  elected,  though  the  head  of  the 
ticket  failed  of  election.  He  was  renominat- 
ed in  1900,  and  again  elected.  The  lieuten 
ant  governor  is,  by  virtue  of  his  ottice,  presid- 
ing officer  of  the  upper  house  of  the  state 
legislature.  Governor  Smith  has  made  one 
of  the  best  officers  the  Minnesota  senate  has 
ever  had.  He  has  been  uniformly  fair  and 
imi)ai'tial  in  his  rulings,  and  bis  tact  and 
skillful  diplomacy  have  won  for  liim  many 
encomiums,  as  well  as  the  respect  and  esteem 
of  all  the  members.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Masonic  fraternity,  and  has  been  the  master 
of  his  local  lodge.  He  also  belongs  to  the  I. 
O,  O.  F.  and  the  A.  ().  U,  W,    He  is  an  active 


LYXDOX  A,   SMrrH. 

member  of  the  Congregational  church,  and 
a  trustee  of  \\'indom  Institute,  at  Monte- 
video, and  Carleton  College,  at  Northtield. 
He  was  moderator  of  the  State  (Congregation- 
al Association  in  1800,  and  a  delegate  to  the 
last  International  Congregaticmal  Council. 
In  ISSG  he  was  married  to  Dora  Rogers,  of 
Kittery,  Me.,  a  graduate  of  the  Farmington, 
Me.,  Normal  School,  and  before  her  marriage 
a  teacher  at  Calais,  ^Me.,  and  AN'ashington,  D. 
C.  They  have  one  child,  Charlotte,  born 
August  10,  iSSS. 


LEUTZ,  Ferdinand.— One  of  the  most 
active  and  successful  business  men  in  North 
Dakota  is  Ferd.  Leutz,  now  insurance  com- 
missioner of  the  state,  with  official  residence 
at  the  capital,  Bismarck,  but  whose  home  is 
at  Hebron.  He  was  born  at  Eberbach,  Grand 
Duchy  of  Baden,  Germany,  June  21,  1S51. 
His  father,  John  \V.  Lent/,,  was  a  merchant 
in  comfortable  circumstances,  who  married 
JIarie  Lucie  Clorer.  Ferdinand  obtained  his 
early  education  in  the  Eberbach  ])ublic 
schools,  and  in  the  higher  citizens'  school. 
His  academic  education  was  received  at  the 


HISTORY  OF  THE  (iREAT  NORTHWEST 


FEUDIXAND   LKUTZ. 

college^  at  Stuttgart.  He  was  a  good  student 
and  won  several  prizes — one  of  especial  hon- 
or was  the  silver  medal  of  the  institution. 
He  graduated  in  1870.  He  then  entered  a 
wholesale  mercantile  house  in  northern  Ger- 
many. In  1S74  he  entered  the  German  armj 
asa  volunteer  and,  before  discharge,  was  pro- 
moted to  a  non-commissioned  oiflcer.  In  1876 
and  1878  he  again  served  in  the  army,  for 
short  terms,  as  lieutenant  in  reserve.  He 
came  to  Dakota  Territory,  now  North  Da- 
kota, in  1883,  and  settled  at  Hebron,  forming 
a  partnership  with  Charles  Krauth,  under 
the  style  of  Krauth  &  Leutz.  The  business 
was  that  of  general  merchandise,  but  includ 
ed  machinery,  real  estate,  cattle  and  sheep. 
In  1897  this  firm  was  dissolved,  and  Mr.  Leutz 
became  interested,  as  special  partner,  in  the 
firm  of  Leutz  &  McClure,  at  Taylor,  and  in 
the  firm  of  Koesel  &  Company,  doing  busi- 
ness at  Richardston,  Antelope  and  Glad- 
stone. He  is  also  a  stockholder  and  presi- 
dent of  the  Mercer  County  Land  Company, 
besides  being  interested  in  the  sheep  and  cat- 
tle business,  operating  a  large  cattle  ranch 
north  of  Hebron.  Mr.  Leutz  has  affiliated 
with  the  Republican  party  ever  since  he  land- 
ed in  the  United  States,  but  became  so  occu- 


pied in  his  business  that  he  could  take  no 
active  part  in  politics  until  1!)()0,  when  he  ac- 
cejited  the  position  of  chairman  of  tlie  Re- 
jiublican  committee.  He  was  elected  a  dele- 
gate to  the  National  Republican  convention 
at  I'hiladelphia,  and  there  received  the  honor 
of  being  made  one  of  the  committee  to  give 
rrcsident  ^McKinley  ofBcial  notice  of  his  re- 
iioiiiination.  Subsequently  Mr.  Leutz  was 
lioiiorcd  by  being  elected  a  delegate  to  the 
(-onvention  of  his  party,  held  at  Fai'go,  and 
at  (hand  Forks,  November  6,  1000,  he  was 
elected  insurance  commissioner  of  the  state, 
for  two  years,  a  position  which  he  now  holds. 
In  religion  he  is  a  member  of  the  Evengelical 
(-lunch.  In  1880  he  was  married  to  Anna 
Leutz.  They  have  had  eight  children,  only 
four  of  whom  survive,  two  boys  and  two  girls 
— Charlotte,  Fritz,  Annie  and  Hans  Leutz. . 


WASHBURN,  William  D.— It  is  the 
privilege  of  few  citizens  of  any  common- 
wealth to  exercise  as  wide  an  influence  upon 
its  affairs,  and  to  touch  its  life  at  so  many 
points,  as  has  William  Drew  Washburn  in 
his  more  than  forty  years'  residence  in  Min- 
nesota. Coming  here  as  a  pioneer,  before 
statehood  had  been  attained,  he  has  been  a 
part  of  the  wonderful  development  of  four 
decades — has  seen  the  state  change  from  a 
mere  scattered  group  of  fi'ontier  settlements 
to  a  well-peopled  community  holding  a  lead- 
ing position  in  agriculture,  manufactures 
and  commerce,  and  the  village  in  which  he 
made  his  home,  in  1857,  become  the  chief 
city  of  the  state.  Through  this  period  of_ 
evolution  Mr.  Washburn  has  been  a  forceful 
influence  in  most  of  these  lines  of  endeavor 
which  have  made  the  state  so  conspicuously 
successful.  He  was  early  identified  with 
the  improvement  of  the  water  power  which 
became  the  nucleus  of  the  manufacturing 
greatness  of  Minneapolis,  and  no  one  was 
more  influential  in  fostering  and  promoting 
the  manufactures  of  the  new  state  both  by 
wise  encouragement  and  by  example. 

Later  he  became  interested,  also,  in  other 
lines  of  business,  and  took  a  most  prominent 
l)art,  througli  railroad  construction,  in  open- 
ing the  lines  of  commerce.     During  his  long 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


business  career  he  has  had  a  part  in  the 
financial  and  iuvestnient  interests  of  tlie 
city  and  state,  and  in  tlie  hiter  nianufactur- 
in^  enterprises.  ()r<>anized  public  work  has 
found  in  him  a  leader  and  su])]K>rlcr  at  all 
times.  :Mr.  ^^'aslllMU•n's  adivily  in  I  lie  ])r((- 
molion  of  ])ublic  intcresis  bad  iiiiicli  In  do 
with  his  political  successes,  and  in  poliliial 
life  he  has  been  peculiarly  fortunate  in  suj)- 
plemen tins'  his  other  labors  by  givinfi  to  the 
northwest  some  of  its  most  impoi-tani  pnb- 
iic  works. 

In  the  course  of  his  jiubllc  career  Mr. 
Washburn  has  been  a  factor  in  local,  state 
and  national  politics — atfectiuf;  .Minnesota 
life  from  every  jxissible  political  standjioint. 
And  while  the  state  has  felt  his  influence  in 
all  these  diverse  directions,  his  own  city  has 
been  aware  of  his  presenceas  a  constant  lead- 
er in  social  (piestions;  in  such  matters  as 
public  and  private  charities,  education,  the 
church,  the  improvement  of  the  city,  the 
maintenance  of  lofty  stands  in  those  thinj-s 
which  make  for  the  hit;lier  life  of  the  com- 
munity. In  democratic  America,  where  an- 
cestry counts  for  but  little  as  a  factor  in 
success,  there  is  still  a  just  cause  for  worthy 
pride  in  descent  from  those  who  made  Amer- 
ican conditions  i)ossible,  or  in  family  rela- 
tion with  mi'u  who  have  been  conspicuous 
in  the  service  of  the  nation.  As  a  descend- 
ant of  old  Pilgrim  stock,  and  as  one  of  a 
fjrouj)  of  brothers  who  constituted  perhaps 
tlie  most  distinguished  family  contempora- 
neously in  public  life  in  the  United  States, 
Mr.  Washburn  might  be  pardoned  for  a 
large  degree  of  family  pride.  The  first 
^^'ashburns  in  America  were  John  Wash- 
burn, secretary  of  the  council  of  Plymouth, 
and  his  son  John,  who  came  to  this  country 
with  him.  The  latter  married  Elizabeth 
Jlitchell,  the  daughter  of  Experience  Mitch- 
ell and  Jane  Cook,  and  granddaughtei-  of 
Francis  Cook,  who  came  over  in  the  May- 
flower in  Hil'd.  The  family  had  originally 
lived,  probably  for  many  generations,  in  the 
village  of  Evesham,  not  far  from  Stratford 
on  Avon,  in  one  of  the  most  beautiful  parts 
of  England.  Israel  Washburn,  born  in 
1784,    was    dii'ectly   descended    from   tlies(- 


Puritan  ancestors.  Ilis  father  served  in  the 
Kev(dution.  as  did  the  father  of  his  wife, 
Martha  P.enjamin,  whom  he  married  in  1812. 
Mrs.  \\'ashburn's  father  was  Lieut.  Samuel 
Penjamin,  a  jtatriot  of  whose  valor  and  per- 
sistence in  his  country's  cause  it  need  only 
be  said  that  he  particijjated  in  the  Battle  of 
Lexington  and  fought  through  the  whole 
war  to  Yorktown,  where  hv  was  present  at 
the  surrender  of  Lord  Cornwallis.  Few  of 
the  soldiers  who  fought  for  American  in- 
dei)endence  saw,  as  did  Lieut.  Penjamin,  the 
first  and  last  battles  of  the  great  struggle. 
Israel  and  ilartha  ^^'ashburn  made  their 
home  on  a  farm  in  Liverniore,  Maine,  and 
it  was  here  that  their  huge  family  was 
reiii-ed.  To  the  parents'  infiuence,  to  the 
stern  ti'aining  of  farm  life  in  the  Maine 
"back  woods,"  to  the  inheritance  of  patriot- 
ism and  love  of  achievement,  and  to  their 
ow'n  steadfast  endeavor,  is  due  in  very  large 
measure  the  wonderful  success  of  the  group 
of  boys  born  in  this  Maine  farm  home. 
There  was  little  of  material  advantage  to  be 
found  surrounding  these  boys  during  their 
early  life.  The  father  was  no  more  success- 
ful than  the  average  New  England  famner, 
but  he  was  an  alert,  intelligent  man,  a  read- 
er, a  man  of  hard  common  sense  and  with 
the  largest  ambiticms  to  give  to  his  sons 
every  opportunity  for  success.  Of  the 
mother  it  is  said  that  she  "was  a  practical 
housekeeper,  industrious,  frugal,  sagacious, 
stimulating  to  the  children's  consciences, 
sincei'cly  religious  withal,  and  hence  gave 
those  under  her  pi-ecious  charge  an  unalter- 
able bent  towards  pure  and  lofty  ends."  It 
was  ill  such  a  home  that  eleven  children 
were  born,  of  whom  the  seven  sons  have 
achieved  worthy  prominence  in  public  life. 
In  his  "Triumphant  Democracy"  Andrew 
Carnegie  says  of  this  grouji  t)f  men: 

"Their  career  is  typically  American. 
The  >\'asliburns  are  a  family  indeed,  seven 
sons,  and  all  of  them  men  of  mark.  Several 
of  tJieni  iiave  distinguished  themselves  so 
greatly  as  to  become  a  ]iar(  of  their  conn 
1r.\"s  iiislor.N.  The  family  record  includes  a 
secretary  of  state,  two  governors,  four  mem 
bers  of   congress,   a   major   general    in    ihe 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


army  and  another  second  in  command  in 
llie  navy.  Two  served  as  foreign  ministers, 
two  as  state  legislators,  and  one  as  surveyor 
general.  As  all  these  services  were  per- 
formed during  the  Civil  war,  there  were 
A\'aslil)urns  in  nearly  every  dejiartment  of 
state,  laboring  camp  and  council  for  the 
republic,  at  the  sacrifice  of  great  personal 
interests." 

As  the  youngest  child  in  the  family. 
AA'illiam  I),  ^^'ashburn  had,  in  addition  to 
the  influence  of  his  parents,  the  stimulation 
of  the  example  of  his  brothers  who  were 
already  entering  public  life  while  he  was  a 
school  boy.  Israel  Washburn,  Jr..  was 
elected  to  congress  in  18o(),  when  \\'illiam. 
who  was  born  in  1831,  was  but  nineteen 
years  of  age.  The  young  men  had  already 
become  prominent  in  Maine  state  politics, 
and  Israel,  after  serving  four  terms  in  con- 
gress, was  elected  war  governor  of  his 
native  state. 

Elihu  B.  Washburn  served  as  congress- 
man from  Illinois  from  1853  to  1809,  when 
he  was  appointed  secretary  of  state  by  Pres- 
ident Grant.  During  the  Franco-Prussian 
war  he  was  minister  plenipotentiary  to 
France.  Cadwallader  C.  Washburn  was  in 
congress  both  before  and  after  the  war,  was 
a  general  in  the  Union  army,  and  in  1871 
was  elected  governor  of  Wisconsin.  Charles 
A.  Washburn  was  minister  to  Paraguay; 
Samuel  B.  Washburn  was  a  distinguished 
officer  in  the  navy.  Beyond  what  has  been 
said  of  his  early  influences  there  was  little 
that  was  distinctive  about  the  boyhood  of 
Jlr.  ^>'ashburn.  It  was  the  common  experi- 
ence of  the  son  of  a  New  England  farmer — 
the  district  school  in  the  winter  and  farm 
work  in  the  summer.  As  he  grew  old 
enough  to  take  a  heavier  part  in  the  farm- 
ing, the  school  months  of  the  year  became 
fewer.  Short  terms  at  a  village  ''high 
school"  and  neighboring  academies  sup- 
plemented the  district  school  experiences, 
and  finally  at  Farmington  Academy  he  was 
able  to  prepare  for  college.  In  the  year 
1850,  when  he  was  nineteen,  he  entered 
Bowdoin  College — that  honored  Alma  Mater 
of   such    men    as    Hawthorne,    Longfellow, 


A\'illiam  P.  Fessenden,  President  Franklin 
Pierce,  Chief  Justice  Fuller,  Senator  John 
]'.  Hale,  General  O.  ().  Howard  and  Thomas 
B.  Keed — and  graduated  four  years  later 
with  the  bachelor's  degree,  after  completing 
a  full  classical  course.  The  succeeding 
three  years  were  devoted  to  the  study  of  law 
in  the  office  of  his  bi-other,  Israel  Wash- 
burn. Ji'..  and  with  Judge  John  A.  Peters, 
now  and  for  many  years  past  chief  justice  of 
the  supreme  court  of  Maine.  During  this 
jieriod  he  spent  jiart  of  his  time  in  Washing- 
ton performing  the  duties  of  a  clerk  in  the 
house  of  representatives,  where  he  obtained 
his  first  acquaintance  with  the  affairs  of 
congress  and  with  the  jjublic  men  of  that 
time.  Two  of  Mr.  Washburn's  brothers  had 
already  made  their  home  in  the  west,  and 
upon  completing  his  law  studies  he  deter- 
mined to  follow  their  example.  It  was  not 
difficult  to  decide  upon  a  location.  Liver- 
more  had  already  sent  men  to  the  Falls  of 
St.  Anthony,  and  his  brothers,  Elihu  and 
Cadwallader,  had  acquired  interests  there 
and  elsewhere  in  Minnesota.  It  seemed  a 
place  with  a  greater  future  than  any  other 
western  settlement.  The  young  man  be- 
lieved that  he  saw  in  it  a  field  worthy  of  his 
energies;  but  it  is  hardly  probable  that  his 
highest  flights  of  fancy  pictured  the  Minne- 
aj>olis  of  to-day  as  a  possibility  during  his 
own  lifetime. 

On  May  1,  1857,  Mr.  Washburn  reached 
ilinneapolis  and  shortly  after  opened  a  law 
office.  The  contrast  between  the  town  in 
which  he  settled  and  the  city  of  to-day  is 
striking.  The  population  was  then  perhaps 
2,00(1  as  compared  with  over  200,000  in  1809; 
there  were  about  two  hundred  buildings  of 
all  kinds  in  the  village,  and  few  of  them 
were  worth  more  than  |1,000.  There  were 
no  railroads,  and  the  great  manufacturing 
industries  of  the  present  time  were  repre- 
sented by  one  or  two  small  mills.  Into  this 
scattered  collection  of  frame  buildings  there 
was  pouring,  however,  a  stream  of  immi- 
grants, and  speculation  and  building  were 
keeping  the  people  busy.  There  seemed 
*  very  prospect  of  coming  prosperity.  But 
that  stabilitv  necessarv  for  securitv  during 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NOHTIIWEST. 


flnanrial  diffleiilties  had  not  been  attained, 
and  the  same  suniniei-  saw  such  reverses 
as  to  make  the  outlook  very  dismal.  .Mi-. 
Washburn  arrived  just  in  time  to  ex]ii-ii 
cnee,  with  the  town  of  his  choice,  all  llic 
troubles  of  the  panic  of  1857.  There  was 
little  law  business  to  be  had  and  soon  after 
his  arrival  he  became  the  secretary  and 
agent  of  the  Minneapolis  Mill  Company — the 
corporation  controllintj'  the  west  side  ])ower 
at  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony.  This  was  a 
most  fortunate  appointment  for  ilinneajiolis 
as  well  as  Mr.  AVashburn.  It  broujiht  into 
immediate  exercise  in  behalf  of  the  village 
those  extraordinary  executive  faculties 
which  have  ever  since  been  so  continuously 
devoted  to  the  interests  of  the  city.  To  Mr. 
^^■asllburn  it  gave  the  opportunity  for  fa- 
miliarizing himself  with  the  possibilities  of 
manufacturing  at  the  falls,  which  was  the 
basis  of  his  future  success.  Later  genera- 
tions in  Minneapolis  are  entirely  unfamiliar 
with  the  extent  of  the  debt  of  the  city  to  Mr. 
Washburn,  incurred  during  these  early 
days.  AA'ith  that  characteristic  energy  and 
determination  which  has  since  become  so 
well  known  to  the  people  of  the  city,  he 
commenced  the  improvement  of  the  power 
controlled  by  his  company.  During  1857 
the  original  dam  on  the  west  side  was  built 
— this  in  the  midst  of  great  financial  em- 
barassments.  It  was  a  tremendous  strug- 
gle, a  great  load  to  be  laid  on  the  shoulders 
of  a  man  then  but  twenty-six  years  of  age. 
But  dam  and  raceway  were  finally  complet- 
ed. The  young  agent  shrewdly  guessed, 
however,  that  his  battle  was  only  half  won. 
On  the  east  side  of  the  river  there  was  a  bet- 
ter power  with  more  eligible  mill  sites;  but 
the  policy  of  its  managers  discouraged  new 
(•iiterjjrises.  Mr.  Washburn  decided  that 
the  west  side  works  must  have  mills,  and  he 
at  once  adopted  a  liberal  policj'  and  leased 
mill  powers,  now  commanding  a  yearly 
rental  of  $1,500,  as  low  as  f  133  per  annum, 
to  persons  who  would  establish  mills.  The 
plan  worked  admirably.  Everyone  knows 
now  how  the  flour  mills  gathered  ab(tut  the 
west  side  raceway  until  there  was  built  up 
the  greatest  group  in  the  whole  world.     Un- 


til the  industries  at  the  falls  were  put  upon 
a  firm  foundation,  ]Mr.  Washburn  remained 
1  lie  agent  of  the  company  and  he  has  always 
maintained  a  large  interest  in  it.  He  has 
never  been  out  of  touch  with  the  manufac- 
turing interests  of  the  state  since  that  first 
summer's  work  at  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony. 
Receiving,  in  1801,  the  appointment  of  sur- 
\eyor  general  at  the  hands  of  I'resident 
liincoln,  it  l)ecanie  necessary  for  Mr.  Wash- 
burn to  remove  to  St.  Paul  for  a  time.  It 
was  while  in  this  ottice  that  his  friends  ac- 
ipiired  the  habit  of  prefixing  the  title  "Gen- 
eral" to  his  name;  a  custom  so  well  estab- 
lished that  it  has  continued  through  all  the 
various  ofiices  which  he  has  held.  While 
surveyor  general,  Mr.  ^^'ashburn  became 
familiar  with  the  timber  resources  of  the 
state,  and,  purchasing  considerable  tracts, 
afterwards  engaged  extensively  in  the  lum- 
bei-  business.  He  formed  the  firm  of  W.  D. 
Washburn  &  Co.,  built  a  saw  mill  at  the 
falls,  and  later  one  at  Anoka,  and  until  1801) 
carried  on  a  very  large  lumber  business. 

In  1873  be  entered  flour  milling,  and 
si)eedily  became  an  important  factor  in  the 
production  of  that  Minneapolis  staple.  •His 
interests  in  flour  manufacturing  were 
tlirrjugh  the  oiiginal  firm  of  W.  D.  W^ash- 
buru  i^  Co.  and  ^^'ashburn,  Crosby  &  Co. 
The  firm  of  W.  D.  Washburn  &  Co.  subse- 
(juently,  in  1884,  was  merged  in  the  Wash- 
Iturn  Mill  Company,  and  in  1889  the  flour 
milling  division  of  this  business  was  consoli- 
dated with  the  Pillsbury  interests  in  the 
I*iIlsbury-\Vashburn  Flour  Mills  Company, 
forming  the  largest  flour  milling  corpora- 
tion in  the  world.  At  this  time  there  were 
large  accessions  of  English  capital,  but  Jlr. 
Washburn  retained — as  he  does  at  this  time 
— a  large  interest,  and  has  been  continuous- 
ly one  of  the  board  of  American  directors  of 
the  properties.  The  Minneapolis  Mill  Com- 
panj-  was  also  consolidated  with  the  new 
rorporation  which  afterwards  completed  the 
work  of  harnessing  the  power  of  St.  An- 
thony Falls  by  the  construction  of  a  new 
dam  and  jjower  house  a  short  distance  be- 
low the  main  falls.  This  rapid  sketching 
of  what  would  seem  a  life  work  for  any  man, 


WILLIAM   I).   WASHP.UUN. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


gives,  however,  but  one  side  of  the  business 
activities  of  Mr.  Washburn — his  interest  in 
developing  the  two  leading  industries  of 
^Minnesota.  It  has  been  said  of  one  of  the 
greatest  of  Englishmen  that  while  many 
men  "think  in  parishes"  and  a  few  "think 
in  nations,"  he  "thinks  in  continents."  Ap- 
plying this  thought  to  business,  it  might  be 
said  that  while  many  men  think  in  single 
lines  of  trade,  a  few  think  in  the  broad  lines 
of  general  manufacturing  or  jobbing,  while 
only  a  very  limited  number  think  through 
the  whole  question  of  producing,  distribut- 
ing, financing  and  transporting.  To  the  lat- 
ter class  Mr.  Washburn  belongs.  He  has, 
from  time  to  time,  and  very  much  of  the 
time,  had  considerable  interest  in  the  finan- 
cial institutions  of  Minneapolis,  in  whole- 
sale trade,  in  real  estate.  But  aside  from 
his  influence  in  the  development  of  manufac- 
turing his  most  conspicuous  undertakings, 
and  those  in  which  the  public  has  been  most 
interested,  have  been  the  great  railroad  proj- 
ects which  he  has  successfully  consummat- 
ed. The  early  railroad  system  of  the  state 
had  developed  along  such  lines  that  Mr. 
Washburn,  with  other  ^Mineapolis  business 
men,  felt  the  need  of  a  railroad  running  to- 
wards the  south,  which  would  afford  trans- 
portation direct  to  Minneapolis,  and  which 
should  be  controlled  in  the  interests  of  Min- 
neapolis. The  result  was  the  Minneapolis 
&  St.  Louis  railroad,  carried  through,  during 
the  seventies,  very  largely  by  the  efforts  of 
Mr.  Washburn,  who  was  its  president  for 
some  time.  The  end  desired  having  been 
accomplished,  he  retired  from  the  manage- 
ment, and  early  in  the  eighties  commenced 
to  agitate  the  subject  of  a  line  direct  to  tide- 
water and  completely  independent  of  the 
domination  of  Chicago  interests.  The  proj- 
ect was  a  startling  one — fascinating  by  its 
very  audacity;  to  build  five  hundred  miles 
through  an  unsettled  wilderness  to  a  con- 
nection with  a  foreign  railroad — to  do  this 
to  free  the  city  from  the  detrimental  effects 
of  combinations  in  the  interests  of  com- 
petitors! To  be  financially  successful  the 
projected  railroad  must  depend  largely  up- 
on its  through  business,  and  that  class  of 
business  must  be  mostly  export  flour  and 


wheat — and  ilinneapolis  flour  exporting  had 
then  but  partially  developed.  But  there 
was  a  Washburn  beliind  the  plan — and  it 
went  through.  The  road  was  built  in  five 
years — the  Minneapolis,  St.  Paul  &  Sault 
Ste.  ilarie.  And,  since,  it  has  been  extend- 
ed westward  through  Minnesota  and  North 
Dakota  to  another  connection  with  the  Can- 
adian Pacific,  thus  giving  Minneapolis  an- 
other trans-continental  line.  Mr.  Washburn 
was  president  of  the  "Soo"  line  during  its 
construction  and  until  his  election  to  the 
senate.  He  still  retains  large  interests  and 
has  been  continuously  a  director.  In  fact, 
the  Soo  line  without  Mr.  AVashburn  would 
be,  to  use  the  familiar  simile,  like  the  play 
of  Hamlet  with  Hamlet  left  out.  After  a 
dozen  years  of  the  enjoyment  of  the  benefits 
derived  from  the  Soo-Canadian  connection 
with  the  east,  the  people  of  Minnesota  have 
come,  perhaps,  to  accept  it  unthinkingly  and 
without  remembering  the  tremendous  diffi- 
culties which  its  construction  involved,  or 
the  splendid  energy  and  ability  with  which 
its  chief  promoter  carried  out  the  project. 
General  Washburn's  commercial  activities 
continue,  his  penchant  for  pioneering  find- 
ing abundant  scope  just  now  in  the  deveioj) 
meut  of  a  tract  of  some  115,000  acres  of  land 
in  North  Dakota  through  which  he  is  build- 
ing a  railroad.  Those  qualities  in  Mr. 
Washburn  which  have  made  him  a  success- 
ful railroad  builder,  a  gicat  manufacturer 
and  a  shrewd  develojier  of  new  country, 
have  contributed  in  large  measure  to  his 
success  in  political  life.  The  ability  to 
"think  in  continents"  nuirks  the  successful 
man  in  public  life,  as  certainly  as  it  does 
the  winner  in  business.  A  broad  concep- 
tion of  the  commercial  needs  of  the  North- 
west and  a  well  developed  creative  faculty, 
together  with  those  qualities  of  mind  and 
manner  which  aid  in  controlling  and  win- 
ning men,  made  Mr.  Washburn  unusually 
successful  in  his  public  service  to  the  state 
and  nation.  He  was  first  called  to  hold 
office  in  185S,  when  he  was  elected  to  the 
Minnesota  legislature,  then  a  newcomer  in 
the  state  and  but  twenty-seven  years  of  age. 
Three  years  later  he  received  from  I'resident 
Lincoln  the  appointment  of  surveyor  general 

393 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


(if  Minnesota.     In  ISfiG  he  was  chosen  to 
the  school  board  of  Minneapolis,  and  assist- 
ed in  the  eai-lj  development  of  the  school 
sj'stem  so  prized  by  the  people  of  the  city. 
The  year  1871  again  found  him  in  the  state 
legislature,    using   his    rapidly-growing   in- 
fluence in  the  suj>port  of  legislation  looking 
to    state   supervision    and    control    of    rail- 
roads.    By  this  time  it  was  conceded  that 
he  was  to  take  a  foremost  position  in  Minne- 
sota politics,  and  in  1S73  his  friends  nearly 
secured  his  nomination  for  governor  of  the 
state.     After  the  decisive  vote  in  the  con- 
vention it  was  claimed  by  Mr.  Washburn's 
friends  that  two  ballots  had  not  been  count- 
ed.    These  would  have  changed  the  result, 
but  Mr.  Washburn  refused  to  contest  the 
nomination.      In    1878    he    commenced    six 
years  of  continuous  service  in  congress,  ter- 
minating only  when  he  declined  renomina- 
tion  for  the  fourth  term  on  account  of  his 
intention  to  concentrate  his  attention  upon 
the  Soo  railroad  project,  which  he  had  just 
then   commenced.     The   completion   of  the 
Soo  line  in  1888  made  it  possible  for  him  to 
withdraw  from   executive   management   of 
the  enterprise  and  become  a  candidate  for 
the  United  States  senate,  to  which  office  he 
was  chosen  in  the  following  year.     Again, 
in  1895,  he  was  a  candidate,  but  was  not 
elected.     Trusting  in  the  very  positive  as- 
surances of  even  those  who  afterwards  op- 
posed him,  that  there  would  be  no  opposi- 
tion to  his  candidacy,  he  had  confidently  ex- 
pected re-election,  and  frankly  admitted  his 
disappointment.      He  would,   under  no  cir- 
cumstances, have  reajipeared  as  a  candidate 
had  he  known  of  the  opposition  which  was 
to  develop.     In  this  as  in  all  cases  where  he 
had  not  been  "on  top"  in  a  political  struggle, 
Mr.  Washburn  quietly  accepted  the  situa- 
tion; he  had  never  been  a  "sore  head"  or 
posed  as   a  disgruntled  politician.     When 
Mr.  Washburn  went  into  congress  in  1878, 
he  was  equipped   for  service  as  no  other 
northwestern  representative  had  ever  been. 
To  a  wide  acquaintance  with  public  men  and 
a  familiarity  with  methods  and  usages  ai 
Washington,  he  added  a   thorough   knowl- 
edge of  the  country  which  he  was  to  repre- 


sent— Tiot  only  a  political  knowledge,  but 
also  a  conij)rehensive  view  of  its  commercial 
needs.     As  has  been  said,  he  had  been  large- 
ly instrumental  in  developing  the  two  great 
manufacturing  industries  of  the  state,  and, 
with  twenty  years  of  study,  was  familiar,  in 
the    minutest    details,    with    their    require- 
ments in  the  way  of  transportation,  devel- 
()]iment  of  power  and  supply  of  raw  ma- 
terials.    It  had  been  his  pleasure  as  well  as 
a  necessity  of  his  business  to  study  agricult- 
ural conditions.     He  saw  the  interdepend- 
ence of  all  the  interests  of  the  Northwest, 
and  grasped  the  great  principles  which  have 
since  been  generally  recognized  as  underly- 
ing the  permanent  prosperity  of  Minnesota 
and  the   neighboring   states.     In   congress 
he  set  about  working  out  the  fulfillment  of 
ideas  which  had  been  gradually  taking  form, 
and    the    accomplishments    of    the    twenty  . 
years  since  he  entered  that  body  have  been 
prolific  in  the  fruit  of  the  score  of  years  of 
earlier  experience  and  study.     As  far  back 
as  186t»  Mr.  Washburn  had  conceived  the 
plan  of  impounding  the  flood  waters  of  the 
upper  Mississippi  river  in  great  reservoirs 
near  the  headwaters.     It  was  an  adajitation 
of  the  plan  in  use  on  the  ^lerrimac  river  in 
New  England.     But  it  was  far  more  com- 
prehensive in  form  and  had  four  purposes  in 
view,  where  tlie  New  England  scheme  had 
but  one.     Mr.  Washburn  had  observed  the 
destructive  work  of  the  floods  in  the  Missis- 
sippi and  the  contrast  aft'orded  by  the  pe- 
riods of  extreme  low  water,  when  naviga- 
tion  was   seriously  impeded.     To   mitigate 
the  floods  and  at  the  same  time  save  the 
surplus    of   water    for    use    in    seasons    of 
drouth  was  the  central  thought.     But  all  the 
results  were  not  for  the  benefit  of  naviga- 
tion and  the  protection  of  farmers  along  the 
river  banks.     There  was  a  large  traffic  in 
logs  on  the  river.     The  navigation  of  the 
Mississippi   by   the    common    saw    log    was 
quite  as  important  as  that  of  the  steamer. 
To  save  the  logs  from  being  swept  away  by 
floods  or  "hung  up"  on  sand  bars  in  low 
water   was   an   important   part   of   the  im- 
pounding scheme.     Again,  the  water  of  the 
Mississippi  was  used  for  power  at  Minne- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


apolis  and  other  points.  In  flood  times 
vast  quantities  of  water  went  to  waste;  in 
low-water  seasons  the  volume  was  not  suf- 
ficient for  the  needs  of  the  mills.  An  eiiuali- 
/ation  of  the  flow  was  thus  of  the  greatest 
importance  to  navigation,  the  farmers,  the 
loggers,  and  the  manufacturers.  Having 
the  project  in  mind  as  one  sure  to  be  realized 
some  day,  Mr.  Washtmrn,  in  ISfi!),  purchased 
of  the  government  the  forty  acres  at  I'o- 
Icegama  Falls,  on  the  upper  IMississipj)! 
river,  which  his  judgment  told  him  would 
be  re(juired  for  the  key  of  the  system. 
When  the  project  was  finally  approved  and 
entered  upon,  5Ir.  Washburn  conveyed  this 
land  to  the  government  witliout  charge.  It 
was  ten  years  after  his  conceiition  of  the 
plan  tliat  Mi-.  Washbuni  comineiiced  his 
campaign  in  congress.  Like  all  projei'ts 
calling  for  large  appropriations,  it  required 
persistent  endeavor;  but  finally  he  had  the 
satisfaction  of  seeing  the  system  of  dams 
and  reservoirs  completed — a  system  which 
has  been  of  untold  benefit  to  the  interests 
above  mentioned.  Early  in  his  congres- 
sional career  he  also  commenced  to  give 
careful  attention  to  the  needs  of  navigation 
ui)on  the  Mississippi  from  the  standpoint 
of  direct  improvements  of  the  channel,  and 
secured  many  appropriations  for  the  work 
on  the  upper  river.  He  laid  the  foundations 
for  the  appropriations  for  the  locks  and 
dams  immediately  below  ^linneajjolis, 
which,  when  completed,  will  give  ^Minne- 
apolis  direct  navigation  to  the  gulf  and  all 
the  great  tributaries  of  the  Mississippi. 
But  there  were  still  broader  questions  under 
consideration.  Mr.  Washburn  had  a  keen 
appreciation  of  the  i-elations  of  the  (Ireat 
Lakes  to  the  commercial  development  of  the 
Northwest.  He  saw  distinctly  that  this 
great  water  route  to  and  from  the  seaboard 
was  the  key  to  the  commercial  problem  of 
his  state.  Cheap  transportation  would 
make  possible  such  a  development  of  farm- 
ing and  manufacturing  as  had  never  been 
conceived  of.  To  secure  the  cheapest  trans- 
portation, however,  there  must  be  free  and 
unobstructed  channels  through  the  lake 
system  of  such  depth  that  vessels  of  modern 


build  might  pass  without  detention.  And 
so.  as  a  member  of  the  committee  of  com- 
merce, ]\Ir.  Washburn  secured  the  first  ap- 
propriation for  the  improvement  of  the  Hay 
Lake  channel  in  the  Sault  Ste  Marie  river — 
the  beginning  of  the  great  "twenty-foot" 
]iroject  which  has  since  made  possible  the 
navigation  of  the  lakes  by  a  fleet  of  vessels 
carrying  a  commerce  unetpialed  on  any 
waterway  in  the  world.  While  these  great 
jirojccts  received  much  of  Mi-.  Washburn's 
thought  while  in  the  house,  lii'  was  by  no 
means  unmindful  of  the  si)ecial  needs  of  his 
district;  his  success  in  looking  after  its  in- 
terests being  aiiii)ly  testified  to  by  the  fre- 
f|uent  renominations  which  came  to  him. 
Among  the  most  inijiortant  items  of  liis  sjie 
cial  work  for  Minneapolis  was  the  bill  for 
a  public  building,  which  he  successfully  pro- 
moted eai-ly  in  the  eighties.  These  material 
mattei-s,  important  and  engrossing  as  they 
were,  did  not  interfere  with  Mr.  Washburn's 
participation  in  all  national  questions  which 
came  before  congress  during  his  terms  of 
office.  He  had  always  been  a  student  of 
public  attairs.  Though  a  life-long  and  con- 
sistent Kepublitan,  he  has  a  vein  o#  inde- 
pendence in  his  make-up  which  has  been 
])erhaps  developed  through  a  settled  habit 
of  looking  at  things  in  their  broader  aspects 
rather  than  from  the  point  of  view  of  the 
])olitician  who  sees  only  the  immediate  po- 
litical etlects.  This  habit  of  thought  has 
brought  him  from  time  to  time  into  ap- 
parent variance  with  his  party;  but  it  has 
usually  been  acknowledged,  afterwards, 
that  he  was  right.  Perhaps  the  best  ex- 
anijde  of  this  political  characteristic  of  Mr. 
Washburn  was  his  opposition  to  the  so- 
called  "force  bill"  while  in  the  senate.  It 
will  be  remembered  that  the  Lodge  bill  re- 
ceived the  support  of  the  Republican  sena- 
tors— excepting  about  half  a  dozen  "Silver 
Republicans,"  who  had  formed  a  combina- 
tion with  the  Democrats — and  that  Mr. 
Washburn  was  the  only  senator  on  that  side 
of  the  house  who  opi)osed  the  measure.  Be- 
lieving that  it  was  wrong  in  principle,  and 
that  it  would  not  accomplish  what  it  aimed 
to  do,  he  voted  against  it — and  received  un- 


HISTORY  OP  THE  GUKAT  XOHTHWEST. 


stinted  r-ritirism  from  the  party  press  for 
his  indepeudenre  of  thought  and  action. 
The  years  which  have  j)assed  since  this  epi- 
sode have  served  to  show  that  Mr.  Wasli- 
burn  was  right.  There  ai'e  probably  few 
men  in  the  Eepublican  party  to-day  who 
would  favor  snch  a  measure  as  that  pro- 
Itosed  by  Senator  Lodge.  Mr.  Washburn 
does  not  pretend  to  flowery  oratorical  pow- 
ers; he  relies  ujjon  plain  and  earnest  state- 
ments and  sound  logic  and  reasoning.  And 
in  presenting  a  (piestion  in  this  W'ay  he  is 
very  successful.  And  so,  while  not  among 
the  congressmen  whose  voices  are  heard  on 
every  topic,  he  has  been  heard  with  the 
greatest  respect  when  he  has  spoken  on  the 
floor  of  the  house  or  senate  chamber.  Dur- 
ing his  senatorial  term  he  made  two  very 
elaborate  speeches,  which  would  have  given 
him  a  very  wide  reputation  had  he  never 
taken  any  other  part  in  congressional  de- 
bates. One  of  these  efforts  was  in  sup- 
port of  the  anti-option  bill,  the  champion- 
ship of  which  measure  made  Senator  Wash- 
burn for  a  time  the  most  conspicuous  figure 
in  the  senate.  Believing  profoundly  in  the 
principle  that  the  buying  and  selling  of 
that  which  did  not  exist  was  contrary  to 
the  laws  of  economics,  and  in  practice  in- 
jurious to  business  and  morals,  while  it 
worked  enormous  detriment  to  the  agri- 
cultural interests  of  the  country,  Mr.  Wash- 
burn threw  himself  into  the  fight  for  the 
measure  with  a  whole-souled  energy  which 
could  have  but  one  result.  For  four 
months  the  bill  was  the  unfinished  business 
in  the  senate.  It  was  a  battle  royal  with 
enormous  monied  interests  to  contend  with; 
but  the  victory  was  finally  won.  Senator 
\\'ashbnrn's  i>rinci])al  speech  in  support  of 
this  bill  attracted  wide  attention  in  this  coun- 
try and  abroad.  The  bill  was  throttled  in  the 
house  and  Mr.  Washburn  believes  there  has 
been  a  loss  of  hundreds  of  millions  to  the 
country,  for  which  the  leaders  of  the  house, 
who  prevented  the  votes,  are  responsible. 
By  far  the  most  elaborate  and  carefully  pre- 
pared speech  which  Mr.  Washburn  deliv- 
ered while  in  the  senate  was  that  upon  the 
revenue  bill  of  1894,  when  he  argued  against 


the  repeal  of  the  reciprocity  provisions  se- 
cured by  Mr.  Blaine  in  ISOO.  This  speech — 
on  "Reciprocity  and  New  ^larkets" — was 
one  of  the  most  comprehensive  discussions 
of  the  reciprocity  principle,  the  development 
of  the  commerce  of  the  United  States  during 
its  two  years  of  trial,  and  the  future  possi- 
bilities of  the  system,  which  was  ever  made 
in  congress.  While  bringing  statistics  to 
show  the  trade  relations  with  all  American 
nations,  Mr.  Washburn  gave  special  atten- 
tion to  Cuba,  showing  the  wonderful  in- 
crease in  trade  with  that  island  under  the 
reciprocal  treaty  with  Spain.  It  was,  of 
course,  a  foregone  conclusion  that  the  Dem- 
ocratic congress  would  repeal  the  reciproc- 
ity agreements,  but  ^Iv.  Washburn's  speech 
revealed  in  all  its  baldness  the  certain  re- 
sult of  such  action — results  which  followed 
speedily  and  surely.  Prolonged  absence  at 
times  from  his  home  city  have  not  prevented 
Mr.  Washburn  and  his  family  from  filling  a 
large  place  in  the  social  life  of  Minneapolis. 
As  soon  as  he  had  established  himself  in  his 
new  home,  Mr.  Washburn  returned  to 
^Maine,  where,  April  19,  18.59,  he  was  mar- 
ried to  Miss  Lizzie  Muzzy,  daughter  of  the 
Hon.  Franklin  Muzzy,  a  Bangor  manufact- 
urer and  a  man  prominent  in  the  political 
life  of  the  state.  A  modest  home  was  estab- 
lished in  Minneapolis,  and  here  their  chil- 
dren, four  sons  and  two  daughters,  passed 
Iheir  early  childhood.  Realizing  that  in- 
creasing fortune  brought  with  it  increased 
obligation,  Mr.  Washburn  some  years  ago 
purchased  a  beautiful  tract  of  land  and 
erected  a  mansion  surrounded  by  most  at-, 
tractive  grounds.  This  home,  which  was 
named  "Fair  Oaks,"  has  become  not  only  a 
center  of  social  attraction,  but  an  object  of 
pride  in  a  city  where  beauty  of  surround- 
ings and  the  refinements  of  life  are  most 
highly  appreciated.  October  24,  1859,  a 
meeting  was  held  in  the  village  of  Minneap- 
olis for  the  purpose  of  organizing  a  L^niver- 
sjilist  church.  On  this  occasion  Mr.  Wash- 
burn occupied  the  chair,  and  his  connection 
with  the  Church  of  the  Redeemer  dates  from 
that  meeting.  It  was  at  first  a  struggling 
society;  it  is  now  one  of  the  leading  churches 


HlSTOUy  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


of  the  dcnouiiuation  in  tlie  connli y.  In  its 
early  vifissitudes  and  its  later  pi-os])pi-ity  it 
has  continually  had  reason  to  reuifniher  Mr. 
Washburn's  constant  generosity,  for  in  his 
church  connection,  as  in  all  othei-  matters, 
he  has  been  liberal  in  liis  idntrilnitions 
where  there  has  been  evidence  of  need  and 
worthy  object  to  be  accomplished.  Of  Mr. 
Washburn's  religious  beliefs  there  could  be 
no  better  testimony  than  this,  from  one  in 
a  positicm  to  know  whereof  he  speaks: 

"Mr.  Washburn  is  modest  and  sparing 
in  liis  religious  professions,  but  deep-rooted 
in  his  religious  convictions.  His  father  and 
mother  were  earnest  T'niversalists,  and  he 
inlierited  their  faith.  To  this  he  has  been 
as  loyal  as  to  the  other  parental  examples. 
His  creed  is  pretty  w'ell  summed  nji  in  the 
words,  'Fatherhood  of  God  and  Brotherhood 
of  Man.'  The  broad  spirit  he  shows  else- 
where blossoms  in  his  thoughts  on  spiritual 
matters.  His  daily  prayer  must  be,  in  sub- 
stance, that  all  men  may  one  day  be  good, 
pure  republicans  of  this  world  and  saints  in 
the  next.  Freedom  for  all  and  Heaven  for 
all  are  his  mottoes." 

The  same  excellent  authority  describes 
his  friend  in  these  words: 

"In  personal  appearance  ilr.  Washburn 
may  be  considered  a  very  elegant  gentle- 
man. Neat  and  fashionable  in  his  attire, 
symmetrical  in  form,  inclining  to  slimness, 
erect,  of  moi'e  Ihan  medium  height,  clear- 
cut  features,  and  bright,  earnest  eyes,  grace- 
ful in  movement,  correct  in  speech,  he  im- 
presses one  even  at  first  as  a  person  who 
has  had  always  the  best  surroundings.  He 
is  dignified  in  manner,  and  is  not  inditi'erent 
to  style  in  whatever  pertains  to  him.  If  on 
any  occasion  he  shows  abruptness  of  lan- 
guage and  is  sliglitly  overbearing,  ditficult 
to  be  approached,  by  strangers  especially,  it 
is  owing  generally  and  chiefly  to  the  thorns 
of  business  he  feels  at  the  moment  prii-king 
him  or  to  want  of  time  to  be  himself. 
Hurry  sometimes  trips  politics." 

The  latter  part  of  this  estimate  seems  at 
jtresent  inaccurate,  however  true  it  may 
have  been  when  written — at  a  time  when 
Mr.  Washburn  was  carrying  vast  loads  of 


care,  both  commercial  and  political.  H  may 
be  that  the  i)rogress  of  years  has  softened 
a  manner  which  still  retains,  however,  all 
its  characteristic  dignity.  Mr.  Washburn 
has  traveled  much.  It  is  almost  a  necessity 
(o  a  man  of  his  temperament  to  see  what  is 
going  on  in  the  world  outside  the  limits  of 
his  home  city  or  state.  He  has  from  time 
to  time  visited  every  part  of  the  United 
Sitates,  Mexico,  Cuba  and  Canada.  Six 
times  he  has  visited  Euro])e,  on  one  of  these 
pilgrimages  extending  his  joiirneyings  to 
Egypt  and  the  Nile,  and  on  another  seeing 
Norway  and  Sweden — the  ''Land  of  the  ^lid- 
night  Sun" — and  Russia.  Three  years  ago 
he  spent  six  months  in  China,  Jajian  and 
other  oriental  countries,  and  would  have 
completed  the  "round  the  world"  tour  had 
it  not  been  for  the  prevalence  of  the  plague 
in  India.  In  travel  ilr.  ^Vashburn  finds 
that  continued  education  and  those  broaden- 
ing influences  which  every  intelligent  man 
■welcomes  throughout  his  life.  He  has  also 
found  such  rest  from  the  cares  of  a  life  of 
much  more  than  ordinary  activity  and  re- 
sponsibility that  he  is,  at  the  age  of  sixty- 
eight,  still  in  his  i)rime,  and  bears  himself 
with  the  air  of  a  man  much  his  junior.*  He  is 
to-day,  as  he  has  always  been,  a  growing 
man.  His  interest  in  public  affairs  is  un- 
abated, and  the  attention  which  is  paid  to 
his  views  was  very  recently  evidenced,  when 
an  interview,  in  which  he  denounced  the 
trust  evil,  was  quoted  and  commented  upon 
from  one  end  of  the  English-speaking  world 
to  the  other. 


RUSSELL,  Henry.— The  part  jjlayed  by 
the  modest  editor  of  the  country  weekly  in 
the  work  of  development  is  not  often  taken 
into  consideration;  indeed,  seldom  receives 
mention.  Right-thinking  people,  however, 
will  concede  that  he  deserves  a  great  deal 
more  credit  than  he  is  usually  accorded.  In 
addition  to  the  news  of  the  world  iu  con- 
densed form,  the  country  weekly  covers  all 
local  doings  and  happenings,  and  as  such  is 
of  value  to  the  community  in  which  it  is  pub- 
lished.   Its  existeuci',  however,  is  dependent 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


HENRY   RUSSELL. 

upon  the  pioiiiotion  of  the  best  interests  of 
that  community,  and  it  acts  as  the  medium 
for  the  advocacy  of  every  enterprise  which 
promises  to  help  ujibuild.  Its  influence, 
therefore,  is  determined  by  the  quality  of  the 
man  who  conducts  it.  If  he  be  a  man  of 
brains  and  character,  clear  and  out-spoken  in 
his  utterances,  he  becomes  a  potent  force  in 
his  own  community,  and  his  influence  cannot 
be  lightly  estimated.  TTie  subject  of  this 
sketch  is  the  editor  and  publisher  of  "The 
Vidette,"  of  Spring  Valley,  Minn.,  one  of  the 
most  successful  weeklies  published  in  the 
North  Star  state.  Mr.  Eussell  is  a  native  of 
New  York  state,  and  was  born  at  Little  Val 
ley,  Cattaraugus  county,  November  19,  1857. 
His  father  died  when  he  was  only  two  years 
of  age.  His  mother,  whose  maiden  name  was 
Amanda  Shurtliff,  was  a  second  cousin  of  the 
well  known  surgeon,  Dr.  Frank  Hamilton,  of 
New  York.  She  was  directly  connected  with 
the  Adams  family,  whose  members  were  so 
intimately  associated  with  the  founding  of 
the  republic.  She  is  now  living  at  Money 
Creek,  Minn.  The  subject  of  our  sketch  re- 
ceived a  common  school  education.  In  1872 
he  came  west  and  settled  at  Rushford,  Minn., 


where  he  engaged  in  farming.  Later  he  be- 
came a  teacher  and  taught  in  the  public 
schools  of  the  North  Star  state  for  a  period 
of  twelve  years.  Afterwards  he  became  in- 
terested in  the  newspajjer  business,  and  has 
lieen  an  editor  of  country  papers  for  the  past 
nine  years.  In  181)!),  he  took  charge  of  the 
Sjii-ing  ^'alley  Vidette,  one  of  the  oldest  pa- 
pers in  Minnesota,  established  in  1867. 
I'nder  his  able  editorship  the  Vidette  has 
geratly  increased  its  circulation  and  become 
one  of  the  leading  and  influential  weeklies 
of  southern  Minnesota,  ilr.  Russell  has  al- 
ways aflflliated  with  the  Republican  party, 
and  has  jjerformed  valiant  senMce  in  its  in- 
terests as  an  editor.  He  is  an  earnest  advo- 
cate of  temperance  principles,  though  not  a 
prohibitionist  in  any  sense.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  Presbyterian  church.  In  1880,  he  was 
married  to  Miss  Mary  Van  Sickle.  Their 
union  has  been  blessed  with  seven  children: 
Ona  L.,  Pearl  E.,  Edna  M.,  Rollin,  Stanley 
A..  Harold  and  Bulah. 


RUSSELL,  John,  the  president  of  the 
First  National  Bank  of  Valley  City,  is  one 
of  the  earliest  i)ioueer  settlers  in  North  Da- 
kota, having  made  his  first  visit  there  in 
1878,  when  it  was  yet  a  jjart  of  the  Territory 
of  Dakota.  He  was  born  in  Genessee  county 
— in  that  portion  now  Wyoming  county — 
New  York,  Februars'  4,  1828.  This  was,  at 
one  time,  the  greatest  wheat  producing  re- 
gion in  the  United  States.  His  father's  name 
was  also  John  Russell.  He  was  a  farmer, 
and  then,  for  many  years,  a  merchant,  carry- 
ing on  a  country  general  store,  and  was  in 
fairly  good  financial  circumstances.  He  was 
a  native  of  Vermont,  where  his  ancestors 
lived  for  many  generations.  He  was  married 
to  Grasenia  Gillette,  who  was  the  mother  of 
the  subject  of  this  sketcli.  She  was  a  native 
of  Delaware  county,  N.  Y.  Young  John  was 
resired  in  western  New  York,  and  his  educa- 
tion and  training  were  obtained  in  the  com- 
mon schools  of  his  native  state.  They  were 
esteemed  good  schools  at  that  time,  but  they 
were  hardly  up  to  the  standard  now  requir- 
ed.    Like  most  young  men  of  that  era  who 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


did  not  stud.T  for  a  profession,  Mr.  Kussell 
turned  his  hand  to  whatever  he  could  find  to 
do,  and  g^i-adually  worked  into  the  banking 
business,  which  he  now  follows.  The  secret 
of  his  remarkable  success  may  be  expressed 
in  a  few  words:  honesty,  caution,  prudence 
and  strict  attention  to  business.  When  Mr. 
Russell  first  came  west  he  settled  in  Minne- 
sota, and  opened  up  a  good  farm  and  handled 
wheat.  He  went  to  ^'alley  City  to  look  over 
the  ground  in  1878,  and  moved  there  perma- 
nently in  March,  1880.  He  bought  land  and 
broke  it  up.  The  First  National  Bank  of 
Valley  City  was  organized  in  1881,  and  he 
was  one  of  the  first  stockholders.  In  1884  he 
was  elected  president  of  the  bank,  a  position 
which  he  has  since  continuously  held.  As 
the  institution  is  now  one  of  the  very  oldest 
in  the  state,  so  it  is  also  one  of  the  strongest 
It  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  its  success  is 
principally  due  to  Mr.  Russell,  whose  busi- 
ness sagacity  and  sterling  character  have  al- 
ways been  a  bulwark  of  strength  to  the  en- 
terprise. It  has  paid  an  annual  dividend  of 
ten  i)er  cent,  ever  since  he  has  been  presi- 
dent, and  Mr.  Russell  is  justly  proud  of  the 
success  of  the  institution.  He  has  also  been 
in  the  milling  business  since  1882,  being 
president  of  the  Russell  &  Miller  Milling 
Company.  He  was  living  in  Minnesota  at 
the  breaking  out  of  the  War  of  the  Rebellion. 
Although  he  has  always  been  a  Democrat  he 
tried  to  enlist  for  the  war,  but  was  rejected 
because  of  physical  disability,  on  his  exam- 
ination. Mr.  Russell  was  a  life  long  Demo- 
crat until  the  recent  political  upheaval  on 
the  financial  question.  He  was  a  delegate  to 
the  State  Democratic  convention  at  James- 
town. When  the  convention  endorsed  "free 
silver"  he  walked  out  of  the  hall,  and  has  not 
been  in  accord  with  his  party  since,  but  has 
been  a  strong  su])iiorter  of  President  McKin 
ley  and  the  financial  policy  of  the  Republican 
party.  He  was  elected  mayor  of  Valley  City 
and  served  two  years.  He  refused  to  accept 
the  office  again.  Governor  Church,  as  a 
Democrat,  appointed  Mr.  Russell  a  member 
of  the  Penitentiary  Hoard,  where  he  served 
two  years.  In  1831  he  was  married  in  New 
York  to  Jane  I'arker.     Tliev  had  three  chil- 


dren— ;Mrs.  Miller,  of  Minueaiiolis,  Herbert 
J.  Russell,  now  in  the  state  of  ^Vashington, 
and  Albert  Russell,  Mrs.  Russell  died  in 
18!K».  In  1891  he  was  married  to  Julia  B. 
Sarsfield,  a  lady  of  refinement  and  culture, 
and  an  active  church  worker  and  teach?i'  in 
the  Congregational  church  and  Sunday 
school.  Mr.  Russell  is  not  enrolled  as  a  mem- 
ber of  any  church,  but  is  a  liberal  contributor 
to  all  denominations. 


COTTON,  Joseph  Bell,  a  prominent  attor- 
ney of  Duluth,  Minn.,  is  a  native  of  the 
Hoosier  state.  He  was  born  on  a  farm  near 
Albion,  in  Noble  county,  Ind.,  January  6, 
18(iu.  His  father  was  Dr.  John  Cotton,  a 
native  of  Ohio,  and  a  graduate  of  Rush  Med- 
ical College,  Chicago.  His  mother  was  Eliza- 
beth J.  Riddle,  also  a  native  of  Ohio,  and  a 
daughter  of  Joseph  B.  Riddle,  a  prominent 
and  influential  citizen  of  Albion,  Ind.,  recent- 
ly deceased.  Mr.  Cotton's  father  has  been  de- 
ceased for  many  years.  On  the  paternal  side 
he  is  related  to  the  late  Rev.  Dr.  Phillips 
Bi-ooks,  long  the  distinguished  pastor  of 
Trinity  church,  Boston.  Up  to  his  sixteenth 
year,  Josejih  assisted  in  work  on  his  grand- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GKEAT  NORTHWEST. 


JOSEPH  B.   COTTON. 

father  Riddles  farms,  since  which  time  he 
has  depended  on  his  own  resources.  His 
early  education  was  received  in  the  district 
school,  going  from  there  to  the  high  school 
at  Albion.  He  then  attended  the  Michigan 
Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College,  at  Lan- 
sing, graduating  with  the  degree  of  B.  S.,  in 
the  class  of  188(i.  He  was  class  orator  in  both 
his  senior  and  junior  .years,  and  was  one  of 
the  eight  commencement  orators.  After 
graduation  he  was  offered  the  position  of 
tutor  in  mathematics  at  his  Alma  Mater, 
which  he  accepted.  He  held  this  position  for 
two  years,  in  the  meantime  reading  law  un- 
der the  direction  of  Hon.  Edwin  Willits,  then 
president  of  the  college  and  a  fonner  Michi- 
gan congressman,  and  assistant  secretary  of 
agriculture  in  ex-President  Harrison's  cabi- 
net. He  was  admitted  to  practice  before  the 
Michigan  supreme  court  on  June  13,  1888, 
and  in  September,  1888,  removed  to  Duluth, 
where  he  began  the  practice  of  his  profession. 
Having  interested  himself  in  politics,  he  did 
valiant  service  for  the  Kepublican  party,  and 
was  rewarded,  in  1892,  with  election  to  the 
lower  house  of  the  state  legislature.  He 
made  an  excellent  record  in  that  body,  serv- 


ing on  several  important  committees,  and 
succeeded  in  getting  through  a  measure  pro- 
viding for  a  third  judge  in  the  Eleventh  judi- 
cial district,  thus  achieving  what  had  been 
his  chief  incentive  in  entering  the  legislature. 
His  powers  of  oratory  were  also  brought  into 
full  play  by  an  eloquent  speech  i"e-nominat- 
ing  the  late  Cushman  K.  Davis  to  succeed 
liimself  in  the  United  States  senate.  In  1891 
^Ir.  Cotton  became  a  member  of  the  law  firm 
of  Cotton  &  Dibell,  which  soon  afterwards 
became  Cotton,  Dibell  &  Reynolds.  This 
firm  enjoyed  a  large  and  lucrative  practice 
and  finally  was  dissolved  by  Mr.  Cotton  ac- 
cei)ting  corporate  employment  and  Mr.  Dib- 
elTs  election  as  judge  of  the  district  court  at 
Duluth.  Since  1893,  Mr.  Cotton  has  sen-ed 
at  attorney  for  the  Duluth,  Missaba  &  North- 
ern Railway  Company,  and  the  Lake  Su- 
perior Consolidated  Iron  Mines.  For  the 
jiast  eight  years  his  practice  has  been  con- 
fined exclusively  to  corporation  law,  and  he 
has  been  connected  with  much  important  liti- 
gation, both  in  Minnesota  and  Wisconsin. 
He  is  prominent  in  Masonic  circles,  being  a 
thirty-second  degree  ^lason,  a  Knights  Tem- 
plar, a  member  of  the  Mystic  Shrine  and  a 
Knight  of  the  Red  Cross  of  Constantine.  He 
is  also  an  Elk  and  a  member  of  the  Phi  Delta 
Theta  college  fraternity.  Mr.  Cotton  married 
Miss  Louise  Hubbell,  of  Duluth,  January  4, 
1900,  and  they  have  a  daughter,  born  Febru- 
ary 15,  1901. 


O'DOKNELL,  John. — Despite  the  popu- 
lar notion  to  the  contrary,  the  essential  con 
ditions  for  individual  success  are  not  more 
unfavorable  today  than  they  were  a  genera- 
tion ago.  In  studying  the  lives  of  successful 
men  it  will  generally  be  found  that  the  con- 
ditions under  which  they  began  their  career 
were  just  as  unpromising  as  those  that  con- 
front the  young  man  of  today.  The  same  de- 
termination and  effort,  expended  with  the 
same  intelligence,  will  lead  to  success  now  as 
it  always  has  and  always  will.  Skill,  energy 
and  application  are  qualities  of  individual 
possession  that  can  never  be  held  under  sub- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


jection,  and  will  always  be  iu  demand  while 
there  is  work  to  be  aceoniplished,  wliether  in 
small  or  large  tasks.  A  good  illustration  of 
this  is  the  rerent  appointment  of  John  0"I)on 
nell,  of  Minneapolis,  as  Commissioner  of  La- 
bor for  the  state  of  Minnesota.  His  jnefer- 
ment  has  come  to  him  in  recognition  of  labor 
well  performed.  Jlr.  O'Donnell  was  born  in 
Lancashire,  England,  August  29,  18G2.  His 
fathei-,  John  O'Donnell,  came  to  this  country 
with  his  family  shortly  afterwards.  He  en- 
listed in  ('omi)any  F,  Fifty-eighth  Massachu- 
setts Infantry,  and  served  until  the  close  of 
the  war.  He  then  secured  work  as  a  spinner 
in  the  cotton  mills  of  Massachusetts,  and 
later  was  engaged  as  a  miller.  The  maiden 
name  of  the  mother  of  our  subject  was  Catli 
erine  Bohan.  John  began  working  in  the  cot 
ton  mills  at  the  early  age  of  ten  years.  His 
first  educational  training  was  received  in  the 
public  schools;  later  he  attended  the  night 
schools.  In  June,  1881,  he  came  west  and  se- 
lected Minneapolis  as  his  future  home.  He 
learned  the  plumber's  trade  and  worked  at 
that  line  of  occupation  for  quite  a  number  of 
years.  He  is  an  expert  craftsman  and  soon 
took  a  leading  position  among  his  fellow- 
workmen.  He  has  taken  an  active  interest 
in  all  matters  relating  to  labor  organization 
and  been  a  leader  iu  labor  circles.  He  has 
held  every  office  in  Plumbers'  Union,  No.  15, 
of  Minneapolis,  and  is  its  jiresident.  He  has 
also  served  as  president  of  the  Trades  and 
Labor  Council  of  Minneapolis  for  two  terms, 
and  was  elected  the  second  time  by  acclama- 
tion. In  July,  1890,  he  was  appointed  sani- 
tary inspector  in  the  Minneapolis  health  de- 
partment, and  held  this  position  until  his 
present  ai>pointment  by  Governor  Van  Hant 
in  January,  1901.  This  office  has  been 
brought  into  particular  prominence  by  ]\Ir. 
O'Donnell's  two  predecessors  in  office;  but 
the  record  they  have  made  is  not  likely  to 
overshadow  that  of  the  present  incumbent. 
Mr.  O'Donnell  is  an  intelligent,  progressive 
man,  aggressive  in  his  character,  and  prom- 
ises to  make  a  capable  and  efficient  labor  stat- 
istician. He  is  a  member  of  the  Modern 
Woodnu'n  of  America,  and  his  church  con 
nections  are  with  the  Catholic  body.     .Vjirii 


.JOHN  O-IKIXXELL. 


23,  1890,  he  was  married  to  Miss  Mary  Kouse. 
Five  children  have  been  born:  Mary,  John, 
Helen,  ratheiiiic  and  William. 


KELISUjS',  Samuel  Andrew. — Scandinavi- 
ans have  contributed  in  a  large  degree  to  the 
development  of  the  Northwest.  There  is  no 
bi-auch  of  industry,  occupation  or  profession 
where  men  of  this  race  are  not  conspicuous 
and  intiuential.  They  are  leaving  their  im- 
press wherever  they  settle.  Among  the  most 
jirominent  of  this  enterprising  race,  Samuel 
A.  Nelson,  of  Lanesboro,  must  be  placed  in 
the  front  rank  as  a  leader.  He  was  born  on 
Erickstad  farm,  Lyngdals  I'restegjeld,  Chris- 
tian.sands  stiff,  Norway,  January  0,  1851. 
His  father  was  I'eter  Nelson  Erickstad,  a 
tainicr  by  occujiation.  His  mother's  maiden 
name  was  Anna  Sampson  Aen,  fi-om  Vos, 
and  a  pious  woman.  His  father  was  of  strong 
character,  and  a  school  teachei'  and  leader  in 
chuich  work.  He  left  a  permanent  impres- 
sion upon  the  character  of  his  children,  as 
shown  by  the  work  and  iuHuence  of  Samuel 
in  business  and  church  alfairs.  Mr.  Nelson 
canii'  to  Ihis  ciiniitiy  when  Ihroe  months  old, 
and  received  his  early  education  in  the  par- 


HISTORY  OK  THE   GREAT  NOnTHWEST. 


SA.MI'KL  A.  XKI.SOX. 

ocliial  scbuol  at  W'iuiiesbeik  luimty,  Iowa, 
and  in  the  ijublic  schools.  He  then  entered 
the  Biyant  &  Stratton  Commercial  College  at 
(Chicago,  where  he  graduated  in  1870.  This 
training  was  supplemented  by  a  literary 
course  at  the  Marshall  Academy,  Wisconsin, 
lie  came  to  Minnesota  and  settled  first  on  a 
farm  at  Newberg,  Fillmore  county.  July  7, 
1872,  he  opened  a  general  store  at  Lanesboro, 
where  he  still  continues  the  business.  He 
prospered  from  the  start.  In  1882  he  associ- 
ated with  him  his  brother,  I'eter  A.  Nelson, 
under  the  firm  name  of  Xelson  Bros.,  in 
which  style  the  immense  business  is  still  car- 
ried on.  In  18!t5  they  opened  a  branch  store 
at  Slayton,  where  they  do  a  large  business. 
March  20,  1901,  they  opened  at  Lanesboro 
the  Farmers"  and  Merchants"  Bank,  a  private 
in.«1itution,  owned  by  Xelson  Brothers.  In 
politics  Mr.  Xelson  has  always  been  a  Repub- 
lican, but  has  been  too  busy  to  occupy  ottice, 
except  of  a  local  nature,  which  his  duty  as  a 
citizen  comijelled  him  to  accept.  He  has  been 
mayor  of  the  city,  and  a  member  of  the  coun- 
cil and  of  the  board  of  education.  He  has 
been  asked  to  run  for  the  legislature,  but  has 
not  pushed   for  it   because   of  his  exacting 


business.  He  served  on  Governor  dough's 
staff  with  the  rank  of  major  and  was  lately 
sui'ju-iscd  to  receive  an  a])jiointment  on 
(iovcrnor  N'an  Sanfs  start'  with  the  rank 
of  iiiajor — an  entirely  unsolicited  honor. 
In  religion  he  Iteloiigs  to  the  Tnited 
Lutheran  Church  of  AiiicT-ica,  and  is  very 
]ironiiiieHt  in  its  councils,  lie  is  now  serv- 
ing the  second  term  as  trustee  of  the 
general  body.  He  was  appointed  alone  as  a 
committee  to  bargain  for  the  ground  at  St. 
.Vnthony  Park  on  which  the  Xorwegian 
Lutheran  Church  Seminar^-  is  being  built, 
lie  is  also  active  in  Sunday  school  work,  and 
liejongs  to  the  Scandinavian  Old  Settlers' 
.\ssociation.  He  was  married,  January  1(>, 
1878,  to  Julia  Maria,  daughter  of  Jule  H.  and 
Sille  Skarie,  of  the  town  of  Carrolton.  They 
have  had  ten  children:  Philander  Julius, 
Alfred  S.,  Arthur  J.,  Christian  (1.,  Selma  A., 
Delia  G.  (deceased  October  11,  1889),  Samuel 
F.,  Luther  P.,  Ferdinand  G.  and  Charlotte 
Ruth  X'elson. 


ESTES,  William  R. — Estes  is  a  name  de- 
rived from  the  old  Austrian  and  French 
name,  "D'este,"  now  represented  by  the 
reigning  family  of  Austria,  and  to  which 
Queen  Victoria  also  was  related.  A  branch 
of  the  race  settled  in  North  Carolina  very 
early — date  not  exactly  known — where  Will- 
iam Estes,  the  father  of  William  R.,  was 
born.  In  1825  he  moved  to  Indiana,  to  a 
farm  near  Princeton,  where  William  R.  Estes 
was  born  March  4, 18.52.  The  mother's  maid^ 
en  name  was  Jane  King.  Tlie  family  moved 
to  Madelia,  Minn.,  in  1807,  and  the  father  en- 
gaged in  hardware  and  machinery  business, 
which  he  continued  until  about  1880,  when 
his  sons  Samuel  B.  and  William  R.  Estes, 
succeeded  him.  He  died  in  April,  1900. 
Young  William  R.  was  not  a  rugged  boy, 
therefore  his  schooling  was  intermittent. 
But  he  was  fond  of  reading,  and  so  studious 
that  he  made  considerable  progress  with  his 
education.  He  was  fifteen  years  old  when 
he  came  to  ^Minnesota,  and  the  pioneer 
schools  did  not  offer  the  very  best  facilities, 


IIISTOKY   (IK   TIIK   (JItEAT   XOItrH WEST. 


so  lit'  iitti'iidcd  tlic  ("oinnici-cial  ("olk'j^i'  of 
.Mr.  W.  A.  Fnddis.  at  St.  rani,  and  nv.xdn- 
ated  from  the  iiistitnlion  in  IsTli.  llr  lln-n 
(^n>;:i>ic<l  in  business  with  his  fallici-  :ind 
hnilhi-r.  From  ISSi'  until  1SS7  he  traveled 
for  coiiiinereial  houses  extensively,  and  in 
l.SS(i,  while  so  workiuf;.  was  elerted  to  the 
lej;;i.slatnre.  He  iutroduced  and  woi-ked 
thron}--!!  the  Ic'iislature  a  hill  to  test  the 
practicability  of  Imldin;^  farmers"  institutes. 
Mr.  Estes  was  i-e-elecied  in  isss,  and  hav- 
ing jiroved  the  ntilil.\  and  value  of  fanners' 
institutes  by  his  tirst  bill,  secured  the  jiass- 
i\>re  (if  a  law  makinji  such  institutes  a  ]>er 
nianent  jiolicy  of  ihe  slale.  This  law  is  that 
under  which  they  have  since  been  conducted. 
He  also  had  char};e  of  all  dairy  lejrislation 
durinjf  the  session— ii  very  iniiiortant  duty. 
In  1S!)()  he  was  ajijiointed  Fnited  States  con- 
sul at  Janiaica,  and  served  while  the  reci- 
procity treaties  weie  nejiotiated.  Secietary 
of  State  James  <i.  Itlaine  wrote  a  letter  liij^h- 
ly  conimendinj;'  his  work  in  this  connediiui 
to  Senator  .\llison,  chairman  of  the  commit- 
tee (Ui  a]i]iroiiriations,  February  4,  ISDl. 
This  was  printed  in  the  <"on<;ressional  Kec 
ord  of  February  ITtli,  jiajic  2S!M),  and  on  the 
streu};tli  of  this  letter  conjiress  voli'd  him  an 
increase  of  salary  of  .fl.ddd  i)er  annum.  A I 
his  own  reipu'st  Mr.  Estes  was  transferred 
to  Nureinburg.  (iermany.  Itefore  he  left  for 
his  new  jiost.  the  I'nited  States  consul  at 
Hamburg;  had  deserted  his  jiost  <ui  account 
of  the  cholera  iiievailinji  there.  I'resident 
Harrison  and  Secretary  of  State  Foster,  on 
consultation,  concluded  that  Mr.  Estes  was 
the  best  man  for  that  important  ]iosilion. 
Because  of  the  danjicr  lo  his  family,  ;ind  foi- 
other  reasons,  he  demurred.  Init  linally  ac 
cejited  and  served  until  he  was  relieved  by 
I'resident  Cleveland  in  July,  189:3.  Mr.  Estes 
has  always  been  a  Republican.  He  voted  to 
elect  Senator  Davis  in  ISST.  and  Senator 
Washburn  in  ISS!).  In  i-elijiion  he  has  attili 
ated  with  the  ]\Iethodis(  Episco]ial  chui-(  h. 
He  is  a  Jlason  and  has  held  several  oflices 
in  the  IJlue  I>odj:c,  and  is  a  meudier  of  Ihe 
St.  James  Chapter.  In  isitT  he  lion-;lit  the 
JIadelia  ilessenirer,  which  he  now  nianaffes. 
He  has  raised  the  subscrijition  list  from  liuO 


WILMAM    K.    KS'I'KS. 

to  l.l'dd.  He  was  married  November  lid, 
1S77.  to  Saiah  K.  Vounii.  dau;;hler  of  Kev. 
W.  Vounj;.  of  the  .M.  K.  Conference.  They 
ha\e  four  children:  Ko/.ella  A.,  now  Mrs. 
John  l!ini;liam.  born  February  2'2,  t879; 
X'era  M.,  born  .May  :!1,  ISSI  ;  Florence  A., 
boin  in  .Inly.  ISS:'..  and  Howard  C.  Estes, 
born  Februarv  d,  IS'.ll. 


XKI.SOX,  Kmil  .Ufred.— Tin-  librarian  of 
the  .Minnesota  Slale  Library,  .Mr.  K.  .\.  Nel- 
son, was  born  in  a  log  house  in  \'assa,  <i 1- 

hn>-  coiinly,  .Minn.,  .March  IS,  lS7d.  He  is  of 
Swedish  ]iarentaj;e.  His  father,  I'.  .M.  Nelson, 
was  a  farmer  and  cai-penler.  He  came  from 
Swi'den  and  settled  in  (ioodliue  i-ouuty, 
.Minn.,  in  IStiS.  His  \\ife  came  to  j<iiu  her 
husband  in  lS(ii».  Iloth  father  and  molher 
came  fi-om  lli>'  middli'  class  in  Sweden  an<l 
from  families  strong  and  hardy  which  in 
foiiner  times  lieljied  to  make  uji  the  xeoniau 
ry  of  wari-ing  kings.  Emil's  early  i-dination 
was  obtained  in  Ihe  <lisli-iit  s<-liool  of  Ciood 
hue  county.  He  says  that  his  strongest  im- 
])ression  in  earl.\  training  was  i-eceived  from 
his   lirst    teacher,    I'rof.  C.  W.    Foss,   who  U 


HISTORY  OF  TIIH  GRKAT  NORTHWEST. 


EMIL  A.  NELSON. 

now  the  acting  i)i'esident  of  Augustana  Col- 
lege, Rock  Island,  111.  Mr.  Nelson  worked  up 
the  most  of  his  collegiate  education  by  pri- 
vate study,  so  that  after  an  attendance  of 
only  nine  months  at  Augustana  College, 
Rock  Island,  he  graduated  in  a  full  collegiate 
course  from  that  institution  in  the  class  of 
1897.  In  the  meantime  he  taught  school  and 
has  now  to  his  credit  six  years  of  teaching 
experience.  For  four  years  he  taught  in 
country  schools,  then  for  two  years  was  prin- 
cipal of  the  graded  school  at  Hallock,  Kitt- 
son county,  Minn.  He  has  been  three  times 
elected  county  superintendent  of  schools  in 
Kittson  county.  In  the  fall  of  1889  he  be- 
came editor  and  proprietor  of  the  Hallock 
Weekly  News,  and  has  since  conducted  that 
paper.  In  January,  1901,  he  was  appointed 
state  librarian  by  Governor  Van  Sant — a  po- 
sition which  he  now  holds.  Mr.  Nelson  has 
always  been  an  active,  stalwart  Republican, 
taking  a  prominent  part  in  political  cam- 
paigns. He  has  been  firm  in  principles  under 
adverse  circumstances  and  maintained  them 
in  his  paper  when  the  Farmers'  Alliance  of 
Kittson  county  declared  a  boycott  on  it.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  State  Editorial  Associa- 
tion and  of  the  Northwestern  Editorial  As- 


sociation, being  also  secretary  of  the  latter. 
He  is  likewise  a  member  of  the  State  Educa- 
tional Association,  and  was  president  of  the 
("dunty  Sui)erint('ndents'  Section  of  that  or- 
ganization for  one  session.  In  religion  Mr. 
Nelson  belongs  to  the  Swedish  Lutheran 
church.  He  was  married  in  December,  189S, 
to  JlissFlorenceDure — a  bright  young  teach- 
er of  Hallock,  Kittson  countw  Minn. 


SMITH,  A.  M.,  was  born  on  the  4tli  of 
February,  1S41,  near  the  town  of  Kolding, 
Denmark.  His  family,  as  shown  by  official 
records,  has  been  of  unmixed  Danish  blood 
foi-  several  hundred  years  past.  His  ances- 
tors have  all  been  soldiers  in  the  Danish 
army,  and  sailors  in  the  Danish  navy  and 
merchant  marine.  His  grandfather  was  a 
lieutenant  in  the  Danish  battalion  of  heavy, 
artillery  which  accompanied  Napoleon  in  his 
famous  Russian  campaign.  A.  M.  Smith, 
early  in  life,  followed  the  sea.  After  making 
several  voyages  to  South  America,  he  joined 
the  United  States  navy  in  Brazil,  sailing  in 
the  S.  S.  Mai'y  Comet  on  the  Paraguian  ex- 
jiedition.  He  was  discharged  from  the  navy 
on  the  return  of  the  expedition  to  the  United 
States,  and,  after  experiencing  many  trials 
and  hardships,  found  himself  at  the  outbreak- 
ing of  the  Civil  War  at  Galveston,  Texas.  He 
immediately  made  his  way  North,  and  on  the 
22nd  of  April,  1801,  he  was  one  of  the  first 
volunteers  to  enlist  on  the  books  of  the  fii'st 
company  mustered  in  the  state  of  Indiana. 
This  was  originally  a  three  months'  service, 
but  it  was  mustered  into  the  Tliirteenth  Regi-. 
ment  of  the  Indiana  Volunteers  for  the  dura- 
lion  of  the  war  and  was  in  over  twenty  en- 
gagements in  Virginia.  In  October,  1802,  be- 
ing severely  wounded,  he  was  honorably  dis- 
charged from  the  army,  and  in  1803  again  en- 
listed in  the  United  States  navy,  shipping  on 
the  gunboat  Conestoga,  and  afterwards  be- 
ing transferred  to  Gunboat  No.  13,  Fort 
Hineman,  of  the  Mississippi  flotilla,  and  was 
at  the  surrender  of  Vicksburg,  and  took  part 
in  the  Red  river  expedition.  At  the  attack 
on  Fort  De  Russey,  he  was  mentioned  for 
bravery  by  Captain  Pierce,  and  was  shortly 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


jifter  severely  wounded,  and  in  July,  1864, 
honorably  discharged  from  the  United  States 
navy.  He  went  to  ("aliforuia,  and  shortly 
after  his  arrival  there  enlisted  in  the  Second 
("aliforuia  ^'olnnteers,  whose  entire  term  of 
service  was  spent  in  fighting  the  Indians.  In 
1^06  his  regiment  was  mustered  out  of  serv- 
ice. Shortly  after  this  Jlr.  Smith  became  en- 
gaged in  the  construction  of  the  Central  l*a- 
ciflc  Railroad  fi-om  Cisco  to  Elko,  Nevada. 
After  this  he  started  in  business  in  Salt  Lake 
City,  but  was  forced  by  Brigham  Young  to 
h  ave  on  account  of  his  strong  and  out-spoken 
anti-Mormon  sentiments.  He  then  removed 
to  Philadelphia,  remaining  there  until  ISf^t!, 
when,  realizing  the  opportunities  of  the 
Northwest,  he  transferred  his  business  and 
family  to  Minneapolis.  While  in  Philadel 
phia  he  wrote  and  published  a  "History  of 
the  United  States  Mint,"  "History  of  the 
United  States  Coins,"  "A  History  of  Colonial 
Coins,"  and  also  edited  and  published  the 
"Coin  Collector's  Guide  and  Illustrated  Mag- 
azine," and  an  autobiography,  entitled  "The 
Luck  of  a  Wandering  Dane,"'  and  finally  end- 
ed his  literary  labors  by  writing  and  publish- 
ing the  "Encyclopedia  of  Cold  and  Silver 
Coins  of  the  World,"  which  is  still  a  standard 
work  on  the  subject,  although  sixteen  years 
old,  and  in  fact  is  the  only  work  on  the  sub- 
ject, published,  which  so  thoroughly  and  ex- 
haustively covers  the  ground.  Mr.  Smith 
spent  seven  years  and  many  thousands  of  dol- 
lars in  preparation  of  this  work  in  collecting 
the  original  of  every  gold  and  silver  coin. 
While  in  Utah,  Mr.  Smith  married  a  Miss 
Elberg,  a  young  lady  whose  parents  lived  a 
short  distance  from  his  home  in  Denmark. 
He  has  two  sons,  the  eldest  of  whom.  Wash 
ington  Smith,  is  married  and  has  been  en- 
gaged in  the  practice  of  law  in  this  city  for 
some  time,  while  his  younger  son,  Arthur 
Mason  Smith,  is  still  pursuing  his  studies. 
Mr.  Smith  is  a  member  of  the  Ancient  Ordei- 
of  United  Workmen,  of  the  Grand  Ainiy  of 
Ihe  Reitublic,  of  the  Ancient  Free  and  Ac- 
ccj)1ed  Masons,  Royal  Arch  Masons  and  the 
Knights  Templar.  He  is  also  a  life  member 
of  the  Numismatic  Society.  Mr.  Smith  is  a 
large  property   holder   in   this   city,    having 


A.  M.  sMrrri. 

great  faith  in  its  future  developments.  He 
has  one  of  the  largest  general  and  ornitholog- 
ical libraries  in  the  Northwest.  His  coin  col- 
lection is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  United 
States.  He  is  a  great  traveler,  having  wisitcd 
every  country  of  the  world,  and  generally 
spends  from  three  to  six  months  of  each  year 
in  visiting  old  scenes  and  new.  His  principal 
business  is  that  of  a  dealer  in  ('alifornia 
wines,  which  he  conducts  at  249  Hennepin 
avenue.  Mr.  Smith  is  very  widely  known  on 
account  of  his  anticpiarian  proclivities,  as  he 
has  the  largest  individual  collection  of  an- 
li(]uities,  Indian  curios,  ancient  weapons  and 
tapestries  in  the  Northwest,  to  which  he  is 
continually  adding.  His  archaeological  col- 
lection is  esTXM-ially  tine. 


QTTIST,  Peter  P.,  of  Winthrop,  Minn.,  is 
a  ly])ical  representative  of  that  class  of  for- 
eign born  citizens  who  form  such  a  large  pro- 
portion of  the  po])ula(ion  of  llie  Northwest, 
and  who  have  contributed  so  much  to  its  up- 
building— the  Scandinavians.  He  was  born 
in  Rinkaby,  Sweden,  Aug.  18,  1S54.  His  fa- 
ther was  Peter  N.  Quist,  who  for  twenty-six 
years  served   in   a   cavali-y   i-ogiment  in   the 


HISTORY  OF  THE  CURAT  XOHTHWIOST. 


Swcflisli  ariii.v.  He  ciuionited  to  this  couii- 
tr\'  ill  1805,  localiuji  in  Nicollet  county, 
-Miini.,  where  he  settled  on  a  homestead. 
There  were  seven  sons  in  the  (^uist  family, 
Peter  P.  being  next  to  the  youngest.  The 
father  died  in  IS'Jl,  aged  eighty  years;  the 
mother  in  181)8,  aged  eighty-five  years. 

Peter  1*.  received  his  education  in  the 
IMihiic  schools  in  St.  Peter  and  St.  Ausgari 
Academy,  East  Union,  Minn.  He  left  his  fa 
ther's  farm  when  he  reached  his  twenty-first 
year  and  learned  the  hardware  and  farm  ma- 
chinery business.  In  1882  he  located  at  the 
then  new  town  of  Winthro}).  Sibley  county, 
and  opened  a  hardware  and  farm  machinery 
store,  associating  with  himself  his  brother, 
John  1'.,  and  C.  J.  Larson,  afterwards  state 
senator,  under  the  Hi-m  name  of  P.  P.  Quist 
&  Co.  The\-  enjoved  a  very  prosperous  busi- 
ness for  eighteen  years,  when  Mr.  Quist  sold 
out  his  interest  to  his  partner.  Senator  Lar- 
son. 

.Mr.  (^uist  has  always  taken  an  active  in- 
terest in  public  aflairs.  He  is  director  in  the 
State  Pank  at  Winthrop,  and  also  in  the 
Scandinavian  Kelief  Association  of  Red 
^^■ing.  He  was  apjwinted  postmaster  of  Win- 
throp   by    President   Garfield    in    188:jl,    and 


served  in  that  position  for  ten  years.  Was 
one  of  the  incorporatois  of  the  Sibley  ("ouuty 
Telephone  Company,  and  served  as  its  treas- 
urer for  years.  Is  i)resident  of  the  \\'inthrop 
IJonnl  of  Trade,  member  of  the  board  of  edu- 
cation and  served  as  its  treasurer  for  si.\ 
years. 

He  is  a  Rei)ublican  and  an  active  worker 
in  the  party  interest;  has  served  as  member 
of  the  Sibley  County  Rejmblican  Committee 
fill-  several  years  and  also  on  the  State  Cen- 
tral Committee.  He  is  a  member  and  incor- 
jioratoi-  of  the  Swedish  Lutheran  church  of 
\\iiithroi>  and  served  as  its  treasurer  for  sev- 
eral years.  Was  appointed  state  weigluiias- 
ter  at  Minneapolis  by  the  Railroad  and  Ware- 
lionse  Commissioners  March  1.3,  IIIOI.  which 
jKisition  he  now  occupies. 

February  5,  1881,  he  was  married  to  iliss 
Emma  M.  Falk,  of  Red  Wing,  Minn.,  a  teach 
er  in  the  public  schools.  Six  children  have 
been  liorn  to  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Quist:  Ida,  Hugo, 
Chester,  ISIauritz,  Walter  and  Lvdia. 


ROBPINS.  Andrew  P.,  Surveyor  General 
of  Logs  and  Lumber  for  the  Second  District 
of  the  State  of  Minnesota,  was  born  at  Phil- 
lilts,  Me..  ^\.pril  27,  1845.  His  father,  Daniel 
Robbins,  was  a  leading  business  man  of  the 
town,  operating  a  flouring  mill,  a  tannery, 
and  a  lumber  business.  He  was  a  man  of 
considerable  means.  In  1855  he  came  to 
Minnesota  and  settled  at  Anoka,  where  he 
was  compelled  to  put  his  family  into  the  loft 
of  a  log  house — the  only  building  iivailable — 
on  the  bank  of  Rum  river.  He  had  a  wife 
and  six  children  who  were  crowded  under 
the  eaves  of  the  primitive  structure.  He 
established  the  first  steam  saw  mill  at  Anoka. 
It  was  operated  at  a  time  when  men  with 
teams  camped  on  the  grounds  to  wait  their 
turn  to  secure  lumber  as  fast  as  it  came  from 
the  saw.  Besides  thus  supplying  lumber 
from  the  mill,  in  which  he  invested  his 
means,  he  loaned  money  to  nii^i  engaging  in 
new  enterprises  in  the  town.  He  was  of  early 
New  England  ancestry.  The  maiden  name 
of  Andrew's  mother  was  Mary  R.  Shaw,  a 
direct   descendant   of  John   Holland,  one  of 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GRIOAT  NORTHWEST. 


tho  omisrants  from  England  on  tlic  ilayttow 
er.  As  a  f;irl  she  walked  several  miles  from 
home  to  attend  distrirt  scliool.  Slie  was  a 
woman  <if  most  exalted  charaiter.  I'nder  ail 
conditions — some  ]ieruliarly  Irving — she 
was  ne\-ei-  ]iei-tni-bed.  Diiriiii;  liei-  whole  life 
no  word  of  eomiilaint  or  exjiression  of  ill 
humor  was  heard  from  her  lips  by  her  cliih 
dren.  The  {diilosoph,\  of  life  which  she 
taii.iilit  I  hem  was,  "Don't  worry."  and  she  ex 
emplitied  this  mofto  in  her  own  life.  Her 
ancestors,  as  well  as  those  of  her  husl)and, 
were  prominent  in  Colonial  days  and  si-rxcd 
in  the  War  of  the  Revolution,  holding  com- 
missions in  the  Continental  army  when  in- 
dependence was  secured.  Andrew's  first 
schooling  was  obtained  in  the  villa^ic  of  his 
birth.  He  was  ten  years  of  aj;e  when  he 
came  with  his  parents  to  Anoka,  and  there  he 
attended  tlie  school  of  the  new  town.  When 
fifteen  years  old  he  was  sent  to  a  private 
academy,  conducted  by  a  most  able  and  suc- 
cessful teacher,  who  secured  sj)lendid  results 
in  the  advancement  of  his  pui)ils.  He  at- 
tended this  institution  for  two  years.  Then 
the  wave  of  patriotism  swept  over  this  conn- 
try  at  the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil  War.  In 
September,  I8fi2,  although  only  seventeen 
years  of  age,  he  enlisted  in  Coni[Kiny  A. 
Eighth  Regiment  of  Minnesota  Volunteers. 
This  ended  his  academic  education.  Owing 
to  Indian  troubles  the  regiment  was  detained 
in  the  state,  and  in  IStM  formed  part  of  flu 
force  of  General  Sully's  famous  exjiedition 
against  the  Indians.  This  service,  though 
sometimes  belittled  because  of  the  common 
contempt  foi-  Indians,  involved,  accoiding  to 
the  rejiort  of  (ieneral  Sully,  ■"llie  greatest 
hardshi])s  of  any  expedition  he  ever  com 
nianded.""  Tlu'  troo{)s  marched  for  whole 
days  withoni  water,  when  the  temjierature 
was  at  110  degrees.  Tlie  supi)ly  of  water, 
when  found,  was  obtained  frequently  only  in 
pools  and  buffalo  wallows,  and  it  was  stag- 
nant, and  rank  with  alkali.  When  at  the 
border  of  the  "Bad  Lands,''  where  the  In- 
dians were  overtaken,  attacked  and  defeattnl, 
it  was  discovered  that  by  some  ei-ror  in  mak- 
ing up  the  amount  of  supplies,  the  command 
was  short  of  raticms.     This,  with  the  other 


AMiKi;w  i;.  umuiiNS. 

condilions,  made  the  camjiaign  Ihe  trying  one 
which  (ieneral  Sully  reports.  .Mr.  Kobbins 
then  went  with  an  expedition  to  relieve  the 
comnuind  of  CM])tain  l-'isk,  who  was  •Bcort- 
ing  to  safety  a  jiarly  of  emigrants.  Having 
lost  heavily  by  the  attacks  of  the  Indians, 
lh(y  wcie  comijelled  to  pack  their  wagons 
and  to  llnow  n]i  entrenchments.  When  this 
command  was  rescued  and  taken  to  Fort 
Rice,  on  the  Missouri  river — during  which 
time  Mr.  Robbins  was  commissary  sergeant — 
the  regiment  was  sent  South,  and  formed  a 
jiart  of  (ieneral  Schofiehrs  corjis,  the  Twen- 
ty-third. They  iiaificiiiated  in  the  second 
battle  of  .Murfreeshm-o.  l»nring  this  bailie 
they  could  hear  the  cannon  engaged  with 
Hood's  army  in  liiealtack  on  Nashville,  lie 
was  also  in  the  batth^  of  Franklin,  further 
south.  .\l  Ihis  time  .Mr.  Kobbins  was  at- 
tached to  the  stall  (it  (ieneral  \'an  Cleve. 
After  II I's  defeat,  the  icgimcnl  was  order- 
ed III  \\  ashingtdu.  and  it  encamped  on  .\r- 
linglon  Heights.  Fi-oui  there  thi'  regiment 
was  .sent  by  trans|)orl  to  Xewbern,  .X.  C..  and 
then  UKirched  to  Raleigh,  in  the  same  state,  to 
form  a  jnnclion  with  Sherman's  army.  Mr, 
Robbins  in  North  Carolina  served  as  quarter- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


master  sergeant  attaclied  to  division  head- 
quarters. Upon  the  junction  with  Sherman, 
the  war  ended,  and  Mr.  Kobbins  was  muster 
ed  out.  Upon  his  return  from  his  three 
years"  service  he  accepted  the  first  chance  for 
woriv,  which  was  night  service  in  a  saw  mill. 
He  left  this  to  take  a  clerkship  at  8t.  An- 
thony, ill  the  lirst  depot  of  the  St.  Paul  & 
I'acitic  Railway,  on  the  bank  of  the  river,  just 
above  the  falls.  When  the  depot  was  moved 
to  the  west  side  of  the  river,  to  \Yashing-ton 
avenue,  he  was  chief  accountant,  ticket 
agent,  and  telegraph  operator.  He  did  all 
the  work  connected  with  these  positions  at 
that  time.  When  the  road  was  extended  to 
\Mllmar,  Minn.,  he  was  appointed  agent  at 
that  point,  and  also  formed  a  partnership  in 
the  lumber  business  with  John  Paulson  and 
A.  E.  Rice,  and  operated  a  grain  elevator  at 
the  same  time.  After  two  years  the  interests 
of  Mr.  Paulson  and  Mr.  Rice  were  bought 
out,  and  a  new  partnership  was  formed  with 
Mr.  Rice,  who  was  then  a  member  of  the  state 
senate.  In  18TG  Mr.  Robbins  succeeded  Mr. 
Rice  in  the  senate.  The  grasshopper  scourge 
then  came  on.  Mr.  Robbins  drew  up  the  first 
seed  grain  law  to  relieve  the  sufferers.  To 
insure  its  success,  he  canvassed  the  senate 
and  secured  the  necessary  support,  and  then 
had  the  bill  introduced  into  the  lower  house 
by  AVilliam  Crooks.  During  the  grasshop- 
per InA'asion  Mr.  Robbins  devised  the  sheet 
iron  "hopperdoser,'"  and,  having  tested  it  on 
the  prairie  near  his  home  at  Willmar,  he 
wrote  a  description  of  it  for  the  Pioneer 
Press.  It  became  immensely  popular,  and  it 
is  yet  used  wherever  the  grasshopper  pest  is 
known. 

Mr.  Robbins  has  been  an  ardent  Repub- 
lican ever  since  Hon.  Galusha  A.  Grow 
stumped  the  Northwest.  He  was  selected  by 
a  committee  to  present  the  name  of  Senator 
Windom  as  the  choice  of  the  Republicans  to 
succeed  himself,  and  he  received  from  Mr. 
^Vindam  a  letter  of  thanks  for  the  manner  in 
V  hich  the  service  was  performed.  While  liv- 
ing at  Willmar,  Jlr.  Robbins  established  the 
Bank  of  Willmar,  now  one  of  the  leading 
banks  of  the  state,  ^^■llen  the  Northwestern 
P^Icvator   ("omiiaiiv    was   organized,    he   was 


made  general  manager,  and  held  the  position 
for  fourteen  years.  He  was  afterwards,  for 
four  years,  general  manager  of  the  Minnesota 
iV:  l>akota  Elevator  Company.  In  1S!».")  lie 
was  eh'cted  to  the  legislature  from  Hennepin 
( ounty.  and  served  as  chairman  of  the  com- 
iiiittee  on  appropriations.  He  now  holds  the 
I'osition  of  surveyor  general,  as  mentioned. 
In  religion,  Mr.  Robbins  is  a  member  of  the 
( 'oiigregational  church.  He  is  a  Mason  of  the 
thirty-second  degree,  Scottish  Rite,  and  a 
member  of  the  Ancient  Order  of  United 
Workmen.  In  18C0  he  was  married  to  Ade- 
laide J.  Walker,  the  sister  of  T.  B.  Walker, 
and  a  niece  of  Judge  Barlow,  of  Xenia,  Ohio, 
where  she  was  born.  They  have  five  chil- 
dren: Edith  Robbins,  the  principal  of  the 
high  .school  at  Madelia,  Minn.;  Amy  and  Ade- 
laide, attending  the  University  of  Minnesota; 
Ruth  and  Esther  Robbins. 


GRANT,  Donald.— The  Northwest  owes 
much  to  the  man  who  introduced  the  rail- 
road— the  forerunner  of  civilization — into 
what  was,  less  than  a  half  century  ago, 
nothing  but  a  wilderness.  To  them  may  be 
attributed  in  large  measure  the  development 
that  has  taken  place,  a  development  so  rapid 
that  it  has  surpassed  the  wildest  dreams  of 
those  who  laid  the  foundations  for  its  future 
greatness.  These  men  belonged  to  a  sturdy 
and  aggressive  type,  and  one  which  is  fast 
passing  away,  men  who  risked  much  that 
posterity  might  reap  the  advantage  of  the 
work  they  accomplished.  A  man  deserving 
of  much  credit  in  that  connection  is  Donald 
Grant,  of  Faribault,  Minn.  Mr.  (irant  has 
been  in  the  business  of  railroad  building 
since  1865,  and  has  constructed  parts  of  the 
Iowa  &  Minnesota  road,  the  Hastings  &  Da- 
kota, the  Minneapolis  &  St.  Louis,  the  Great 
Northern,  the  Northern  Pacific,  the  Duluth 
&  Winnipeg,  the  Southern  Minnesota,  the 
Wisconsin  Central,  the  Canadian  Pacific,  the 
Mesaba  road,  the  Winona  &  Southwestern, 
and  the  St.  I'aul  &  Duluth.  He  is  a  Canadian 
by  birth,  and  was  born  December  20,  1837, 
in  Glengarry  county,  Ont.    His  father,  Alex- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


ander  Grant,  was  for  thirty  years  sheriff  of 
that  county.  His  mother  was  Catherine  Cam 
eron,  a  native  of  Scotland.  Both  fatlier  and 
mother  were  Highbinders,  the  ancestoi-s  on 
both  sides  liaving  come  from  that  sturdy  raic 
of  peojile.  Donald  earned  his  first  dollar 
working  for  seventy-five  cents  a  day  on  an 
Ohio  farm,  where  he  had  gone  as  a  young 
man  in  search  of  his  fortune.  After  having 
accumulated  several  hundred  dollars  by  the 
exercise  of  strict  economy  he  returned  to  his 
Canadian  home,  only  to  find  that  the  money 
was  worthless — the  issue  of  "wild  cat"  banks. 
Mr.  Grant  secured  his  first  contract  on  th( 
Minnesota  Ontral,  now  the  Iowa  &,  Minne 
sota  division  of  the  Milwaukee  road.  It  was. 
however,  only  a  small  one  to  supply  ties. 
Later  he  was  engaged  in  track  laying  on  tlic 
same  road  from  Faribault  to  the  Iowa  bound 
ary.  His  career  for  the  first  fifteen  years 
was  one  of  varying  success.  Since  that  time, 
however,  all  his  business  ventures  have  been 
attended  with  remarkable  success.  Mr. 
Grant  enjoys  the  distinction  of  having  laid 
more  miles  of  track  in  one  day  than  was  ever 
built  by  any  other  road  builder  in  the  coun- 
try. In  the  construction  of  the  Great  North 
ern  from  Minot  to  Helena,  in  1887,  he  laid  in 
one  day  ten  and  one-half  miles  of  track,  and 
on  several  occasions  laid  over  eight  miles  a 
day  the  same  season.  The  principal  of  econ- 
omy and  thrift  which  Mr.  Grant  adopted  at 
the  outset,  together  with  his  great  business 
sagacity,  has  enabled  him  to  accumulate  a 
large  fortune.  He  is  interested  in  a  number 
of  manufacturing  enterprises,  and  is  directoi- 
in  three  banks.  He  is  also  principal  stock- 
holder in  the  well  known  Orinoco  Company, 
which  secured  a  valuable  concession  from  the 
Venezuelan  govei'nment  some  years  ago,  and 
is  largely  interested  in  the  Kio  Verde  Canal 
Company  of  Arizona.  Mr.  (Jrant  enjoys  an 
enviable  I'eputation  as  a  man  of  integrity, 
and  has  the  confidence  of  business  men  in  a 
large  degree.  He  is  a  Republican  in  politics, 
but  has  never  sought  political  preferment. 
He  was,  however,  induced  to  accept  the  office 
of  mayor  of  Faribault,  and  served  for  two 
terms,  in  1892  and  18!»;5,  being  indorsed  by 
both  Democrats  and  Kepublicans.     Dec.  25, 


iMi.NALl)  (;i;.\.\T. 

1S(J0,  he  was  married  to  Mary  Cameron,  to 
whom  has  been  born  six  daughters  and  one 
son:  Samuel,  Ellen,  Katherine,  Isabella, 
Emma,  Mary  and  Margaret  Jane. 


MERRILL,  Galen  Allan.— No  duty  of  the 
state  is  more  imperative  than  that  of  taking 
care  of  the  weak  and  helpless.  This  service 
may  well  be  regarded  as  a  distinguishing 
characteristic  of  a  Christian  community,  for 
in  no  other  system  of  religion  is  this  humane 
duty  made  obligatory,  or  even  prominent. 
So  general  is  the  recognition  of  the  necessity 
of  this  work  of  caring  for  the  unfortunate 
and  helpless  that  a  trained  class  of  educated 
men  has  arisen  who  are  experts  in  the  special 
field,  and  whose  services  are  indispensable 
to  the  well-being  of  these  wards  of  the  state. 
One  of  the  pioneers  in  this  noble  work  in  the 
state  of  Minnesota  is  Galen  A.  Merrill,  the 
superintendent  of  the  State  Tublic  School  for 
Dependent  Children  at  Owatonna.  He  organ- 
ized and  opened  the  institution  in  188G  under 
tlie  law  passed  by  the  legislature  of  1885,  and 
he  has  maiuiged  it  under  the  direction  of  the 
Board  of  Control  since  tliat  time.  During 
this  period  it  has  received  and  provided  for 
two  thousand  two  hundred  children.     Mr. 


niSTORV  OF  THE  GUKAT  NORTIIWEST. 


CALIO.N   A.    MKKUILL. 

Merrill  was  bom  in  Kalamuzoo  couuty,  Mich., 
December  28,  185!).  His  father  was  George 
Phelps  Merrill,  a  Connecticut  farmer  who 
caine  to  Michigan  early  in  manhood  and  set- 
tled on  a  farm  in  Kalamazoo  county.  His 
wife's  maiden  name  was  Sabra  Wallace.  She 
was  a  native  of  New  York.  (Jalen,  having 
passed  through  the  ])ublic  schools  of  his 
native  state,  took  up  a  course  of  private 
study,  and  i)ursued  that  of  medicine  for  two 
years,  after  which  he  accepted  a  position  in 
the  public  schools  of  Ludington,  Mich.,  where 
he  taught  for  two  years.  He  was  then  ap- 
pointed assistant  superintendent  of  the  Mich- 
igan State  Public  School  for  Dependent  Chil- 
dren, established  at  Coldwater.  After  serv- 
ing in  this  capacity  for  two  years,  he  was 
made  the  state  agent  of  the  institution.  It 
was  his  duty  to  visit  the  children  who  had 
Ixen  i)laced  out  in  families,  and  to  supervise 
these  wards  in  their  new  homes.  Having 
served  two  years  in  this  work,  and  having 
thus  become  tlntroughly  familiar  with  all 
branches  of  the  service,  he  was  called  to  Min- 
nesota, to  put  into  ()]icrMlion  a  similar  insti- 
tution at  Owatonna.  \\  iicrc  lie  still  continues. 
V>\  reason  of  liis  i-ccogiiij'.cd  abilitv  and  ex- 


perience, he  was  made  president  of  the  State 
Conference  of  Cliarities  and  Corrections,  in 
1S!)S.  At  the  National  Conferenre  of  Chari- 
lics  and  Corrections,  which  met  at  Topeka. 
Kan.,  in  May,  1!)0(),  Mr.  Merrill  was  made 
chairman  of  the  Committee  on  the  Care  of 
Destitute  and  Neglected  Children.  In  poli- 
tics he  is  a  Keitublicaii.  In  religion  he  is  a 
member  of  the  Methodist  Episcoi)al  church, 
and  in  188(5  was  elected  by  the  Jlinnesota 
( 'onference  as  a  delegate  to  the  (ieneral  Con- 
feren<'(^ — the  governing  body  of  tlie  church 
-  -which  held  its  session  at  Cleveland,  Ohio. 
He  is  also  a  member  of  the  Royal  Arcanum 
fraternity.  October  0,  1880,  he  was  married 
to  Estella  Ogden.  They  have  two  children: 
.Mand,  born  April  30,  1888,  and  Paul  O.  Mer- 
rill, born  June  20,  1801. 


BLACK,  John  D.,  of  Valley  City,  N.  D., 
comes  naturally  enough  by  his  noted  mili- 
tary record,  of  being  wounded  in  battle  three 
times  and  of  winning  three  brevets  for  gal- 
lantry and  meritorious  services.  He  is  of 
Scotch-Irish  and  Pennsylvania  extraction  on 
his  fathei^'s  side,  and  of  the  so-called  "fight- 
ing"' Quaker  stock  on  his  mother's.  His  fa- 
ther was  William  Black,  a  merchant  who 
retired  from  business  in  1840,  and  died  in 
18fi9.  John's  mother's  maiden  name  was 
Plue-be  Jones,  springing  from  the  same  fam- 
ily that  gave  to  the  world  John  Paul  Jones, 
the  famous  naval  commander  of  the  Revolu- 
tionary War,  who  carried  such  terror  to  the 
British  hy  his  achievements  on  the  very 
shores  of  Britain.  Her  people  were  engaged 
in  the  Revolutionary  and  Indian  Wars  in  the 
settlement  of  western  Pennsylvania,  and 
wei'e  driven  from  home  to  take  refuge  in  Fort 
Duquesne,  three  different  times.  Mr.  Black 
was  born  at  Meadville,  Pa.,  July  19,  1841. 
His  early  education  was  obtained  in  the  com- 
mon school  until  he  was  thirteen  years  of 
age,  whc^n  he  entered  Allegheny  College  at 
Meadville,  which  he  attended  for  four  years, 
1854  to  1858.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Alle- 
gheny Literary  Society.  ^\'hen  he  left  col- 
lege he  learned  the  tinner's  trade.  This  sub- 
se(|nenllv  easilv  led  into  the  hardware  busi- 


JOHN   D.    BLACK. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GRI5AT  NORTHWEST. 


ness,  in  which  he  engaged  for  seA'eral  .years. 
From  an  early  age  lie  took  an  interest  in  pub- 
lic affairs.  In  18G0  he  caiTied  a  "Wide 
Awake"  torch  in  the  Lincoln  campaign.  On 
the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil  War,  at  the 
earliest  o])portunity, — April  15,  18G1, — Mr. 
Black  enlisted  as  a  private  in  the  Erie  Zou- 
aves, a  three  months'  organization.  It  will 
be  remembered  that  Beauregard  did  not  fire 
on  Fort  Sumter  until  April  12,  1861.  This 
shows  the  impetuous  patriotism  of  Mr.  Black. 
He  was  mustered  in  as  third  lieutenant. 
April  23,  and  served  the  full  three  months, 
being  mustered  out  Julj'  23,  18G1,  with  his 
regiment.  He  re-entered  the  service  July  2. 
1862.  as  fii-st  lieutenant  of  Company  E,  145th 
Regiment  of  Penn-sylvania  Volunteer  Infant 
ry.  December  13,  1862,  he  was  appointed 
adjutant  of  his  regiment.  On  December  2, 
1864,  for  "gallant  services  at  the  battle  of 
Reams'  Station,"  he  was  appointed  a  captain 
of  volunteers  by  brevet,  and  "for  conspicuous 
bravery  and  valuable  services  and  for  meri- 
torious conduct,  a  major  of  volunteers  by 
brevet  to  rank  as  such  from  the  9th  day  of 
April,  1865."  Major  Black  served  in  the 
First  division  of  the  Second  Corps  of  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac,  participating  in  all 
battles  fought  by  that  noted  organization, 
until  the  close  of  the  war  and  the  return  of 
the  coi-ps  to  Washington,  where,  instead  of 
being  mustered  out  with  his  regiment,  he 
was  retained  by  special  order  as  aide  to  Gen- 
eral Nelson  A.  Miles,  and  went  with  him  to 
Fortress  Monroe,  where  the  general  assumed 
the  charge  of  Jefferson  Davis,  Clement  C. 
Clay,  and  other  prisoners.  Mr.  Black  has 
interesting  reminiscences  of  those  stirring 
days.  He  served  as  acting  assistant  adjutant 
general  on  the  staff  of  General  John  R. 
Brooks;  as  aide-de-camp  on  tlie  staff  of  Gen- 
eral Francis  C.  Barlow,  as  well  as  on  the 
staff  of  General  Miles,  who  finally  assumed 
command  of  the  division.  He  retained  Major 
Black  after  the  war  was  over,  and  after  the 
regiment  to  which  he  belonged  had  been  mus- 
tered out,  as  before  mentioned.  There  could 
scarcely  be  greater  compliment  paid  to  a  sol- 
dier's efficiency.  Major  Black  was  wounded 
through  the  chest  and  left  arm  at  Chancel- 


lorville,  thi-ongh  the  left  lung  and  chest  at 
Gettysburg,  and  in  right  side  and  chest  at 
Weldon  railroad.  He  was  mustered  out  by 
special  order  October  30,  1865.  After  his  dis- 
charge Major  Black  engaged  in  the  hai-dware 
business  at  Union  City,  Pa..  In  186()  he  was 
made  postmaster  of  the  city,  and  held  the 
office  until  he  resigned  in  1871.  In  1867  he 
was  also  appointed  an  agent,  and,  later,  as- 
sistant superintendent  of  schools  of  the 
Freednian's  bureau  in  North  Carolina,  re- 
maining there  until  the  spring  of  186!>,  when 
he  was  married,  March  9,  1869,  to  Selenda 
G.  Wood,  of  Buffalo,  N.  Y. — the  youngest 
daughter  of  Dr.  Eri  ^^'ood — and  moved  to 
Mount  Vernon,  III.,  to  engage  again  in  the 
hardware  business.  In  1S76  he  moved  to 
Battle  Ci'eek,  Mich.,  and  later  to  Union  City, 
in  the  same  state,  finally,  in  1880,  settling  in 
the  Territory  of  Dakota.  Here  he  engaged  in 
farming  until  1888,  when  he  was  elected  reg- 
ister of  deeds  of  Barnes  county.  He  held  the 
office  by  continued  re-elections  for  six  years, 
in  the  meantime  opening  up  a  set  of  abstract 
books.  He  then  took  out  a  certificate  as  ab- 
stracter, and  has  continued  that  business  at 
Valley  City.  Major  Black,  being  always  in- 
terested in  military  affairs,  joined  the  Na- 
tional Guard  of  the  Territory  of  Dakota,  in 
1885,  as  captain  of  Company  F  and  later  be- 
came quartermaster  of  the  First  Regiment, 
North  Dakota  National  Guard.  He  served 
also  as  aide-de-camp  on  the  staff  of  Governor 
Shortredge  and  on  that  of  Governor  Briggs. 
When  the  Sjjanish  War  came  on,  he  took  an 
active  part  in  organizing  and  fitting  out  the 
First  Regiment,  North  Dakota  Volunteers, 
a  two-battalion  regiment  in  which  Major 
Black  sent  out  his  only  son  and  child.  Nelson 
Miles  Black,  as  captain  and  assistant  sur- 
geon. Soon  after.  Major  Black  himself  was 
commissioned  by  the  Ignited  States  as  chief 
commissary  of  subsistence,  with  the  rank  of 
major,  and  ordered  to  report  to  his  old  com- 
mander. General  Nelson  A.  Miles.  He  kind- 
ly ordered  the  major  to  report  to  aiTuy  head- 
quarters for  assignment  to  duty  on  his  staff 
as  acting  assistant  quartermaster.  He  ac- 
(•omi)anicd  the  general  to  Santiago,  Cuba, 
and  after  the  surrender  of  the  Spanish  gen- 


IILSTOUY  OF  THE  GRKAT   XOKTIIWEST. 


eral,  Toro,  to  Poilo  Kico.  That  his  services 
were  effect i\('  and  apiireciated,  is  shown  by 
General  Miles,  who  in  his  official  report  rec- 
ommended Major  IJlack  for  brevet  lieutenant 
colonel  "for  distinguished  and  valuable  serv 
ices  as  commissary  of  subsistence  durinji 
the  campaign  in  Porto  Kico."  This  nuide  tlic 
third  brevet  earned  by  him,  and  referred  to 
above.  His  son,  Cajjtain  Nelson  M.  lilack, 
followed  closely  in  the  footsteps  of  his  gal 
hint  father,  for  he  distinguished  himself  in 
the  I'hilippines,  earning  a  recommendation 
for  brevet,  as  shown  by  the  following  extract 
from  an  official  letter: 

Head(jnaiters  First   Division, 

Eiglitli  Army  Corps, 
Manila,  P.  I.,  December  18,  180'J. 
Captain  N.  M.  Black, 

Asst.  Surgeon  U.  S.  A. 
Dear  Sir: 

I  have  the  honor  to  inform  you  that  the 
Dinsion  Commander,  Major  General  Henry 
W.  Lawton,  U.  S.  Volunteers,  in  his  final  re- 
port   of   an    expedition    to    the    jiroviuce    of 
Cavite,  Luzon,  P.   I.,  .lune  10  to  l2l!,   ISflO, 
dated  October  !),  18i)!t.  reconuiicnded  yon  for 
brevet  major.  Ignited  States  army.     *     *     * 
\'ery  respectfully, 
CLAKENCE  R.  EDWARDS, 
Lieut.  Col.  47tli  Inft.,  U.  S.  Y.,  Actg.  A.sst. 
Adjt.  Gen. 

Colonel  Black,  as  he  is  fairly  entitled  to 
be  called,  has  been  prominent  in  Grand 
Army  of  the  Republic  circles.  He  is  past 
commander  of  his  post  and  past  commander 
of  the  Department  of  North  Dakota.  In  the 
Loyal  Legion  he  is  past  junior  vice  command- 
er of  the  Department  of  Minnesota.  He  has 
always  been  a  Republican,  taking  an  active 
part  in  county,  state  and  national  politics, 
serving  twice  as  chairman  of  the  county  cen- 
tral committee,  and  on  the  executive  com- 
mittee of  the  state  central  committee.  In 
Masonry  he  is  Past  Master,  I'ast  High  Priest, 
Past  Commander,  and  Past  Eminent  Grand 
Commandei-,  Knights  Templar,  and  member 
of  A,  A,  O.  N.  M.  S.  and  O.  E.  Star. 


WII. 1,1AM    II.    .TOIINSdN. 

JOHNSON,  A\illiaiii  11.,  is  in  the  Indian 
school  service,  a  department  of  education 
and  of  the  United  States  government  service 
which  may  fairly  be  called  a  profession  by 
itself  because  the  duties  of  a  teacher  of  In- 
dian schools  arc  so  nmltifarions  and  jiecul 
iar.  Mr.  Johnson  was  born  at  Janesville, 
^Vis..  October  22, 18(51.  His  father,  still  living, 
is  a  farmer  by  occupation  and  now  lives  in 
southern  Kansas,  where  he  owns  and  operates 
a  stock  farm  of  three  hundred  and  twenty 
acres,  and  is  in  good  financial  circumstances. 
He  served  in  the  Civil  \\'ar  for  four  years 
and  three  months,  as  a  member  of  the  Third 
\\'isconsin  Cavalry.  When  he  entered  the 
service  his  young  son  was  only  one  mouth 
old.  His  mother's  maiden  name  was  Mary 
Baker.  She  died  in  lsc.."i.  Young  William 
was  educated  in  the  pnlilic  schools  of  Kan- 
sas, finishing  in  the  Slate  Cniversify  at  Law- 
ivnce.  He  also  tool;  a  special  course  in  elo- 
cution at  Kansas  City.  Mo.,  to  iirejiare  for 
IHihlic  readings,  of  which  he  afterwards  gave 
only  a  few.  He  feels  a  pride  in  the  fact  that 
lie  obtained  his  education  through  his  own 
efforts,  witliout  tinancia!  aid  from  any  one. 
as  he  had  deteiiiiined  on  this  course  when 


HISTOUY  OF  THK  GKKAT  NORTHWEST. 


MIt.S.    W.    H.    jmiNSDN. 

only  sixteen  years  old.  He  worked  his  way 
tlu-ouyli  tbe  hiffli  school  until  he  was  eom- 
petent  to  teaeh.  He  began  the  work  of  teaeli- 
iug  in  Kansas  in  18S4,  and  alternated  his 
teaching-  by  attending  school  until  he  passed 
a  United  States  civil  service  examination. 
In  1891  he  received  a  commission  to  teach 
in  the  Indian  school  service.  His  first  work 
under  this  authority  was  teaching  in  the 
Cheyenne  Indian  Srliool.  at  llie  Cheyenne 
and  Arrappaho  Agency.  Oklahoma.  He  was 
soon  promoted  to  i)rincipal  teacher  of  this 
establishment.  After  filling  this  position  for 
two  years,  the  ('omniissioner  of  Indian  Af- 
fairs promoted  him  to  the  position  of  super- 
intendent of  the  resen-ation  school  at  Qua- 
paw  Agency,  Indian  Territory.  After  two 
years'  service  in  this  capacity  he  was  pro- 
moted to  be  superintendent  of  the  Non-Res- 
ervation school  at  Morris,  Minn.,  which  po- 
sition he  has  held  since  1S!)7.  Each  promo- 
tion carried  with  it  certain  better  privileges 
and  higher  emoluments,  the  last  involving 
large  responsibilities.  A  brief  outline  of  the 
important  work  done  by  Mr.  Johnson  and  his 
wife — wlio  shares  in  the  administration  to  a 
certain  extent — will  show  .><oniething  of  the 


icsponsibilities.  He  was  authorized  to  pur 
chase  ground  and  start  a  school.  There  was 
an  old  school  with  no  pupils  on  the  ground 
bought.  Under  his  direction  three  brick 
buildings  were  erected  and  ecjuipped  with  all 
modern  appliances,  including  electric  lights, 
water  works,  and  telephone.  One  building  is 
for  a  boys'  home,  another  for  a  girls'  home, 
and  the  other  a  school  house  proper.  But 
there  were  no  children  to  occupy  these  build- 
ings. These  have  now  been  collected  from 
the  AVhite  Earth  Reservation  and  Mille  Lacs 
Lake,  Minnesota;  Sisseton  Agency,  South 
Dakota,  and  from  the  vicinity  of  Neche, 
North  Dakota.  This  has  been  done  at  gov- 
ernment expense.  The  children  range  from 
ti\e  to  eighteen  years  of  age,  and  are  of  both 
sexes.  Mr.  Johnson  has  had  also  a  commis- 
sary building,  valued  at  $5,000,  erected  by 
the  Indian  boys,  pupils  of  the  school,  under, 
the  direction  of  the  school  carjjenter.  A 
quarter  section  of  land  has  also  been  added 
to  the  original  purchase  of  eighty  acres.  Tbe 
capacity  of  the  school  is  about  one  hundred 
and  fifty  pupils.  Tbe  attendance  has  increas- 
ed from  seventy-eight  in  1897  to  one  hundred 
and  tifty-four  in  1901.  Mr.  Johnson  affiliates 
with  the  Methodist  church,  and  although  not 
a  jiolitician,  he  usually  votes  the  Republican 
ticket.  He  was  married  in  1887  at  Winfield, 
Kan.,  to  Miss  Emma  Zette  Kinsey,  the  daugh- 
ter of  Daniel  Kinsey,  now  a  merchant  at 
Oklahoma,  in  good  financial  circumstances. 
He  served  three  years  and  three  months  with 
the  Thirty-fifth  Illinois  Volunteer  Infantry  in 
the  Civil  War.  He  moved  to  Kansas  in  1872, 
where  his  daughter  was  married  to  Mr.  John- 
son. She  entered  the  Indian  service  as  ma- 
tron after  passing  a  civil  service  examina- 
tion, and  was  assigned  to  duty  in  1896  at  the 
Quapaw  Indian  School.  In  1897  she  was 
transferred  with  her  husband  to  Morris, 
Jlinn.,  and  is  the  matron  of  the  girls'  depart- 
ment of  the  industrial  school,  where  her 
energ;\'  and  fidelity  to  duty  is  a  prominent 
factor  in  training  Indian  girls  in  the  line  of 
domestic  duties.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Johnson  have 
had  four  children,  one  of  whom,  Freddie, 
died  in  infancy.  The  others  are:  Mary, 
Frank,  and  Neuwaukis. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  (JUEAT  NORTHWEST. 


KOSMERL,  Francis  Seraph.— Tlie  pastor 
of  the  St.  AnthoDV  of  Padua  German  Cath 
olie  parish,  Duluth,  Minn.,  Key.  Francis  S. 
Kosmerl,  is  a  native  of  Austria,  liaviu};'  been 
born  July  22,  ISC-l,  at  Asslinj^',  Upper  Car 
niola.  His  father,  Johannes  N.  Kosmerl, 
was  a  tanner  by  occupation,  and  was  a  well- 
to-do  connuoner.  In  his  later  years  ho  <fave 
up  his  trade,  and  took  up  the  niininfi'  busi- 
ness. His  wife  was  JIaria  Theresa  Kristan. 
Her  parents  were  in  easy  tinamial  circinn- 
stances  and  the  family  belonjied  to  thi-  com 
moner  or  burgher  class.  Quite  a  number  of 
his  father's  relatives  held  prominent  posi- 
tions in  the  community,  as  i)riests  and  bur<io 
masters.  At  the  present  time -an  uncle  of  the 
subject  of  this  sketch  is  burjiomaster  of  his 
father's  native  town.  Francis  8.  Kosmerl 
obtained  his  early  education  at  the  city 
school  at  home,  and  at  Krainburj^,  preparing 
in  the  latter  place  for  a  military  course  in  tlie 
Real  (iymnasium.  He  then  entered  the  State 
fTvmnasium  at  Laibach  Carniola,  Austria, 
and  then  finished  a  classical  course.  Coming 
to  Minnesota  in  Sejjtember,  188;i,  he  entered 
St.  John's  University  to  complete  his  studies, 
but  more  particularly  to  learn  the  English 
language.  He  finally  entered  the  St.  Thomas 
Theological  Seminary  at  St.  Paul,  and  took 
a  six  years"  course  in  l'hilosoi)hy  and  The- 
ology. November  15,  18!)0,  he  was  ordained 
as  the  first  jji-iest  for  the  newly  organized 
Roman  Catholic  Diocese  of  Duluth,  by  Rt. 
Rev.  Rishop  James  McGolrick,  in  St.  Thomas 
Seminary.  He  was  then  immediately  ap- 
pointed as  assistant  pastor  of  the  Cathedral 
in  Duluth.  He  served  in  this  capacity  until 
he  was  selected  and  appointed  by  his  bishop 
to  establisli  a  much-needed  and  new  congre- 
gation for  the  Geniians  of  Duluth.  It  was 
no  easy  task,  but  by  laboring  almost  by  day 
and  night,  he  succeeded  in  sixty  days  in 
organizing  the  St.  Anthony  of  Padua  par- 
ish, and  in  acquiring  one  of  the  now  most 
beautiful  church  locations — since  greatly  im- 
proved— on  the  corner  of  Third  avenue  and 
Second  street  east.  On  the  4th  of  March, 
1891,  he  was  apjiointed  pastor  of  the  new, 
now  a  leading  and  prosperous,  congregation, 
the  position  which  he  still  successfully  fills. 


He  is  a  regular  member  of  the  St.  Josepli 
Renevolent  Society,  and  for  many  years  was 
its  president.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the 
(icrman  Roman  Catholic  Aid  Assoq^tion. 
At  the  convention  held  at  Sleepy  Eye,  Minn., 
in  18!)!),  he  was  made  vice  president  of  the 
organization.  In  politics  he  was  a  Democrat 
until  1!>0();  since  then  he  has  inclined  towards 
the  Republican  party.  His  tine  scholarship, 
genial  manners  and  close  attention  to  his 
onerous  duties  have  placed  him  in  high  esti- 
mation in  the  whole  community. 


SCHULZ,  Carl  (!.— The  assistant  superin- 
tendent of  public  instruction  of  the  state  of 
Minnesota,  ("arl  (t.  Schulz,  was  born  in  Nicol- 
let county,  town  of  New  Sweden,  Minn.,  in 
18(i7.  His  father,  a  farmer  by  occupation, 
came  to  Minnesota  from  Sweden,  his  native 
country,  in  1SG5,  and  settled  on  a  fann  in 
Nicollet  county.  Carl's  early  education  was 
obtained  in  the  district  schools  of  the  county. 
He  then  attended  the  Gustavus  Adol])lius 
College  at  St.  Peter  for  four  years,  preiiaring 
for  a  higher  cducalioii,  after  which  he  enter- 
ed  Auguslana  College  at   Rock  Island,   111., 


HISTORY  OF  THE  OHKAT   XOUTHWEST, 


CAUL  G.   SCHULZ. 

and  graduated  in  the  class  of  1S88.  He  chose 
the  profession  of  teacher,  and  first  taught  in 
the  district  schools.  After  several  years  of 
this  work  he  was  appointed  principal  of  the 
schools  at  Winthrop,  Minn.,  where  he  served 
for  one  year.  In  January,  1890,  he  was  ap- 
pointed superintendent  of  schools  of  Nicollet 
county,  Minn.,  to  succeed  Judge  Gresham. 
He  there  showed  such  capacity  and  efficiency 
that  he  was  continued  in  the  position  at  the 
first  election  following,  and  he  was  repeated- 
ly re-elected  at  every  election,  until  he  was 
appointed  to  his  present  position  of  assistant 
superintendent  of  public  instruction,  in  Jan- 
uary, I'JOl.  In  politics  Mr.  Schulz  has  al- 
ways been  an  active,  unswerving  Republican, 
taking  an  active  part  in  public  affairs.  In 
religion  he  belongs  to  the  English  Lutheran 
chui-ch.  July  1,  1893,  he  was  married  to 
Emma  J.  Carlson,  of  St.  Peter.  They  have 
one  daughter,  Marion,  born  in  1896. 


SPOONER,  Lewis  C,  was  bom  March  7, 
1850,  in  a  genuine  log  house,  near  Spring- 
ville,  Erie  county,  N.  Y.,  in  which  his  parents 
continued  to  live  until  he  was  four  years  old. 
His  father,  Carlton  Spooner,  is  still  living  at 


Springv'ille.  He  was  bom  July  18,  1S18,  at 
Nunda,  Livingston  county,  X.  V.  His  father 
was  Ebenezer  Spooner,  who  left  New  Bed- 
ford. Mass.,  the  original  American  home  of 
the  family,  and  went  first  to  Poultney,  Vt., 
where  he  died  when  his  son  Carlton  was 
([uite  young.  His  widow,  with  her  son  Carl- 
ton and  two  sisters,  removed  to  Erie  county, 
X.  Y.,  where  Carlton  Spooner  has  since  lived. 
He  was  married  to  Phoebe  Shippy,  the 
(laughter  of  Hezekiah  Shippy,  of  Erie  coun- 
ty. Carlton  Spooner,  the  father  of  Lewis, 
was  a  farmer  and  owned  and  operated  a  saw 
mill  near  Springville.  liy  one  of  the  fre- 
ijuent  freshets  in  that  hilly  country  he  lost 
his  mill  property,  and  became  a  poor  man — 
a  condition  from  which  he  never  recovered. 
After  his  disaster  his  son,  Lewis,  then  twelve 
years  old,  and  who  had  previously  attended 
intermittently  a  district  school  a  few  months 
a  year,  hired  out  to  work.  His  first  job,  at 
twelve  and  a  half  cents  a  day,  was  that  of 
driving  a  horse  to  a  mixing  mill  in  a  brick 
yard.  From  that  time  he  never  had  a  dollar 
that  he  himself  did  not  earn.  Later,  he  work- 
ed on  a  farm  at  Concord,  at  six  dollars  a 
month,  and  in  winter  went  to  the  common 
school.  When  thirteen  years  old  he  worked 
in  a  saw  mill  for  thirteen  dollars  per  month 
until  winter,  when  he  again  went  to  school. 
The  next  year  he  was  occupied  in  a  similar 
manner,  going  to  school  in  winter.  So  he 
worked  along,  sometimes  in  a  saw  mill,  some- 
times in  a  wood  working  shop,  and  some- 
times in  a  cheese  box  factory,  going  to 
school  winters,  until  competent  to  teach  a 
district  school.  When  seventeen  years  .  old  . 
he  secured  a  school  about  a  mile  from  Hol- 
land, Erie  county,  N.  Y.,  and  rejoiced  at 
receiving  twenty  dollars  per  month  and 
board — "boarding  round."  The  next  fall, 
18G8,  he  attended  a  "select'"  school,  and  the 
following  winter  taught  the  Patchen  or  Bos- 
ton Center  village  school,  at  fifty  dollars  per 
month.  ITie  next  spring  he  attended  the 
Griffiths  Institute  at  Springville,  and  in  the 
succeeding  fall  opened  a  select  school  at 
Holland.  Such  was  his  success  that  he  was 
engaged  to  teach  the  large  school  at  Kerr's 
Corners,  at  sixty  dollars  per  month.    He  was 


LEWIS   C.    SPOONER. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


then  made  priiu-ipal  of  the  Union  School,  at 
E\ans,  N.  Y.,  where  he  was  first  conipelled 
to  teach  Latin.  It  kept  him  busy  to  Iceep 
ahead  of  the  Latin  and  Algebra  classes  and 
to  keep  up  the  confidence  of  the  pupils  that 
he  knew  his  business.  In  the  fall  of  1870  In- 
taught  a  select  school  at  Morton's  Corners. 
He  subsequently  taught  at  Springville,  and 
in  the  Union  School  at  Hamburg,  N.  Y.,  from 
which  he  resigned  to  come  West,  where,  in 
November,  1875,  he  accepted  the  position  of 
principal  of  the  public  school  at  Litchfield, 
Minn.,  and  held  that  situation  until  the 
spring  of  1877.  In  the  meantime  he  had 
been  studying  law.  He  was  examined  before 
Judge  John  H.  Brown,  of  the  Twelfth  judi- 
cial district  of  INIinnesota,  father  of  Judge 
C.  L.  Brown,  of  the  supreme  court  of  the 
state,  and  was  admitted  to  practice  in  April, 
1876,  after  what  the  judge  pronounced  to  be 
the  best  examination  ever  passed  before  him. 
He  commenced  practice  at  Litchfield  after  the 
close  of  his  school,  in  1877.  His  success  was 
immediate  and  noticeable,  embracing  all 
branches  of  his  profession.  In  1881  he  re- 
moved to  Morris.  He  was  in  active  general 
practice  until  1S85.  In  criminal  law  he  de- 
fended men  charged  with  all  grades  of  mis- 
demeanors and  crimes,  from  assault  to  mur- 
der. What  is  perhaps  remarkable,  no  client 
that  he  ever  defended  for  any  crime  was  ever 
sentenced  to  imprisonment,  and  no  client 
that  he  ever  defended  was,  after  acquittal, 
ever  again  nmde  the  defendant  in  a  criminal 
prosecution.  In  1885  he  removed  to  Minne- 
apolis, temporarily,  and  then  went  to  Chi- 
cago, where  he  was  for  ten  years  general 
counsel  for  three  veiy  large  cor-porations. 
He  returned  to  Morris  in  March,  1896,  where 
he  now  lives.  Mr.  Spooner  has  probably  the 
largest  law  practice  in  western  Minnesota, 
and  so  uniformly  successful  is  he,  because  of 
his  cautious  habit  of  making  such  thorough 
prepaiation  for  his  cases,  that  none  of  his 
fellow  advocates  relish  hanng  him  for  an 
opponent.  Although  he  had  only  $13.67 
when  he  landed  in  the  state,  he  is  now  the 
owner  and  operating  farmer  of  nearly  thirty 
farms  in  Stevens  and  adjoining  counties,  and 


besides  he  is  chief  owner  of  the  town  site  of 
('hokio,  sixteen  miles  west  of  Moi-ris,  and  the 
pos.sessor  of  twenty-five  residences  and  stores 
in  Morris,  thus  demonstrating  a  high  order 
of  business  capacity,  as  well  as  sui)erior  leg-al 
talent.  Xo  citizen  of  the  community  has  ex- 
jicndcd  mor('  money  and  time,  nor  done  more 
in  building  uj)  and  improving  the  village  of 
Morris  than  he.  Through  his  influence  large- 
ly. President  J.  J.  Hill,  of  the  Great  Xorth- 
ern  Railway,  gave  the  village  its  public  jiark 
and  also  sold  to  it  at  a  greatly  reduced  in-'n-e 
the  old  depot  for  an  armory  and  to  the  Vil- 
lage Improvement  Committee  the  strip  of 
right  of  way  known  as  the  Harris  Addition, 
from  which  the  village  derived  a  splendid 
sum  for  public  improvements.  Having  faith 
in  the  future  of  Morris  at  all  times,  he  has 
erected  business  blocks  even  before  there 
seemed  a  demand  for  them,  that  no  enter- 
prise should  be  turned  away  for  lack  of  a 
building.  Although  a  very  heavy  tax  payer, 
no  public  improvement  has  been  opposed  by 
Mr.  Spooner;  in  truth  he  has  encouraged 
some  of  these  when  others  hesitated.  He  is 
too  busy  and  too  independent  to  be  a  poli- 
tician, and  has  no  political  record.  The  only 
club  of  which  he  was  ever  a  member  is  the 
Commercial  Club  of  Minneajtolis;  the  only 
secret  society,  the  Knights  of  Pythias,  No. 
108,  of  Morris.  Mr.  Spooner  has  for  more 
than  a  quarter  of  a  century  furnished  a  home 
for  his  parents,  and  he  has  assisted  in  very 
material  ways  others  of  his  relatives;  nor 
does  his  charity  end,  as  it  began,  at  home, 
for  many  are  the  widows'  and  other  humble 
homes  that  have  been  gladdened  by  unorder- 
ed supplies  of  flour,  gi'oceries  or  fuel  that  the 
thankful  recipients  have  tracked  back  to 
him,  for  he  tells  not  of  these  things,  and  very 
possibly,  basking  in  their  obscurity,  he  would 
repudiate  them  altogether.  One  of  the  prin- 
cipal traits  in  the  character  of  Mr.  Spooner 
is  the  faculty  of  immediate  decision.  He  has 
no  time  for  the  phrase  "will  see  you  later." 
This  characteristic  is  prominent  both  in  his 
legal  and  financial  transactions.  The  schem- 
er who  is  looking  for  some  way  to  evade  the 
payment  of  a  just  debt  gets  no  sympathy; 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


nor  the  guilty  who  would  escape  tlie  conse- 
quences of  his  crime.  I'eojile  who  have  h)nf; 
known  ^fr.  Spooner  look  upon  his  counsel 
and  advice  in  the  nature  of  a  judgment  on 
the  whole  matter.  lie  is  emidiatically  a 
thinker  and  a  doer,  and  a  man  amonj;  men. 


LE\'ISTON,  Irwen,  the  superintendent 
of  the  St.  I'aul  puljlic  schools,  was  born  at 
Bradford,  N.  H.,  Jlarch  T.O,  1S.5S.  His  pater- 
nal ancestors  were  of  Scotch-Iri.sh  extraction 
and  enii<irated  to  ('ana(hi  in  an  early  day, 
where  his  father,  \Mlliani  Le\iston,  was 
born,  but  came  to  the  United  States  aiid  en- 
}j:aged  in  mannfacturinK,  being  nearly  his 
whole  life  a  member  of  the  well  known  New 
Hampshire  finn  of  Leviston  Bros.  As  senior 
member  of  this  firm  he  had  a  large  acipiaint- 
ance  among  the  business  men  of  Boston.  Ir- 
wen's  mother,  Orianna  Sjialding,  sprang 
from  the  original  Spalding  family  which  first 
settled  Braintree,  Mass.  After  obtaining  a 
common  school  education  in  the  district 
schools  of  New  Hampshire,  Irwen  Leviston 
entered  the  Kimball  Union  Academy,  at 
Meriden,  N.  H.,  to  i)repare  for  college.  He 
graduated  from  that  institution  in  1877,  and 
entered  Dartmouth  College  the  next  year. 
He  graduated  in  the  chiss  of  1882  with  hon- 
ors, taking  the  prize  for  the  greatest  general 
improvement  during  the  college  course.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Delta  Kajipa  Epsilon 
college  fraternity.  .Vfter  graduating  he  was 
associated  witli  his  father  in  manufacturing 
and  business  pursuit.s,  especially  from  188;3 
to  1885,  but  spent  a  considerable  i)ortion  of 
1882  and  1S8.S  in  travel.  In  1885  he  accepted 
a  positiiui  as  teacher  of  sciences  in  the  Coun- 
cil Bluffs,  Iowa,  high  school,  where  he  re- 
mained one  year,  and  then  accepted  a  similar 
position  in  the  Omaha,  Neb.,  liigh  school, 
until  1889,  when  he  was  made  assistant  prin- 
cipal of  the  same  school.  After  serving  in 
this  capacity  until  181)0,  he  was  so  success- 
ful that  he  was  elected  principal  of  the  high 
school,  which  had  grown  to  nearly  1, :'>()()  pu- 
pils. In  1899,  owing  to  his  father's  death  in 
New  Hampshire,  he  was  compelled  to  leave 
his    position    for    the    purpose    of    settling 


IltWEN  LHV1ST(.).\. 

the  estate.  He  then  .spent  nearly  two  years 
in  this  business  and  in  travel.  In  August, 
1900,  he  was  elected  to  his  present  position 
of  superintendent  of  public  schools  oi  the 
city  of  St.  Paul,  Minn.,  which  he  now  so  ac- 
cei)tably  fills.  Mr.  Leviston,  in  politics,  is  a 
Kepublican  on  national  questions,  but,  be- 
cause of  his  occupation,  has  never  taken  an 
active  part  in  politics.  In  1885  he  was  mar- 
ried to  Nellie  E.  Currier,  of  EIntield,  N.  H. 
They  have  two  children — Alice,  born  1897, 
and  Kobert,  born  1890. 


GATES,  Joseph  A.— The  president  of  the 
village  of  Keuyon,  Minn.,  Joseph  A.  (jates, 
is  a  native  of  ISIinne.sota.  He  was  born  Sep- 
tember 11,  187(»,  at  Oronoco,  Olmsted  county. 
His  father  is  a  well-to-do  farmer  in  the  coun- 
ty, now  retired  on  his  means,  and  living  at 
Rochester,  Minn.  The  maiden  name  of  Jos- 
eph's mother  was  Jane  AYaldron.  She  is  a 
New  York  farmer's  daughter.  Joseph  A. 
(Jates  obtained  his  early  education  in  the 
common  schools  and  his  academic  training 
was  received  in  the  Rochester  high  school, 
from  which  he  graduated  in  1892.     He  grad- 


IIISTOUY  OF  Tin:   CHEAT  XOIJTIIWEST. 


JOSEPH  A.  GATES. 

uateil  fioiu  the  Medical  Department  of  the 
T'uiversity  of  Minnesota  in  1805.  He  was 
president  of  the  chiss,  and  during  the  school 
year  of  1893-4  and  1S94-5  he  served  as  as- 
sistant to  the  professor  of  chemistry  in  the 
institution.  After  graduating  in  June,  1895, 
he  settled  at  Kenron,  and  began  practice. 
His  success  was  immediate,  and  he  has  con- 
tinued there  since  he  began,  identifying  hi  ni- 
sei f  with  every  interest  of  the  community. 
In  1898  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
board  of  education,  and  in  the  two  following 
years  he  was  elected  clerk  of  the  board.  In 
1898  he  also  formed  a  ]mrtnership  with  A. 
J.  Eocknex,  and  A.  C.  Knudson,  under  the 
style  of  Gates,  Eocknex  &  Comijany,  and 
bought  the  Keuyon  Leader,  of  which  Dr. 
Gates  has  since  been  the  editor.  The  same 
year  he  was  elected  a  director  of  the  Citizens' 
State  Bank  of  Kenyon.  a  position  which  he 
still  holds.  In  the  spring  of  1901  he  built 
the  local  telephone  exchange  in  Kenyon,  and 
is  its  owner  and  proprietor.  He  has  always 
been  a  Eepublican  in  politics,  and  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Third  District  Eepublican  Con- 
gressional Committee.  In  1900  he  was  elect- 
ed president  of  the  village.  In  religion  he 
affiliates  with  the  Methodist  church.    He  also 


takes  an  active  interest  in  fraternity  afifairs. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Blue  Lodge,  Eoyal 
Arch  Chapter,  and  Commandeiy  of  the  :Ma- 
sonic  order,  having  also  been  \Vorshipful 
Master  of  his  lodge.  He  is  also  a  member  of 
the  A.  O.  r.  W.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the 
^Modern  A\'oodnien.  He  is  local  surgeon  of  the 
Chicago  &  (;reat  Western  Eailway.  and  sec- 
retary of  the  Kenyon  Commercial  ("lub.  In 
1890  he  was  married  to  Jennie  A.  Clark,  of 
Kochester,  Minn.  They  have  two  children, 
boys:   Elnathan  C.  and  Eussell  Gates. 


MOERIS.  Page,  representative  in  con- 
gress from  the  Sixth  district  of  Minnesota, 
is  a  native  of  Virginia.  He  was  born  at 
Lynchburg  June  30,  1853.  His  father.  Will- 
iam S.  Morris,  was  a  physician  in  his  early 
life,  and  in  good  financial  circumstances. 
Later  he  became  interested  in  the  construc- 
tion of  telegraph  lines,  and  became  president 
of  the  Lynchburg  &  Abingdon  Telegraph 
('ompany,  which  constructed  the  first  tele- 
graph line  ever  built  for  commercial  pur- 
poses south  of  the  Potomac  river.  This  com- 
pany was  later  on  consolidated  with  the 
American  Telegraph  Company,  Dr.  Morris 
seiving  on  the  board  of  directors  with  Mr. 
^lorse,  Mr.  Field,  and  others  of  the  most 
noted  telegraph  men  of  that  day.  When  the 
("ivil  War  broke  out  he  organized  the  lines 
in  the  Confederate  states  into  a  sepanite  com- 
jiany,  and,  as  president,  operated  them  dur- 
ing the  war.  The  mother  of  our  subject  was 
Lanra  Page  Waller,  a  daughter  of  Dr.  Eob- 
ert  Page  Waller,  a  prominent  physician  and 
a  wealthy  planter  of  Williamsburg,  Va.  On 
the  maternal  side  she  was  a  great-gi-and- 
daughter  of  General  Mercei-.  of  Revolution- 
ary fame,  who  was  killed  at  the  battle  of 
Princeton.  The  Morris  family  settled  in 
Hanover  county,  Va.,  prior  to  the  War  of 
the  Eevolution.  The  subject  of  this  sketch 
received  his  early  education  at  a  private 
boarding  school  kept  by  his  uncle,  Charles 
Morris,  M.  A.,  which  was  supplemented  by  a 
year's  attendance  at  William  and  Mary  Col- 
lege. He  then  entered  the  Virginia  Military 
Institute  at  Lexington,  and  was  graduated 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  XORTHWE8T. 


with  the  class  of  1872,  complotinjr  the  four 
years'  course  in  three  years.  He  toolc  first 
honors  in  his  class,  and  was  the  winnei-  of 
the  debater's  medal  in  the  \'ir<4inia  Dialectic 
Society.  For  a  year  after  jiraduatinjj  he  was 
assistant  professor  of  mathematics  at  his 
Alma  Mater.  He  then  took  the  chair  of 
mathematics  in  the  Texas  Military  Institute, 
where  he  renniined  for  two  years.  In  lS7(i, 
he  accepted  the  chair  of  mathematics  at  the 
Agricultural  and  Jlechanical  Collejic,  at 
I.ryan,  Texas,  and  remaini-d  at  that  institu- 
tion thi-ee  yeai-s.  Durinj;-  all  this  rime  he 
read  law  more  or  less,  and  spent  two  sum- 
mer vacations  in  the  office  of  a  iirominent  at- 
torney at  Austin,  Texas.  He  then  went  to 
St.  Louis,  and,  after  a  few  months  spent  in 
rexiewiug  his  law  studies,  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  February,  ISSO.  Returniuj;  to  his 
native  town,  he  began  the  practice  of  law, 
and  remained  at  Lynchburg  until  December, 
1886,  when  he  decided  on  a  change  of  loca- 
tion, and  came  to  Duluth.  He  soon  won 
recognition,  and  in  March,  1889,  was  elected 
municipal  judge,  and  served  until  March, 
1892.  In  March,  1894,  he  was  elected 
city  attorney,  and  served  until  Sejitember 
1,  1895,  when  he  was  appointed  to  the  dis- 
trict bench  by  Governor  Clough,  to  fill  the 
vacancy  caused  by  Judge  Lewis'  resignation. 
Judge  Morris  was  a  Democrat  up  to  his 
twenty-ninth  j'ear,  when  he  became  a  Repub- 
lican. In  1884  he  was  nominated  for  con- 
gress in  the  Sixth  Virginia  district  and  made 
a  splendid  showing  against  John  Daniel,  now 
United  States  senator,  in  a  hojjelessly  Demo- 
crjitic  district.  Before  going  on  the  bench 
he  took  an  active  part  in  politics  at  Duluth, 
and  in  July,  1890,  while  serving  as  district 
judge,  was  forced  to  accept  the  Republican 
nomination  for  congress  against  his  wishes, 
and  was  elected.  He  was  re-elected  in  1898 
and  1900.  Mr.  Morris'  congressional  career 
has  been  highly  satisfactory  to  his  constitu- 
ents. He  has  made  an  excellent  record  in 
that  body,  winning  the  esteem  and  respect  of 
his  fellow-members.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Masonic  fraternity — the  York  and  Scottish 
Rite — and  the  Kitchi  Gammi  Club,  and  be- 
longs to  the  Episcopal  church.    He  was  mar- 


l-AdK    MUKiaS. 

ried  February  21,  1S77,  to  Miss  Elizabeth 
Stathaiu,  of  Lynchburg,  \'a.  To  them  have 
been  born  live  children,  the  oldest,  a  son, 
Charles  S.,  and  four  daughters — Page,  Marj', 
Virginia  and  Elizabeth.  * 


SHEFFIELD,  Milledge  B.,  the  late  presi- 
dent of  the  Shellield  Milling  Company,  of 
Faribault,  Minn.,  was  born  in  ('ornwallis, 
Nova  Scotia,  May  2,  18H0.  He  was  the  son 
of  Benjamin  B.  and  Fanny  (Steadman)  Shef- 
field, who  were  also  natives  of  Nova  Scotia. 
His  father  was  a  man  of  prominence,  and  the 
owner  of  valuable  business  properties,  in- 
cluding foundry,  machine  shops  and  farm 
lands.  The  Sheffield  family  was  distinguish- 
ed for  its  tall  and  nobly  developed  specimens 
of  manhood,  and  Milledge  B.  was  no  excep- 
tion to  the  rule.  He  measured  over  six  feet 
in  height,  was  finely  proportioned,  and  digni- 
fied in  his  carriage  and  manners.  He  was  of 
mingled  English  and  Scotch  descent  on  both 
sides  of  the  house.  The  school  training  he 
received  was  mediocre  in  its  character,  being 
confined  to  the  common  school  coui-se  of  his 
native  town;  but  his  home  training  was  such 
as  to  thoroughly  e(|ui])  him  for  (he  battle  of 


HISTORY  OF  TUE  GPtEAT  NOKTin\EST. 


wa.s  married  to  Helen  A.  ITall,  of  Albert 
Lea.  September  1,  188G.  They  have  had  two 
children:  Thilip  H..  born  Au-iust  2!),  1887, 
and  died  in  July,  1894:.  Barba,  the  siir\iv- 
inji  child,  was  bom  July  30,  181)0. 


HENKT  A.    MORGAN. 

to  the  bar,  and  in  July  of  that  same  year  lie 
was  admitted  to  the  partnership,  when  the 
style  of  the  firm  became  Lovely,  Morgan  <& 
Morgan — the  other  members  being  John  A. 
Lovely,  now  associate  justice  of  the  supreme 
court  of  Minnesota,  and  D.  F.  Moi"gan,  now 
of  Minneapolis.  In  18!)1  the  firm  was  dis- 
solved. Since  then  Mr.  Henry  Morgan  has 
practiced  alone,  and  has  secured  a  large  and 
lucrative  business.  In  1889-90  he  was  the 
city  attorney  of  Albert  Lea.  In  1891  he  was 
elected  county  attorney  of  Freeborn  county, 
and,  by  re-elections,  served  until  1899.  He 
has  thus  become  one  of  the  most  prominent 
and  successful  lawyers  in  the  southern  part 
of  the  state.  In  politics,  he  is  a  Republican, 
stalwart  and  active,  serving  as  a  member 
of  county,  congressional  and  judicial  com- 
mittees from  time  to  time,  where  liis  influ- 
ence has  been  potent  in  all  the  affairs  of 
interest  to  his  party.  He  has  also  rendered 
very  efficient  .service  as  a  public  speaker  in 
all  political  campaigns,  and  ranks  high  on 
the  forum.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Knights 
of  P^^'thias  and  of  the  Roj'al  Arcanum.  In 
religion  he  affiliates  with  the  Presbyterians, 
which  is  the  denomination  of  his  familv.    He 


5r('LF:N0N.  Rufus  Buel.— The  superin- 
tendent of  the  public  schools  of  Madison,  S. 
I).,  Professor  Rufus  B.  McClenon,  is  an  hon- 
or man  of  Williams  College,  Mass., — an  in- 
stitution which  probably  suii>asses  most  col- 
leges in  putting  personal  character  in  the 
fore-front  of  intellectual  training.  His  fa- 
ther, Thomas  ifcClenon,  was  an  industrious, 
honest  farmer,  whose  wife's  maiden  name 
was  Frances  Benedict,  a  woman  of  sweet  dis- 
position and  kindly  spirit.  The  early  life  of 
young  Rufus  was  not  unlike  that  of  most 
fanner  boys.  He  was  born  in  Franklin,  N. 
Y.,  November  13,  1852.  His  early  education 
was  obtained  in  the  "little  red  school  house" 
on  the  foot  hills  of  the  Catskill  mountains, 
New  York,  in  days  when  school  and  work 
were  very  close  together.  Later,  he  attended 
Walton  Academy,  about  six  miles  from  his 
home.  Mr.  McClenon  highly  commends  the 
influence  of  this  school  for  the  inspiration 
and  stimulus  it  gave  him,  and  for  its  high 
standard,  moral  and  intellectual.  When  a 
lad  in  his  "teens"  he  joined  a  Oood  Templar 
lodge,  and  became  so  interested  in  the  work 
that  he  used  to  walk  six  miles  to  the  lodge 
meetings,  after  a  hard  day"s  work  on  the 
fann.  The  proceedings  were  conducted  by  a 
bright,  educated  lawyer  as  chief  templar, 
while  there  were  present  two  or  three  hun- 
dred members.  The  ease  and  dignity  with 
which  the  business  was  directed  tilled  young 
McClenon  with  admiration,  and  the  experi- 
ence gained  was  of  great  value  to  him  in 
after  years.  He  finally  entered  Williams 
College,  Massachusetts,  and  graduated  in  the 
class  of  1878.  The  habits  of  industry  and 
fidelity  to  duty,  due  to  his  early  training, 
aided  materially  in  securing  for  him  a  high 
rank  at  college.  His  scholarship  won  the 
honorary  oration,  and,  what  he  prized  even 


HISTORY  OF    [-IIK  CKKAT   NOKTIIWEST. 


more  hii^hlv,  a  nienibershipin  the  well  known 
I'lii  Beta  Kiij)]ia  college  fraternity.  He  also 
enjoveil  athletic  sports,  but  was  i)recliided 
from  sjiecial  honoi-s  in  this  field  because  he 
was  compelled  to  work  st)  nunh  to  |)ay  his 
way  through  college  that  there  was  little 
time  left  for  play.  Poverty,  however,  was  no 
bar  to  honors  in  the  institution,  for  a  jioor 
boy  with  brains  and  a  friendly  sjiirit  \\;is 
just  as  popular  as  one  with  plenty  of  money. 
He  was  "class  historian."  and  one  of  the 
editors  of  the  ■■<!nl.""  a  college  publication. 
His  loyalty  to  the  class  of  "78  is  one  of  his 
chief  delights.  After  griiduating  he  studied 
law  for  one  year.  Init  lack  of  means  led  him 
to  teaching,  at  which  he  was  so  successful 
that  he  decided  to  make  teaching  his  ]iiii 
fession.  In  addition  to  his  tine  scholarshij) 
he  has  proved  to  be  apt  in  imparting  instruc- 
tion, and  he  combines  with  this,  those  quali- 
ties which  influence  his  pupils  to  put  forth 
their  best  endeavors,  and  which  stimulate 
them  to  continue  their  studies  in  the  high- 
est institutions.  He  has  had  marked  success 
in  this  field.  Coming  West,  he  secured  a  jio- 
sition  at  Beloit,  Wis.,  in  the  Beloit  <"ollege 
Academy.  In  1889  he  went  to  ►South  Dakota 
to  accept  the  position  of  jirincipal  of  the  high 
school  at  Sioux  Falls.  During  his  senice  of 
four  years  in  this  institution,  he  clearly  dem- 
onstrated his  special  aptitude  for  his  profes- 
sion by  the  improvements  he  made  in  many 
directions,  adding — among  other  things — a 
year  to  the  course.  His  success  led  to  an  in- 
vitation from  Madison,  S.  D.,  to  take  charge 
of  the  public  schools  of  that  city,  as  superin- 
tendent, a  position  which  he  has  since  held. 
The  uplift  of  his  personal  influence  in  this 
capacity  has  been  shown  in  the  number  of 
pupils  who  have  entered  the  higher  institu- 
tions of  learning,  while  his  efficiency  as  a 
teacher  has  been  proven  by  the  high  stand- 
ing of  the  Madison  graduates,  who  have  been 
admitted  to  the  best  colleges  without  con- 
ditions. In  politics  Professor  McCleuon 
might  be  called  an  eclectic,  with  decided 
views  of  public  affairs.  He  exercises  his  lib- 
ertv  as  a  citizen  to  select  the  l)esl  men.  re- 


litKIS    l;.    .MCI.EI.DN. 

gardless  of  i)arty  affiliations.  When  nine- 
teen years  old  he  joined  the  Congregalional 
clniicii  at  Walton,  N.  Y.,  and  has  sinc%been 
an  .1(1  ive  worker,  serving  as  clerk  of  the 
church  at  Lake  (ieueva,  Wis.,  and  as  super- 
intendent of  the  Sunday  school  at  Sioux 
Falls  and  Madison,  liis  jiresent  home.  He  is 
a  (Jood  Templar,  as  mentioned,  and  has  been 
Chief  Templar  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  South 
Dakota  and  three  times  a  delegate  to  the 
supreme  lodge.  He  was  married.  July  27, 
1882,  at  Walton,  N.  Y.,  to  Mary  Adeline 
White,  whose  acquaintance  he  formed  while 
attending  the  academy  ten  years  before.  She 
is  a  gifted  woman  and  graduated  at  ^'assar 
College,  Poughkeepsie.  X.  Y.,  the  same  year 
in  which  he  graduated  at  Williams  College. 
They  have  two  children:  Raymond  Benedict, 
a  senior  in  Yankton  College,  and  \\'alter  Hol- 
brook  McClenon,  a  ])Upil  in  the  Madison  high 
scliool.  Both  have  led  their  respective  classes 
in  scholaishiii,  while  Raymond  is  the  cham- 
pion tennis  player  of  his  college,  and  the 
l)r('sident  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  As- 
soi-ialion  of  the  institution. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


!Eortr;E  a,  fkaxklin. 


itself,  is  a  good  si-liool  for  literary  training. 
(Jainiug  a  taste  for  more  knowledge,  he  en- 
tered the  Normal  School  at  jXormal,  111.  At 
the  fall  term  of  1S7G  he  was  elected  president 
of  the  college  literary  society — the  "Wrigbt- 
toniau  Society" — of  which  he  remained  a 
member  until  he  graduated  in  1887.  He  con- 
tinued to  work  at  the  printer's  trade,  off  and 
on,  to  provide  for  himself  during  his  college 
course,  and  at  one  time  he  was  foreman  of 
one  of  the  largest  offices  in  Rockford.  After 
graduating  he  was  principal  of  schools  at 
Eutler,  III.,  for  two  years.  He  went  to  Iowa 
and  became  a  member  of  a  law  and  collec- 
tion firm,  at  Forest  City.  While  there  he 
was  elected  on  the  Republican  ticket  as 
superintendent  of  schoolsof  Winnebago  coun- 
ty, Iowa,  in  which  office  he  served  nearly  two 
years,  resigning  in  September,  1887,  to  re- 
sume teaching,  which  was  more  congenial. 
He  accepted  the  position  of  superintendent 
of  schools  at  Delavan,  111.,  and  continued  in 
this  sei*vice  for  six  years.  In  the  meantime 
he  was  employed  as  a  conductor  of  summer 
schools  for  training  teachers.  He  has  con- 
ducted several  of  such  schools  in  each  of  the 
states  of  Iowa,  Illinois  and  Minnesota.  He 
left   this  work  and  his   sui^erintendeney   at 


Delavan  just  previous  to  his  engagement  at 
Taribault,  Minn.  He  is  a  Royal  Arch  Mason. 
In  politics  he  has  always  been  a  Republican, 
and,  while  in  Iowa,  he  was  active  in  political 
matters.  In  religion  he  is  a  member  of  the 
Methodist  church.  In  1884  he  was  married 
to  Emma  Jenkins,  daughter  of  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
( 'harles  W.  Jenkins,  of  Butler,  111.  They  had 
three  children:  Joy  Elizabeth,  born  Sep- 
tember 13,  1S88;  Camilla,  born  June  13,  1890, 
and  (ieorge  Frederick,  born  August  31,  1892. 
:Mi's.  Franklin  died  June  26,  189C.  He  was 
married  again  August  1.5,  1900,  to  Annie  M. 
Willson.  daughter  of  Judge  C.  C.  Willson, 
of  Rochester,  Minn. 


DUNSMOOR,    Frederick    A.— Dr.    Dnns- 

moor  is  an  eminent  physician,  surgeon  and 
gynecologist  jiracticing  his  jH-ofession  at  Min- 
neapolis.   He  is  a  native  of  Minnesota,  and 
was  born  May  28,  1853,  at  Richfield,  in  Hen- 
nepin county,  the  son  of  James  A.  and  Al- 
mira  Mosher  Dunsmoor.     His  parents  were 
natives    of    Maine,    and    came   to    Hennepin 
county,  Minn.,  in  1852.     Frederick  Alanson 
received  his  education  in  the  public  schools 
of  Richfield,  Miuneaijolis,  and  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Minnesota.    His  professional  training 
began  in  the  office  of  Doctors  Goodrich  and 
Kimball,  of  Minneapolis,  and  was  continued 
in   the  Bellevue   Hospital  Medical   College, 
New  York  City,  where  he  received  the  de- 
gree of  M.  D.  in  March,  1875.     He  also  re- 
ceived   private    instruction    from    Doctors 
Frank  H.  Hamilton,  Alfred  G.  Looniis,  Aus- 
tin Flint,  Sr.,  E.  G.  Janeway  and  R.  Ogden 
Dorenius.     He  began  his  practice  at  Minne- 
apolis in  partnership  with  Dr.  H.  H.  Kim- 
ball, and  was  associated  with  him  one  year. 
Dr.  Dunsmoor  has  been  active  in  hospital 
work,  having  assisted  in  the  establishment 
of  the  Minnesota  College  Hospital  in  1881, 
and  serving  as  vice  president  and  dean  of  the 
medical  college,  professor  of  surgery  and  at- 
tending surgeon  to  the  liospital  and  dispen- 
sary for  eight  years.     In  1889  the  Hospital 
College,  in  conjunction  with  other  schools  of 
medicine  in  St.  Paul  and  Minneapolis,  was 
organized  in  the  medical  departments  of  the 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


University  of  Minnesota.  Dr.  Dunsnioor 
served  as  professor  of  surgery  in  the  St.  Pan! 
Medioal  College  in  1877  and  until  1879;  in 
the  medical  department  of  Hamline  Univer- 
sity, 1879  to  1881;  Minneapolis  Mosj)ital  Col- 
U'gc  from  1881  to  1888,  and  in  the  medical 
(lc]iartnient  of  the  university  since  its  organ 
i/.alion.  He  was  county  physician  for  Hen 
nejiin  county  during  1870.  He  was  also  ac- 
tive in  organizing  Asbury  Methodist  Hos- 
pital, which  WAS  opened  September  1,  18'.»L', 
and  which  became  the  chief  clinical  field  for 
the  medical  dei)artment  of  the  university,  ami 
of  the  College  of  I'hysicians  and  Surgeons  of 
Minneapolis.  Dr.  Dunsmoor  has  also  been 
in  active  service  as  surgeon  to  St.  Mary's 
Hospital  since  1890,  to  St.  Barnabas  Hos- 
pital since  1879,  gynecologist  to  the  City 
Hospital  since  1894,  to  the  Asbury  Hospital 
since  1892,  to  the  State  Free  Dispensary 
since  1889,  and  to  the  Asbury  Free  Dispen- 
sary since  1889.  He  has  devoted  his  atten- 
tion to  surgery  and  gynecology,  operating 
every  morning,  and  enjoys  a  wide  i-eputation 
as  a  skillful  and  successful  operator.  For 
many  years  his  services  have  been  in  de- 
mand by  the  railway,  milling,  accident  and 
insurance  companies.  Dr.  Dunsmoor  is  a 
member  of  a  number  of  professional  and 
scientific  societies,  anu)ng  them  the  Interna- 
tional Medical  Congress,  the  North  Dakota 
State  Medical  Society,  the  American  Medical 
Association,  the  National  Association  of  Rail- 
way Surgeons,  the  Minnesota  Academy  of 
Medicine,  the  Minnesota  State  Medical  Asso- 
ciation, the  Hennepin  County  Medical  Soci- 
ety, the  \A'estern  Surgical  and  Gynecological 
Association,  the  Tri-State  Medical  Associa- 
tion, and  the  Society  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons of  Minneapolis.  His  membership  in 
social  and  beneficiary  societies  includes  the 
Nu  Sigma  Nu  Society,  the  Masonic  order,  the 
Good  Teinplars,  the  Druids,  the  Minneapolis 
Club  and  the  Commercial  and  Athletic  Clubs. 
Of  the  latter  two  he  was  a  charter  member. 
He  is  also  an  active  member  of  the  Hennepin 
Avenue  Methodist  church,  where  he  has 
served  for  years  in  an  official  capacity.  He  is 
a  diligent  student  of  the  science  of  medicine 
and  surgery,  and  spends  a  portion  of  each 


FltKDEUICK   A.   J)UNSMOOIt. 

winter  in  medical  study  in  some  of  the  great 
scientific  centers,  and  enjoys  the  ac(iuaint- 
auce  and  professional  association  with  the 
most  famous  surgeons  in  the  country.  He  is 
a  contributor  to  different  medical  and  sur- 
gical journals,  and  is  recognized  as  an  au- 
thority in  his  particular  branch  of  the  prac- 
tice. He  is  a  man  of  genial  manners  and 
happy  temperament,  and  an  enthusiastic 
patron  of  music  and  fine  arts.  Dr.  Duns- 
moor was  nmrried,  September  5,  1876,  to 
Miss  Elizabeth  Emma  Billings,  daughter  of 
the  late  Surgeon  George  F.  Turner,  U.  S.  A. 
They  have  three  children  living,  Marjorie 
Allport,  Elizabeth  Turner  and  Frederick  La- 
ton. 


TITUS,  Seymour  S.,  cashier  of  the  First 
National  Bank  of  (irand  Forks,  N.  D.,  is  one 
of  the  oldest  bankers  in  North  Dakota.  He 
is  a  native  of  Minnesota  and  was  bom  in 
Oak  Grove,  Hennepin  county,  June  :i,  18r)l, 
the  son  of  Moses  S.  and  Jane  L.  Titus.  His 
father  was  one  of  Minnesota's  first  settlers. 
He  migrated  to  that  state  from  Connecticut 
in  1844,  carving  out  a  home  for  himself  in 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


SEYMOUK   S.   TITUS. 

what  was  tlieu  pi-actiially  a  wilderness.  Sey- 
mour's early  life  was  ^)ent  on  the  farm,  up 
to  his  twenty-lirst  year.Nlu  common  with  the 
sons  of  our  early  pioneei'sNhe  endured  many 
hardships  and  privations,  and  his  life  was 
one  ineessant  round  of  toil.  The  educational 
advantages  aliorded  in  those  days  were  of  a 
meager  character.  Our  subject  received  such 
training  as  he  could  obtain  in  the  common 
schools,  and  in  October,  1872,  left  the  farm 
in  Scott  county  to  enter  the  First  National 
Bank  at  Shakopee,  Minn.  He  was  employed 
as  a  general  helper  in  the  office,  and  worked 
for  nearly  two  years  without  remuneration. 
In  February,  IST-l,  he  removed  to  Sauk  Cen- 
ter and  was  employed  by  Andrew  J.  Smith, 
a  banker  of  that  place,  as  a  clerk  and  book- 
keeper. He  held  this  position  until  June, 
ISTfl,  when  he  removed  over  into  the  Terri- 
tory of  Dakota,  going  by  stage  from  Fisher, 
Minn.  Grand  Forks  at  that  time  contained 
a  population  of  about  one  hundred  people. 
Mr.  Titus  remained  for  a  few  days  looking 
over  the  country,  then  returned  to  Sauk  Cen- 
ter for  a  short  time,  and  on  August  29,  of  the 
same  year,  in  comiiany  with  J.  Walker 
Smith,  opened  a  bank  at  Grand  Forks.    Tliis 


was  named  "The  Bank  of  Grand  Forks,"' 
which  later  on  was  succeeded  by  what  is  now 
"The  First  National  Bank  of  Grand  Forks." 
Tliis  was  the  first  banking  institution  estab- 
lished in  the  lower  Bed  river  valley,  and, 
with  possibly  two  exceptions,  the  first  in  the 
state  of  North  Dakota.  In  the  summer  of 
ISSI.  Jlessrs.  Titus  and  Smith  erected  a 
handsiune  new  bank  building  on  the  corner 
(if  Third  street  and  Kittson  avenue,  which 
was  the  first  solid  brick  building  built  in 
the  city  of  Grand  Forks.  The  First  National 
is  one  of  the  strongest  banking  institutions 
in  the  state.  Mr.  Titus  has  served  as  cashier 
of  the  bank  since  it  was  first  established, 
and  has  the  confidence  and  respect  of  the 
business  men  and  the  public  generally  in  a 
high  degree.  He  is  a  financier  of  acknowl- 
edged ability,  and  a  man  of  unquestioned 
business  integrity.  He  was  married  April  5. 
1880,  to  Miss  Annie  L.  Stabler,  of  Sauk  Cen- 
ter, Minn.  Three  children  have  been  born  to 
this  union,  only  one  of  whom  is  now  living — 
Marion  E.,  bom  May  11),  1882. 


CAMPBELL,  Wallace,  vice  president  of 
the  Northwestern  National  Life  Insurance 
Company,  of  Minneapolis,  Minn.,  was  born 
at  ^^'averly,  Tioga  county,  N.  Y.,  September 
8,  1863.  His  father  was  Solomon  C.  Camp- 
bell, one  of  the  oldest  veterans  in  the  dry 
goods  trade,  and  for  many  years  and  is  still 
resident  buyer  in  New  York  for  the  large  dry 
goods  house  of  John  V.  Farwell  Company, 
of  Chicago.  He  has  been  engaged  in  that 
line  of  business  for  over  fifty  years,  and  is 
recognized  as  one  of  the  most  expert  judges 
of  dry  goods  values.  He  was  a  son  of  Philo 
and  Calista  V.  Campbell,  who  were  among 
the  earliest  and  most  substantial  settlers  in 
the  town  of  Cami>bell,  Steuben  county  N.  Y. 
The  mother  of  our  subject  was  Mary  Aurelia, 
daughter  of  Benjamin  and  Hannah  (Knox) 
Farwell,  also  early  settlers  and  pioneers  in 
Steuben  county.  The  ancestry  is  sturdy 
Scotch  on  both  sides  of  the  family.  All  of 
the  great-grandparents  of  our  subject  came 
from  Scotland,   some  settling  first  in  Ver- 


HISTORY  OF  THK  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


mout  and  otbers  iu  New  York.  Knoxville, 
Steuben  county,  was  named  for  bis  maternal 
great-grandfatber,  and  Campbell,  in  tlie  same 
county,  for  his  paternal  great-grandfatber. 
Among  tbeir  noted  descendants  may  be  men- 
tioned Hon.  Charles  B.  Farwell,  U.  S.  sen- 
ator from  Illinois,  and  his  brother,  John  A'. 
Fai-well,  the  i)ioneer  wholesale  dry  goods 
merchant  of  the  West.  Wallace  attended  the 
public  school  at  Corning,  Steuben  county,  N. 
Y.,  and  later  prej^ared  for  college  by  private 
tutoi-ing.  He  entered  Hamilton  College,  at 
Clinton,  N.  Y.,  in  September,  187!),  and  grad 
uated  with  honors  in  the  class  of  1883,  with 
the  degree  of  A.  B.  AVallace  was  a  member 
of  the  Chi  I'si  fraternity,  and  a  successful 
contestant  for  the  Clark  prize  in  oratory. 
For  a  year  after  graduation  he  was  iustruct- 
tor  in  the  Brooklyn  I'olytechnic  Institute,  at 
the  same  time  attending  the  Cohnubia  Col- 
lege Law  School,  and  was  admitted  to  prac- 
tice before  the  New  York  supreme  court  in 
1885.  He  was  associated  with  Hon.  Robert 
W.  Todd,  one  of  New  York's  leading  law- 
yers, until  his  removal  to  Minneapolis  in 
June  of  the  following  year.  Hei-e  he  became 
a  member  of  the  legal  fii-m  of  Stryker  & 
Campbell,  and  practiced  law  successfully  un- 
til 1891,  when  he  joined  the  bank  of  Hill, 
Sons  &  Co.,  of  which  he  assuuu^d  active  man- 
agement. In  September,  1898,  he  disposed 
of  his  interests  to  his  partners  and  engaged 
in  the  insurance  business,  as  vice  president 
and  superintendent  of  agents  of  the  North- 
western Life  Association.  This  association 
was  consolidated  with  the  National  Mutual 
Life  Association  in  1901,  and  its  name 
changed  to  the  Northwestern  National  Life 
Insurance  Company.  Mr.  Campbell  being  re- 
tained in  his  former  position.  Mr.  Campbell 
has  also  acquired  other  business  interests. 
He  has  been  vice  president  of  the  Minnesota 
Title  Insurance  &  Trust  Company  for  sev- 
eral years,  and  in  Januaiy,  1901,  was  elected 
president  of  the  People's  Bank,  of  Minne- 
apolis. He  is  a  staunch  Republican;  stump- 
ed the  state  for  Harrison  in  1888,  and  has 
contributed  forceful  articles  on  party  prin- 
ciples to  the  North  American  Review  and 
other  standard  publications.     He  is  a  mem- 


WALL.VCK    l'A.\in;i:LL. 

ber  of  the  Conimen-ial  Club,  the  Miiincafiolis 
Club,  the  Northwestern  Association  of  Chi 
I'si,  and  other  social  and  business  organiza- 
tions. In  October,  1880,  he  was  marjied,  at 
Chicago,  to  Minnie  V.  Adams,  daughter  of 
Hugh  Adams,  one  of  Chicago's  oldest  and 
most  substantial  residents,  formerly  presi- 
dent of  the  Chicago  Board  of  Trade  and  a 
member  of  the  large  grain  tirui  of  Mc('or- 
mick,  Adams  &  Co.  Two  children  have  been 
born  to  them,  Maiy  ^^,  aged  l;J,  and  Ruth, 
ao-ed  4. 


DEAN,  Frank  Edson,  is  superintendent 
of  schools  at  Luverne,  Minn.  He  is  a  native 
of  the  North  Star  state,  and  was  born  at 
lilakeley,  Scott  county,  February  13,  1869. 
His  father  was  Isaac  Newtuu  Dean,  one  of 
the  i)ioneers  of  Minnesota.  He  located  at 
Blakeley  in  1850,  and  was  its  first  settler, 
engaging  in  the  general  merchandise  busi- 
ness. He  enlisted  in  one  of  the  Jlinnesota 
regiments  in  the  War  <if  I  lie  Rel>elli(Ui,  and 
has  an  honorable  recoid  as  a  scililier.  H(»  is 
now  engaged  in  tlie  wood  and  grain  liusiness 
at  Blakeley.  His  wife's  maiden  name  was 
Rebecca  Jane  Jones.    Their  son,  Frank,  was 


HISTORY  f>I'  TIIK  OUKAT  NOItTHW  EST. 


PRANK  B.   DEAN. 

affoi'detl  the  advantages  of  a  liberal  educa- 
tion. His  early  training  was  received  in  the 
village  school  of  his  native  town.  He  then 
spent  a  year  in  the  high  school  at  Le  Sueur, 
and  the  next  year  taught  in  the  district 
school.  Afterwards  he  went  to  Mankato, 
where  he  took  the  advanced  course  at  the 
Normal  School,  graduating  with  the  class  of 
181)0.  The  kindly  sympathy  and  scholarly 
attainments  of  the  late  Professor  Searing, 
then  president  of  the  Mankato  Xonnal,  were 
of  great  influence  in  determining  the  young 
student's  future  career,  inspiring  in  him  a 
desire  to  reach  out  for  a  higher  and  better 
education.  The  four  years  following  his 
graduation  from  that  institution  he  taught 
in  the  graded  schools  at  Watertown  and 
Cliaska,  Minn.  To  better  equip  himself  for 
his  chosen  profession  he  then  entered,  in  the 
fall  of  1S!)4,  the  University  of  Minnesota,  and 
was  graduated  with  the  degree  of  B.  S.  in 
IS'JS.  He  was  elected  president  of  his  class 
during  his  first  year,  and  joined  the  Phi 
Gamma  Delta  fraternity  the  same  year.  Be- 
fore his  graduati(m  the  Luverne  board  of 
education  elected  him  superintendent  of  city 
schools  for  the  ensuing  year.  Mr.  Dean  is 
now  serving  his  third  year  in  that  position. 


He  has  made  an  excellent  administrator  and 
luis  won  the  respect  and  esteem  of  the  mem- 
licis  (if  the  school  board,  who  repose  in  him 
ilic  inmost  confidence.  He  takes  a  deej)  in- 
terest in  all  educational  matters,  and  is  an 
earnest  sliident  of  advanced  methods  of 
teaching.  Though  a  comparatively  young 
man  he  is  generally  regarded  as  one  of  the 
leading  educators  of  southern  Minnesota,  and 
]ironiises  to  take  high  rank  in  his  profession. 
.Mr.  Dean's  jiolitical  affiliations  are  with  the 
Kejiublican  jiarty.  Aside  from  the  Greek 
letter  society  already  mentioned,  the  only  fra- 
ternal organization  with  which  he  is  con- 
nected is  the  Masonic  order. 


LOFTFIELD,  (Jabriel,  j.resid.'ut  of  the 
^linnesota  Normal  School  and  Business  Col- 
lege of  Jlinneapolis,  was  born  in  the  i)arish, 
of  Mo,  Nordland  county,  Norway,  March  29, 
1S66.  His  father,  Gabriel  Olson  Loftfield, 
belonged  to  a  much  esteemed  and  honored 
family,  whose  many  members  possessed  a 
high  order  of  musical  ability.  Ole  Haagen- 
son,  the  grandfather  of  our  subject,  enjoyed 
the  reputation  of  being  the  best  violinist  of 
his  time  in  Nordland  county  in  rendering  na- 
tional airs  and  folk  lores,  ilany  of  his  chil- 
dren also  became  .skilled  in  the  use  of  the 
violin.  Gabriel  Olson,  his  third  son,  succeed- 
ed to  the  i)aternal  fann,  the  two  older  broth- 
ers having  chosen  other  vocations.  This 
farm  having  a  high  elevation,  bounded  on 
north  by  mountain  slopes  and  bordering  on 
the  south  on  the  edge  of  a  perpendicular 
granite  cliff  or  precipice,  about  one  and  a 
half  miles  long  and  1,500  feet  high  above  the 
fiord  which  rises  almost  to  the  foot  of  the 
clitf,  following  the  usual  custom  in  Nor- 
way, Loftfield,  signifying  lofty  field  or  moun- 
tain, was  ado])ted  as  the  surname  of  the  fam- 
ily. Though  Gabriel  Olson  Loftfield  was  an 
energetic  man.  and  toiled  from  morning  to 
night,  the  barren  and  unjiroductive  soil  fail- 
ed to  yield  sufficient  to  provide  for  a  large 
family  and  keep  jioverty  from  the  door.  He 
died  in  1870,  at  the  age  of  forty-flve.  His 
wife  was  Else  Margrete  Jacobson.  For  the 
jtast  nine  years  she  has  resided  in  America, 


HISTORY  OK  THE  (JKHAT   Nf)RTH\VEST. 


but  at  present  is  on  a  visit  to  Norway.  She 
is  a  woman  of  Icci'ii  rclij^ioiis  instinct,  and  of 
sti-oni;-  and  nolilc  rliararti-r.  Of  ten  i-liililn-n 
liorii  to  ilicni  only  fmii-  arc-  now  li\inj;:  llii' 
eldest  is  still  a  resident  of  Norway,  one  is  :i 
fainier  in  Bnrnette  loiinly.  \\'is..  another. 
Hernei*  Lofttield.  is  an  editor  and  |inlilislier 
in  ilinneajtolis.  and  the  fourth,  tlie  snlijeri 
(if  tliis  sketch.  Haajjen  Olson,  an  uncle  of 
our  subject  on  his  father's  side,  was  a  baililf 
in  (lildeskaal.  Norway,  for  o\-er  lifty  yi-ars. 
He  died  in  lS!t!t  at  the  a^e  of  seventy  six. 
(iahriel  l.dfltield  attended  the  cdninion 
scIkjoIs  (if  his  nali\-e  cnunlry  u]i  to  his  tif- 
teenth  >-ear.  Altlioui;li  the  rtnliiuenlaiy 
branches  were  taujiht  in  these  schools,  the 
instruction  was  chiefly  (jf  a  relijiious  nature. 
Seeinji'  tluit  N'laway  ottered  nii'aj;cr  o|i]ior- 
tunities  for  an  ambitions  youth,  (iabricd 
came  to  the  T'nited  States  in  the  fall  of  18S:5. 
and  located  in  l^ilfalo  county.  Wis.  lie  re- 
mained here  for  three  years,  doin;;'  various 
kinds  of  work  in  the  linnberinjj  business  in 
northern  Wisconsin,  but  with  a  fixed  pur- 
pose in  mind  of  earning;-  sufficient  money 
with  which  to  continue  liis  education.  In 
the  fall  of  ISStJ  he  removed  to  Minneajiolis 
to  take  a  tliree-year  prej>aratory  course  at 
Au};sbur<^  Seminary.  Hi.s  summer  vacations 
w'ere  si)ent  in  teaohinji  jiarochial  schools  in 
Lutheran  con<i:rejiations.  In  the  fall  of  iss'.l, 
he  entered  ^'al]laraiso  ('ollej;e.  ij.  Indi;nia, 
flTadimtinj;  in  IS!):!,  with  the  dem-ee  of  15.  S. 
He  was  one  of  the  most  ener};<'tic  workers 
of  his  class,  took  a  live  interest  in  tlie  work 
of  the  literary  societies,  and  was  the  jirinci- 
jial  promoter  in  the  foundinj;  of  the  Scandi- 
naxian  society,  "Xorrona,"'  at  that  institu- 
tion. He  has  at  various  times  since  his  grad- 
uation taken  sjiecial  work  at  the  University 
of  ilinnesota,  and  has  just  comjileted  a  post- 
graduate course  at  his  Alma  Mater  and  re- 
ceived the  de};ree  of  Mast(^r  of  Science.  The 
year  after  liis  gnuluation  Mr.  Loftficdd 
taught  English,  (Jerman  and  Histoi-y  in  the 
Normal  College  at  Crookston.  Minn.,  and  on 
the  removal  of  this  institution  to  Minneapo- 
lis continued  in  this  position  two  years  long- 
er, hi  the  spring  of  l.S'.Mj  he  organized  and 
established,  in  jiartm-rship  with  -J.  M.  JJalzer, 


G.VBlilEL    LOFTFIKLI 


of  Jllinois.  the  :Minuesota  Normal  Scluxd  and 
Business  College  at  Minneapolis,  and  has 
continued  to  be  president  of  that  institution. 
This  school  has  had  a  phenomenal  growth 
and  has  now  an  annual  enrollment  %f  be- 
tween three  and  four  hundred  students,  lu 
1898,  the  school  absorbed  its  competitor,  the 
:^[inneapolis  Normal  College,  and  has  now  a 
very  beautiful  and  attractive  location  on  the 
i-orner  of  Sixth  avenue  and  Seventh  street 
south.  The  school  maintains  several  distinct 
departments,  such  as  Teachers'  or  Nonnal, 
University  l'reparat((ry,  Scientitic  and  Com- 
mercial, besides  its  special  departments  of 
Music,  Elocution  and  Fine  Arts.  As  a  spe- 
cial scho(d  it  is  filling  a  hmg-felt  want  and 
is  a  credit  to  its  founders.  In  18!)o,  Mr.  Loft- 
fleld  was  editor-in-chief  in  the  compiling  and 
jiublishing  of  "Deklamatoren,"  a  book  of 
over  SOO  Jiages,  containing  selections  for 
reading  and  recitations  by  more  than  sixty- 
five  different  authors.  December  28,  1895, 
he  was  married  to  Miss  Hannah  Gilbert,  of 
Crookston.  Mrs.  Loftfield  is  the  secretary  of 
the  school  corporation,  and  teacher  of  elo- 
cution and  oratory.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Loftfleld 
have  one  child:  Cordelia  Lear  Loftfleld, 
l)oru  Aug.  ai,  1898. 


HISTOKY  Ol'  THK  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


WELLINGTON   C.    MASTEKMAN. 

MASTEEMAN,  Welliugtou  C,  the  uliair- 
man  of  Ibe  Minnesota  State  Eepubliean  Cen- 
tral Committee,  to  whose  efficient  service  in 
the  campaign  of  1900  much  of  the  success 
of  the  party  was  attributed,  is  a  Minnesota 
boy  born  and  bred.  His  father,  Josei)h  N. 
Masterman,  of  ante-Revolutionary  ancestry, 
was  born  in  Maine.  He  and  his  wife,  Abby 
M.,  are  of  English  extraction.  Tlieir  ances- 
tors took  an  active  part  in  the  Revolution, 
by  virtue  of  which  Mr.  Masterman  was  en- 
titled to  a  membership  in  the  society  of  the 
Sons  of  the  American  Revolution.  Joseph  N. 
Masterman  was  married  in  1844,  and  came 
to  Minnesota  in  1848,  with  his  young  wife, 
and  engaged  in  the  lumber  business,  which 
was  his  occupation.  There  are  two  surviv- 
ing children:  W.  C.  Masterman,  the  subject 
of  this  sketch,  and  Major  Joseph  P.  Master- 
man,  brevet  lieutenant  colonel  of  the  Thir- 
teenth Minnesota  Volunteers  in  the  Philip- 
pine campaign  of  the  Spanish  War.  The 
golden  wedding  of  the  pai-entswas  celebrated 
at  Stillwater  in  1894.  Wellingrton  C.  Master- 
man  was  born  at  Stillwater,  Minn.,  January 
14,  1858.  His  education  was  obtained  in  the 
public  schools  of  that  city.  He  naturally 
turned  to  the  lumber  business  for  his  first 


employment,  and  worked  on  the  i-iver  as  tal- 
lyman and  scaler.  He  was  then  engaged  for 
several  year.s  as  accountant  with  the  late 
Isaac  Staples.  Afterwards  he  was  made  the 
financial  manager  of  the  large  elevator  and 
millizig  interests  of  J.  H.  Townshend  &  Com- 
]iaiiy.  In  1884  Mr.  Masterman  was  elected 
county  auditor  of  Washington  county,  of 
which  Stillwater  is  the  county  seat.  His 
services  in  this  capacity  were  such  that  he 
was  re-elected  at  each  successive  election, 
until  he  served  eight  years.  In  1894  he  was 
elected  state  senator  for  the  term  1895-1899. 
From  1892  until  1898  he  was  chairman  of  the 
\\'ashington  County  Republican  Central 
( 'ommittee.  In  1900  he  was  made  chairman 
of  the  State  Republican  Central  Committee, 
which  position  he  still  holds.  Mr.  Master- 
man  is  interested  in  several  fratei-nal  socie- 
ties, being  master  of  the  Masonic  St.  John 
Lodge,  No.  1,  and  the  junior  steward  of  the 
Minnesota  Grand  Lodge  of  Masons.  He  is 
also  an  Elk,  and  a  member  of  the  society  of 
the  Sons  of  the  American  Revolution.  In 
church  affiliation  he  is  a  Presbyterian.  In 
1882  he  was  married  to  Antoinette  L.  Easton, 
daughter  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  A.  B.  Easton,  of 
Stillwater.  Julia  Frances,  born  March  17, 
1887,  is  the  only  child.  He  is  now  one  of 
the  publishers  and  proprietors  of  the  Still- 
water Gazette,  which  has  connected  with  it 
one  of  the  largest  and  most  complete  manu- 
facturing plants  outside  of  the  Twin  Cities. 


HIGGINS,  Curran  W^,  the  medical  di- 
rector of  the  gi'eat  Northwestern  National 
Life  Insurance  Company,  is  a  Northwestern 
fanner  boy.  His  father,  a  native  of  Massa- 
chusetts, became  a  merchant  in  early  life  in 
Jefferson  county.  Wis.  In  1858  he  moved  to 
Dodge  county,  Minn.,  and  took  up  a  farm. 
He  was  a  man  of  comfortable  financial  cir- 
cumstances. He  had  two  brothere  who  were 
physicians  and  two  who  were  ministers. 
They  were  all  early  Michigan  pioneers.  Dr. 
Higgins'  mother  was  Nancy  Lavina  Patee. 
She  was  born  in  Vermont,  and  married  in 
Michigan.    Her  mother  was  of  the  family  of 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


the  bolovt'd   I'.   1'.   IJliss,  whose  songs  have 
made  him  immoi-tal.    Dr.  Higgins  was  bom 
at  Hebron,  Jelt'ei-son  county,  AVis.,  Septem- 
ber 10,  184!).    He  came  to  Minnesota  with  his 
parents  in  1858  and  lived  on  the  farm,  where 
he  worked  in  summer.    Winters  he  attended 
the  country  schools  until  he  was  nineteen 
years  old.     He  then  entered  the  Groveland 
Seminary  at  Wasioja,  Minn.    It  was  au  ex- 
cellent institution  of  which  L.  B.  Allen,  D.D., 
was  principal.     When  competent  to  teach 
school  he  spent  the  years  1870-1871  at  that 
work.    The  next  step  was  to  the  University 
of  Minnesota,  which  he  entered  in  October, 
1872.     He   remained  in  the  university   two 
years.    In  addition  to  the  school  work  of  the 
second  year  he  took  up  the  study  of  medicine 
under  the  direction  of  Ur.  William  H.  Ix'on- 
ard,  of  Minneapolis.     In  the  fall  of  1874  he 
entered  Hahnemann  Medical  College  of  Chi- 
cago, and  graduated   with  honors   in  187(). 
He  then  commenced  his  practice  at  Corning, 
Iowa,  where  he  renuiined  three  years.    After 
this  experience  he  removed  to  Dakota  Terri- 
tory, where  he  opened  a  drug  store,  and  prac- 
ticed his  profession,  at  Brookings,  for  ten 
years.     In   188!)   he  removed   to  Minnesota, 
passed  the  reijuired  state  examination,  and 
began  practicing  in  Minneapolis,  where  he 
has  since  secured  a  large  patronage  and  an 
enviable   reputation.     Dr.    Higgins   has   al- 
ways been  an  interested  student  in  the  prin- 
ciples of  life  insurance.     When  he  took  up 
his  residence  in  Minneapolis  in  1889,  he  be- 
came connected  with  the  medical  department 
of  the  Northwestern  Life  Association.     In 
18!)5  he  was  appointed  state  manager  for  a 
large  Eastern  life  company,  and  served  in 
that  capacity  for  two  years,  and  until  he 
was  elected  vice  president  and  medical  di- 
rector of  the  National  Mutual  Life  Associa- 
tion of  Minneapolis.     When  this  organiza- 
tion was  consolidated   with  the  Northwest- 
ern Life  Association,  under  the  style  of  the 
Northwestern  National  Life  Insurance  Com- 
pany, Dr.  Higgins  was  elected  a  director  and 
medical  director  of  the  consolidated  organi- 
zation, which  positions  he  now  holds.     Dr. 
Higgins  is  a  Republican  in  politics.    He  is  a 
Mason,   being  a  member   of   the   Minnesota 


cmtitAX  w.  nir.ruNS. 


Lodge.  He  is  also  a  iiicmber  of  the  Minne- 
apolis Commercial  Club.  In  religion  he  is  a 
Baptist.  He  joined  the  Baptist  church  of 
Wasioja  in  18C9,  and  is  now  a  member^f  the 
Cahary  Baptist  church  of  Minneapolis.  In 
1872  he  was  married  to  Ketta  E.  Stockwell. 
They  have  three  children:  Clarence,  a  grad- 
uate of  the  Minneaiiolis  Academy  and  now  a 
senior  in  Fargo  College,  N.  D.,  expecting  to 
enter  the  Chicago  Law  College  when  he 
graduates;  Mrs.  Eva  C.  Marsh,  a  graduate  of 
the  Minneapolis  Central  High  School,  and 
.Maude  A.  Higgins,  now  a  junior  of  the  same 

hiuh  SclUM.l. 


MORGAN,  Henry  A.,  was  born  at  Jack- 
son, rage  county,  Iowa,  March  14,  1803. 
His  father's  name  was  llarley  Morgan.  His 
uKtther's  maiden  name  was  Kuth  Dupray. 
Young  Henry  began  his  educational  career 
in  the  graded  schools  of  Ilesper,  Iowa.  He 
came  to  Minnesota  June  12,  1880,  and  at- 
tended the  high  school  at  Albert  Lea,  where 
he  has  since  resided.  He  accepted  a  position 
as  clerk  and  stenograjiher  in  the  law  office 
of  Lovely  &  Morgan,  and  took  up  the  study 
of  law.     On  Mav  1I>,  L'<8(;,  he  was  admitted 


HISTORY  OF    THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


was  married  to  Helen  A.  Hall,  of  Albert 
Lea.  September  1,  l.SSO.  Tliey  have  had  two 
children:  Philip  H..  born  Au«inst  2!).  1887, 
and  died  in  July,  1804.  Barba.  the  sur\-iv- 
ma  child,  was  born  July  ::'.0,  1S!)(). 


HENRY  A.    MORGAN. 

to  the  bar,  and  in  July  of  that  same  year  he 
was  admitted  to  the  partnership,  when  the 
style  of  the  firm  became  Lovely,  Morgan  & 
Morgan — the  other  members  being  John  A. 
Lovely,  now  associate  justice  of  the  supreme 
court  of  Minnesota,  and  D.  F.  Morgan,  now 
of  Minneapolis.  In  1801  the  firm  was  dis- 
solved. Since  then  Mr.  Henry  Morgan  has 
practiced  alone,  and  has  secured  a  large  and 
lucrative  business.  In  1880-90  he  was  the 
city  attorney  of  Albert  Lea.  In  1891  he  was 
elected  county  attorney  of  Freeborn  county, 
and,  by  re-elections,  served  until  1890.  He 
has  thus  become  one  of  the  most  prominent 
and  successful  lawyers  in  the  southern  part 
of  the  state.  In  politics,  he  is  a  Republican, 
stalwart  and  active,  serving  as  a  member 
of  county,  congressional  and  judicial  com- 
mittees from  time  to  time,  where  his  influ- 
ence has  been  potent  in  all  the  affairs  of 
interest  to  his  party.  He  has  also  rendered 
very  efficient  service  as  a  public  speaker  in 
all  political  campaigns,  and  ranks  high  on 
the  forum.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Knights 
of  P.vthias  and  of  the  Royal  Arcanum.  In 
religion  he  affiliates  with  the  I'resbj'terians, 
whieli  is  the  denomination  of  his  familv.    He 


M'( 'LENOX,  Rufus  P.uel.— The  superin- 
tendent of  the  public  schools  of  iladison,  S. 
I).,  Pi'ofessor  Rufus  B.  McClenon,  is  an  hon- 
or man  of  Williams  College,  Mass., — an  in- 
stitution which  probably  surpasses  most  col- 
leges in  putting  personal  character  in  the 
fore-front  of  intellectual  training.  His  fa- 
ther. Thomas  !McClenon,  was  an  industrious, 
honest  farmer,  whose  wife's  maiden  name 
was  Frances  Benedict,  a  woman  of  sweet  dis-. 
position  and  kindly  spirit.  The  early  life  of 
young  Rufus  was  not  unlike  that  of  most 
farmer  boys.  He  was  born  in  Franklin,  N. 
Y.,  November  13,  1852.  His  early  education 
was  obtained  in  the  "little  red  school  house" 
on  the  foot  hills  of  the  Catskill  mountains, 
New  York,  in  days  when  school  and  work 
were  very  close  together.  Later,  he  attended 
AValton  Academy,  about  six  miles  from  his 
home.  Mr.  McClenon  highly  commends  the 
influence  of  this  school  for  the  inspiration 
and  stimulus  it  gave  him,  and  for  its  high 
standard,  moral  and  intellectual.  When  a 
lad  in  his  "teens'"  he  joined  a  ( lood  Templar 
lodge,  and  became  so  interested  in  the  work 
that  he  used  to  walk  six  miles  to  the  lodge 
meetings,  after  a  hard  day's  work  on  the 
farm.  The  proceedings  were  conducted  by  a 
bright,  educated  lawyer  as  chief  templar, 
while  there  were  present  two  or  three  hun- 
dred members.  The  ease  and  dignity  with 
which  the  business  was  directed  tilled  young 
McClenon  with  admiration,  and  the  experi- 
ence gained  was  of  gi'eat  value  to  him  in 
after  years.  He  finally  entered  Williams 
('ollege,  Massachusetts,  and  graduated  in  the 
class  of  1S78.  The  habits  of  industry  and 
fidelity  to  duty,  due  to  his  early  training, 
aided  materially  in  securing  for  him  a  high 
rank  at  college.  His  scholarship  won  the 
honorary  oration,  and,  what  he  prized  even 


HISTORY  OK    rilE  (UtKAT   NOltTIIWKST. 


more  highly,  a  membership  in  the  well  known 
Phi  Beta  Kai)i)a  collese  fraternity.  He  also 
enjoyed  athletic  sports,  bnt  was  preclnded 
from  special  honors  in  this  field  because  he 
was  compelled  to  work  so  much  to  pay  liis 
way  through  college  that  there  was  little 
time  left  for  jilay.  Poverty,  however,  was  no 
bar  to  honors  in  the  institution,  for  a  ]ioor 
boy  witli  brains  and  a  friendly  sjiirit  was 
just  as  popular  as  one  with  ]ilenty  of  money. 
He  was  ''class  historian,""  and  (nic  of  the 
editors  of  the  "<!nl,""  a  college  ]iiiblicii1ion. 
His  loyalty  to  the  class  of  "7S  is  one  of  liis 
chief  delights.  After  graduating  lie  studied 
law  for  one  year,  but  lack  of  means  led  him 
to  teaching,  at  wliicli  he  was  so  successful 
that  he  decided  to  make  teaching  his  pro- 
fession. In  addition  to  his  fine  scholarshi]) 
he  has  proved  to  be  apt  in  imparting  instruc 
tion,  and  he  combines  with  this,  those  quali- 
ties which  influence  his  pupils  to  put  forth 
their  best  endeavors,  and  which  stimulate 
them  to  continue  their  studies  in  the  high- 
est institutions.  He  has  had  marked  success 
in  this  field,  roming  West,  he  secured  a  po- 
sition at  Beloit,  Wis.,  in  the  Beloit  College 
Academy.  In  18!-!y  he  went  to  South  Dakota 
to  accept  the  position  of  i(riucii)al  of  the  high 
school  at  Sioux  Falls.  During  his  service  of 
four  years  in  this  institution,  he  cleai-ly  dem- 
onstrated his  special  aptitude  for  his  profes- 
sion by  the  improvements  he  made  in  many 
directions,  adding — among  other  things — a 
year  to  the  course.  His  success  led  to  an  in- 
vitation from  Madison,  S.  D.,  to  take  charge 
of  the  public  schools  of  that  city,  as  superin- 
tendent, a  position  which  he  has  since  held. 
The  uplift  of  his  personal  intluence  in  this 
capacity  has  been  shown  in  the  number  of 
pui)ils  who  have  entered  the  higher  institu- 
tions of  learning,  while  his  efficiency  as  a 
teacher  has  been  proven  by  the  high  stand- 
ing of  the  Madison  graduates,  who  have  been 
admitted  to  the  best  colleges  without  con- 
ditions. In  politics  I'rofessor  McClenon 
might  be  called  an  eclectic,  with  decided 
views  of  public  affairs.  He  exercises  his  lib- 
erty as  a  citizen  to  select  the  best  men,  re- 


lillFI^S    H.    M'CLKLOX. 

gardless  of  jiarty  attiliatious.  When  nine- 
teen years  old  he  joined  the  ('ongregational 
cliurcli  ;it  Walton,  N.  Y.,  and  has  sinc^been 
an  aclixc  \\drker,  serving  as  clerk  of  the 
church  at  Lake  (Jeneva,  \\'is.,  and  as  super- 
intendent of  the  Sunday  school  at  Sioux 
Falls  and  Madison,  his  present  home.  He  is 
a  Good  Templar,  as  mentioned,  and  has  been 
Chief  Templar  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  South 
Dakota  and  three  times  a  delegate  to  the 
supreme  lodge.  He  was  married,  July  27, 
1882,  at  Walton,  N.  Y.,  to  Mary  Adeline 
White,  whose  acquaintance  he  formed  while 
attending  the  academy  ten  years  before.  She 
is  a  gifted  woman  and  graduated  at  Vassar 
College,  Poughkee]»sie,  N.  Y.,  the  same  year 
in  which  he  graduated  at  Williams  College. 
They  have  two  children:  Kaymoud  Benedict, 
a  senior  in  Yankton  College,  and  Walter  Hol- 
brook  Mc(,"leuou,  a  pupil  in  the  Madison  high 
school.  Both  have  led  their  respective  classes 
in  scholarship,  while  Kaymond  is  the  cham- 
pion tennis  player  of  his  college,  and  the 
president  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  As- 
sociation of  the  institution. 


HISTORY   OF  THE  (JHEAT   NORTHWEST. 


HUBBAKD,  J.utius  Fredeiic-k.  —  Tlie 
-History  of  the  (Ireat  ^'orthwe.st'"  would 
not  be  coiiiplete  if  it  failed  to  f^ive  a  slcetcb, 
tliougli  uecessai-ily  brief,  of  tlie  eiuiueut 
Mfi-vices  perfonued  by  Luuius  Frederii-k  Hub- 
bard, wlio  for  two  successive  terms  tilled  the 
office  of  governor  of  the  state  of  Miuuesota 
with  distinguisLed  ability.  (Joveruor  Hub- 
bard is  in  the  true  sense  of  the  word  a  self- 
made  man.  He  had  only  limited  educational 
training  in  youth,  but,  the  studious  habits  he 
formed  early  in  life  placed  at  his  command 
an  education  thoroughly  practical  in  its 
nature.  Its  benefits  are  shown  in  his  after 
career.  The  commonwealth  of  Minnesota 
owes  much  to  Governor  Hubbard.  No  man 
more  creditably  represented  it  in  the  Civil 
War  than  he,  none  have  performed  more 
eminent  service  at  the  helm  of  the  state,  and 
few  have  contributed  more  to  its  upbuilding. 
From  the  beginning  of  his  residence  in  the 
state  he  took  an  active  interest  in  public  af- 
fairs, and  has  richly  merited  the  rewai-ds 
which  have  been  bestowed  upon  him.  The 
naming  of  Hubbard  county  after  this  dis- 
tinguished man  has  perpetuated  his  name  for 
all  time.  Governor  Hubbard  is  a  native  of 
the  state  of  New  York.  He  was  born  Janu- 
ary 2G,  1836,  at  Troy,  N.  Y.,  and  was  the 
eldest  son  of  ("harles  F.  and  Margaret  "S'an 
Valkenburg  Hubbard.  He  comes  from  old 
Colonial  stock  and  is  descended,  upon  his 
father's  side,  from  George  Hubbard  and 
Mary  Bishop,  who  came  to  this  country  from 
England  in  the  seventeenth  century.  On  his 
mother's  side  he  is  descended  from  the  Van 
Valkenburgs  of  Holland,  who  were  among 
the  earliest  settlers  in  the  Hudson  river  val- 
ley. Lucius  was  but  three  years  of  age  at 
the  time  of  his  father's  death,  and  was 
placed  in  charge  of  an  aunt  at  Chester,  Vt. 
He  remained  here  until  he  was  twelve  years 
of  age,  when  he  went  to  Granville,  N.  Y.,  and 
attended  the  academy  at  that  place  for  three 
years.  Returning  to  Vermont,  he  began, 
when  but  fifteen  years  of  age,  an  apprentice- 
ship to  the  tinner's  trade  at  Poultney.  He 
completed  his  api)renticeship  at  Salem,  N. 
Y..  in  1854.  Believing  that  in  the  West  he 
would  find  better  opportunities  to  succeed 


in  life,  lie  came  to  ("hicago  from  Salem,  and 
woiked  at  his  trade  in  that  city.  For  the 
three  years  following  he.devoted  all  his  spare 
time  to  improving  his  education.  Possessed 
of  literary  tastes,  the  systenmtic  and  careful 
study  he  pursued  was  a  source  of  pleasure 
to  him,  and  he  thus  acquired  by  his  studious 
habits  an  excellent  iiracti<al  education.  In 
July,  1S57,  Mr.  Hubbard  came  to  Minnesota 
and  located  at  Ked  Wing.  The  first  business 
venture  he  undertook  was  typical  of  the  bold 
s])i)it  i'.nd  self-confidence  of  the  man.  Al- 
though having  no  exfierience  in  the  publish- 
ing business  he  started  the  Ked  Wing  Ke- 
publican,  the  second  paper  established  in 
(Joodhue  county.  The  pa[)er  was  a  success 
from  the  start.  His  good  business  judgment 
was  recognized  by  the  people  of  Goodhue 
county  a  year  later  by  his  being  chosen  to 
fill  the  office  of  register  of  deeds.  In  1861  he 
became  a  candidate  for  the  upper  house  of 
the  state  legislature  on  the  Republican 
ticket,  but  was  defeated.  The  Civil  War 
having  broken  out  at  this  time,  Mr.  Hubbard 
recognized  his  responsibility  as  a  citizen  and 
was  not  slow  in  responding  to  the  country^s 
call.  He  sold  his  paper  in  December  of  that 
year,  and  enlisted  as  a  private  in  Company 
A,  Fifth  Minnesota,  and  was  elected  captain 
of  his  company  on  the  oth  of  February  the 
following  year.  On  March  20.  1862.  the  regi- 
ment was  organized  and  Mr.  Hubbard  was 
advanced  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant  colonel. 
In  May  the  regiment  was  divided,  three  com- 
jianies  being  ordered  to  the  Minnesota  fron- 
tier, the  other  seven  to  the  South.  Mr.  Hub- 
bard went  with  the  southern  division,  which 
participated  almost  immediately  after  its  ar- 
rival in  the  battle  of  Fannington,  Miss., 
then  in  the  first  battle  of  Corinth,  where 
('olonel  Hubbard  was  badly  wounded.  In 
August  of  that  year,  he  was  appointed  col- 
onel of  his  regiment.  He  was  in  its  com- 
mand at  the  battle  of  luka,  the  second  battle 
of  Corinth,  and  at  the  battles  of  Jackson, 
Mississippi  Springs,  Mechanicsburg  and  Sa- 
tarcia.  Miss.;  Richmond,  La.,  and  the  assault 
and  siege  of  Vicksburg.  After  the  fall  of 
Vicksburg  Colonel  Hubbard  was  given  com- 
mand of  the  Second  Brigade,  First  Division, 


LUCIUS    V.    HUBBARU. 


HISTORY  OK  THE  (iUEAT  NORTHA\'EST. 


Kith  Army  Corjis.  The  lirif;ade  participated 
within  a  very  shoil  time  in  seveu  battles  on 
Red  river,  La.,  and  in  sontliern  Arkansas. 
Returning  to  Memidiis,  it  also  took  part  in 
several  engagements  in  Mississijjpi,  Arkan 
sas  and  Missouri.  It  was  also  engaged  in 
the  battle  of  Nashville,  December  15  and  10. 
18(i4.  reinforcing  General  Thomas.  In  this 
battle  the  brigade  was  badly  cut  to  pieces; 
Colonel  Hubbard  had  two  horees  killed 
under  him  and  was  severely  wounded.  It 
added  to  its  laurels,  however,  by  capturing 
seven  pieces  of  artillery,  many  stands  of 
colors  and  forty  per  cent,  more  prisoners 
than  were  in  the  command  itself.  Colonel 
Hubbard  was  breveted  brigadier  general  for 
conspicuous  gallantry  on  this  occasion.  Sub- 
sequently he  was  engaged  in  military  opera- 
tions near  New  f)ileans  and  Mobile,  and  was 
mustered  out  in  Sejitember.  1865.  During 
his  term  of  service  (ieneral  Hubbard  was  en- 
gaged in  thirty-one  battles  and  minor  en- 
gagements, and  has  a  military  record  of 
which  his  state  has  reason  to  be  proud.  He 
returned  to  his  home  in  Red  Wing  somewhat 
broken  in  health,  but  after  a  short  rest  en- 
gaged in  the  grain  business,  his  operations 
becoming  quite  extensive.  Some  years  later 
he  turned  his  attention  to  railroad  building, 
and  in  1S70  comj)leted  the  Midland  railway 
from  Wabasha  to  Zumbrota.  This  road  was 
subsequently  ])ur(hased  by  the  Chicago,  Mil- 
waukee &  St.  Paul.  Mr.  Hubbard  also  organ- 
ized and  projected  the  Minnesota  Central 
from  Red  Wing  to  Mankato  and  later  he  pro- 
jected the  Duluth,  Red  Wing  &  Southern 
Railway,  of  which  he  has  had  actual  control 
as  general  managei'  np  to  this  time.  Aside 
from  his  numerous  business  interests,  Mr. 
Hubbard  has  always  found  time  to  take  an 
active  interest  in  public  affairs.  His  polit- 
ical affiliaticms  are  with  the  Republican  par- 
ty. In  ISfiS  he  was  nominated  for  congress 
from  the  Second  Minnesota  district,  but  de- 
clined on  account  of  the  regularity  of  the 
nomination  being  questioned.  He  sened  in 
the  state  senate  in  the  sessions  of  1872.  187.S, 
1874  and  1875.  but  declined  a  re-election  in 
the  following  session.  In  1881  he  was  nomi- 
nated for  the  office  of  governor  and  elected 


by  a  handsome  majority.  He  was  re-elected 
in  18,s;{,  the  latter  time  being  for  three  years. 
His  administration  of  this  i-esjionsible  office 
was  marked  for  the  high  executive  ability 
shown  in  the  conduct  of  the  affairs  of  the 
state.  .Maiiy  inqjortant  legislative  measures 
were  ena<-ted  in  response  to  his  recommenda- 
tion, among  which  may  be  mentioned  the 
creation  of  the  present  railway  and  ware- 
house commission;  the  existing  state  grain 
inspection  system;  the  state  insj)ection  of 
dairy  ])roducts;  the  present  state  sanitary 
system;  the  state  board  of  corrections  and 
charities;  the  establishment  of  the  state  pub- 
lic school  at  Owatonna;  the  organization  of 
the  State  National  Guard,  and  the  change 
from  annual  to  biennial  elections.  During 
Governor  Hubhard"s  service  in  the  guber- 
natorial chair  the  state's  finances  were  also 
administered  on  the  strictest  bu.siness  i)rin- 
ciples  and  the  taxes  levied  for  state  purposes 
averaged  less  than  for  the  ten  preceding 
years  or  any  similar  period  since.  The  rate 
of  taxation  was  not  only  greatly  reduced, 
but  the  jiublic  debt  was  materially  decreased, 
and  the  trust  fund  of  the  state  increased 
nearly  two  million  dollars.  Among  other  im- 
l>ortant  positions  of  public  trust  which  Ciov- 
ernor  Hubbard  held  may  be  mentioned  his 
ajijiointment  in  18fi6  on  the  commission  to 
investigate  the  status  of  the  state  railroad 
bonds  and  report  on  the  means  to  be  adopt- 
ed to  secure  their  surrender;  his  appoint 
nient  by  the  legislature  in  1874  on  the  com- 
mission to  investigate  the  accounts  of  the 
state  auditor  and  state  treasurer;  his  ap- 
]>ointment  by  the  same  body  in  1879  on  .the 
commission  of  arbitration  to  adjust  the  dif- 
ferences between  the  state  and  the  state 
prison  contractors,  and,  in  188fl,  on  the  com- 
mission to  compile  and  publish  a  history  of 
Minnesota  military  organizations  in  the  Civil 
^^'ar  and  the  Indian  War  at  that  time.  In 
recognition  of  his  distinguished  services  to 
his  country  Governor  Hubbard  was  appoint- 
ed a  brigadier  general  by  President  McKin- 
ley,  June  0.  1898,  and  served  throughout  the 
Spanish-American  War  in  command  of  the 
Third  Division,  Seventh  Army  Corjis.  This 
was  a   fitting  tribute  to  a   long  and   useful 


HISTORY  OF  TUF.  (JREAT   NOltTIIWKST. 


careei',  aud  an  honor  most  worthily  bestowed 
on  one  of  the  lieroes  of  the  (Mvil  War.  Gov- 
ernor Huhbai-d  is  also  actively  identified 
with  the  (i.  A.  R.  and  kindred  orjiauizations. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Acker  Post,  (i.  A.  R., 
St.  Pan];  Minnesota  Tommandery  of  the 
Loyal  Leiiion;  the  Minnesota  Society,  Sons  of 
the  American  Revolution;  Society  of  the 
Ai'Uiy  of  Tennessee,  and  of  the  Hoard  of  Trus- 
tees of  the  Minnesota  Soldiers'  Home.  He  is 
also  a  membiM'  of  the  Red  Winj;  Royal  Arch 
Masons.  He  was  married  at  Red  \\'inji,  in 
May,  18fiS.  to  Amelia  Thomas,  a  daughter  of 
Charles  Thomas,  and  a  lineal  descendant  of 
Sir  .lohii  ifoiire.  Their  union  has.  been 
iijessed  with  three  cliildren— ( 'iiarles  F., 
Lucius  '\'.  and  .Tulia  M. 


OJERTSEN,  Melchior  Falk,  a  lu-oniinent 
Lutheran  clerjjyman  of  Minneapolis,  Minn., 
more  familiarly  known  as  M.  Falk  (ijertsen, 
was  bom  in  Sojjn,  Norway,  February  l!i. 
1847.  He  is  a  son  of  Johan  P.  and  Bertha 
Johanna  (Hanson)  Ojertsen.  The  ancestors 
of  the  family  on  both  sides  belonged  to  th.e 
peasantry  of  Norway.  Johan  P.  Ojertsen 
was  a  minister  of  the  gospel,  highly  esteem 
ed  by  all  who  knew  him,  and  one  of  the  or- 
ganizers of  the  "Zion  Society  for  Israel," 
whose  special  object  is  the  conversion  of  the 
Jews.  He  was  also  the  author  of  "Mission- 
ary Hymns  for  Israel."  He  died  at  Stough- 
ton,  Wis.,  in  his  ninetieth  year.  Mrs.  (ijert- 
sen is  still  living  at  the  advanced  age  of 
eighty-six  years.  The  subject  of  our  sketch 
attended  the  Latin  school  or  college  at  Ber- 
gen, Norway.  A\'hen  seventeen  years  of  age 
he  emigrated  to  America,  locating  in  Chi- 
cago, where  he  contributed  to  the  supjiort  of 
the  family  by  working  in  a  chair  factory. 
His  daily  task  here  was  putting  together 
fifty  four-spindle  chairs  a  day,  for  which  he 
received  as  compensation  one  dollar  a  day. 
Three  months  later  he  obtained  employment 
in  a  shingle  mill  at  one  dollar  and  fifty  cents 
a  day.  Later  he  secured  a  position  in  a  gro 
eery  store  at  Milwaukee,  but  became  seri 
onslj-  ill  in  the  course  of  a  year,  and  it  was 
at  this  time  he  resolved  to  make  a  change  in 


MioLCHloK   I-.  (;.ii:itTSi:x. 

his  <-arc('r.  On  liis  icciixcry  he  began  to 
study  for  the  niinistry  and  entered  the  theo- 
logical seminary  of  the  Scandinavian  An- 
gustana  Synod,  at  Paxton,  111.  He  \^s  or- 
dained to  the  niinistry  in  ISdS,  and  his  first 
pastorate  was  at  Leland.  111.  He  remained 
here  for  four  years,  then  removed  to  Stough- 
ton.  Wis.,  where  he  resided  for  nine  years. 
In  1S81,  he  moved  to  Jlinnea])olis  and  be 
came  jiastor  of  the  Lutheran  Trinity  church. 
He  has  been  its  pastor  ever  since,  and  is  held 
in  high  esteem  for  his  faithful  and  conscien- 
tious work  in  behalf  of  the  church.  He  was 
one  <if  the  lirst  jiromoters  of  temperance 
work  among  the  Scandinavians  of  the  North- 
west, and  lias  taken  an  acti\c  |iart  in  the 
|irohibition  movement  in  .Minnesota,  and  in 
the  regulation  nf  ijic  liquor  li-allir  in  .Minne- 
apolis. In  jiolitics,  howexer.  lie  is  a  Kepuh- 
lican.  In  1SS7  he  was  I'leiicd  a  niemlier  of 
the  school  board  of  Minneaiiolis  by  liolh  tlie 
Hejiublicans  and  Democrats,  was  tlic  secre- 
tary of  the  boai-d  for  six  years,  and  its  ]iresi 
(lent  for  two  yeai-s.  Mr.  (ijertsen  has  also 
been  deeply  interested  in  lios|iilai  work,  and 
assisted  in  the  establisliiiieni  of  tiie  Order  of 
Deaconesses  in  Minneapolis.     lU'  was  one  of 


HISTORY  OP  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


the  organizers  of  the  Nor\ve5,nau-D;iuish 
Lutheran  Conference  in  1S70,  and  also  of  the 
United  Norwegian  I>utheran  Church  of 
America,  whicl)  was  organized  in  1890.  He 
was  also  one  of  the  founders  and  has  always 
been  one  of  the  most  ardent  supporters  of 
Augsburg  Theological  Seminary.  He  was 
the  organizer,  also,  of  the  Norwegian  Y.  M. 
C.  A.  of  Minneapolis.  He  has  published  two 
volumes  of  sermons,  one  of  seven  discourses 
on  the  parable  of  the  Prodigal  Son  under  the 
title  "K(mi  hjem"  ((Vmie  home!),  and  another 
of  eight  discourses  on  the  letters  to  the 
churches  in  Asia  Minor.  Both  of  these  vol 
umes  have  been  published  in  Norway,  and 
there,  as  well  as  here,  have  had  a  large  sale. 
He  is  also  one  of  the  publishers  of  "Sang- 
bogen,"  a  volume  of  hynms  with  music,  pub- 
lished here  in  Minneai)olis.  In  1869  Mr.  Gjert- 
sen  was  married  to  Sarah  Ann  Mosey,  of 
Fi-eedom,  HI.  They  have  three  children  liv- 
ing:   Marie,  Johan  and  Lena. 


AUSTIN,  Zadok  H.,  the  actuary  of  the 
Northwestern  National  Life  Insurance  Com 
pany  of  Minneapolis,  Minn.,  is  of  early  ^'ir- 
ginia  ancestry.  Tliree  brothers  of  one  of  the 
Virginia  families  in  the  opening  years  of  tiie 
nineteenth  century  migrated  from  their  old 
home,  in  three  different  directions — one  to 
the  far  Southwest,  of  whom  Setphen  Austin, 
a  leading  character  in  Texas  history,  and  for 
whom  the  city  of  Austin  was  named,  was  a 
representative.  The  second  brother  settled 
in  Kentucky,  near  Frankfort.  From  this 
sprang  the  subject  of  this  sketch.  All  of  his 
immediate  ancestors  are  Kentuckians.  The 
third  branch  established  itself  in  the  North- 
west, where  descendants  may  be  found  iu 
Minnesota  and  other  states.  The  father  of 
Z.  H.  Austin  was  William  S.  Austin,  former 
ly  a  farmer  iu  Callaway  county,  Mo.  Later 
he  removed  to  Duluth,  Minn.,  where  he  en- 
gaged in  the  wholesale  cigar  business,  which 
he  still  continues.  His  wife's  maiden  name 
was  Elizabeth  A.  Hook.  She  died  in  1897, 
at  Duluth.  Zadok  was  born  on  his  father's 
farm  near  Fulton,  Mo.,  January  9,  1863.  His 
early  life  was  that  of  an  ordinary  farmer's 
boy.    His  schooling  consisted  of  about  three 


months'  attendance  iu  a  country  school  eacli 
year.  The  rest  of  the  time,  when  old  enough, 
he  was  comjielled  to  occupy  in  fami  work. 
It  so  happened  that  this  school  was  of  a 
very  superior  character.  It  has  the  rej)uta- 
tion  of  turning  out  more  professional  teach- 
ers than  is  credited  to  any  other  countn^ 
school  district  in  the  Southern  or  Western 
states.  The  ])resent  state  superintendent  of 
scliools  of  the  state  of  Missouri  is  a  farmer 
boy  of  that  district.  Mr.  Austin  began  rn 
teach  at  the  age  of  .seventeen,  engaging  in 
this  work  part  of  the  year  and  attending  col- 
lege during  the  remainder  of  the  time.  The 
elementary  studies  considered  then  of  prime 
importance  were  mathematics  and  spelling. 
Mr.  Austin's  principal  college  training  was 
received  at  Kirksville.  Mo.,  but  he  pursued 
most  of  the  college  branches  indejjendently, 
and  outside  of  a  regular  school.  That  liQ 
was  unusually  proficient  is  .shown  by  the 
fact  that  when  only  twenty-two  yeare  old  he 
was  admitted  as  a  member  of  the  Missouri 
School  of  Philosojjhy — an  honor  unprec-e- 
dented.  The  next  youngest  member  was 
thiity-five  years  old.  Mr.  Austin  made  a 
sjiecialty  of  mathematics  and  the  languages, 
devoting  most  of  his  time  to  them.  Begin- 
ning as  mentioned,  at  the  age  of  seventeen, 
he  taught  country  schools  for  four  years. 
He  was  then  elected  superintendent  of 
schools  at  Lancaster,  Mo.  In  this  position  he 
demonstrated  his  advanced  attitude  by  or- 
ganizing the  schools  into  grades,  which  they 
still  retain.  He  then  went  into  high  school 
work,  advancing  in  position  and  salary  each 
year.  At  twenty-four  years  of  age  he  held  ' 
an  official  position  in  the  Missouri  State 
Teachers'  Association  and  became  a  writer 
(ui  educational  subjects,  and  an  associate 
editor  of  several  Eastern  educational  papers. 
Iu  1888  he  determined  to  abandon  teaching 
on  account  of  his  health  and  because  of  the 
desire  of  ihe  stimulus  of  a  business  and  po- 
litical life,  for  which  he  had  a  taste.  He 
.selected  Duluth  as  a  suitable  place  in  which 
to  make  the  change,  solely  because  of  its 
favorable  geographical  position.  He  knew 
little  of  its  size  or  of  the  conditions  of  busi- 
uess,  or  of  the  opportunities  presented,  but 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


he  went  directly  there,  prepared  to  remain. 
He  found  business  dull.  Two  weeks  later, 
when  offered  the  priucipalshii)  of  the  hi<;li 
school,  he  concluded  to  accept  the  i)osition 
for  a  time.  He  was  enga<;ed  in  this  service 
for  part  of  two  yeai-s,  when  business  revived, 
and  he  gave  up  school  work.  He  then  took 
up  insurance  and  real  estate  on  his  own  ac- 
count. He  succeeded  in  working  uj)  a  large 
and  profitable  business,  ^^■hen  the  panic  of 
1893  came  on,  lie  gave  insurance  his  exclu- 
sive attention.  Fur  this  he  was  peculiarly 
fitted  by  his  mathematical  knowledge.  He 
was  such  an  acknowledged  authority  on  this 
subject  that  Governor  Lind  appointed  him  to 
duty  in  that  department  as  deputy  insurance 
ccnnmissioner.  On  the  organization  of  the 
Northwestern  National  Life  Insurance  (.'om 
pany — from  two  old  established  concerns — 
Mr.  Austin's  skill  was  again  called  into 
requisition  by  being  made  actuary  of  the  con- 
solidated company,  the  office  which  he  noM- 
holds.  During  all  his  school  work  he  looked 
forward  and  prepared  to  make  law  his  pro- 
fession. He  expected  to  go  into  practice  at 
Duluth,  but  the  chances  in  real  estate  chang- 
ed his  plans.  In  politics  he  had  always  been 
a  Democrat  until  1S94.  He  was  nominated 
as  a  Democrat,  without  his  knowledge,  in 
1890,  for  the  position  of  county  superinten- 
dent of  public  schools  of  St.  Louis  county, 
Minn.  He  also  took  an  active  part  as  a 
Democrat  in  Cleveland's  campaign  in  1892. 
In  1891:,  however,  he  rebelled  against  Cleve- 
land's gold  standard  policy,  and  openly 
espoused  populism.  That  year  he  was  nomi- 
nated for  the  legislature  by  the  Populists, 
and  ran  ahead  of  both  the  Populist  and 
Democratic  tickets.  That  year  also  he  made 
the  first  active  political  canvass,  mostly 
against  the  Democratic  and  Republican  can- 
didates for  congress.  He  afterwards  became 
reconciled  to  Towne,  the  Republican  candi- 
date, and  visited  him  in  Washington,  after 
Mr.  Towne's  "silver  speech"  in  April,  189G. 
Mr.  Austin  then  pledged  his  active  support 
to  Mr.  Towne,  provided  he  was  compelled  to 
leave  the  Republican  party.  That  event  hap 
pened,  and  Mr.  Austin  became  chairman  of 


z.\noK  n.  AUSTIN. 

the  Sixth  district  cimgressioual  committee, 
.spending  three  months  in  active  campaign- 
ing. In  1898  Mr.  Austin  succeeded  in  secur- 
ing the  solid  delegation  of  St.  Louis  county 
against  the  "Mid-road  Populists."  This  dele- 
gation proved  to  be  the  pivoted  force  which 
determined  the  results.  Lind  and  fusion  tri- 
umphed. Mr.  Austin  had  the  distinguished 
honor  of  presiding  at  this  convention — par- 
ticularly noted  as  putting  in  nomination  the 
first  candidate  for  governor  successfully  in 
Minnesota  against  the  Republican  party.  It 
may  also  be  called  epochal,  in  that  it  com- 
pelled a  new  arrangement  of  parties  in  the 
state,  and  even  in  the  nation.  Mr.  Austin 
was  nominated  by  this  convention  for  the 
clerk  of  the  supreme  court  and  his  nomina- 
tion was  endorsed  subsequently  by  Demo- 
crats and  Silver  Republicans.  He  is  now  a 
member  of  the  national  committee  of  the 
People's  party  and  was  a  member  of  the  con- 
ference committee  at  the  Kansas  City  con- 
vention, in  1900.  He  is  a  warm  personal 
friend  of  Marion  Butler,  and  an  enthusiastic 
disciple.  Mr.  Austin  belongs  to  the  Chris- 
tian church,  and  to  the  ('ommercial  Club  of 
Minneapolis. 


HISTORY  (»1'  TIIK  (iUKAT   NUKTIIWEST, 


JOHN    A.     SCHLENER. 

SCHLENEK,  John  Albert.— If  success  in 
business  of  a  standard  line  of  trade  in  these 
days  of  strenuous  competition  is  an  index  of 
ability,  John  A.  Schlener  must  be  placed  in 
the  first  rank.  Commencing  as  a  poor  boy 
he  has  won  a  prominent  position  in  the  city 
of  Minneapolis,  Minn.,  where  the  pace  is 
I'apid  in  all  the  avenues  of  trade.  His  father, 
— ^also  named  John  A., — came  from  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.,  in  1857,  and  started  a  bakery 
on  the  east  side  of  the  river  in  Minneapolis — 
then  St.  Anthony — and  carried  it  on  until 
his  death  in  1872.  Mrs.  Schlener's  maiden 
name  was  Bertha  Sproesser.  They  were  both 
of  German  extraction,  and  had  inherited  to 
a  full  degree  the  industry,  energy  and  thrift 
of  that  hardy  race.  Young  John  was  born  in 
Philadelphia,  February  24,  1856.  He  first 
essayed  to  climb  the  heights  of  learning  in  a 
private  school.  He  then  attended  the  public 
schools  of  the  city  and  sujjplemented  that 
training  by  a  course  at  a  business  college. 
At  twelve  years  of  age,  however,  he  began 
work  at  anything  his  young  hands  could  find 
to  do.  For  a  time  he  was  employed  by  the 
toll  gatherer  at  the  suspension  bridge,  to 
help  take  care  of  the  bridge  and  to  keep  the 
accounts.  The  experience  and  knowledge  of 
men  and  things  which  he  acquired  in  this 


jiosilidii,  and  the  wide  acquaintance  which 
he  iIhmc  gained  subsequently  j)roved  to  be 
|ii(ililalile  caiiilal.  When  only  sixteen  years 
1)1(1  he  was  emjiloyed  as  a  Itookkeeper  in  the 
lioiik  and  srationery  store  of  Wistar,  Wales iV 
('oiu])any,  one  of  the  leading  firms  in  that 
blanch  of  business.  Young  Hchlener  proved 
III  be  so  efficient  and  useful  in  every  depart- 
iiienl  (hat  he  was  retained  through  several 
iliunges  ill  the  firm,  and  when  it  was  reor- 
ganized finally,  under  the  style  of  Bean, 
\\'ales  i^  ("onqjany,  Mr.  Schlener  was  taken 
into  partnershi])  and  given  a  third  interest 
ill  the  concern.  Subsequently  Mr.  >\'ales  re- 
lii-ed  and  the  business  was  carried  on  by 
Kiikbiide  &  Whitall,  in  whose  employ  Mr. 
Sehlener  remained  until  1884,  when  he  open- 
ed a  store  of  his  own,  which  he  has  conduct- 
ed with  such  success  that  he  enjoys  a  large 
share  of  the  best  trade  in  the  city  and  states 
of  the  Northwest.  ^A'hile  absorbed  in  his 
business,  he  does  not  neglect  his  duties  as  a 
citizen  nor  slight  his  obligations  as  a  factor 
in  business  and  social  life.  He  is  an  active 
member  of  the  organization  to  promote  com- 
mercial enterprises  and  a  Mason  of  the  high- 
est degrees,  having  been  frequently  honored 
by  the  order  with  offices  of  honor  and  trust. 
In  jiolitics  Mr.  Sehlener  is  a  Republican  of 
such  prominence  in  the  party  that  he  has 
been  put  forward  as  a  leader  in  the  manage- 
ment of  local  political  affaire.  In  1890  he 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  board  of  educa- 
tion, and  is  recognized  as  one  of  the  most 
valuable  men  in  the  service.  In  1900  he  was 
induced  to  allow  his  name  to  be  presented 
for  the  nomination  to  the  mayoralty  under 
the  first  trial  of  the  new  primary  law.  For 
peculiar  reasons,  not  necessary  to  mention, 
his  friends  did  not  succeed  in  getting  him 
the  nomination,  but  his  support  was  highly 
creditable  to  his  standing  with  his  own 
party.  In  religion  Mr.  Sehlener,  although 
born  and  baptized  into  the  Lutheran  church, 
to  which  his  parents  belonged,  prefers  the 
Congregational  church,  and  is  an  attendant 
of  the  Plymouth  chui'ch  of  Minneapolis.  In 
1892  he  was  married  to  Miss  Grace  Hol- 
brook,  of  Lockport,  N.  Y.,  a  lady  of  cultuie 
and  refinement. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT   XORTIIWEST. 


DONAHOE.  Michael.  —  Statistics*  and 
written  descriptions  of  the  develojinieut  of 
the  state  of  Montana  convey  a  vague  idea  of 
tile  results  acconijiJislied  in  that  wonderful 
state,  hut  they  cannot  present  the  daring  en- 
terprise, fertile  engineering  exjiedience,  i)er- 
sistent  energy  and  business  acumen  which 
ha\e  made  possible  the  achievements  so 
noted  throughout  the  world.  ^luch  less  can 
the  pei'sonal  qualities  of  Ihe  men  who  have 
overcome  apparently  insuperable  obstacles, 
conquered  adverse  conditions,  and  wrung 
success  from  hostile  nature,  be  described. 
The  names  of  some  of  Ihem,  it  is  true,  are 
public  projterty.  but  the  true  I'.xecutive  force 

in   the  develojiment   is   I ften   buried   in 

their  im]iortanl  work.  Among  those  who 
have  been  peculiarly  successful  in  the  ditli- 
cult  field  of  .Montana,  Michael  Donahoe,  the 
subject  of  this  sketch,  must  be  accorded  a 
high  rank.  He  was  born  at  Marathon,  Cort- 
land county,  N.  Y.,  June  17,  18U1.  His  fa- 
ther's name  was  Thomas  S.  Donahoe.  His 
mother's  maiden  name  was  Catherine  McMa- 
hon.  They  were  in  comfortable  financial  cir- 
cumstances, and  the  boy  had  the  advantages 
of  a  good  common  school  education  in  the 
public  schools.  Early  in  life  he  became  iden- 
tified with  the  railroad  business,  and  in 
April,  ISSti,  he  went  to  Butte,  Mont.,  as  the 
joint  agent  of  the  Northern  I'acitic,  Cnion 
Pacific  and  Montana  Union  railways.  H(^ 
proved  his  efJiciency  in  this  capacity  so  thor- 
oughly that  in  October,  1888,  he  was  taken 
into  the  employ  of  the  Anaconda  Copper 
Mining  Company,  as  assistant  general  man- 
ager, under  Marcus  Daly.  He  had  charge  of 
all  the  details  of  this  large  enterprise,  until 
Mr.  Daly's  death,  in  November,  1!U)().  In  ad 
dition  to  these  onerous  duties — which  would 
be  enough  work  for  most  men,  he  was  vice 
president  and  general  manager  of  the  Butte, 
Anaconda  &  Pacific  railway  from  the  date 
of  its  construction  in  1S93  until  lltOO.  In 
August,  181)1),  he  became  a  member  of  the 
banking  house  of  Daly,  Donahoe  &  Moyer, 
of  Butte,  Mont.,  and  of  that  of  Daly,  Dona- 
hoe «&  Greenwood,  of  Anaconda,  with  which 
he  is  still  identified.  He  has  always  taken 
an  active  part  as  a  citizen  in  the  improve- 


MICH.VKL   IKINAIIUK. 

nii'ut  of  the  I'onimunity,  and  is  iudueiitial  in 
all  business  circles.  He  was  married  to  Miss 
Anna  Meloy,  of  Shulsburg,  Wis.,  in  18',)2. 
They  have  four  children:  Henry,  (Varies, 
Kathleen  and  Walter. 


M'KIXXON,  .Me.xander,  a  ]irouiinent 
farmer  of  Crookslon,  Minn.,  is  a  Canadian  by 
birth,  and  was  born  at  Lancaster,  (ilengary 
county,  Out.,  March  5,  1854.  He  is  a  sou  of 
Archibald  and  Jennette  (McC.illis)  McKin- 
non,  both  of  whom  were  born  in  Scotland, 
emigrated  to  America  and  settled  im  a  farm 
in  the  province  of  Ontario,  Can.  Alexander 
only  received  a  common  school  education, 
leaving  school  in  his  fourteenth  year.  He 
learned  the  trade  of  a  blacksmith,  and  lived 
in  Wisconsin  for  several  years.  In  1S78  he 
removed  to  Minnesota,  and  after  living  at 
St.  Paul  for  a  short  time,  finally  located  at 
Crookston  in  the  fall  of  the  same  year.  He 
had  .seven  hundred  dollars  in  cash,  which  he 
had  accumulated  by  his  own  industry  and 
economical  habits,  and  ojieued  a  small  black- 
smith shoji  on  the  site  now  occupied  by  the 
McKiunon  Block,     lie  shortly  afterwards  as- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  (JUl'^AT  XORTIIWEST. 


AI-EXANDEK  XI'KrXKOK. 

sociated  with  himself  a  younger  brother,  Al- 
lan J.  MfKiuuou,  aud  contiuued  doing  a  very 
successful  business.  In  May,  1S80,  Mr.  Mc- 
Kinnon  associated  with  himself  another 
brother,  J.  K.  McKinnou,  in  the  business  of 
manufacturing  and  liandling  of  farm  imple- 
ments. Later,  he  engaged  in  the  real  estate 
and  insurance  business,  which  he  continued 
for  some  years,  ij)  partnership  with  his  sec- 
ond-named brother.  Mr.  McKinnon  has  been 
very  successful  in  his  business  career.  He  is 
part  owner  of  the  property  known  as  the 
McKinnou  Block,  in  Crookston,  a  fine  brick 
building,  125x140,  built  in  18ST,  and  costing 
seventy-five  thousand  dollars.  He  also  built 
and  owns  what  is  known  as  the  I.  O.  O.  F. 
Block,  at  a  cost  of  forty  thousand  dollars,  in 
1890.  He  is  also  the  owner  of  several  hun- 
dred acres  of  rich  farming  laud  in  Polk  coun- 
ty, and  at  present  devotes  a  larger  portion  of 
his  time  to  its  management,  and  is  accounted 
one  of  the  most  progressive  agriculturists  in 
the  2vorth  Star  state.  The  success  which  Mr. 
McKinnon  has  acliicved  is  an  inspiration  to 
the  youth  of  the  country.  An  eye  open  to 
every  business  o])poi-tunity,  he  embraced  it 
with  energy  and  enthusiasm,  and  by  his  un- 
failing  business    instini-t    lias    succeeded    in 


amassing  a  comfortable  fortune.  He  is  held 
ill  high  esteem,  not  only  for  his  eminent 
worlh  as  a  man,  but  for  his  strict  business 
integrity  as  well.  In  politics,  Mr.  McKinnon 
is  a  Dt'iiiocrat,  and  an  active  sujiporter  of  his 
]iarl.\.  In  ISS.j,  he  was  apjiointed  postmas- 
ter at  Crookston  by  I'resident  Cleveland,  but 
resigned  F'ebruary  14,  ISHO.  He  was  elected 
mayor  of  Crookston  in  April,  ISDO,  and  re- 
elected without  opposition  in  Ajiril,  18!)1.  In 
1S!»2  he  was  elected  a  delegate  to  the  Demo- 
cratic national  convention,  and  was  chosen 
a  member  of  the  committee  on  pennanent 
organization,  representing  tlie  state  of  Min- 
nesota. He  was  nominated  for  state  treas- 
urer on  the  fusion  ticket  in  180(5,  and  renomi- 
nated in  lS!tS,  but  as  the  whole  ticket  went 
down  to  defeat  in  both  elections,  with  the 
excejition  of  the  head  of  the  ticket  in  1898, 
when  John  Lind  was  elected  governor,  he,  of 
course,  failed  of  election.  At  present  he  is 
a  member  of  the  state  board  of  grain  ap- 
peals, having  been  appointed  by  Governor 
Lind  in  July,  11)00,  and  was  elected  its  chair- 
man. This  board  has  charge  of  the  fixing  of 
grain  grades,  ilr.  McKinnon  is  a  member  of 
the  Commercial  Union  of  Crookston,  and 
was  president  of  the  Northern  Minnesota 
Agricultural  Driving  Association  for  two 
years.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the  Knights 
of  Pythias,  the  Elks,  and  Odd  Fellows,  in- 
cluding the  Valley  Encampment,  No.  9,  and 
the  Knights  of  Columbus.  April  23,  1883,  he 
was  married  to  Miss  (Catherine  Macdonald, 
in  Glengary  county,  Out.  They  have  one 
adopted  son,  Angus  D.  McKinnon,  who  is  at- 
tending the  ^linnesota  State  University. 


KELLOGG,  Frank  B.— Few  men  have  at- 
tained in  Minnesota  the  distinction  which 
Frank  B.  Kellogg  has  won  in  the  profession 
of  the  law.  Born  at  Pottsdam,  N.  Y.,  Decem- 
ber 22,  1856,  while  yet  a  child  he  came  to 
Minnesota  and  was  reared  to  manhood  in 
Olmsted  county.  When  he  was  nineteen 
years  of  age,  he  left  the  farm  and  began  the 
study  of  the  law  in  the  office  of  H.  A.  Eck- 
holdt,  at  Rochester.  Afterwards,  and  until 
he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1877,  he  was 
a  student  in  the  office  of  K.  A.  Jones,  of  the 


KKANK    1!.    KI'lLLd 


HISTORY  OF  TIIK  (JJJKAT   \(  tUTIlWEST. 


same  ]iliicc.  In  llic  hillci-  year  he  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  hai-  and.  witli  I'.ert  \V.  Eaton 
as  a  jmi-tner,  pi-acticed  his  profession  in 
Hoehester  until  Oetober  1,  1S87,  wlien  an 
opliortunity  was  aft'oi-ded  liini  of  movinj;  lo 
St.  Paul  and  ent(^rini;  into  a  ]iartnership  witli 
Senator  Davis  and  C  A.  Severance,  under 
the  firm  name  of  I)a\is.  Kelloj;g  &  Sever- 
aiKc.  which  relation  was  continued  from 
that  date  until  the  death  of  Senator  Davis 
in  November.  1!MMI. 

Mr.  Kellofig-  obtained  in  the  country  prac- 
tice, carried  on  by  him  in  Rochester,  a  gen- 
eral education  in  his  profession  and  a  famil- 
iarity with  all  kinds  of  litigation,  which  fit- 
ted him  in  a  high  degree  for  the  responsible 
duties  since  placed  uijon  him  and  which  he 
has  so  acceptably  performed. 

For  Ave  years  he  was  county  attorney 
and  for  three  years  be  was  city  attorney  of 
Rochester.  These,  the  only  i)olitical  offices 
ever  held  by  him,  were  strictly  within  the 
line  of  his  profession.  Just  before  leaving 
Rochester,  he  was  a  candidate  before  the 
Republican  state  convention  for  attorney 
general,  and,  although  a  very  young  man,  he 
had  so  won  the  confidence  and  respect  of  the 
bar  and  citizens  generally,  of  his  part  of  the 
state,  that  he  received  their  united,  earnest 
and  hearty  sujjport.  He  failed  to  obtain  the 
nomination,  but  what  seemed  to  be  a  disap- 
pointment and  defeat  turned  out  to  be  his 
future  good,  for  it  was  growing  out  of  an 
acquaintance  made  in  that  contest  that  his 
move  to  St.  Paul  was  brought  about. 

For  many  years  Senator  Davis  had  stood 
at  the  head  of  the  bar  in  the  state  of  Minne- 
sota and  the  association  with  him  afforded 
to  the  young  men  who  came  to  his  office,  ilr. 
Kellogg  from  Rochester  and  Mr.  Severance 
from  Dodge  county,  an  opportunity  which  is 
given  to  few  in  the  jjrofession.  They  were 
equal  to  the  occasion  and  to  all  calls  made 
upon  them,  and  the  firm  of  Davis,  Kellogg 
&  Severance  in  a  short  time  largely  added 
to  the  business  for  which  the  ability  and  gen- 
ius of  Senator  Davis  had  laid  the  foundation. 

From  the  snmller  interests  involved  in  a 
country  practice.  Mr.  Kellogg  was  quic  kjy 
thrust  into  res])onsibilities  which  manv  men 


of  gi-eatei-  experience  and  more  years  would 
have  hesitated  to  assunu'.  lie  measured  n\t 
to  e\erv  reijuirenient  of  their  extensive  jti-ac 
tice  and  at  once  became  identified,  not  only 
in  name,  but  in  fact  and  i-e]iMtation.  as  a 
partner  of  Senator  Davis. 

It  may  be  said  without  disparagement  to 
others  that  the  firm  of  Davis,  Kellogg  &  Sev- 
erance has  been  entrusted  with  more  iniixu' 
tanT  cases  and  larger  interests  than  any 
othei-  firm  of  attorneys  in  the  state  of  ilinne 
sota.  Tliey  were  generally  enii)loyed  u])on 
one  side  or  the  other  of  almost  every  inipor 
tant  case  litigated  in  the  federal  courts  of 
this  district,  and  of  a  very  large  proportion 
of  like  eases  litigated  in  the  state  courts. 
The  demands  made  upon  Senator  Davis,  aris- 
ing from  his  official  duties  as  representing 
the  state  in  the  United  States  senate  for  the 
last  fourteen  years  of  his  life,  cast  upon  his 
partners  the  practical  management  of  tnt 
business  for  the  entire  firm.  In  this  way, 
both  Mr.  Kellogg  and  Mr.  Severance  became 
more  personally  identified  with  their  client- 
age than  if  Senator  Davis  had  been  able  to 
give  his  personal  attention  with  them  to  the 
business.  It  is  unnecessary  to  say  that  the 
interests  entriisted  to  their  care  have  never 
suffered  on  account  of  this  added  resjionsi- 
bility.  So  well  have  they  met  it  that  tht> 
death  of  Senator  Davis  has  made  no  break 
in  the  business  entrusted  to  them,  and  the 
firm  stands  now,  as  it  did  while  he  was  still 
living,  unquestionably  at  the  head. 

Mr.  Kellogg's  success  in  life  is  a  splendid 
example  of  the  result  of  hard  and  persistent 
effort.  Physically  he  is  not  strong,  but  his 
indomitable  will  and  perseverance  have  con- 
(juered  every  difficulty.  Application  to  duty 
entrusted  to  him  and  faithful  i)erformance 
of  it  is  his  highest  ambition.  No  effort  is 
shirked  which  will  add  to  the  chances  of  suc- 
cess. Day  after  day,  week  after  week,  year 
in  and  year  out,  he  has  res])onded  to  the  calls 
of  his  profession  with  an  untiring  energy 
that  has  won  the  admiration  of  those  with 
whom  he  has  come  in  contact.  He  is  attor- 
ney for  many  of  the  largest  interests  in  the 
state  and  for  many  outside  of  the  state 
(qx-rating  in  the  Northwest.     Such  employ- 


nisroKY   OK  THIO  <!UEAT   XOUI'HWKST. 


niciits  liavi'  liroii^lit  liiiii  into  inliiiuitr  rrhi 
tions  Willi  llii'  iiiosi  lUdmiiirul  1:i\\vi-rs  mid 
lirifiiitest  liiKsiiic-s  iiicii  of  the  (■(imiliy.  Ills 
larji'i'  iiiul  coiisliUitly  iucreasiiij;  rliciitaui'  is 
cvidt'iii-c  of  tIic  rcjiiud  in  wiiicli  lliry  Imld 
liiiii. 

Jlr,  Kclioiiii  lias  a  iiuisl  ;;i'iiial  persouality 
and  a  wide  cii-clc  of  pcisoiial  friends.  He  is 
a  jjicat  leader  and  sliideiit  of  uciieral  lilera 
(lire.  His  ]irivale  lihrarv  rontains  many 
(■lioic<'  vidiinies.  In  the  |ninie  of  life,  enjoy- 
iiy^  a  siicet'ss  that  rarely  comes  lint  with  old 
a,i;e,  his  nsefnlness  in  his  jirofi'ssion  seems 
but  jiisl  liej;nn,  and  it  is  the  ]iride  of  liis 
fi-iends  to  feed  that  romiiii;  years  will  liriiiu 
to  him  the  hijihest  jMissilile  distinrlioii  and 
success  in  his  clioseii  ]irofession. 


STANTON.  C.eor.iic  A.— Siiiieriiitendent 
(Jeorne  A.  Stanton,  of  Sank  Center,  ilinn.. 
canio  to  Minnesota  with  liis  jiarents  in  ISTT. 
He  was  born  in  Horicon,  \Ms.  His  father. 
Lyman  Stanton,  was  one  id'  the  pioneer  farm- 
ers of  that  state.  He  was  of  Enj^lish  extrac- 
tion, as  the  name  indicates,  while  his  wife, 
whose  maiden  name  was  Mari^aret  McAllis- 
ter, was  of  Scotch  (h-scent.  (ieorj^e  A.  ob- 
tained liis  eomimni  school  education  cliii'tly 
in  the  public  schools  of  Wisconsin.  His  col- 
lejiiate  education  was  secured  at  Carleton 
("(dle^e,  Nortlifield,  Miun. — an  institution 
noted  for  its  thoroughness  and  hi};h  standard 
of  scholarship.  .Mr.  Stanton  !.iradiiated  in 
the  scientitic  course  in  ISSl,  and  chose  teach- 
ing for  a  profession.  His  first  enj;'a};enient 
was  at  Lariniore.  N.  !>..  in  1S8;2,  as  princijial 
of  the  ])ul)lic  schools  at  that  jilace.  His  abil- 
ity and  efficiency  weri'  signally  deaionsl  rated 
In  this  first  position,  fm-  he  remained  there 
from  18S2  to  1S89.  He  then  accepted  the  po- 
sition of  superintendent  of  the  public  schools 
at  St.  Charles,  Minn.,  and  served  in  that 
caiiacity  until  ISMI,  when  he  entered  upon 
his  duties  at  Sauk  Center,  where  he  is  still 
emj)loyed.  Mr.  Stanton's  jirofessional  skill 
is  rerofjiiized  tlirou<;hoiit  the  state.  He  has 
been  called  into  sei-vice  by  the  state  anthoii 
ties  for  the  last  sexeii  years,  as  insti-ucloi- 
and  conductor  of  state  summer  schools  for 


teachers.  He  is  also  the  inesideiit  of  the 
State  High  Sclio.il  Council.  In  jiolitics  he  is 
a  Re]iublicaii.  though  his  ]irofessioii  as  a 
teacher  ]irecludes  a.ctive  ]iarlicipation  in  jio- 
litical  campaigns.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
ilelhiidist  Ei)isco]!al  church,  and  is  inteiest- 
ed  to  some  extent  in  fraternal  societies,  be- 
ing a  member  of  the  Knights  of  rythias.  He 
is  likewise  interested  in  ]iul)lic  affairs,  as  n 
citizen,  being  a  luember  of  the  city  library 
board  and  of  the  committee  on  city  iinjirove- 
nients.  In  issti  he  was  married  to  Miss 
Basha  V.  Jaqiia.  the  daughter  of  (Jeorge  H. 
Jaipia.  of  Elysian.  .Minn.  They  have  had 
four  sons:  Walter  H.,  who  died  August  :!(>, 
l.s!l!i;  Edgar  A.,  eleven  years  of  age;  Leon 
(i..  ten  years  old,  and  Ceiu-ge  A.  Stanton, 
•Jr..  six  vears  old. 


CHALLMAN.  Samuel  .\.,  superintendent 
of  the  public  schools  of  Detroit,  Minn.,  for 
the  last  eight  years,  came  :is  an  infant  in  his 
mother's  arms  from  Sweden,  in  l.'>i(iS.  where 
he  was  born,  November  !.'<,  l.^'liT.  His  father, 
.Andrew  Challman.  was  a  clergyman,  and 
first  settled  at  I'orter,  Hid.    In  188(1  he  moved 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


SAMUEL  A.   CHALLMAN. 

to  Batavia,  111.  In  1897  he  resigned  his  pas- 
torate and  was  appointed  postmaster  of  the 
city,  in  which  capacity  he  served  until  his 
death,  in  1900.  After  passing  through  the 
public  schools  of  Porter,  Ind.,  Samuel  enter- 
ed the  preparatory  department  of  the  Au- 
gustana  College  at  Rock  Island,  111.,  in  1882, 
and  in  1886  was  graduated  from  the  college 
proper,  with  the  highest  honors,  receiving 
the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts.  Ten  years 
later  he  received  the  degree  of  Master  of 
Arts  from  his  Alma  Mater.  In  1888  he  came 
to  Moorhead,  as  assistant  principal  of  Hope 
Academy,  a  private  institution  — under  Luth- 
eran control,  founded  that  year.  After  two 
years'  service  of  pronounced  success,  he  was 
nuide  principal,  and  served  in  that  capacity 
for  three  years.  Under  his  administration 
the  school  was  exceptionally  prosperous,  hav- 
ing an  enrollment  of  150  students.  The  finan- 
cial stringency  of  1893  crippled  the  society 
and  the  school  was  suspended  in  1895.  The 
estimate  in  which  he  was  held  is  shown  by 
the  following  extract  from  the  Moorhead 
Daily  News,  of  January  fi.  1890:  "Mr.  Chall- 
man  is  recognized  l)y  the  parent  society  of 
Hope  Academy,  its  officers  and  remainder  of 


the  faiulty,  as  well  as  by  the  students  in  at- 
tendance and  the  public,  as  a  young  man  of 
extraordinary  erudition  and  talents,  and  as 
combining  these  with  an  aptitude  and  skill 
in  teaching  which  places  him  high  on  the  list 
of  educators,  a  proud  i)asition  for  one  so 
young  to  occupy."  In  189.'')  he  was  elected 
to  his  i)resent  position  of  superintendent  of 
the  Detroit  schools.  That  he  has  fulfilled  all 
expectations  in  this  cajiacity  is  evident  from 
this  extract  from  the  Detroit  Record,  of  Oc- 
tober, 1897:  "Calling  at  our  office,  Mr. 
Alton,  state  inspector  of  high  schools,  said 
he  could  not  speak  in  terms  of  too  high 
praise  of  the  manner  in  which  the  school 
work  is  being  conducted  in  Detroit,  and  of 
the  efficiency  of  our  teachers.  Mr.  Chall- 
umn,  he  says,  stands  in  the  front  rank  among 
the  iiublic  school  educators  of  the  state,  and 
under  his  capable  management  the  excel-' 
lence  of  our  schools  is  not  confined  to  the 
high  school  room,  but  in  every  department 
the  work  is  being  conducted  in  a  systematic, 
thorough  and  profitable  manner."  In  1899 
Prof.  Challman  was  president  of  the  North- 
western Minnesota  Educational  Association. 
He  has  been  employed  for  the  last  six  years 
as  instructor  and  conductor  of  the  State 
Summer  Training  Schools  for  Teachers.  He 
is  now  a  resident  of  Montevideo,  Minn.,  hav- 
ing accepted  the  position  of  city  superinten- 
dent of  schools  there.  In  1892  he  was  mar- 
ried to  Grace  E.  McMillan,  of  Marinette,  Wis. 
They  have  three  children:  Marion  Alberta, 
Merrill  McMillan  and  Grace  Margaret  Chall- 
man. 


DONALDSON,  Lawrence  S.— The  "Glass 
Block"  of  Minneapolis,  Minn.,  is,  beyond 
question,  one  of  the  best  known  mercantile 
establishments  in  the  Northwest.  From 
small  beginnings  on  an  old  foundation  it  has 
develojted  in  twenty  years,  under  the  manage- 
ment of  William  and  Lawrence  Donaldson, 
into  one  of  the  largest  and  most  complete 
organizations,  popularly  known  as  "depart- 
ment stores,"  to  be  found  west  of  Chicago. 
It  occupies  nine  lots  on  Nicollet  avenue,  the 
principal  business  street  in  the  city,  and  five 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


on  South  Sixth  street,  the  locatiou  being  a 
corner  in  the  heart  of  trade,  which  lias  been 
drawn  to  the  city  largely  by  the  immense 
establishment  of  ^^'illiam  Donaldson  &  Com- 
pany, as  the  firm  of  the  "(ilass  Block"  is 
technically  named.  The  building  is  a  great 
white  marble  structure,  lighted  by  a  large 
number  of  glass  windows — hence  its  popular 
designation,  "Glass  Block."  It  is  always  the 
center  of  trade  attraction.  The  manager  of 
this  vast  emporium  is  the  subject  of  this 
sketch,  L.  S.  Donaldson — as  he  writes  his 
name — assisted  by  John  and  (Jeorge  Donald- 
son in  the  executive  work.  Mr.  Lawrence 
Donaldson  is  president  and  treasurer  of  the 
corporation.  ^Ir.  John  Donaldson  is  vice 
president,  and  George  Donaldson  is  secre 
tary.  Lawrence  was  born  in  Scotland  in 
1858.  His  father,  John  Donaldson,  was  a 
manufacturer.  His  mother  was  Mary  Don- 
aldson, both  of  ancient  Scotch  lineage. 
Young  Lawrence  was  educated  in  a  public 
parochial  school,  ^^'hen  of  suitable  age  he 
was  regularly  ax>prenticed,  in  Glasgow,  Scot- 
land, to  learn  the  dry  goods  business.  In 
1878  he  came  to  this  country,  landing  in  Is'ew 
York  on  a  Tuesday,  and  going  to  work  on 
Friday  of  the  same  week.  This  incident 
shows  somewhat  the  alert  character  of  the 
young  man.  He  remained  in  his  first  posi- 
tion one  year,  and  then  accepted  a  situation 
in  I'rovidence,  R.  I.,  where  he  spent  two 
years.  The  East  apparently  seemed  too  slow 
for  his  energetic  nature,  so  lie  removed  to 
St.  Paul,  Minn.,  and  engaged  for  nine  months 
with  the  wholesale  house  of  Auerbach,  Finch 
&  Van  Slyck.  In  the  meantime  his  brother 
William  became  interested  in  Minneapolis  in 
1881,  and  Lawrence  invested  with  him  and 
aided  him  as  far  as  spare  time  would  per- 
mit. In  1882  Lawrence  stai'ted  in  as  buyer 
for  the  old  firm  of  Colton  &  Oo.  In  1884  he 
and  his  brother  formed  a  partnership  under 
the  style  of  William  Donaldson  &  Company 
and  became  successors  to  the  original  busi- 
ness. The  style  of  the  firm  has  so  remained, 
although  William  died  in  18"J!>,  leaving  the 
whole  re.sponsibility  upon  Lawrence.  Mr. 
Donaldson  is  a  public-spirited  citizen,  and 
takes  an  interest  in  all  public  affairs,  not- 


LAWUIONCE    S.     llOX.\LDSON-. 

withstanding  his  engrossing  duties  as  head 
of  the  great  institution  described.  He  is  an 
active  member  of  both  the  Commercial  Club 
and  the  Minneapolis  Club.  In  politic^he  is 
a  stalwart  Republican,  contributing  liberal- 
ly to  aid  in  carrying  out  the  principles  of  his 
party.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Presbyterian 
church.  He  was  married  February  19,  1901, 
to  Isabel  McDonald,  the  daughter  of  John 
McDonald. 


S.VTTERLUND,  John.— The  receiver  of 
the  United  States  land  office  at  Bismarck,  N. 
1).,  John  Satteilund,  is  a  tj-pical  Northwest- 
ern "hustler."  No  other  word  contains  the 
idea  of  the  ((iniliination  of  qualities  enter- 
ing into  the  cliaracter,  consisting  of  enter- 
])rise;  courage  to  the  verge  of  rashness;  fore- 
sight, amounting  to  prescience;  energy,  per- 
severance and  self-reliance  approaching  the 
sublime.  His  fatlier,  Eric  Satterlund,  was  a 
native  "f  Sweden.  lie  came  to  the  United 
Slates  with  his  family,  and  settled  on  a  farm 
in  Traverse  (■(iiiiil\.  Minn.  He  was  a  sturdy, 
industrious,  iKinest,  eutei-prising  man,  a 
farmer  by  (>c(n]pation,  and  made  a  success  in 


JOHN  SATTERLUNn. 


HISTORY  OF  TIIK   CUIOAT   XORTIIWRST, 


life.  He  died,  leaviiifj;  liis  family  in  «ood  cii- 
ciiinstances.  His  widow,  wliosc  maiden  name 
was  Mary  Kudberj;.  is  still  livint;  in  Traverse 
county.  She  came  of  tlie  same  stalwart  stock 
as  her  husband.  John  was  horn  in  Carlsbad. 
Sweden,  the  old  home  of  liis  parents.  .May  :!, 
1851.  His  education  bejian  there,  and  was 
suiJjilemented  in  this  i-oiiiilry  as  ojiportiinity 
offered,  but  he  early  sel  out  III  make  his  own 
way  in  the-  world,  lie  rauie  lo  America  in 
1S(;!I  and  located  in  Si.  I'aul.  and  went  out 
on  I  he  Northern  I'acilic  and  followed  the 
road  till  it  reached  Liismarck  in  1S72;  he 
stayed  only  a  few  days  and  then  removed  to 
Duluth,  where  he  spent  two  years.  From 
Duluth  he  went  to  I'oi-t  Arlhur.  Can.,  where 
he  spent  four  years.  He  returned  to  15urlei<;h 
county,  N.  D.,  or  rather  Dakola  Territory,  as 
is  was  then  known.  Ju  ISTS  he  bought  a 
large  tract  of  land  north  of  Hismarck,  and 
engaged  in  the  stock  raising  business,  and  in 
farming.  In  l^Sili  he  took  a  leading  part  in 
the  political  campaign  in  IJui-leigh  county — 
he  was  one  of  the  three  who  placed  the  Ke- 
l)Mblican  ticket  in  the  field  which  was  elected 
by  an  o\'erwhelniing  majority — the  first  Re- 
publican ticket  ever  elected  in  liurleigh 
ccHinty.  He  was  a  candidale  foi'  county  c(mu- 
niis.sioner  on  that  ticket  and  was  elected  by 
over  one  thousand  majority,  hi  October, 
l.S<S:!,  hi'  resigned  his  oftice  and  moved  to 
Washburn.  The  year  bef(u-e,  in  company 
with  John  S.  \'eeder,  he  Ixnight  and  platted 
the  town  of  Washburn  and  afterwards  had  a 
new  lounty  created,  which  was  named  Mc- 
Lean; it  was  organized  November  '.i,  1881!, 
and  Washburn  was  made  the  county  seat. 
Mr.  Satterlund  was  aiijiointed  its  first  sheriff; 
at  the  next  election  he  was  chosen  sheriff 
again  by  the  peoitle.  From  188:{  to  1887  he 
was  Deputy  fnited  States  Marshal,  hi  18!l(l 
he  was  elected  reiuesentative  from  the  Twen- 
ty-ninth district,  and  during  the  .session  of 
1891  he  had  a  bill  drafted  enlarging  McLean 
county'  fnjiii  sixteen  townships  to  one  hun 
dred,  making  one  of  the  tinest  counties,  and 
the  third  in  size,  in  I  he  stale.  In  is'.ii'  he 
was  re-elected  lo  the  legislalure  without  op- 
position and  was  tend(;red  the  nomination 
the  following  election,  but  declined.    He  was 


nominated  for  Fnited  States  senator  during 
the  session  of  lS!):5-4  andi'eceived  a  nici'  com 
Iilinienlaiy  vote.  He  is  now  ]iresident  of  the 
\\'ashbuiii  Real  Estate  ("omjiany,  and  inter- 
ested heavily  with  ex-Senator  \\'.  I).  Wash- 
burn, (d'  Minneapolis,  in  tlie  lignite  coal  min- 
ing iiidusti-y  which  is  i-apidly  (lexcloping  in 
the  i-egion  about  Washbniu,  which  is  rich  in 
this  valuable  t'uel.  In  iiolitics  .Mr.  Satter- 
lund has  always  lieeii  an  active,  ardent  Ke- 
piiblican,  ]U'o]ninent  and  inliuential  in  local 
and  state  politics.  He  has  attended  the  state 
convention  tor  the  last  twenty  years  as  chair- 
man of  the  county  delegati(Ui.  In  18!)8  Presi- 
dent .McKinley  a]>p(iiiited  .Mr.  Satterlund  re- 
ceiver of  the  I'liited  States  land  oftice  at  His- 
marck—  luie  of  the  most  im]iortant  in  the 
country,  'this  otlice  he  now  holds,  and  that 
cil\  is  his  otticial  residence,  although  his 
home  is  at  Washburn,  lie  is  active  in  social, 
as  well  as  public  atfairs,  and  is  a  Mason  of 
high  degree.  In  ls77  he  was  married  to 
Charlotte  I'eterson.  of  Iowa.  They  have  four 
children:  Hilda,  Lulu,  violence  and  Floyd 
Satterlund.  .Mr.  Satterlund,  by  enterprise, 
intliience  and  large  business  interests,  is  one 
of  the  strong  men  of  that  ]iart  of  the*tatp. 
He  is  of  a  generous  natuie  and  rejoices  in 
the  success  of  others  almost  as  much  as  his 
own.  He  is  at  pi-esent  interested  with  ex- 
Senator  Washburn  in  securing  the  railroad 
fr(uu  the  cajiital  city,  Rismarck,  to  Wash- 
burn, which  road  will  l)e  (■(nu]ilete(l  by  the 
tirsi  of  September. 


CO.MSTOCK,  \\  illard  Lee,  is  one  of  the 
•■siuis  of  the  soil""  of  Minnes(jta,  having  been 
\hu-u  at  Mankato,  November  24,  ISdl.  His 
father,  Marshall  T.  Comstoi-k,  a  native  of 
.\ew  York,  descended  fiom  the  Coiustock 
family  of  Herkimer  county,  of  that  state, 
linuuinent  in  commercial  and  ju-ofessional 
lircles  in  eastern  New  York.  He  was  a  pio- 
neer settler  in  the  Territory  of  Minnesota  dat- 
ing from  ls.")L'.  Ill  1S.">()  he  made  his  luune 
at  .Mankato.  lie  was  a  man  of  intluence  and 
in  good  financial  circumstances.  His  wife's 
maiden    name    was   Sarah    E.    Tathui,   a    de- 


HISTORY  OF  TIIK  (JRKAl'   NORTHWEST. 


WlLLAitD   LKE   COJISTOCK. 

SL-endaut  of  the  Lee  family  of  ^'il•g■inia, 
branches  of  which  have  been  prominent  in 
American  history  in  Ohio  and  Virginia. 
Young  Wilhird  obtained  his  early  education 
in  the  public  schools.  He  was  a  studious 
boy,  and  a  lover  of  books.  Mr.  Comstock 
still  continues  his  studious  habits,  and  has 
one  of  the  best  and  most  extensive  private 
libraries  in  that  region.  He  has  marked  lit- 
erary tastes  and  has  contributed  to  various 
periodicals,  besides  doing  some  literary  woi'k 
anonymously.  ^^'hen  qualified  to  teach 
school,  he  engaged  in  that  work  and  con- 
tinued it  for  six  j'ears,  looking  forward  to 
the  profession  of  law  as  his  life  occupation. 
While  in  the  teaching  field  he  served  as  prin- 
cipal of  schools  at  Mapleton,  Minn.,  and  of 
the  Franklin  school  at  Mankato.  After 
studying  law  five  years  he  M'as  admitted  to 
the  bar  and  commenced  practice.  Without 
help,  and  by  his  ability,  industry  and  energy 
he  has  built  up  a  large  and  lucrative  law 
business,  calling  for  his  appearance  in  all 
courts,  both  state  and  federal,  in  some  of 
the  most  important  cases.  While  his  prac- 
tice is  general,  be  represents  a  number  of 
Eastern  financial   corporations  and  serves 


also  as  confidential  counsel,  and  is  constant- 
ly employed.  He  is  a  fluent  sfK^aker  and 
strong  advocate,  and  is  frecjucntly  called 
upon  for  public  addresses  and  platfonn  work 
in  the  ])olitical  field.  He  was  for  a  time  spe- 
cial judge  of  the  municipal  court  at  Man- 
kato. In  politics  !Mr.  Comstock  is  a  Jeffer- 
son Democrat.  Although  the  county  of  Blue 
Karth,  his  home,  is  strongly  Republican, 
such  is  his  popularity  that  he  was  elected  to 
the  legislature  from  that  county.  He  was 
also  for  ten  years  the  captain  commanding 
Company  F,  of  the  Second  Kegiment,  Minne- 
sota National  Guards.  He  resigned  and  was 
honorably  discharged  in  June,  1892.  Mr. 
("omstock  is  especially  interested  in  frateraal 
societies  and  is  a  member  of  the  Knights  of 
I'ythias,  the  Ancient  Order  of  United  Work- 
men and  of  the  (irand  Lodge  of  the  A.  ().  V. 
W.  He  is  also  the  Grand  Vice  Regent  of 
the  Royal  Arcanum  of  Minnesota,  member 
of  the  Grand  Commandery  of  Imperial 
Knights,  and  of  the  United  Order  of  For- 
esters, besides  being  Counselor  of  American 
Institute  of  Civics,  and  member  of  other  eco- 
nomic societies.  He  was  married,  November 
20,  1890,  to  Phila  L.  Fletcher,  formerly  of 
Lake  City,  Minn.  They  have  two  children: 
Philip  Fletcher  Comstock,  eight  yeai-s  of  age, 
and  Dorothy  Lee  Comstock,  two  yeai's  of  age. 


PEAKE,  Amasa  Parker.— The  fame  of 
the  lignite  coal  fields  of  North  Dakota  has 
long  been  abroad,  but  comparatively  little 
has  been  done  in  developing  them.  These 
coal  deposits  are  literally  of  uncalculable 
value,  and  they  are  of  great,  though  undeter 
mined,  extent.  The  men  engaged  in  turning 
this  fuel  to  practical  account  will  be  true 
benefactors  of  the  great  Northwest.  Among 
those  who  are  especially  active  in  this  benefi- 
cent work,  with  a  large  measure  of  success, 
Amasa  P.  Peake,  the  president  of  the  Con- 
solidated Coal  Company,  making  a  specialty 
of  deep  mined  lignite  coal,  is  a  leader.  His 
home  is  at  Valley  City,  N.  D.,  where  he  has 
been  a  resident  since  1881.  The  mines  are 
at  I.«high  and  New  Salem,  N.  D.,  and  are 
acknowledged  to  be  in  many  respects  the 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GRKAT  XOItTHWEST. 


iiKisI  vMliiablc  in  the  ticld,  as  their  product 
is  of  tlic  l)est  (|iiality  sent  to  market.  Mr. 
I'eake  is  a  tlioroiishly  trained  business  man. 
He  was  born  at  ("row  Wing,  Minn.,  October 
21,  18G1.  His  father,  Kev.  Ebenezer  Steeh- 
Peake,  is  the  well  known  chajjUiin  of  St. 
Marv's  School,  the  noted  Episcopal  institii 
tion  at  Faribault,  ^liiin.  He  was  born  al 
Kingsboro,  N.  Y.,  in  l.s:}((,  and  has  been  one 
of  the  most  useful  clerg.vmen  of  the  Episco 
pal  church,  laboring  jd-incipally  iu  the  West. 
He  first  came  to  Minnesota  in  1854  and 
began  missionary  work  in  the  \alley  of  tln' 
Minnesotii  rivei-.  With  l>r.  IJreck  and  .Mi-. 
-Manner  he  founded  the  associate  mission  at 
Faribault  from  which,  under  I'.isho])  Whi](- 
ple's  direction,  has  grown  the  noble  woik  of 
the  church  at  Faribault.  In  1S.")()  lie  became 
a  missionary  to  the  ("hippewa  Indians  and 
remained  in  that  field  at  <"row  \\'ing,  (iull 
Lake  and  Leech  Lake  until  driven  out  by  the 
Indian  uprising  at  the  time  of  the  famous 
massacre.  In  1802  he  entered  the  army  as 
chaplain  of  the  Twenty-eighth  Wisconsin 
Volunteer  Infantiy  and  served  with  his  regi- 
ment until  it  was  mustered  out  in  the  fall  of 
1805.  Keturning  to  Jlinnesota  he  accepted 
the  rectorshi])  fif  the  <-hurch  at  Austin,  but 
was  unal)le  to  recover  his  health  lost  during 
the  years  of  his  army  service  in  the  South, 
and  iu  1806  accejited  a  call  to  the  parish  in 
San  Jose,  Cal.  Kemoving,  in  1871,  to  San 
Francisco  he  i^emained  there  as  rector  of  St. 
Luke's  church  until  1878,  when  he  again  re 
turned  to  his  first  love,  the  great  state  of 
Minnesota.  In  185(>  he  mariied  Mary  Au- 
gusta Parker,  daughter  of  .ludge  Amasa 
Parker,  a  prominent  la\v\er  of  Delhi,  N.  Y. 
The  family  is  of  English  Puiitan  and  Hugue- 
not French  extraction,  both  the  Peakes  and 
the  I'arkers  having  come  into  New  York 
from  ("onnecticut.  Colonel  I'eake  was  young 
when  ills  fatliei'  ot1i(ialed  on  the  I'ii(ific 
coast,  and  he  had  the  advantages  of  the  jiro- 
gre.ssive  ]iublic  schools  of  that  region  at  San 
Francisco  and  four  and  a  half  years'  sjiecial 
training  at  St.  Matthew's  Military  School. 
San  Mateo,  ("al.  \\'lien  he  i-eturned  lo  Min 
nesota  he  attended  the  Sliattnck  Military 
School,  at  Faribault,   where,   in   addition   to 


AMAS.\    eAKKKI!    I'K.VKE. 

his  literaiy  education,  lie  received  a  strict 
and  most  llidi-oiigh  iiiilitary  t  raining.  When 
the  young  man  struck  out  for  himself  he 
went  forth  ready  to  take  the  first  hon^able 
work  h(^  could  (ind.  H(^  was  only  twenty 
years  old  when  he  went  to  N'alley  City.  N.  I). 
— then  .-i  part  of  the  Territory  of  Dakota — 
where  lie  ai'cejiied  a  |iosition  ill  a  general 
store.  He  reiiiained  in  this  ]iositioii  for  one 
year',  and  tlii'u  secured  a  minor  ])osition  in 
the  Farmers"  iV:  .Merchants"  National  Mank. 
from  which  he  wcnked  his  \\;\\  up  until  lie 
was  cashier.  When  the  shareholders  of  the 
inslitulinn  concluded  to  go  out  of  business, 
Mr.  Peake  was  jiiit  in  charge  of  the  li(]uida- 
tion.  I5y  the;  time  he  had  successfully  wound 
u]i  the  affairs  of  the  bank,  he  had  worked 
into  the  real  estate  and  loan  business,  which 
he  still  carries  cm.  He  finally  saw  the  gi^'at 
wealth  lying  uri(level()j)ed  in  lignite  coal  and 
added  coal  mining  and  shipping  to  his  busi- 
ness, associating  for  this  purpose  with  Mr. 
-lohn  l'\  P.rodie.  of  Dickinsoti,  N.  D.  The 
"deep  mined"'  "White  Ash"  lignite  which 
they  handle  is  promising  to  he  a  source  of 
almost  boundless  wenllli  to  ihc  slate  of 
North    Dakota,  and   for   this  Cohuiel    I'eake 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GUIOAT  NORTHWEST. 


uiusl  lie  j;i\cii  :i  lar^c  sliai'c  of  n-cdit.  The 
military  traiiiiiiji  wliirli  Coloiu-l  rcalcc  had 
as  a  boy  jii-i'disjioscd  liiiu  to  a  soldier's  life. 
He  joined  the  Territorial  National  (Juard  at 
its  first  organization,  in  1885,  and  he  has  al- 
ways taken  an  active  interest  in  it.  He  en- 
tered the  service  as  a  jirixatc  and  has  had 
the  experience  of  every  j^rade,  from  that  of  a 
uon-commissioned  officer,  and  <-aptain  of  his 
home,  ^'alley  City,  company,  up  to  that  of 
cohiuel  of  the  re}jiment,  the  position  which 
he  DOW  holds.  At  the  breaking  out  of  the 
Spanish  War  he  took  great  pains  to  have  his 
regiment  drilled  and  put  into  such  shape  as 
to  be  a  credit  to'  the  state.  While  the  regi- 
ment was  waiting  to  be  mustered  into  serv- 
ice at  Fargo,  he  prepared  them  for  real  sol- 
dier life  in  the  only  way  possible  to  make 
good  soldiers,  and  that  is  by  drill  and  disci- 
pline. Colonel  I'eake  was  a  good  drill  uuis- 
ter  and  a  thorough  disciplinarian — just  ex- 
actly what  any  regiment  needs.  Prom  the 
fact  that  the  government  mustered  into  serv- 
ice only  two  battalions,  a  lieutenant  colonel's 
command,  his  services  could  not  be  used,  and 
therefore  he  was  compelled  to  remain  at 
home  when  his  boys  went  to  the  Philippines. 
It  is  the  gi-eat  regret  of  his  life.  Colonel 
Peake  in  politics  is  a  Kepublicau,  and  active 
in  local,  state  and  national  affaire.  He  has 
never  wanted  oflice  for  himself,  but  is  al- 
ways interested  in  securing  good  men.  He 
is  jjresident  of  the  board  of  managers  of  the 
State  Normal  School  at  Valley  City,  and  is 
serving  in  that  capacity  on  his  second  four 
years'  term.  He  is  a  Mason — Knights  Tem- 
plar and  Shriner — and  is  also  a  member  of 
the  Eastern  Star,  of  which  his  wife  is  a 
prominent  member.  He  belongs  to  the  Epis- 
copal church,  in  which  he  and  his  wife  are 
both'  active  communicants.  He  was  married 
June  14,  1888,  to  Anne  Teall  Hollister,  the 
daughter  of  James  H.  Hollister,  of  Detroit. 
Mich.  Her  grandfather  was  one  of  the  first 
Episcopal  missionaries  of  Michigan,  and  did 
very  valuable  service  to  the  cause  of  Chris- 
tianity and  civilization.  She  is  a  native  of 
Massachusetts,  and  was  educated  in  Connec- 
ticut. They  have  five  children:  Ceorge 
Teall,  12  years  old;  Esther  Augusta,  11  years; 


Kli/.ahclh  Ilollislcr.  7  years;  Charlotte 
Louisa,  i  years,  and  Auiasa  1'..  Jr.,  -  years 
old. 


ROURKE,  Patrick  H.— The  United  States 
Attorney  for  North  Dakota,  I'atrick  H. 
Rourke,  whose  home  is  in  Lisbon,  Ransom 
county,  is  a  native  of  Pennsylvania,  having 
been  born  at  Norristown — almost  a  suburb 
of  Philadelphia,  where  itroverbially  the  law- 
yers are  noted  for  tlieir  acumen — October  28, 
1854.  His  success  in  his  profession  makes 
him  a  worthy  compeer  of  the  legal  lights  to 
whom  he  is  so  near  akin.  His  father  was  a 
native  of  Ireland,  and  is  now  dead.  The 
maiden  name  of  his  mother  was  Mary  Max- 
well, a  native  of  I'ennsylvania,  and  of  Irish 
ancestry.  She  is  now  living  at  Lincoln,  111., 
a  .state  to  which  the  family  moved  as  far  back 
as  1856.  I'ati'ick  had  the  advantages  of  the 
public  schools  very  regularly  until  he  was 
large  enough  to  make  his  services  of  some 
value  in  contributing  to  tlie  support  of  the 
family,  which  comprised  thirteen  children, 
of  which  Patrick  was  among  the  older.  His 
natural  taste  for  learning  and  aptness  as  a 
pupil,  could  not,  however,  be  quenched  by 
unfavorable  circumstances.  He  made  such 
way  as  he  could  through  the  public  schools 
and  worked  his  way  through  a  course  at  the 
Normal  College  at  Valparaiso,  Ind.  Then, 
to  gather  funds  for  further  progress,  he 
worked  by  the  month  on  a  farm,  and  for  a 
while  for  the  Chicago  &  Alton  Railway  Com- 
jtany.  In  the  meantime  he  jilanned  to  take 
up  the  study  of  law.  \\'hen  he  reached  his 
twenty-fifth  year  circumstances  permitted 
him  to  gratify  the  desire  of  his  life.  He  then 
entered  the  law  office  of  R.  N.  Stevens,  of 
Petersburg.  111.,  and  took  up  the  study  of 
law  with  the  avidity  sharpened  by  a  long 
hunger.  His  mind  was  mature  and  his  ex- 
perience of  men  and  business  were  a  help  to 
his  progress.  In  1882  he  passed  his  examina- 
tion and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Chicago. 
He  then  formed  a  partnership  with  his  tutor 
and  friend,  and  they  went  immediately,  to 
Dakota  Teiritory,  now  North  Dakota,  and 
settled  at  Lisbf)n,  Ransom  county,  and  Mr. 
Rourke  began  the  jjractice  of  his  profession 


HlS'l'OKY  OV  TIIIO   GUKAT   XOUrilWKS'l . 


as  a  meinbei'  of  the  law  firm  of  Stevens  iV: 
Roui'ke.    This  pai-liiersliii)  contiiiiied  foi-  foiii- 
years,  durini'   which  time  an  extensixc  and 
lucrative    business     was    established.       Mi-. 
Rourke's  success  was  abmist  immediate.     In 
18S3  he  was  elected  city  attorney.     The  next 
year  he  became  state's  attorney,  or  attorney 
for  the  county.     These  positions  jia\c  liim  a 
wide  acquaintance,    and    .is    he    tilled    them 
with  credit  to  himself  and  ad\autani'  to  the 
connnunity,  his  name  went  throughout   the 
state.    In  18!tl  he  was  selected  and  apjtointed 
b}'  the  governor  of  the  state  as  one  of  a  com 
nussiou  to  compile  the  laws  of  North  Dakota. 
This  was  an  imjiortant  and  ditticult  duty,  re 
(juirinj;-  not  only  keen  legal  perception  and 
knowledge,  but  a  sound  judgment,  to  unravel 
the  intricate  overla])iiing  of  inconsistent  a<ts. 
So  well  was  this  work  done  that  when  finish 
ed  at  the  end  of  three  years,  he  was  elected 
to  the  state  senate  and  was  made  a  member 
of  a  joint  committee  of  the  legislature  to 
revise  the  laws  of  the  state.    It  is  no  wonder 
that  in  such  a  service  he  became  one  of  the 
most    thoroughly    informed    lawyers    in    the 
commonwealth.      In    1890   Mr.    Rourke    was 
elected  nuiyor  of  liisbon,  and  here  he  showecl 
his  practical  knowledge  of  law  by  making 
many  improvements.    Among  the  most  use- 
ful, as  well  as  permanent,  may  be  mentioned 
the  establishment  of  water  works  for  the 
city.    His  two  years'  service  will  always  be  a 
landmark  in  local  annals.     Mr.  Rourke  was 
married  in  1883  to  Miss  Harter,  who  died  in 
1891,  leaving  no  children.     In  1892  he  was 
married  to  Miss  Rose  Gardner.     They  have 
two  sons:     Curran   and   Grattan,   and   one 
daughter,  Mary.    Mr.  Rourke  is  a  Republican 
in  politics,  and  has  been  a  potent  factor  in 
the  i)olitics  of  his  state.    He  is  a  member  of 
the  Masonic  order,  and  enjoys  the  respect 
and  esteem  of  all  who  know  him. 


FRITSGHi:.  Louis  .\lhcrt.— To  be  the 
first  in  any  new  enterprise,  ino\cment  or  pro 
gressive  innovation,  although  a  jirivatc  af 
fair,  gives  a  man  a  historical  iK)siti(ni  in  the 
annals  of  the  state.  This  is  an  honor  of  |ic 
culiar  value.     Dr.   L.  Albert  Fi'itschc  is  vu 


i.ori.s  Ai,iii;i;T  i>-i!rrsciiio. 

titled  to  the  distinct  inn  of  receiving  the  first 
license  Id  iir.-icticc  medicine  granted  by  tlie 
-Minnesota  State  Hoard  of  Medical   Examin 
ers.      He   was  born   in    Lafayette   townshi]i. 
neai-  New  rim,  Xicollet  county,  Minn.,  May 
2S.    1S(IL».      Mis    father.    Frederick    Fritsche. 
was  born  in  Saxony,  Germany,  and  came  to 
Jlinnesota,  in  1855,  with  his  father,  Carl  .T. 
Fritsche,  who  was  one  of  the  founders  of  New 
rim.     The  maiden  name  of  the  mother  of 
the  doctor  was  Louise  Lillie,  a  native  of  Han- 
over, Germany,  and  the  daughter  of  Chris- 
tian Lillie,  who  settled  in  New  Vork  in  1852. 
She  came  1o  Minnesota  in  185(i,  with  her  fa- 
ther,   when    the   family  settled   in    Lafayette 
towiisliip.      The    grandfather   and    l:ithei-   of 
the  doctoi-  were  defenders  of  New  llui  dur- 
ing the  Indian  outbreak  of  18(12.    The  doctor 
commenced  his  .school  days   in  a   log  school 
house  about  two  miles  from  the  homesfead, 
where   his   father   farmed   and    laised   stock. 
When    the    falhei-    was    elei-led    li-e:isurer    of 
XicolhM  countv-     which  ollice  he  held  for  ten 
years,  from   1S72  to  18Si.'.— ;iiid   lived  at    St. 
Teter,   the  county  seal,   .Mbert   attended   the 
pnlilic  srhiiol  and  (he  high  scIkxjI  of  that  <-ily, 
and  in  iss;!  nnd  1884  Ijnighl  a  disti-irt  school. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


Ill  the  fall  of  1S84  he  attended  the  medical 
department  of  the  University  of  ]\Ii('lii}fan, 
and  ffi-adnated  June  30,  18S7.  He  immedi- 
ately took  the  Jlinnesota  state  medical  ex- 
amination, and  bes^in  at  once  to  practice  at 
New  l^lm.  In  April,  188!t,  lie  went  to  Berlin, 
(lermany,  and  took  a  post-jii-aduate  course, 
and  had  the  decree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine 
and  Surf>ery  conferred  upon  him  fi'om  the 
Fredei-ick  Wilhelm  Tniyersity.  In  Noyem- 
her,  ISitO,  he  resumed  his  practice  at  New 
rini,  where  he  has  ever  since  continued.  He 
is  surgeon  of  St.  Alexander's  Hospital,  and 
was  appointed  a  member  of  the  board  of  pen- 
sion medical  examiners  during  President 
Cleveland's  last  administration.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  State  Medical  Society,  the 
Minnesota  Valley  ^[edical  Society,  and  of  the 
Hrown  County  xMedieal  Society.  He  is  also 
at  i)resent  a  member  of  the  State  Board  of 
Medical  Exaniinei'S,  by  an  apiioiutment  from 
(lovernor  Lind.  In  politics  he  affiliates  with 
the  Democratic  party,  and  was  elected  cor- 
oner of  Brown  county  in  the  fall  of  1900.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Masonic  order,  and  be- 
longs also  to  the  New  Ulm  Turnverein.  In 
i-eligion  he  is  identified  with  the  Liberals. 
In  1890  be  was  married  to  Miss  Amalie 
Pfaender,  a  daughter  of  Colonel  ^A'illiam 
Pfaender. 


COTTER,  Joseph  Bernard,  bishop  of  the 
Diocese  of  Winona,  Minn.,  is  a  native  of  Eng- 
land, born  in  Liverpool,  November  19,  1844. 
His  father  was  Lawrence  P.  Cotter,  a  jour- 
nalist by  profession.  He  came  to  America 
with  his  family  in  1850,  and  located  at  Cleve- 
land, Ohio,  where  they  remained  for  about 
five  years.  They  removed  to  St.  Paul,  Minn., 
in  the  fall  of  185.3.  Mr.  Cotter  took  an  active 
intei-est  in  public  affairs,  and  for  several 
tenns  held  the  oftice  of  city  clerk  of  that  city. 
He  was  the  incumbent  of  that  office  at  the 
time  of  his  death  in  18(J2.  His  wife's  maiden 
name  was  Anne  Mary  Perrin.  Their  son, 
Joseph,  was  given  the  ad\antages  of  a  thor- 
oughly liberal  education,  first  attending  pri- 
vate academies  in  the  cities  of  Cleveland 
and  Fi-eemont,  Ohio,  and  later,  after  the  re- 
moval to  St.  Paul,  the  Cathedral  school  of 


that  city.  He  then  went  East  and  entered 
St.  Vincent's  College,  in  Pennsylvania.  Aft- 
er completing  a  course  of  instruction  in  that 
institution,  he  returned  to  Minnesota  and  for 
a  short  time  was  a  student  at  St.  John's 
College,  continuing  studies  begun  at  St.  ^'in- 
cent  in  the  classics,  philosojihy  and  theology. 
He  was  ordained  to  the  ])riesthood  May  lil. 
1871,  in  the  Cathedral  of  St.  Paul,  by  Kt. 
Rev.  Thomas  Langdon  Grace,  D.  D.,  and  on 
June  9  he  assumed  charge,  by  virtue  of  offi- 
cial appointment,  of  St.  Thomas'  church,  in 
Winona,  Minn.  I'p  to  1882,  in  addition  to 
the  pastoral  duties  of  his  own  church,  he 
also  attended  the  missions  at  St.  Charles. 
Lewiston,  Ridgway  and  Hart.  On  December 
27, 1889,  in  the  Cathedral  of  St.  Paul,  he  was 
consecrated  firet  bishop  of  Winona  by  Arch-, 
bishop  John  Ireland,  assisted  by  Archbishoji 
Grace  and  Bishop  Marty.  This  diocese  em- 
braces the  two  southern  tiere  of  counties  of 
Minnesota,  together  with  Wabasha  county 
on  the  third  tier.  At  that  time  it  included 
eighty  churches,  two  academies  for  girls, 
twelve  parochial  schools,  one  industidal 
school  for  boys  and  two  hospitals,  with  forty- 
five  priests.  The  growth  has  been  rapid  since 
then,  its  present  status  showing  one  hundred 
and  twenty  churches,  fifteen  chapels,  three 
academies  for  young  ladies,  twenty  parochial 
schools — furnishing  education  to  about  four 
thousand  children — three  hosjjitals  and  an 
oi-i>han  a.sylum,  with  seventy  priests.  The 
total  membership  exceeds  forty-five  thou- 
sand souls.  Much  of  the  ci'edit  for  this  is 
due  to  Bi.shop  Cotter,  whose  untiring  zeal  in 
the  interest  of  his  church,  and  the  cause  of 
humanity,  has  won  for  him  the  devoted  love 
and  respect  of  his  i>eoi)le.  Bishop  Cotter  was 
for  many  yeai-s  president  of  the  Catholic  To- 
tal Abstinence  L^nion  of  America.  In  1887, 
as  a  lecturer  for  that  organization,  he  visited 
.some  of  the  leading  cities  in  the  states  of 
New  York,  Massachusetts,  Connecticut, 
Pennsylvania,  "S'irginia,  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illi- 
nois, Wisconsin  and  Minnesota,  and  .secured, 
as  a  result  of  his  labors,  about  sixty  thou- 
sand jiledges  of  total  abstinence.  In  1872,  he 
founded  the  Father  Mathew  Society  of  Wi- 
nona.   The  bishop's  residence  is  at  Winona. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


FRANKFORTER,  Ccoige  Bell,  was  born 
in  nortliwc'stei-n  t)liio  in  ISUO.  At  the  age 
of  twelve  years  liis  parents  moved  to  Lincoln, 
Xeb.  Here  he  tinished  his  common  and  higli 
scliool  studies  and  entered  the  state  univer- 
sity. In  his  sophomore  year  he  was  ap- 
j)ointed  assistant  in  the  chemical  laboratory, 
which  position  he  held  until  graduation,  lie 
took  his  baccalaureate  degree  in  18!S(i  and 
was  immediately  appointed  instructor  in 
chemistry.  He  held  this  position  for  two 
years,  taking  at  the  end  of  that  time  the  de- 
gree of  ^Master  of  Arts  for  research  work 
done  in  mineralogical  and  geological  chem- 
istry. 

In  188S  he  organized  the  department  of 
science  in  the  high  school  at  Lincoln  and 
later  went  abroad  for  further  study.  He 
spent  the  following  four  years  chiefly  in 
the  German  universities,  and  in  1893  took 
the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy  in  the 
Royal  Univei'sity  of  Berlin.  His  work  in 
this  institution  was  chiefiy  in  organic,  inor- 
ganic, physical  and  technical  chemistry,  min- 
eralogy, assaying  physics  and  philosophy. 

He  specialized  in  chemistry,  choosing  the 
plant  alkaloids  and  more  particularly  the 
opium  compounds.  He  worked  out  the  con- 
stitutional formula  for  the  opium  alkaloid 
narceiue  and  succeeded  in  making  it  syn- 
thetically. 

Immediately  after  taking  his  doctorate 
in  Berlin,  he  was  appointed  lecturer  in  chem- 
istry in  the  University  of  Nebraska,  and  later 
professor  of  analytical  chemistry.  In  the 
same  year  he  resigned  the  latter  position  to 
take  charge  of  the  department  of  chemistry 
in  the  University  of  Minnesota,  which  posi- 
tion he  holds  at  the  present  time. 

Since  he  has  been  in  charge  of  this  de- 
pai-tment,  it  has  grown  rapidly  and  now 
stands  near  the  head  both  in  size  and  in  the 
amount  of  research  work  done.  Indeed,  the 
demand  for  larger  quartere  was  such  that  in 
1899  the  legislature  appropriated  money  to 
complete  the  present  laboratory,  one  of  the 
largest  and  best  buildings  on  the  campus. 
The  building  is  at  the  present  time  devoted 
exclusively  to  chemistry. 

Dr.  Frankforter  has  published  numerous 


cjeorge;  bell  fraxkfokter. 


papers  in  almost  every  line  of  chemical 
science.  He  is  a  member  of  nearly  all  of  the 
chemical  societies  at  home  and  abroad.  At 
present  he  is  a  member  of  the  United  States 
Mint  Commission,  having  been  appointed  by 
President  McKinlev. 


DUTTON,  Charles  Elvan,  the  well  known 
physician  and  surgeon,  was  born  in  Dela- 
ware county,  Iowa,  June  22,  1862.  His  fa- 
ther, George  H.  Dutton,  was  an  enteiprising 
farmer  who  left  his  home  and  birthplace, 
Washington  county,  Ohio,  in  185C,  and  trav- 
eled by  team  to  Delaware  county,  Iowa, 
where  he  became  prosperous  and  intluential. 
He  was  of  early  Virginia  ancestry,  his  pa- 
rents and  grandparents  on  his  father's  and 
mother's  side  being  natives  of  the  "Old  Do- 
minion." Dr.  Dutton's  mother  was  Eliza- 
beth Ellison,  a  native  of  Ohio,  of  Iiish  ex- 
traction. He  obtained  his  early  education 
in  the  public  schools  of  Iowa.  He  then  en- 
tered Lenox  College  for  two  years,  and  after 
that  went  to  teaching.  He  finally  entered 
Bayless  College  and  graduated  in  1882.  In 
the  fall  of  1885  he  moved  to  Minneapolis, 
Minn.,  and  engaged  in  the  real  estate  busi- 


HISTORY  OF  THF,  (JIUOAT   XOiri'IIWEST. 


CHAUI.IOS    i;i.\A.\    IiTTTON. 

iicss,  witli  Mr.  1).  \\'.  I'aync,  until  tlie  siniiig 
of  IISJSG,  wLeu  he  took  nii  the  study  of  iiiedi- 
eine  in  the  ottice  of  Doc-tors  Ames  &  Moore, 
then  having  the  hnjiest  practice  in  the  city, 
beiny  surgeons  for  many  of  the  railroads  and 
large  establishments.  He  also  attended  the 
lectures  at  the  Minnesota  Hospital  College. 
He  entered  the  medical  department  of  the 
Tniversity  of  Minnesota,  and  graduated  in 
ISS'j,  He  was  then  apjtointed  acting  assist- 
ant surgeon  to  the  I'nited  States  army  and 
served  at  Fort  Snelling  with  the  Third  T'.  S. 
Infantry,  and  at  the  Brule  Reservation  with 
detachments  of  the  Twelfth  U.  S.  Infantry 
during  the  summer  and  fall  of  ISilO,  when  he 
resigned  and  established  a  practice  in  Minnc 
apolis.  He  was  as.sociated  with  Dr.  J.  E. 
Moore  until  1898,  since  which  time  he  has 
had  a  large  general  jjractice  on  his  own  ac- 
count. He  was  appointed  assistant  surgeon 
of  the  Third  Regiment.  National  Guard  of 
-Minnesota,  in  1S!)2,  and  was  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  cai)tain  in  1S!»7.  When  the  Spanish 
War  broke  out  he  was  mustered  into  the 
Tnited  States  Volunteers  and  served  with 
tlu'  Fourteenth  .Minnesota.  While  at  Camp 
Thomas  he  was  transferred  to  the  Second 
Division.  Fiist   Ainiy  Coijis  Ii(is]iital.  where 


he  served  until  mustered  out  with  his  regi- 
nu'Ut.  In  1S!IS  Dr.  Diitton  was  jn-omoted  to 
the  rank  of  major  in  the  medical  dei)artjnent 
of  the  National  Cuard  of  Minneso-ta.  In  lS!(.o 
and  1S!)(>  he  served  as  medical  ins])e<-tor  of 
the  city  of  Minnca|)o]is.  Dr.  Dutton  lias  al- 
ways taken  an  interest  in  jiublic  affairs,  and 
is  a  man  of  inllncnce  in  the  Rei)ul)lican  i>arty, 
with  which  he  alhliates.  He  is  a  charter 
membei-  of  the  ('omniercial  Club  of  Minne- 
ajiolis.  He  is  a  Thirty-second  degree  Mason, 
a  Knights  Tem])lar  and  Shriner,  and  is  a 
member  of  Minneapolis  Lodge  of  Elks,  No. 
44.  He  is  the  commander  of  the  A.  M.  Hig- 
gles Command,  No.  3(1,  of  the  Spanish  War 
\'eteians.  In  issil  he  was  married  to  Geor- 
gia Harrington,  daughter  of  Kev.  C.  E.  Har- 
rington, of  Boston. 


\ANDER  HORCK,  Max  Posa,  a  promi- 
nent specialist  in  skin  diseases  at  Minne- 
apolis, ilinn.,  is  of  (ierman-Dutch  descent. 
His  father,  (Japtain  John  Vander  Horck, 
was  a  pioneer  in  the  North  Star  state.  He 
was  a  native  of  the  city  of  Eitorf,  near 
Cologne,  in  Rhenish  Prussia,  and  the  son  of 
an  officer  iu  the  revenue  service  of  that 
government.  Political  troubles  and  the  de- 
sire to  escape  compulsory  service  in  the 
army  were  the  reasons  which  induced  John 
Vander  Horck  to  emigrate  to  America  in 
1S52,  when  twenty-two  years  of  age.  He 
remained  a  year  and  one-half  in  Chicago, 
I  hen  engaged  in  the  hardware  business  at 
(Jalena,  111.  In  185.5  he  removed  to  St.  Paul, 
Minn.,  and  shortly  after  opened  a  grocery 
store  in  West  St.  Paul.  He  served  as  treas- 
urer of  the  city  of  West  St.  Paul  in  the 
years  1858-0.  In  18fi2  he  was  commis- 
sioned first  lieutenant  of  Company  D,  Fifth 
Minnesota  Regiment,  which  he  had  raised, 
and  in  the  following  March  was  promoted  to 
the  cajitaincy.  His  company  garrisoned 
Fort  Ambercrombie,  on  the  Red  River,  and 
successfully  rejiulsed  the  attacks  of  the  In- 
dians. In  A])ril,  ISO.S,  he  resigned  because 
of  disability,  his  arm  having  been  shattered 
by  a  shot  from  a  sentry  at  the  fort,  who  mis- 
look  him  for  an  Indian.    The  following  June 


HISTOUY  OK  THE  GltKAT   .NORTIIWKST. 


he  was  appointed  a  caplaiu  in  the  United 
States  Invalid  Coips,  afterwards  called  the 
Veteran  Keserve  ( 'orps.  lie  had  charge  of 
the  general  rendezvons  at  Ft.  Leavenworth 
for  three  years;  was  Inspector  (leneral  of 
the  District  of  Kansas  for  one  year,  and 
Commissar}'  of  the  Department  of  Kansas 
for  six  months.  Returning  to  Minnesota  he 
settled  in  Minneai)olis,  and  was  engaged  in 
the  hardware  business  for  nine  years.  Dur- 
ing this  time  he  served  four  years  in  the 
office  of  city  comptroller,  and  for  tive  years 
in  the  city  council.  In  1877  he  was  ap- 
pointed I'ost  Trader  at  Fort  Sisseton,  in 
Dakota  Territory,  and  held  this  position  for 
nine  years.  Since  that  time  he  has  resided 
in  Minneapolis,  and  has  been  engaged  in  a 
variety  of  manufacturing  and  other  invest- 
ments. Among  other  trusts,  be  was  for  two 
years  a  director  of  the  Flour  City  National 
Bank.  He  was  also  instrumental  in  main- 
taining the  ilinnesota  Hospital  College,  and 
on  its  reorganization  was  appointed  its 
president  and  sei-ved  until  this  college  was 
absorbed  by  the  medical  department  of  the 
State  University.  Captain  Vander  Hork 
was  married  on  May  6,  1853,  to  Miss  Eliza 
Zenzius,  daughter  of  Peter  Zenzius,  a  noted 
teacher.  Mrs.  Vander  llorck  died  April  8, 
1885.  To  them  were  born  nine  children,  five 
of  whom  died  in  infancy,  and  one,  a  son,  in 
his  twenty-eighth  year.  Three  sons  are 
now  living.  Max  I'osa  was  the  sixth  child. 
And  was  born  in  St.  I'aul  August  5,  18(i2. 
He  attended  the  public  schools  of  Minne- 
apolis, and  the  University  of  Minnesota 
through  the  junior  year.  Instead  of  enter- 
ing the  senior  class  he  went  east,  in  the  fall 
of  1882,  and  began  the  study  of  medicine  at 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in 
New  Y'ork  City.  A  year  later  he  went  to 
Philadelphia,  where  he  entered  the  Jelfer- 
son  Medical  College  and  completed  his 
course,  graduating  with  honors  in  March, 
1885.  He  then  served  as  interne  in  the 
Blockley  Hospital,  and  later  in  the  Jeffer- 
son Medical  College  Hospital.  Having 
chosen  dermatology  as  his  specialty  this 
training  proved  of  especial  value,  but  in 
order  to  more  thoroughly  equip  himself  he 
went  to  Europe  in  .laniiary,  ISSfi,  and  spent 


MA.x  riisA  vAMiEi;  noucK. 

nearly  three'  years  in  special  study  of  skin 
diseases.  He  matriculated  for  one  year  at 
the  University  of  Berlin,  was  afterwards  for 
fifteen  months  at  \'ieuua,  and  four  m^^nths 
at  Prague,  Bohemia.  He  also  spent  some 
time  in  traveling  through  (iermany,  France, 
Switzerland  and  Italy,  returning  in  the  fall 
of  18S8  to  accept  the  appointment  of  Pro- 
fessor of  Dermatology  in  the  medical  de- 
partment of  the  University  of  Minnesota. 
For  the  tirst  year  after  his  return  Dr.  Van- 
der Hork  was  associated  with  Dr.  F.  A. 
Dunsmoor,  but  since  September,  1889,  he 
has  practiced  alone,  confining  himself  to  the 
practice  of  diseases  of  the  skin  and  urinary 
diseases,  in  which  he  has  been  eminently 
successful.  He  has  also  retained  up  to  this 
lime  the  professorshi]i  already  noted,  and  in 
addition  that  of  genitourinary  diseases  was 
added  to  his  duties  in  1891).  He  is  also  con- 
sulting dermatologist  at  Asbury  Methodist 
Hospital.  St.  Barnabas  Hospital,  St.  Mary's 
Hosjiital,  Noi'thw<'slern  Hospital,  and  City 
Ilos])ital.  He  is  a  member  of  the  American 
.M<'dical  Association,  the  State  Medical  So- 
ciety, the  Minnesota  Academy  of  .Medicine 
and  the  Hennepin  County  Medical  Society, 
[n  addition  he  is  a  member  of  the  D.  K.  E. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


eollejie  fratoiiiity,  the  K.  S.  N.  medical  fra- 
ternity, and  tlie  Minneapolis  Club.  He  is 
also  a  JIason  and  an  Elk.  January  1,  18'J1, 
he  was  married  to  Emma  Curtiss  Kobb. 
daughter  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  John  G.  Robb,  of 
:Minneaiiolis.  Three  children  have  been 
iiorn  to  them:  Viola,  aged  nine;  Karl,  aged 
seven  and  one-half,  and  ilax,  aged  Ave. 


HALLOCK,  D.D.,  Rev.  Leavitt  Homan. 
was  born  in  Plainfield,  Hanijishire  louuty, 
Massachusetts,  August  15,  1842.  His  fa- 
ther «as  Leavitt  Hallock,  a  man  of 
marked  energy  and  efficiency  in  public 
att'aiis,  being  postmaster,  Justice  of  the 
I'eace,  County  Commissioner,  Represen- 
tative in  the  Massachusetts  Legislature 
and  holding  various  positions  of  trust  and 
responsibility  in  that  highland  Massachu- 
setts town.  He  removed  to  Amherst,  Mass., 
to  educate  his  sons,  where  he  accomplished 
some  successful  business  enterprises  for 
the  public  betterment,  and  made  donations 
to  the  cause  of  education;  among  them  was 
the  gift  of  some  acres  of  virgin  hardwood 
forest,  within  the  village  limits,  now  known 
as  "Hallock  Park,"  which  he  donated  to  the 
trustees  of  Amherst  College  for  the  benefit 
of  the  public.  He  died  in  1875  at  the  house 
of  his  son,  the  subject  of  this  sketch. 

Dr.  Hallock's  grandfather  was  Rev. 
Moses  Hallock,  for  45  years  the  pastor  of 
the  Plaintield  church,  a  nmu  known  far  and 
wide  as  an  earnest,  godly  and  devoted 
Christian  minister:  he  died  at  the  age  of  77 
years,  still  holding  the  office  of  pastor 
emeritus  in  the  midst  of  the  loving  people 
among  whom  he  had  spent  his  life. 

lu  addition  to  his  ministerial  life  Moses 
Hallock  educated  several  hundred  young 
men  for  entrance  into  Williams  College,  a 
half  hundred  of  whom  became  preachers 
and  seven  foreign  missionaries.  Among 
the  latter  was  the  noted  missionary  to 
Athens,  Rev.  Jonas  King,  and  among  busi- 
ness men  who  came  under  his  care  was  Chas. 
Dudley  Warner,  and  others  of  more  or  less 
note. 


Leavitt  Hallock,  his  second  son.  married 
Miss  Elizabeth  Porter  Snell.  of  Cumming- 
tou,  Mass..  who  was  own  cousin  to  William 
Cullen  Bryant,  with  whom,  on  adjoining 
farms,  her  childhood  was  spent.  The  Snells 
were  in  direct  line  of  descent  from  John 
Alden  of  the  Mayflower,  so  that  true  blue 
blood  of  the  Pilgrims  Hows  in  the  veins  of 
Dr.  Hallock,  as  well  as  the  blood  of  Puritan 
stock  also  from  the  Hallock  side  of  th«' 
house.  The  first  Hallock  to  emigrate  to 
America  was  Peter,  who  landed  at  Matti- 
tuck,  L.  L,  in  1640.  Hallocks  and  Hallecks 
in  this  country  are  descended  from  this 
Peter.  The  variation  in  spelling  the  name 
crept  in  a  few  generations  later. 

Leavitt  H.  Hallock  received  his  common 
school  education  in  one  of  the  typical  "old 
red  school  houses"  of  New  England,  taught 
in  summer  by  some  young  woman  but  in 
winters  by  a  student  from  Williams  College, 
employed  for  the  purpose  of  teaching  a  "se- 
lect school,"  by  Leavitt  Hallock  and  invari- 
ably boarded  at  his  house  "for  the  sake  of 
his  personal  influence  which  I  always  re- 
garded as  sufficient  compensation  for  his 
board."  I.reavitt  H.  was  the  youngest  but 
one  of  eight  children,  four  of  whom  lived  to 
their  majority;  two  sous  who  became  minis- 
ters, William  Allen,  and  Leavitt  H.,  and 
two  elder  twin  daughters,  both  of  whom 
married  ministers,  and  are  still  living. 
(1901.) 

When  Leavitt  H.  had  reached  the  age  of 
ten  years  the  family  moved  to  Amherst,  and 
he  attended  Amherst  Academy,  then  gradu- 
ated in  1859  at  Williston  Seminary,  East- 
hamptou,  and  at  Amherst  College  in  the 
class  of  1863. 

After  four  years  of  theological  study  in 
East  Wind.sor  Hill  and  Hartford  Seminaries, 
Mr.  Hallock  was  ordained  and  installed  as 
IJastor  of  the  Congregational  church  at 
Berlin,  (Jonn.,  July  18,  1867,  where  he  re- 
mained six  years  and  then  was  installed  at 
^^'est  Winsted  (now  known  as  the  second 
church  of  Winstedj,  in  February,  1873. 
Here  he  remained  nearly  eleven  years,^a 
most  successful  pastorate. 

In  1883,  he  was  called  to  the  Williston 


HISTORY  OV  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST 


fhiu't'h,  Poi-tland,  Me.,  as  successor  to  Rev. 
F.  E.  Clai-k  of  Christian  Endeavor  fame, 
and  remained  there  six  years. 

A  temporary  service  in  Watervilh',  Me., 
during  which  tlie  church  was  repaired  and  a 
line  parsonage  built,  was  followed  by  a  pas- 
torate of  three  and  one-half  years  in  the 
First  church  of  Tacoma,  Wash.  While  in 
Washington  Jlr.  Hallock  was  giv<'n  the 
honorary  litle  of  Doctor  of  IHvinily  by 
Whitman  College,  of  which  he  afterward 
became  trustee,  and  to  which  he  rendered 
some  service,  notably  in  delivering  the  his- 
torical oration  at  the  dedication  of  the 
monument  to  the  memory  of  Dr.  ilaniis 
Whitman,  at  Walla  Walla — ])ioneer  and  ])a- 
triot  who  saved  the  Northwest  for  our  flag 
—November  2!),  1897. 

Owing  to  a  temporary  impairment  of 
health  early  in  18!)(i,  Dr.  Hallock  went  to 
Mills  College,  an  institution  for  young  ladies 
in  California,  where  he  was  preacher  and 
lecturer  for  two  and  one-half  years,  fully 
recovering  his  health  and  fitting  himself  for 
the  service  to  which  he  was  next  called, 
which  also  brought  him  into  the  state  of 
Minnesota. 

In  the  summer  of  1898,  as  he  was  passing 
through  Minneapolis  for  the  East,  he  stop- 
ped a  few  days  and  preached  for  a  friend. 
In  October  the  pulpit  of  Plymouth  church 
becoming  suddenly  vacant,  the  committee 
invited  him  to  preach  a  few  Sundays  while 
they  looked  for  a  pastor;  they  never  looked 
further,  but  within  a  few  weeks  the  church 
unanimously  called  I^avitt  H.  Hallock,  D. 
1).,  to  the  pastorate  of  this  historic  and 
most  important  church  of  the  Northwest, 
and  he  continues  to  fill  the  place  acceptably, 
with  marked  efficiency,  and  enjoying  the 
loyal  affection  of  a  united  people. 

In  addition  to  the  oration  named  above, 
Dr.  Hallock  has  delivered  several  published 
speeches  and  addresses, — has  lectured  quite 
extensively  in  the  East  on  "The  Hawaiian 
Islands  and  Volcanoes,"  which  he  visited  in 
1878;  "The  Yoseniite  Valley,"  and  various 
subjects  of  passing  interest,  including  "The 
Passion  Play  of  Oberammergau"  and  other 
topics  on  both  sides  of  the  sea.     Dr.  Hal- 


RKV.   LKAVITT  IIOMAN   HALLOCK,  H.II. 

lock  is  an  observiint  man,  and  with  more 
I  ban  ordinary  powers  of  description,  and 
has  traveled  extensivelv,  visiting  nearly 
every  state  in  the  I'nion,  and  has  crossed  the 
continent  a  score  of  times,  beside  taking 
some  trips  abroad. 

Dr.  Hallock  was  twice  Moderator  of  the 
General  Conference  of  Maine,  the  highest 
ecclesiastical  honor  in  the  gift  of  the  state. 
He  was  president  of  the  Congregational 
Club  of  Portland  and  vicinity;  member  of 
the  First  International  Council  of  Congrega- 
tional churches  in  London,  Eng..  in  1891, 
from  Maine,  as  delegate  at  large;  and  of 
the  Second  International  Council  in  Boston 
in  1<809,  as  delegate  at  large  from  Minnesota. 
For  seventeen  years  he  was  member  and 
secretary  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  Hart- 
ford Theological  Seminary,  and  has  been  a 
regular  attendant  upon  the  National  Coun- 
cils of  the  denomination  almost  from  their 
inception.  He  was  elected  corporate  mem- 
ber of  the  A.  r,.  i\  V.  .M.  in  1S!)2,  which 
office  he  still  holds.  While  on  the  Pacific 
Coast  Dr.  Hallock  took  the  deepest  interest 
in  the  develojiment  of  Congregationalism 
there,  as  well  as  in  piduiol  ing  the  cause  of 


HISTORY  OF  THE  CKIOAT  NORTHWEST. 


("liiisliaii  <'(lniati(iii.  It  was  hu'S'olv  due  to 
liis  <'ariM'st  and  insistent  endeavor  that  the 
National  ("ouncij  was  induced  to  visit  the 
coast  in  1S'J8  at  Portland.  Ore.  He  was 
president  of  the  Minnesota  Congregational 
("lub  in  li)00-0]. 

Dr.  Hallock  has  always  been,  both  by 
birth  and  election,  a  <'ongregationalist.  and 
a  loyal  Kei)ublican  in  i)olitics,  believing  in 
citizenship  as  precedent  to  i)rot'essional  ac- 
tivity.    "F'irst  a  man.  then  a  minister." 

Mr.  Hallock.  June  1],  18(i7.  married  Miss 
Martha  Barstow  Butler,  of  Brooklyn,  N. 
Y.,  daughter  of  Henry  Butler,  by  whom 
they  had  two  children,  Lilian  Huntington 
and  Henry  Butler,  tioth  of  whom  are  mar- 
ried and  living.  Mrs.  Hallock  died  Oct.  -2. 
1S7.S. 

Oct.  ::,  ISSS,  Dr.  Hallock  married  Miss 
Ellen  M,  ^\■ebster,  daughter  of  Joseph  H, 
■\\'ehster,  of  I'ortland,  Me.,  who  is  with  him 
in  the  pastorate  at  Minneapolis. 

Just  before  the  writing  of  this  sketch, 
viz.,  on  Sunday.  June  2,  VMil,  Dr.  Hallock 
preached  the  Baccalaureate  sermon  at  the 
T'niversity  of  Minnesota,  in  the  Armory 
Hall,  on  the  text,  Romans  7-14.  "Xone  of 
us  liveth  to  himself."  A  i)lea  for  high 
scholarship;  for  active  manhood;  for  a  life 
that  shall  benefit  mankind,  and  honor  God, 
which  latter  is  the  true  student's  ultimate 
aim. 

At  the  jiresent  date,  IDIIl,  Dr.  Hallock  is 
in  the  full  exercise  of  his  preaching  and  pas- 
toral gifts  and  is  devoting  all  his  mature 
powers  to  the  building  up  of  righteousness 
and  Christian  educati(m  in  the  great  North- 
west.    He  is  a  trustee  in  Carlcton  ("olle<ie. 


MOOUK,  .lames  Edward. — Minneapolis 
hospitals  have  become  ]iroverbial  for  excel- 
lence, not  only  in  their  care  of  patients,  but 
especially  in  the  medical  and  surgical  skill 
empkned.  No  one  has  contributed  more  to 
this  reputation  than  the  subject  of  this 
sketch,  James  E.  Moore,  M.  D.,  of  Minne- 
apolis. He  was  born  at  Olarksville,  Mer- 
cer county,  I'a.,  March  2.  18.52.  His  father 
was  the  Rev.  (ieorge  W.  Moore,  for  thirty 


^•eal•s  a  member  of  the  Erie  Methodist  Epis- 
co])al  Conference.  \\'hen  he  retired  he  came 
to  Minneapolis  to  be  near  his  children,  and 
connected  himself  with  the  Sampson  M.  E. 
church,  where  he  was  highly  esteemed,  and 
he  became  known  throughout  the  city  as 
Father  Moore.  He  died  in  January,  1900, 
and  was  buried  at  Lakewood.  His  ancestors 
came  from  Scotland  and  settled  first  in 
Washington  county,  Pa.,  and  later  moved 
to  Mercer  county  of  the  same  state,  where 
there  is  still  remaining  many  rei)resenta- 
tives  in  the  farming  community.  The 
maiden  name  of  Dr.  Moore's  motlier  was 
Margaret  Jane  Zeigle.  Her  ancestors  came 
fi'om  Germany  and  fii-st  settled  in  Mercer 
county,  Pa.,  and  later  moved  to  Jones  coun- 
ty, Iowa,  and  took  up  government  land. 
Mrs.  Moore's  jiarents  lived  to  a  ripe  old  age 
at  Anamosa,  Iowa.  Her  fatlier  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  famous  "(irray  Beards"  of  the 
state,  during  the  war  of  the  Rebellion.  She 
was  a  good  wife  and  an  excellent  mother, 
very  ambitious  for  her  children.  She  died 
at  Ripley,  N.  T.,  in  1882.  Dr.  Moore  began 
to  climb  the  ladder  of  fame  in  the  public 
schools  of  Pennsylvania,  then  for  three  years 
he  attended  the  Poland  Seminary,  at  Po- 
land. Ohio,  where  President  McKinley  was 
educated.  Abner,  the  president's  brother, 
was  a  classmate  of  Dr.  Moore's.  Having 
chosen  medicine  for  a  profession,  he  began 
the  study  with  Dr.  ^^■.  H.  Truesdale,  of .  Po- 
land, the  uncle  of  W.  H.  Truesdale  of  rail- 
road fame.  He  then  entered  the  medical 
department  of  the  T'^niversity  of  Michigan  in 
1871,  and  remained  there  until  the  winter 
terra  of  1872-3,  when  he  went  to  the  Belle- 
view  Hospital  Medical  College  of  New  York 
and  took  his  degree  of  M.  I),  in  the  spring  of 
187:'.  He  opened  his  first  office  for  practice 
at  Fort  ^Vayne,  Ind.,  where  lie  remained 
two  years.  The  subse(iuent  seven  months 
he  si)ent  in  New  York  City,  attending  hospi- 
tals and  clinics.  The  next  move,  with  in- 
creased experience,  was  to  Emleton,  Pa., 
where  he  remained  nearly  seven  years,  the 
first  three  of  whi<-h  he  was  in  partnersliip 
with  Dr.  B.  F.  Hamilton.  Desiring  a  wider 
field  the  prospects  of  the  thriving  city  of 
Minneapolis,  Jlinn.,  attracted  him.     On  ar- 


HISTOUV   OF  TIIK   liKEAT   M IKTIIWKST. 


rival,  August  17,  1SS2,  he  t'urincd  a  |iar(n(T 
.sliip  with  Dr.  A.  A.  Auies,  I  he  uiavor  of  llic 
city,  and  a  eaiulidatc  for  coujircss,  w  Im  re 
quired  assistance  in  liis  large  jn'acticc.  Tin- 
jjartners  were  the  ofhcial  surgeons  of  nearly 
every  railroad  and  large  nianufai-turing  con 
cern  in  the  city.  Accidents  were  nnnierous 
because  of  the  large  ])roi)ortions  of  new  men 
put  to  work  owing  to  the  press  of  business 
and  scarcity  of  men  of  experience.  Tliei-e 
were  no  ambulances  and  the  hospital  ac- 
commodations were  so  meagre  that  injured 
men  were  brought  in  patrol  wagons  to  Ili<' 
ollice,  oiM'i'ated  u])on  and  then  seni  home. 
The  partnership  was  dissolved  by  niutnal 
consent  at  the  end  of  four  years.  As  far 
back  as  IS.SO  Dr.  iloore  began  making  yearly 
visits  to  New  York  for  professional  st\i(ly. 
}iarticulai'ly  in  surgery.  In  1S8()  after  dis 
sohitiou  of  the  i)artnership  with  Dr.  Ames 
he  visited  Europe  for  the  same  jiurpose. 
Several  months  were  s]>ent  as  student  in  tlu- 
medical  department  in  the  Tniversity  of 
Berlin,  (Jerniany.  This  was  supplemented 
by  study  in  hospitals  in  London,  Eng.  In 
IScSS  he  turned  aside  a  large  general  ])ractice 
and  announced  to  the  jirofession  thai  he 
would  dt  vote  his  practice  exclusively  to 
surgery.  He  was  the  tirst  in  the  west  l<> 
make  surgery  a  sp<'cialt.\'.  There  was  tluMi 
no  such  specialist  in  Chicago,  and  but  few 
in  the  United  States.  The  extensi\-e  use  of 
chloroform  as  an  aiia'sthetic  in  Minneai)olis, 
is  largely  due  to  Dr.  Mooi-e.  In  lSS(i  h<' 
brought  from  (iermany  Esnuircli  inhalers 
and  a  man  es])ecially  skilled  in  administer 
ing  ana'sthelics.  In  ISilii  he  jniblislied. 
through  \\'.  I*..  Sanders,  of  riiiladeliiliia.  a 
book  on  ()rtho]»edic  Surger,\.  which  was 
kindly  received  by  the  profession,  and  which 
won  for  Dr.  Moore  an  international  reputa- 
tion and  caused  his  election  as  an  honorary 
niendier  of  the  American  ()rthoi)edic  Asso 
elation.  In  the  meantime  and  for  eighteen 
years  he  has  been  in  demand  as  a  learher 
and  lecturer,  haxiiig  been  connected  with 
tlie  St.  I'aul  .Medical  College  and  a  mend)er 
of  the  faculty  of  the  rniv<'rsity  of  Minne- 
sota, since  the  establislim<-n1  of  (he  medical 
department.  lie  is  now,  IDbl,  rrofessoi-  of 
Clinical    Surgery,   and   ojierales  before  stu- 

46X 


.lA.MIOS    !■:.    .MlHIKi:, 

dents  evei-y  Thursday  at  the  SI.  Itaruabas 
and  City  Hospitals.  He  has  had  much  to  do 
with  educating  the  laity  to  the  advantages 
of  hosjiitals.  He  is  now  Surgeon  in  Chief 
to  the  Northwestern  Hospital  tor  Women 
and  Children,  to  St.  Uariiabas,  and  to  the 
City  Hospital.  He  contributes  to  medical 
journals.  An  article  written  by  him  for  the 
New  York  Medical  Record  in  1S!>2  denounc- 
ing the  use  of  drainage  lubes  in  surg<'ry  no 
doubt  had  much  to  do  with  their  almost  en- 
tire disuse  al  the  ]iresent  lime.  He  is  a 
niemlxM-  of  all  the  local,  stale  and  I'niled 
States  Medical  soi-ieties.  In  ISS.")  he  was 
elected  Fellow  of  the  .\niericaii  Surgical  As- 
sociation at  its  New  York  nu'eting.  This  is 
one  of  the  most  exelusive  socielies  in  th<' 
Cuited  States.  In  1S;(4  he  traveled  through 
England,  Frame  and  Italy,  accompanied  by 
Dr.  II.  H.  Kina)all.  In  politics  he  is  a  \U' 
publican,  but  has  absolutely  no  jxilitical  am 
bilious.  lu  religion  he  is  a  rniveisalisi . 
bul  rarely  attends,  as  his  Sundays  are  need 
ed  for  rest.  In  IST-I  he  was  iiiarri<Ml  lo 
15essie  Tar  Ajiplegale.  who  died  in  ISSl'. 
in  1SS4  was  ni.arried  lo  Claia  11.  Collins, 
who  died  in  ISS,".  leaving  a  daughter.  In 
1SS7  he  was  married  lo  Louise  C.  Irving,  his 


HISTORY  OF  THE  CltKAT  NOUTHWEST. 


I>icscm  wilV.  ills  iiiilv  cliild.  now  sixteen 
vcars  old.  is  ;il  l<-ii(liiij;  school  at  (Jnifton 
Hall,  Foud  du  l^ac  l)i-.  Moore  is  a  man  of 
aliility.  uncpicstioiied  l),v  the  profession,  and 
is  in   the  very  first   rank  of  liis  spei-iaJty. 


I. INN,  Arthur,  the  commandant  of  the 
Soutli  Daliota  .Soldiers'  Home  at  Hot  Springs, 
in  tliat  state,  has  had  a  unique  experience. 
In  185S  John  Bonner,  the  editor  of  Haqier's 
AVeekly,  and  financial  and  commercial  editor 
(if  the  New  York  Herald,  who  was  a  friend 
and  neighbor  on  Staten  Island,  about  eight 
miles  below  New  York  City,  offered  him  a 
jtlace  in  the  editorial  rooms  of  Harper's 
Weekly.  The  "rooms'"  were  one  very  large 
room  overlooking  Franklin  Square,  and  was 
occupied  by  John  Bonner.  Geo.W  illiam  Our- 
tis,  and  Tharles  Norrthof,  all  distinguished 
men  who  had  a  wide  acquaintance  and  close 
relations  with  many  famous  persons.  All 
these  young  Linn  met  at  various  times  in  the 
editorial  rooms.  Among  them  were  Stefihen 
A.  Douglas,  ex-President  Filmore,  Edward 
Everett,  Benson  J.  Lossing,  Mrs.  E.  D.  AA'. 
Southworth,  Ann  Stephens,  Emerson,  Long- 
fellow, rieneral  Sickles.  Commodore  Vander- 
bilt,  and  literally  hundreds  of  others,  more 
or  less  noted  in  literature,  art,  and  politics. 
From  Harper's  Weekly  he  went  to  the  New 
York  Herald,  and  remained  there  until  the 
Civil  War  broke  out.  August  23.  1861,  he 
enlisted  in  Com])any  H,  Tenth  New  York  Na- 
tional Zouaves,  when  only  fourteen  years  and 
eight  months  old.  His  old  friend,  John  Bon 
ner  offered  to  procure  for  him  a  commission 
of  second  lieutenant,  but  Mr.  Linn  declined 
the  honor  because  of  his  youth.  He  served 
three  years,  the  full  term  of  his  enlistment. 
During  the  fall  of  1801  and  the  winter  of 
1861-62,  the  regiment  was  on  duty  at  Fort- 
ress Monroe.  It  was  his  fortune  to  see  the 
great  epochal  battle  between  the  Monitor  and 
the  Merrimac,  and  when  the  latter  was 
blown  up  by  her  crew,  May  10,  1862.  to  .save 
her  from  falling  into  Union  hands,  Mr.  Linn 
was  within  half  a  mile  of  the  explosion. 
From  first  to  last  he  probably  saw  more  of 
that  terrific  struggle  than  did  any  other  one 
man.     He  is  credited  by  the  officers  of  his 


own  regiment  and  of  other  regiments  on  the 
ground  where  the  battle  could  be  seen,  with 
having  written  the  only  correct  report  pub 
lishcd.  He  was  on  guai-d  duty  at  the  beach 
at  Fortress  Monroe  with  order  to  challenge 
every  row  boat  jiassing  in  the  evening  of 
March  8. 1862.  One  of  the  ITnited  States  war 
vessels  in  the  first  attack,  the  Cumberland, 
was  sunk,  the  Congre.ss  was  burning,  the 
frigate  Alinnesota  was  aground,  the  Roanoke 
was  heljiless  with  a  broken  shaft,  and  the 
sailing  frigate  St.  Lawrence  was  also  help 
less.  The  Rebel  Jlerrimac  was  mistress  of 
the  situation.  Through  the  fog  forming  on 
the  water  and  then  about  six  feet  high  he 
heard  a  rapidly  moving  row-boat,  and  he 
challenged,  with  no  reply.  At  the  third 
challenge,  with  a  threat  of  shooting,  came  the 
answer  wafted  through  the  fog,  "We  are 
coming."  In  a  few  moments  an  eight-oared 
boat  grated  on  the  white  sand  beach  where 
he  stood.  "What  boat  is  that?"  he  demanded. 
The  situation  made  such  a  vivid  impression 
on  him  that  he  says  he  can  now  see  the  boat 
and  hear  the  answer  of  the  man  who  sat  in 
the  stern,  "The  Monitor's  boat.  Lieutenant 
^^'orden  in  command.  For  God's  sake  don't 
detain  me."  Nobody  had  seen  the  Monitor, 
and  none  but  the  authorities  at  Washington 
knew  that  she  ought  to  be  in  the  bay.  Linn 
was  probably  the  most  astonished  youth  in 
the  anny,  and  as  he  has  since  expressed  him- 
self, he  "felt  bigger  than  if  he  had  challenged 
Jeff  Davis  himself."'  "What  do  you  want?"' 
was  the  young  sentry's  next  question.  "A 
pilot  to  go  to  the  relief  of  the  Minnesota."" 
was  Worden's  answer.  He  was  promptly 
directed  how  to  find  General  Wood,  the  com- 
mandant of  Fortress  Monroe.  The  victory 
of  the  Monitor  on  the  day  following,  March 
9,  1862,  not  only  overwhelmed  the  enemy,  but 
revolutionized  the  naval  architecture  of  the 
world.  Norfolk,  Va.,  was  captured  May  1(1, 
1802.  Tlie  Zouaves  were  sent  there  to  take 
charge  of  the  city.  Linn  was  detailed  to 
perform  the  duties  of  assistant  provost  mar- 
shal, although  only  a  private.  He  adminis- 
tered the  oath  of  allegiance.gave  certificates, 
furnished  safeguards  and  issued  passes  to 
thousands  of  persons  from  "\'irginia  and 
North    Carolina,     ^^'hen    the   advance    was 


HISTORY  OP'  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


made  oo  Kichmoiid  under  McClellan,  via  the 
peuiusula,  the  Zouav  es  joined  the  forces  and 
Liuu  participated,  sharing  the  hardships  of 
the  seven  days'  battle  before  Kichuiond,  end 
ing  at  Malvern  Hill.  He  regards  that  week 
of  service  the  hardest  of  many  hard  ones  he 
experienced  during  the  war.  After  he  was 
mustered  out,  Mr.  Linn  came  west  and  vis- 
ited relatives  at  Charles  Uity,  Iowa,  in  iS(5(J. 
In  1869,  December  25,  he  came  to  Yankton, 
with  a  view  of  taking  up  his  old  business  of 
newspaper  work.  January  1, 1870,  he  bought 
the  "Union  and  Dakotan,"  the  territorial  or- 
gan, the  oldest  paper  in  the  territory.  There 
was  then  only  one  other  paper — that  at  Ver 
million — published  within  the  boundaries. 
He  assumed  editorial  and  business  control, 
and  has  resided  ever  since  in  the  territory 
and  state.  The  office  was  well  equipped  for 
those  times,  as  shown  by  the  fact  that  the 
same  year  he  printed  the  first  history  of  the 
territory  for  James  S.  Foster.  In  1872  he 
was  chosen  chairman  of  the  Yankton  County 
Republican  Central  Committee — a  position 
full  of  trouble  because  of  the  strife  and  mixed 
condition  of  politics.  In  1873,  after  a  visit 
to  the  famous  Spotted  Tail  Agency,  he  pub- 
lished a  full  and  complete  history  of  the  dis- 
covery of  gold  in  the  Black  Hills  from  evi- 
dence and  proof  furnished  him  by  James 
Bordeaux,  an  old  and  respected  Frenchman, 
who  was  in  command  at  Fort  Laramie  for 
the  American  Fur  Company,  when  General 
Fremont  first  crossed  "The  I'lains."  It  was 
always  believed  that  gold  existed  in  the 
Black  Hills.  Bordeaux  proved  it  to  Linn, 
and  on  his  return  he  published  in  his  paper 
several  columns  in  relatioji  to  the  mat- 
ter, and  in  so  convincing  a  manner  thai 
the  famous  Collins  Sioux  City  expedition  was 
organized  to  invade  the  "Hills."  This  was 
suppressed  by  General  Hancock,  command- 
ing the  department,  with  headquarters  at  St. 
Paul.  The  excitement,  however,  continued, 
resulting  in  an  army  expedition  under  Gen- 
eral Custer,  which  fully  confirmed  Mr.  Linn's 
account.  The  legislative  body  of  the  terri- 
tory was  called  a  council.  For  the  session  of 
the  council  for  1874-75  Mr.  Linn  was  elected 
secretary.  During  this  session,  at  the  re 
quest  of  Senator  Lawrence,  Mr.  Linn  drew  up 


ARTHUR   LINN. 

a  bill  which  established  and  named  the  three 
original  Black  Hills  counties;  Custer,  named 
after  the  general;  Lawrence,  from  th» sena- 
tor, and  I'ennington,  after  the  governor.  Mr. 
Linn  has  from  that  time  always  been  an  in- 
fluential factor  in  the  development  of  the  ter- 
ritory and  of  the  state  of  South  Dakota.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Masonic  Blue  Lodge, 
Chapter,  Commanderj',  and  of  the  Oriental 
Consistory,  No.  1,  of  Yankton.  His  official 
residence  while  commandant  of  the  South 
l>ak()ta  Soldiers"  Home — of  which  his  wife  is 
also  matron — is  at  Hot  Springs,  but  his  home 
is  at  Canton,  in  the  same  state.  His  wife,  to 
whom  he  was  married  in  1871,  was  Etta 
Brown,  the  oldest  daughter  of  Colonel  and 
-Mrs.  E.  M.  Brown,  of  Montpelier,  Vt.,  now  of 
St.  Paul,  Minn.  Mrs.  Brown's  father  was  a 
Connecticut  soldier  under  Washington  in  the 
Revolutionary  War,  and  she  is  said  to  be  the 
only  "daughter  of  the  Revolution"  in  the 
stale  of  Minnesota.  Edward  M.  Brown  was 
lieutenantcolonel  of  the  Eighth  Vermont  In- 
fantry, and  was  a  close  personal  friend  of 
General  B.  F.  Butler.  The  Linns  are  of 
Scotch  lineage,  which  may  be  traced  back  to 
I  lie  veai'  1200.     TIkm    have  one  child  alive. 


HISTORY   (IF  TIIK   CKKAT   N(»RT?nVEST. 


The  oldest,  Artlnir  Eihvai-d,  died  Jauuaiy  21, 
1!»()1,  aud  was  editor  of  the  Leader  at  ( "auton. 
S.  1».  'i'he  second  son.  Alexander,  died  at 
("anion.  .Ma.v  is.  ISil.").  The  youngest,  a 
danjiliter.  Florertce  ,Ieau  Etta,  resides  at  the 
Soldiers"  Home,  willi  lier  parents. 


HAYS,  Willet  .Martin. — Althoujj;h  agri- 
culture is  tinidaniental  in  luoderu  civiliza- 
tion and  is  the  oldest  euiploynieut  of  man- 
kind, yet  there  is  probably  no  occupation 
conducted  in  such  a  hit-or-miss  manner. 
It  would  seem  that  having  been  followed  for 
untold  ages  by  men  af  all  ages  and  of  varied 
capacity  and  tastes,  the  right  and  best  meth- 
od of  every  operation  connected  with  farm- 
ing ought  to  be  known  to  a  certainty.  Ou 
the  contrary,  there  seems  to  be  a  disagree- 
ment among  the  most  intelligent  practical 
farmers,  as  well  as  among  the  least  edu- 
cated, concerning  the  details  of  the  busi- 
ness. The  variable  conditions  of  soil  and 
climate,  and  the  proneuess  of  plants  and 
animals  to  do  well  or  poorly  according  as 
their  environment  is  favorable  or  unfavor- 
able, make  the  difficulties  of  solving  the 
problems  of  farming  very  great.  There  has 
been  much  improvement  in  late  years,  how- 
ever, largely  through  agricultui-al  colleges 
and  experiment  stations  and  farmers"  insti- 
tutes. Some  men  have  made  original  re- 
searches and  have  established  facts  for  the 
foundation  of  a  truly  scientific  system  of 
farming  and  have  devised  pedagogical  meth- 
ods; and,  better  yet,  have  broken  the  crust 
of  prejudice  against  "book  farming,"  so  as 
to  let  in  some  light.  Among  the  men  con- 
spicuous for  the  faith  that  a  change  could 
be  wrought  and  for  valiant  work  done  in 
this  field,  Willet  Martin  Hays,  the  Profes- 
sor of  Agriculture  in  the  agricultural  de- 
Xjartment  of  the  University  of  Minnesota, 
must  be  placed  in  tlie  front  rank.  He  is 
through  and  through  a  western  product  and 
tlierefore  holds  the  closest  possible  rela- 
tions with  the  agriculture  of  this  region, 
which  in  numy  resjiects  is  i)eculiar.  He  was 
born  near  Eldora,  Hardin  county,  Iowa,  Oc- 
tober ]'.».  l.s.f,ii.     His  father.  Silas  Havs,  was 


a  farmer  of  early  English  ancestry.  He 
moved  from  Knox  county,  Ohio,  to  Iowa, 
wlK're  he  was  one  of  the  earliest  pioneers  in 
the  region  where  he  settled.  He  died  when 
Willet  was  six  years  old,  leaving  three  boys, 
("liarles  L.,  older  than  Willet,  and  Marion, 
an  infant.  His  wife's  maiden  name  was 
<"liristina  Lepley,  of  Pennsylvania,  of  Ger- 
man extraction.  She  inherited  the  physical 
and  mental  sturdiness  of  that  stalwart  race. 
Although  a  widow,  she  had  keen  business 
saga<ity  and  so  managed  that  when  W'illet 
was  only  twelve  years  old  she  dismissed  a 
negligent  tenant  on  her  farm  of  one  hundred 
and  forty  acres  and  managed  it  herself  with 
the  assistance  of  the  two  older  boys,  then 
not  much  more  than  striplings — but  it  was 
the  making  of  the  boys.  They  made  the 
farm  pay  and  improved  it  with  buildings, 
groves,  fences,  and  roads.  Later,  the  boys 
took  "turn  about""  in  going  to  school.  Wil- 
let received  his  early  education  in  the  dis- 
trict school,  then  he  attended  Oskaloosa 
College,  Oskaloosa,  Iowa,  and  Drake  Uni- 
versity, Des  Moines,  for  three  years,  taking 
the  academic  course.  Desiring  to  make  a 
profession  of  agriculture,  to  which  his  nat- 
ural taste  and  farm  experience  inclined  him, 
he  then  entered  the  Iowa  Agricultural  Col- 
lege at  Ames,  where  he  graduated  in  1885 
with  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Agriculture, 
later  receiving  the  degree  of  Master  of  Agri- 
culture. He  was  married  to  Miss  Clara 
Shepperd,  of  Chariton,  Iowa,  a  post-grad- 
uate student  of  domestic  science  at  the  Iowa 
State  Agricultural  College.  Mr.  Hays  gives 
her  great  credit  as  a  co-worker  in  agricult- 
ural education.  On  graduation  such  was 
Mr.  Hays"  proficiency  that  he  was  placed  in 
charge  of  the  agricultural  experiments  on 
the  college  farm.  Among  the  original  re- 
search work  which  brought  him  credit  was 
that  of  determining  the  extent  and  condition 
of  plant  roots  in  the  soil,  including  corn — 
the  great  staple  product  of  the  state.  He 
also  made  the  investigations  of  practical 
value  by  demonstrating  the  kind  of  tillage 
and  tillage  implements  best  adapted  in  time 
of  drouth,  being  the  first  to  inculcate  "level 
<Milture  at  medium  depth,""  now  so  much 
insisted  upon  in  teaching  agriculture.     The 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


next  year  be  was  engaged  as  assistant 
editor  with  the  noted  Orange  Judd  on  the 
•I'lairie  Faiuier,"  Chiiago.  For  the  next 
two  years,  iJ^iyS-li,  lie  served  as  assistant  in 
agriculture  in  that  department  of  the  Min- 
nesota State  University  and  in  the  Minne 
sota  Stale  Exjierinicnl  Station,  in  the  latter 
yi-ar  hcing  promoted  t(]  tlic  Professorship 
of  Agriculture.  He  and  his  wife  were  en- 
gaged in  ISSJ  by  the  North  Dakota  Agricult- 
ural <'olle<;c  and  Exp<'rinieiit  Station,  he  as 
Professor  of  Agri'tiltuie,  and  she  as  Pro 
lessor  of  l>(unestic  Science.  Here  her  death 
occurred.  Then  he  was  induced  to  accept 
lii<  old  ]iositi(in  in  the  University  of  Minne- 
sota, whi'ii-  111-  has  been  since  18!)?.,  part  of 
the  time  with  the  additional  dtities  of  Vice- 
("hairnian  of  the  Experiment  Station.  He 
has  published  the  results  of  numerous  ex- 
Iteriments  in  his  department.  Among  the 
subjects  are  Rural  Engineering;  Soil  Physics; 
Field  and  Farm  Management;  The  Kotatiou 
of  Crops;  Botany,  Breeding  and  Cultivation 
of  Corn;  Forage  Crops;  Testing  'S'arieties, 
Botany,  Cultivation  and  Bre<'ding  of  Wheat; 
and  Plant  Breeding.  He  has  also  pro 
duced  several  new  varieties  of  wheat  and 
corn,  some  of  which  are  very  widely  dis- 
seminated and  are  materially  increasing 
the  yields  of  these  staple  crops  in  the 
state.  He  has  also  imi)roved  other  plants 
by  breeding,  having  produced  flax  which 
grows  seven  inches  taller  than  the  aver- 
age, showing  that  a  fibre  of  full  length 
may  be  bred  to  grow  in  a  climate  less  moist 
than  that  of  the  flax  fibre  districts  of  Eur- 
ope. He  has  inaugurated  a  system  of  dis- 
seminating pedigreed  seeds  much  more  suc- 
cessful than  the  methods  generally  em- 
ployed. .V  bulletin  giving  his  class  lectures 
<iii  plant  brwHliug  is  in  course  of  publica- 
tion |]\  the  National  Department  of  Agri- 
culture at  Washington.  He  has  also  made 
marked  advancement  in  the  methods  of 
teaching  rural  engineering,  and  farm  man- 
agement in  agricultural  schools,  and  in 
methods  of  introducing  agricult\ire  and  na- 
ture study  into  rural  schools.  Some  of 
these  methods  have  been  ])repared  for  jMibli- 
cation.  He  has  done  much  to  ])rom(jte  the 
teaching;  of  home  economics  in  our  agricult- 


wii,i.i:t  .m   ii.ws. 

iiral  r<i]iet;('s.  In  religion  he  belongs  to 
the  IMsiiples  of  Clirist  and  is  a  member  of 
the  I'.oanI  of  D.Mcons  of  the  Portland  Ave- 
nue Clinrch  of  Christ,  Minneapolis.  ^He  is 
an  active  member  of  many  societies  kindred 
to  his  profession  and  has  held  various  posi- 
tions as  officer  and  member  of  committees. 
Among  them  are  American  Association  for 
the  Advancement  of  Science;  American  As- 
sociation of  Agrictiltural  Colleges  and  Ex- 
periment Staticms;  Farmers'  National  Con- 
gress; State  A^riiultural  Society;  State 
Horticultural  Society;  State  Dairy  Society, 
and  the  State  and  National  (iood  Roads  As- 
sociiitions.  As  the  fruit  of  his  flrst  nuir- 
riage  he  has  two  children,  Bessie,  boiii  in 
1SS7,  and  .Myron  Etna,  born  in  18!K!.  In 
IN'.IT  111'  was  Hiarrie(l  to  Ellen  Beach,  daugh- 
ter of  Dr.  1.  .\.  P.each.  of  Courtlaml.  N. 
\".  They  lia\-e  oue  child.  Doiis.  born  in 
IS'.l'.l. 


ROHLINCEK,  John  P.  N.,  of  Madi- 
son. .Minn.,  is  llie  ai-ii-ediled  re])resentative 
in  the  United  States  of  His  (irace,  the  Most 
Pev.  Basilios  Agi:iar.  .Vrchbishop  of  Saida 
and    Deir  Elkamar  in  Svria.     He  was  l)orn 


IIISTOHY  OF   THE   GREAT   XOnTIIWEST. 


JOHN    P.   N.    ROHLINGER. 

April  '2H,  1S(JU,  oe:ii-  Huilsbiirg,  Hubbaid 
township,  Dodge  county,  Wisconsin,  the  son 
of  Peter  Kolilinger,  Sr.,  a  capitalist,  and 
Elizabeth  (Keifer)  IJolilinger.  His  educa- 
tion was  received  in  the  public  schools,  sup- 
plemented by  a  training  for  the  priesthood 
in  8t.  Francis  Seminary,  from  which  he 
graduated  in  June,  1SS5.  He  was  ordained 
June  29  of  the  same  year,  and  for  the  ten 
years  following  ministered  as  priest  in 
the  state  of  ^Vashington.  Came  to  Minne- 
sota January  8,  1S!)5,  and  was  assigned  to 
pastorate  at  Madison,  Lac  qui  Parle  county. 
The  following  letters  are  explanatory  of  his 
present  mission: 

Saida,  Oct.  25,  1899. 
Very  Eev.  Fathei-  Kolilinger: — 

One  of  my  American  friends  informs  me 
of  the  good  you  are  doing.  Aware  of  your 
boundless  charity,  I  therefore  address  you 
the  present  letter  to  expose  our  situation 
on  this  old  continent. 

I  am  Archbishop  of  8aida,  the  old  capital 
of  Phenicia.  My  diocese  is  bounded  on  the 
west  by  the  Medit<'i-ranean  Hea,  on  the  east 
by  the  extremity  of  Lebanon,  on  the  south 
by  the  diocese  of  Tyre.     In  my  diocese  is 


I  In-  ohl  Sarcjita,  the  resting  place  of  the 
jiT-o]ili<'t  Klias. 

Our  Lord  Jcsns  Christ  himself  preached 
the  Christianity  of  Sidon,  as  shown  per 
Cha[>ter  vii.  of  the  gos]iel  of  St.  Mark.  It 
exjdains  why  St.  Paul,  going  to  Rome,  found 
already  some  Chi-istians  in  Sidon.  St. 
Peter,  himself,  on  his  way  fioiii  .leiiisalem 
lo  Antioch,  consecrated  St.  Couartos  first 
bishop  of  Sidon.  Therefore,  Christianity 
tloiirislied  already  in  this  place  at  the  time 
of  the  apostles.  Proofs  of  it  are  the  old 
rlmrch  now  in  ruins,  and  the  sign  of  the 
cross  which  we  find  engraved  on  the  stone 
of  the  houses.  Near  Sidon  is  a  sanctuary 
called  the  "Virgin  of  Mantharah,"  where  the 
Plessed  Virgin  waited  for  our  Lord.  For 
on  account  of  the  wickedness  of  the  Sidonian 
gentiles,  the  Immaculate  Virgin  had  not 
entered  the  city  and  waited  a  day  and  a  half 
for  her  Son  Jesus. 

This  sanctuary  has  been  miraculously 
lireserved  in  behalf  of  the  visitors.  On  this 
occasion  the  Chananean  woman  obtained 
the  cure   of   her  daughter.     Alas!   what  a 


p.ASiijos  Ar.niAR, 


change  in  those  places  where  Catholicity 
was  formerly  so  prosperous.  I  must  open 
free  schools,  but  all  my  means  are  the  help 


IIISTdUY  OI''  Tino  GRKAT  NOUTHWKS'r, 


coming  from  Rome.  In  view  of  vonr  ^cii- 
prosity  aud  cliai-ity,  1  aii|H';il  iirovidciilially 
to  you  to  obtain  stiiicnds  for  my  mission 
aries  and  Ihdp  foi-  my  siliools.  ^dni'  help. 
Very  Rev.  Fallicr.  will  surely  he  used  in  a 
riglit  numncr  and  will  tic  an  aurci'aldc  sac  ri- 
fice  to  Jesus  Christ.  \i>\\  an-  awan-,  \'(t\ 
Rev.  FaitJier,  tliat  our  Isasl  is  awakening;' 
from  ils  ])rofound  slumhfi',  and  listens  lo 
the  voice  of  tlie  (iood  Sheidierd.  I.eo  X  Ill- 
made  manifest  by  the  last  cucliarislic  < 'on 
gress  held  in  .lerusalem:  the  dissentiui; 
(ireeks  liej^in  to  understand  the  ,\|iostolic 
zeal  of  Leo  XUl.  We  also,  to  cori'cs|.ond 
to  the  holy  zeal  of  His  Holiness  which  is  a 
timely  source  of  encourafiement.  work  un 
ceasingly  to  sjnead  the  kingd(un  (d  -lesus 
Christ  on  this  old  continent.  Sinci'  by 
ourselves  we  can  do  nothing  (nihil  ])ossumus 
facere),  we  ai)iK'al  to  benefactors  like  you, 
in  view  of  obtaining  some  help.  .\s  is  writ 
ten.  "Caritas  Christi  urget  mis,"  I  appeal  to 
your  boundless  charity. 

With  resjiect  and  high  consideration, 
and  ]irayilig  to  C.od  to  bestow  all  goods 
upon  you, 

1    remain,  your  ser\ant. 


^^' 


-*^^ 


/y^. 


*^^t,-A_ 


liri!    L\U\    OF    M.\NTn.\K.\II. 

Sci'diid — Tlic  ctinnisioii  (if  iiifidilx  hi/  the 
iiniiiil  mill  ivJhjiuiiK  vdiinilitiii  nf  iniiiiiii  mid 
llir  i.nnisr  of  inirks  of  iiiiitii  hi/  llic  iiiitircx. 

HISTORY. 

The  wonderful  sanctuary  of  Maiitharah 
is,  aftei-  the  Carmel  aud  Nazareth,  the  oldest 
in  tlu'  world.  An  old  tradition  reminds  us 
that  in  that  grotto  the  Sidonians  worship- 
]ied  Astaroth  and  Astarthea.  Ther*  also 
Solmnon,  forgetful  of  his  duties,  contanuuait- 
ed  himself  with  the  imimre  goddess.  There 
also  rhenicians  and  peojile  of  the  neighbor- 
hood were  addicted  t<i  untold  orgies.     (III. 


^         /\//y  r)  hood   were  addicted  t<i  untold  org 

^^^^^^^^^:^G^j^^^.^       .o>M^    Kings  xi..-..  7.  :!:•.:  IV.  xxiii.l:!.)     The  same 


radition   informs   us  that  this  grotto  shel- 
tered,  for  a   few  days,  the    Mlessed  Virgin, 
'■^    with    tlK'  apostles   St.    I'eter   and    St.   John, 
whom    our     Divine    Savior    had     left,    with 
^  olh<-rs,    holy    women,    outsid<'    of   the    walls 

/J^-i^'-^'^  ^^'-^  ^'^'^duriiig  his  joniney  through  Sareptha  and 
Tvie,  when  he  cni-ed  the  ilaugllter  of  the 
Chananean  and  the  deaf  and  dumb  men- 
tioned by  the  gospel.  (Mark  vii.  31:  Matth. 
XV.  '12..]  Until  Jesus  came  back  to  the  Holy 
Mother  to  pass  through  the  Decapolis,  ou 
his  way  to  the  sea  of  Galilea,  the  Blessed 
\'irgin  explained  to  the  two  ajioslles  in- 
stanci's  of  the  ]iroi)het  Isaiah  r<'lating  to  the 
.Messiah's    mission. 

.\    local   tradition   informs  us  that    while 
.lesus'  motiier  sojourned  in  this  grotto,  the 


Domina    ^Mantharah    Sidoniorum. 

Ora  I'ro  Ibibis. 

(»ur    Lady    ot    .Manthaiali    was    .-itliliated 

with  the  new   Eastern  Crusade  of   prayers 

established     at     Sidonia     to     obtain     trom 

heaven : 


First— Thr    rniiiiin/    bnvk    of    (Inrks    mid      Xahi'  K/./ai-ahny.  (lowing  by  I  he  llaidv  of  the 
Riis.vm,s  lo  Ciilholir  r nil II.  Lelianon.  was  s.-eu  on  fir.'  with  tlu'  nuiuntain 


HISTORY  OF  TIIK  (iKEAT  NORTHWEST. 


:ui<l  liill  ;ils<p.  Tliis  altriictcd  lo  the  ah'eady 
vciv  faiiioiis  <;r(>tt()  a  ^ivat  ii-owd  anxious 
to  have  the  pheiioiiieua  acfouuted  for.  At 
the  sifiht  of  those  three  pevsous  the  visitors 
(lid  not  dare  to  pray  their  <;ods,  but.  seduced 
by  the  Idndness  of  the  Holy  Virjjin.  they  en- 
trusted lier  witli  their  trials  aud  attlietious. 
.Vffer  comfort iuft  them  aud  streujitheuinti 
them  intd  righteousness.  Mary  sent  them 
away. 

From  that  time  the  Sidonian  gods  did 
not  render  any  more  oracles,  i^ince  the  first 
years  of  Christianity  the  inhabitants  of 
^lagdonchek  and  vicinity  came  to  honor  and 
invoke  the  Mother  of  Sydna  Aissa.  whom 
they  had  the  hajjpy  occasion  to  appreciate 
to  beseech  her  to  protect  them  for  the  time 
being  and  especially  for  eternity.  Drusi- 
ans,  Uedouins  and  ^lahomedans  come  in 
great  numbers  to  have  lamps  burning  in  this 
grotto  and  invoke  Our  Lady  of  Mantharah 
I  Arab  word  for  tower,  fortress,  custody, 
protection,  hope  and  confldence.)  They  en- 
Irust  her  with  the  keeping  of  their  hopes, 
having  never  failed  to  see  their  petitions 
granted.  T'ntil  a  monument,  worthy  of  the 
Jlother  of  (tod,  be  raised  through  the  piety 
of  the  faithful.  Christians  of  all  Eastern 
rites  have  masses  celebrated  in  that  grotto 
and  jiray  therein  fervently. 

New  Crusade  in  the  East. 
To  obtain  from  heaven  through  the  Inter- 
cession of  the  Most  Holy  Virgin: 

First — The  com  in;/  hacJc  to  Catholic  Unity 
of  our  dissented  brethren  the  Greeks  and 
Russians  and  the  iierpctuitii  of  Catholic  Re- 
ligion of  the  East- 
Second — The  conversion  of  infidels  through 
the  moral  and  religious  education  of  the  East- 
ern iconien  and  the  talang  had-  of  her  position 
in  the  family. 

Most  Rev.  Basilios  Aggiar,  Archbishop 
of  Saida,  has  established  a  crusade  of  pray- 
ers in  his  Cathedral  and  in  the  houses  of  the 
Kasilian  order.  To  share  in  the  advantages 
and  the  merits  of  the  apostleship  of  this 
peaceful  crusade  it  is  sufficient  to  have 
one's  name  inscribed  on  the  registers  of  the 
work,  to  perform  a  little  alms  for  the  East- 
ern missions  and   to  join   in   the  following 


prayers  said  at   cacli   meeting  in   the     Syro 
I'henician   Sanctuary  uf  ilantharab. 

First — Show  thyself  a  ilotln-r.  etc. 
(Three  times.) 

Second — Ueniember.  O.  Most  Holy  \"\r 
gin  Mai-y.  Our  Lady  of  Mantharah.  wh<-n  in 
the  ]>resence  of  Our  Lord  to  say  a  good 
woid  in  our  behalf  and  to  turn  his  wrath 
away  from  us. 

Third— Our  Lady  of  Manthara.  of  Si- 
donia,  pray  for  us.     (Three  times.) 

V — I'ray  for  ns,  "S'irgin  Mary.  Mother  of 
(iod.  Lady  of  ^[antharah. 

R — That  we  may  be  made  W(uthy  of  the 
promises  of  Christ. 

Let  us  pray:  Grant  to  Thy  servants,  we 
beseech  Thee,  O,  Lord  <tod,  that  they  enjoy 
health,  both  of  soul  and  body,  and  being  de- 
livered through  the  intercession  of  the 
(ilorions  Virgin  ^lary  from  the  afflictions 
of  life,  may  enjoy  everlasting  happiness, 
through  our    Lord  Jesus  Christ.     Amen. 

Fourt— Agios  O,  Theos.  (O,  Holy  God. 
Agios  ischyros.  (O,  God  of  strength.) 
Agios  Athanatos.  lO,  Immortal  God.) 
(Three  times.) 

One  Our  Father  in  recommendation  of 
the  intentions  of  the  members  of  the  society. 

A  hymn  to  the  Blessed  Virgin  ends  the 
ceremony  with  the  Doxi  Si  I  Kyrie.  Doxa  Si. 
Aniin.  (Thy  glory,  O,.  Lord,  Thy  glory  I) 
Amen. 

BASILIOS  AGGIAR. 

Archtiishop   of    Saida. 


WHITNEY,  Charles  Colby.— The  super- 
intendent of  jjublic  printing  of  the  state  of 
^linnesota,  Charles  ('.  Whitney,  was  born  at 
Salmon  Falls,  N.  H..  March  20,  184G.  His 
father  was  a  superintendent  in  the  cotton 
mills  at  that  place,  and  subsequently  at  Law- 
rence, Haydenville  and  Waltham,  Mass.  He 
removed  to  Lawrence  when  Charles  was 
young,  so  that  the  boy  had  the  advantages 
of  the  i)ublic  schools  of  that  progressive 
place.  He  attended  these  until  fifteen  years 
of  age,  when  he  entered  the  oftice  of  the  Law- 
rence "Ameriran'"  to  learn  the  printing 
trade.     He  made   such   rajiid  jirogress  that 


HISTORY  OF  THE   GIJEAT   XORrnWEST. 


lie  was  ]ii'<nii()t('(l  Id  lie  forenian  of  the  job- 
biuj;:  depart  men  t  when  only  seventeen  years 
1)1(1.  ^^'ll(■n  FiiiT  Sumter  was  fired  upon 
yiiunu  W  hitncy  aliamloni'd  the  brijjht  jirns 
pects  before  him.  and  eidisted  as  a  ])rivate 
in  Comj)aiiy  I,  Sixth  Massaehnsetts  \'ohin 
teer  Infantr.x — an  orjianization  noted  foi-  its 
trallantry.  When  this  term  of  enlistment  ex- 
pired he  re-i^nlisted  in  (■onij)any  I).  First  bat- 
talion of  the  Twenty  sixth  New  York  ('aval 
ry.  with  whirh  he  served  iintij  the  coni-lnsion 
of  the  war.  (  »m  liis  n-nii-n  lie  entered  the 
employ  of  the  old  establishment.  Havin<; 
served  in  iln'  mechanical  dejiartment  for  sev- 
ei-al  years,  he  was  promoted  to  the  editorial 
dejiartment.  bejiinninji  as  a  rejiorter.  He 
was  soon  j)ushed  iiji  to  be  city  editor,  and 
finall.v  l)ecame  one  of  the  jiroprietors.  He 
also  served  for  many  years  as  special  corre- 
spoudent  of  the  Boston  Herald.  He  was  at- 
tached to  the  Lawrence  American  for  twen 
ty-one  years,  the  last  ten  of  which  he  was  in 
the  editorial  department.  Like  so  many  en- 
terprising;' men.  Mr.  Whitney  tnrned  his  eyes 
to  the  West  for  a  wider  field.  In  ISSd  he  re- 
moved to  Miimesota  with  his  family,  and 
Ixniffht  the  Lyon  ("onnty  News  at  JIarshall. 
the  county  seat.  His  success  was  pronounced 
from  the  very  outset.  His  thorough  knowl- 
edge of  the  business,  with  his  ex]ierience. 
mechanical  skill  and  ready  pen,  was  stamped 
up(m  the  paper  in  unmistakable  characters. 
In  1S85  he  purchased  the  "Marshall  ilessen- 
ger,'"  and  condiined  it  with  the  ■"News.''  mak- 
ing it  the  ■"News-Messenger,"'  now  so  well 
known  through  the  state.  Mr.  Whitney  took 
an  active  part  in  public  affairs  as  a  Repub 
lican  and  soon  gained  a  commanding  influ- 
ence in  that  party.  In  IS!).")  the  State  Hoard 
of  Printing  Conimissioners  elected  Mr.  \Vhit 
ney  public  printer.  So  efficiently  did  he  dis- 
(diarge  his  exacting  duties  that  he  was  re- 
elected in  1W»7,  isytt,  and  1!H)1.  involving  a 
service  of  eight  years.  He  also  keejis  in 
touch  with  his  paper,  which  is  in  personal 
charge  of  his  oldest  son.  In  lS!t4  he  organ 
ized  the  Republican  I'ress  Association  (d' 
Minnesota,  and  was  its  first  president.  In 
181)5  he  was  made  president  of  the  Minnesota 
Editors'  and  Publishers"  Association.     He  is 


].i\\  w  I  HTM';  v. 


still  active  in  both  organizations.  In  1S!)8- 
10(10  he  was  treasui-er  of  the  State  Repub- 
lican League,  and  in  1000  secretary  of  the 
State  Rejudiliian  ( 'entral  Committee.  .Mr. 
Whitney  also  takes  an  inten^st  in  friiin'rnal 
societies,  being  a  Mason.  ( >d<l  Fellow, 
Knight  of  P\  tliias.  an  KIk,  and  a  member  of 
the  Ro\al  .\i-can\im.  He  is  also  a  prominent 
mendier  of  the  <!i;ind  Aiiiiy  of  the  Republic. 
In  lS(iC>  he  was  iiiaiiied  to  Miss  Mattie  M. 
Hogle,  at  Lawrence,  Mass.  She  died  in  1877, 
leaving  one  son,  Frank  C  Whitney.  Ry  a 
second  marriage  in  ISTO.  to  .Miss  Nellie  A. 
Johnson,  <d'  Rethcl,  .Me.,  foui-  sons  and  one 
d.Miuhter  wei-e  addi-d  to  Ihe  familv. 


CHEdORV.  Charles  K..  State's  Attor- 
ney of  Htark  county,  N.  It.,  was  born  .\ugust 
•JO,  1S58,  at  Nauvoo.  Ilamock  county.  111., 
the  son  of  Edwin  and  Annie  S.  iLanel  (Jreg- 
oiy.  His  fathi-r  died  when  he  was  about 
five  years  <d'  .-ige.  He  is  tii  Scotch  descent, 
Willi  a  Iiace(d'  French  I  liigiienol  blood  com- 
ing t  lii-ongh  his  paternal  grandniotlHM-.  His 
ancestors  on  both  sides  came  to  this  coun- 
try prior  to  the  Revolution,  ami  at  least  one 
of  them — his  i»aternal  great  grandfather — 


HISTORY  OK  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


CHAULKS  K.    GItEGOUY. 

servcHl  iis  a  pi-ivate  in  \\'asliiugton's  army. 
He  enjoyed  the  advantages  of  a  liberal  edu- 
cation, attending  the  j)nblic  school  and  high 
school  in  Kochelle,  111.,  then  entering  the 
Illinois  State  University.  After  graduating 
from  this  institution  in  the  classical  course, 
he  went  to  Chicago  and  entered  the  Union 
College  of  Law.  He  graduated  in  the  class 
of  1880,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  the 
same  year.  Believing  the  then  Territory  of 
Dakota  then  offered  larger  opportunities  to 
a  young  lawyer,  he  came  to  Carrington,  Fos- 
ter county,  N.  D.,  in  1882,  and  opened  up  an 
office  for  the  practice  of  his  profession.  He 
remained  here  until  1887,  when  he  went  to 
Jlinot,  ^A'ard  county,  and  was  elected  state's 
attorney  for  that  county  the  same  year.  He 
was  again  elected  to  this  office  in  1890.  He 
also  served  as  attorney  of  Williams  county 
in  18!)1  and  18!)'2,  and  was  city  attorney  of 
^linot  for  a  number  of  years.  He  was  also 
local  attorney  at  Jlinot  foi-  tlie  Great  North- 
ern Railway  ("omi)any  for  five  years.  In 
180G,  he  removed  to  Fargo  and  resumed 
practice  in  that  city.  In  the  latter  part  of 
April,  18!»8,  he  responded  to  the  call  for 
men  to  sei-ve  in  the  war  against  Spain  and 
enlisted,  receiving  a  commission  to  recruit 


a  troop  for  the  Third  Regiment  United 
States  \'olunteer  Cavalry,  more  popularly 
known  as  Colonel  Grigsby"s  regiment  of 
Kougli  Riders.  In  Jlay  he  was  commis- 
sioned captain  of  a  troop  in  this  regiment, 
and  leaving  the  rendezvous  at  Fargo  went 
south  ti)  <"aiii]i  Ceorge  H.  Thomas,  Chicka- 
nianga  Park,  Ca.  This  regiment,  however, 
(lid  not  see  actual  service,  but  remained  in 
camp  until  it  was  mustered  out  the  follow- 
ing year.  Returning  to  North  Dakota,  Cap- 
lain  Gregory  located  at  Dickinson,  and  was 
elected  state's  attorney  for  Stark  county  in 
lilOO.  He  has  built  up  an  enviable  reputa- 
tion as  a  trial  lawyer  during  his  long  service 
as  a  stiite's  attorney,  and  is  regarded  as  one 
of  the  leading  lawyers  of  the  Flickertail 
state.  <"ai)tain  Gregory  is  a  Republican  in 
jiolitics  and  an  active  supi)orter  of  pai-ty  in- 
terests. He  represented  the  Twenty-ninth 
legislative  district  in  the  upper  house  of  the 
North  Dakota  legislature  from  1892  to  1896, 
and  served  as  chairman  of  the  joint  connuit- 
fee  appointed  in  1893  for  the  compilation  of 
the  laws  of  the  state.  This  committee  con- 
sidered and  reported  the  entire  laws  of  the 
state  at  the  following  session  of  the  legisla- 
ture, and  the  same  were  adopted  and  are 
now  the  codes  of  the  state.  Captain  ( iregory 
is  prominently  identified  with  a  number  of 
fraternal  organizations.  He  is  a  thirty-sec- 
ond degree  Mason,  a  Shriner  and  a  Knights 
Templar,  and  was  Master  of  his  lodge  for 
one  term.  He  has  served  as  Grand  Keeper 
of  Records  and  Seals  in  the  Knights  of 
Pythias,  and  was  Grand  Chancellor  of  the 
State  Grand  Lodge  in  1892  and  1893.  He 
is  also  an  Elk.  In  July,  1899,  he  was  mar- 
ried to  Wish  Helen  L.  Drake,  of  iNIinneapolis. 
Gne  child  has  blessed  their  union;  Helen, 
born  in  April,  1900. 


MARSHALL,  John.— The  ambitious 
youth  does  not  wait  for  opportunities  to 
turn  up;  he  creates  them.  He  trains  his 
mind  along  the  line  he  has  mapped  out  as 
his  vocation  in  life,  and  when  the  time 
comes  he  is  ready  to  take  up  the  battle  for 
place.  Thousands  of  new  recruits  are  being- 
added  to  the  ranks  of  the  different  profes- 


HISTOKY  OF   THK   (JRKAT   NORTHWEST. 


gions  each  year,  and  this  is  especiall.v  true 
in  the  case  of  the  law  profession.  The  rea- 
son for  this  is  to  be  found  in  the  substan 
tial  rewards  reaped  by  the  successful  i)ra<- 
titioners.  But  success  is  not  achieved  in  a 
day.  The  man  who  wins  does  so  after  years 
of  patient  study  and  hard  work,  and  only 
after  he  has  demonstrated  his  pi'ciiliar  fit- 
ness as  a  disciple  of  Blackstone.  A  practi- 
cal traininp-  in  other  lines  of  mental  ettort 
while  pursuiiif;'  the  study  ot  law  will  be 
found  of  incsriiiiable  value  in  the  ]iructice  of 
the  lef>al  profession,  and  this  will  doubtless 
I)rove  true  in  the  case  of  the  subject  of  this 
sketch.  John  Marshall  is  Superintendent 
of  Schools  at  AA'adena.  Minn.  He  is  a  native 
of  Illinois,  and  was  born  at  St.  Anne,  Kan- 
kakee county,  May  4,  1876.  His  father, 
Adolphus  Marshall,  was  a  pioneer  setth^i'  in 
Illinois,  and  later  in  North  Dakota,  when 
that  state  was  still  a  part  of  the  Territory 
of  Dakota.  He  has  been  successful  as  a 
lumberman,  and  is  in  comfortable  financial 
circumstances.  His  ancestry  was  French. 
The  maiden  name  of  the  mother  of  our  sub- 
ject was  Paulina  S.  Trumbo.  She  is  a  native 
of  Ohio,  and  of  Scotch-English  descent. 
John  tirst  attended  the  primary  department 
of  the  public  school  at  Cbebanse,  111.  In 
1885,  when  the  lad  was  nine  years  of  age, 
his  j)arenls  moved  to  Dakota  Territory. 
He  attended  the  country  school  for  two 
winter  terms,  then  went  to  the  La  Moure 
town  school  for  a  year  and  a  half.  He  next 
entered  the  high  school  at  West  Superior, 
\Yis.,  and  graduated  with  the  class  of  1S93. 
For  a  part  of  the  following  year  he  taught 
school  in  North  Dakota,  and  in  the  summer 
worked  in  the  hay  fields  and  at  threshing. 
In  the  fall  of  1894,  he  entered  the  University 
of  ^A'isconsin,  but  left  that  institution  in 
his  junior  year  to  continue  his  studies  at 
the  University  of  Minnesota.  He  was  a 
graduate  of  the  latter  institution  in  the 
class  of  1898.  Mr.  Marshall  was  not  only 
an  earnest  student,  but  took  an  active  inter- 
est in  literary  and  debating  societies,  was 
prominent  in  athletics,  and  a  prime  favorite 
at  the  university.  He  was  president  of  his 
class,  manager  of  the  college  annual,  honor 


.TOHN  M.\nsn.\LL. 

(iebator  and  orator,  and  captain  of  the  boat 
crew.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the  Delta 
Tau  Delta  fraternity,  where  he  still  holds  an 
active  part.  After  his  graduation  he  se- 
cured appointment  as  superintendent  «f  the 
public  schools  at  Granite  Falls,  Minn.,  and 
served  in  that  position  for  two  years.  In 
1901,  he  accepted  a  similar  position  at  Wa- 
dena, Minn.  During  the  exciting  political 
campaign  of  1890,  Mr.  Marshall  was  actively 
identified  with  the  college  work  at  the  Re- 
publican national  headquarters  in  Chicago, 
organizing  college  clubs  throughout  the 
country,  ;ind  serving  on  the  stump  in  the 
interest  of  sound  money.  He  was  also  as- 
sociated in  the  writing  and  publication  of  a 
book  entitled  "Truth  About  Money,"  an  ex- 
cellent treatise  on  the  financial  questions  of 
the  day,  and  which  had  a  wide  circulation. 
Since  his  graduation  from  college,  Mr. 
.Marshall  has  spent  his  spare  moments  in 
the  study  of  law,  with  the  intention  of  en- 
tering the  legal  profession.  He  has  many 
admirable  qualities  which  peculiarly  fit  him 
for  that  profession,  and  with  his  native 
ability  and  ambitious  temperament  there 
are  bright  prospects  before  him  in  his 
chosen  life  work. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


I'KAXK    II.    WOdllV. 

WOODY,  Fi;mk  Ihiryrave.— A  vivid  im- 
jtression  of  the  newness  of  the  Northwest  is 
liiven  bv  tlie  sight  of  men  yet  in  the  prime, 
or  ripe  perfection,  of  life,  still  leaders  in 
business  and  in  public  affairs,  though  they 
were  the  first  beginners  of  these  great  com- 
monwealths. To  see  these  men  at  the  helm, 
then  to  think  of  the  wonderful  development 
everywhere  apparent,  cannot  fail  to  create 
amazement  at  the  rapid  pace  of  the  prog- 
ress. These  enterprising  spirits  were  as 
venturesome  as  the  IMymouth  Pilgrims; 
they  laid  the  trail  and  blazed  the  path  to 
points  of  settlement  more  distant  in  time, 
more  hazardous  in  peril,  and  more  remote 
from  succor  in  distress  and  danger,  than 
did  the  Pilgrims  of  the  Mayflower;  and 
though  the  Northwestern  pioneers  may  not 
be  surrounded  with  a  halo  of  glory,  like 
that  which  shines  so  resplendently  over 
Plymouth  Rock,  their  enterprise,  self-re- 
liance, fearlessness  and  brilliant  achieve- 
ments will  always  form  one  of  the  most  in- 
teresting chai)ters  in  the  history  of  the 
(ireat   Kepublic. 

Fiank  11.  Woody,  of  Missoula  county, 
Mont.,  Judge  of  the  Fourth  judicial  district 
of  .Montana,  ranks   with   these  honors.     He 


is  one  of  the  three  first  settlers  in  the  state, 
liecoiuing  a  ]M'rmauent  resident  when  it  was 
a  jiait  of  tli<'  vast  tract  known  as  Wasliing- 
ti)ii  'r<Tritoiy.  lie  was  born  at  .Mud-Lick, 
("Iiatham  county,  N.  ('.,  in  IS'.i'.i.  His  father, 
K'obert  A\'oody.  was  a  wagon  maker  and  a 
small  farmer  of  moderate  means.  His 
iiintlici's  maiden  name  was  Pyrene  Har- 
giave.  Judge  Woody  is  of  (Quaker  extrac- 
tion. His  ancestors  settled  in  Pennsylvania 
w  hcie  so  many  of  that  faith  found  a  refuge 
ill  the  days  ot  William  Penn  and  founded 
that   great  commonwealth.     Their  descend- 

•  ints  drifted  into  the  states  of  Maryland, 
N'irgiiiia,  North  Carolina,  and  later  into  In- 
diana, in  considerable  numbers,  forming 
(cmjiact  settlements  which  survive,  while 
sending  forth  to  the  West  and  Northwest  in 

•  ill  directions  numerous  representatives 
who  have  done  honor  to  their  lineage. 
Judge  Woody's  great  grandfather,  James 
\\'oody,  was  born  in  Virginia  in  1741.  His 
grandfather,  Hugh  Woody,  was  born  in 
Orange  county,  N.  C,  in  1771,  and  his  father, 
Robert  Woody,  was  born  in  1803,  in  Chat- 
ham county,  N.  C,  while  his  mother's  peo- 
ple, the  Hargrave  family,  of  kindred  faith, 
emigrated  from  the  northern  settlements 
and  settled  in  Davidson  county,  N.  C,  be- 
fore the  Revolutionary  War.  No  better 
stock  than  this  ever  crossed  the  Atlantic. 

In  the  "subscription'"  and  public  schools, 
held  in  log  school  houses,  <-ommon  in  the 
South  in  the  thirties  and  forties,  where  the 
instruction  was  generally  limited  to  read- 
ing, w^riting  and  arithmetic,  taught  from 
any  book  which  the  pupil  might  bring, 
young  ^^'oody  began  his  education.  When 
he  was  eighteen  years  old  he  went  to  the 
New  Oarden  Boarding  t^chool — now  Guil- 
ford College — near  (ireensboro,  Guilford 
county,  N.  C.,  and  attended  for  eleven 
months.  This  school  was  under  the  aus- 
pices of  Friends,  or  Quakers,  and  was  of  a 
very  superior  order.  The  large  number  of 
men,  successful  in  all  the  higher  walks  of 
life,  sent  forth  from  this  institution  is 
strong  testimony  for  its  excellent  instruc- 
tion. Here  he  laid  the  foundation  for  his 
subsequent  education.  In  1853  he  removed 
to    Indiana   and    attended    another    Quaker 


HISTORY  OP  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


school  in  Park  county,  now  the  Bloominji- 
dale.  He  then  began  his  active  business 
life  at  school  teaching,  farming,  merchan- 
dizing and  mining.  In  June,  1855,  he  start- 
ed from  Leavenworth,  Kan.,  with  a  mer- 
chant train  drawn  by  oxen,  and  loaded  with 
merchandise,  for  Salt  Lake  City,  intending 
to  go  to  California.  ()n  reaching  that  city 
in  August,  lie  was  taken  sick.  From  this, 
and  from  lack  of  means,  he  was  compelled 
to  give  up  his  trip  to  (.'alifornia.  He  re- 
mained in  Utah  until  about  the  hrst  of  Sep- 
tember, 185G,  when  he  was  engaged  with 
some  Indian  traders  to  go  into  what  was 
known  as  the  Flathead  Indian  country,  on 
the  headwaters  of  the  Columbia  River, 
now  included  in  the  counties  of  Missoula 
and  Eavilli,  Mont.,  forming  the  Fourth  ju- 
dicial district  of  the  state.  He  reached  his 
destination  in  October,  1S5G,  and  has  resid- 
ed there  ever  since,  at  first  engaged  in  sell- 
ing goods,  farming  and  mining.  In  18U-t 
the  country  had  settled  up  and  Montana 
Territory  was  organized.  In  18C0  Mr. 
Woody  was  ajipointed  County  Clerk  and 
Recorder  of  Missoula  county,  which  offices 
he  held  until  the  next  general  election,  when 
he  was  elected  to  the  same  position  and  con- 
tinued to  be  re-elected  until  1880,  when  he 
declined  to  serve  longer.  During  the  last 
six  years  of  his  service  the  duties  of  Probate 
Judge  had  been  added  to  the  office.  He 
had  also  served  as  deputy  clerk  of  the  Dis- 
trict Court  of  Missoula  county,  to  which 
office  he  had  been  appointed  in  1868.  In 
1877  he  resigned  this  position.  He  had  in 
the  meantime  pursued  the  study  of  law  and 
was  admitted  to  practice  in  the  Supreme 
Court  of  Montana  the  same  year.  He  im- 
mediately began  to  practice,  building  up 
rapidly  a  large  and  lucrative  business, 
which  he  continued  until  1892,  when  he  was 
elected  Judge  of  the  Fourth  judicial  dis- 
trict of  Montana,  for  four  years,  and  was 
re-elected  in  1896,  making  a  series  of  eight 
years  on  the  bench  of  the  I>istrict  Court. 
In  1885  he  was  admitted  to  practice  in  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  and  in 
1891  was  admitted  to  practice  in  the  United 
States  District  and  Circuit  courts  for  the 
District  of  Montana.     Being  raised  a  Qua- 


ker, he  has  not  joined  the  church  of  any 
other  denomination.  In  1871  he  was  mar 
ried  to  Miss  Sarah  Elizabeth  Countryman, 
at  Missoula.  She  was  born  in  Yuba  county, 
Cal.  They  have  three  children  living,  a  sou, 
Frank  Woody,  and  two  daughters,  Alice  .AL, 
and  Flora  P.  Woodv. 


BYRNES,  William  Joseph.— One  of  the 
most  pronnnent  members  of  his  profession  in 
the  Northwest  is  the  present  city  physician 
of  Minneapolis,  Dr.  Wm.  J.  Byrnes.  Dr. 
Byrnes  came  to  the  front  rank  through  ardu- 
ous study  and  by  keeping  in  touch  with  the 
rapid  strides  made  in  the  science  of  surgery 
to  which  he  has  devoted  his  special  attention, 
and  deservedly  merits  the  high  place  he  occu- 
pies in  his  profession.  He  is  of  Irish  descent, 
his  parents  emigrating  to  this  country  in 
1818.  His  father,  William  Byrnes,  was  a 
farmer  by  occupation.  He  settled  in  New 
York  state  on  his  arrival  in  America,  but 
three  years  later  decided  to  carve  out  a  home 
for  himself  and  fanuly  on  the  border  of  civili- 
zation in  the  west  and  pre-empted  a  claim  of 
160  acres  at  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  p«rt  of 
which  is  now  Byrnes'  Addition,  and  Maben, 
White  &  Le  Bron's  Addition  to  Minneapolis. 
Mr.  Byrnes  had  an  honorable  war  record. 
He  enlisted  in  Company  K,  Tenth  Minnesota 
Volunteers,  in  July.  1862,  serving  three  years 
as  first  lieutenant.  After  the  war  he  re- 
turned to  Minneapolis  and  resumed  farming. 
In  the  fall  of  1866  he  was  elected  sheriff  of 
Hennepin  county.  He  died,  during  his  term 
of  office,  in  November,  1867.  Mrs.  Byrnes' 
maiden  name  was  Katharine  Campbell.  She 
was  born  in  Ireland,  and  was  there  married 
to  Mr.  Byrnes.  She  is  still  living  on  part  of 
the  old  homestead,  at  1700  Western  avenue. 
The  subject  of  this  sketch  was  born  in  Min- 
neapolis, January  5,  1859.  He  enjoyed  the 
advantages  of  a  liberal  education.  His  early 
educational  training  was  received  in  the  dis- 
trict and  public  schools  of  Minneapolis,  suj)- 
plemented  by  attendance  at  St.  John's  Col- 
lege at  Prairie  du  Chien.  Wis.,  and  St.  John's 
College,  at  Collegeville,  Minn.  Leaving  the 
latter  institution  he  entered  the  University 
of  Michigan,  graduating  from  the  medical  do- 


HISTORY  OF  THK  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


WILLIAM  .(.    BYKXES. 

liai-tiiieiit  in  18b-,  and  was  honored  with  the 
appoiiituieut  of  assistant  house  sui-geon  at 
tlie  iiniversitv  hospital  for  the  ensuing  term. 
He  returned  to  Minneapolis  in  the  fall  of  the 
following  year  and  immediately  began  the 
l)ra(ti<-e  of  his  profession,  entering  the  office 
of  Dr.  Edwin  Phillips,  which  connection  was 
continued  for  eleven  years.  Dr.  Byrnes  won 
recognition  for  his  professional  attainments 
early  in  his  career.  The  same  year  that  he 
Itegan  his  practice  in  Minneapolis  he  was  ap- 
pointed demonstrator  of  anatomy  at  the  Min- 
neapolis College  of  IMiysicians  and  Surgeons. 
In  1S85  he  took  a  trip  to  Europe,  visiting 
various  medical  centers  of  the  old  world,  and 
devoting  his  time  to  further  study  of  those 
lines  in  which  he  was  especially  interested. 
The  following  year  he  was  appointed  profes- 
.sor  of  anatomy  in  the  Minneapolis  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  which  chair  he 
HUed  up  to  1895.  From  1895  to  1900  he  filled 
the  chair  of  surgical  anatomy  and  clinical 
diseases  of  women  in  the  same  institution, 
at  the  expiration  of  which  time  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  chair  of  the  j)rinciples  of  sur- 
gery. He  was  president  of  the  Hennepin 
Couiily  Medical  Society  in  1889.  In  1893  he 
was  a|ipointc-d  t(i  the  ^liniicaiiolis  Ixiard  of 


pension  examining  surgeons,  and  is  still  a 
member  of  that  board.  Dr.  Byrnes  is  Demo- 
rratic  in  his  political  affiliations,  and  takes 
an  active  interest  in  the  affairs  of  his  party, 
liiit  the  offices  of  public  trust  which  he  has 
tilled  have  been  in  the  line  of  his  profession, 
lie  was  county  physician  of  Hennepin  county 
during  the  years  1887  and  1888,  and  from 
1890  to  1892  was  county  coroner.  In  1899 
he  was  ajtpointed  city  physician  of  Minne- 
apolis, a  position  he  has  filled  with  great 
credit  to  himself.  Dr.  Byrnes  is  also  medical 
examiner  for  a  number  of  life  insurance  and 
fraternal  organizations.  He  is  the  supervis- 
ing medical  examiner  of  the  Royal  Arcanum 
for  the  states  of  Minnesota,  North  Dakota, 
South  Dakota  and  Montana,  and  medical  ex- 
aminer for  the  Massachusetts  Life,  the  A.  O. 
U.  W.,  A.  O.  H.,  and  Columbian  Knights. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Hennepin  County  Med- 
ical Society,  the  State  Medical  Society,  Royal 
Arcanum,  A.  O.  U.  W.,  A.  O.  H.,  and  Colum- 
bian Knights,  and  the  Elks.  Dr.  Byrnes  is 
a  Catholic  in  his  religious  leanings,  though 
not  an  active  church  member.  He  was  mar- 
ried in  1887  to  Miss  Josephine  Armstrong,  of 
Ann  Arbor,  Mich.  Their  union  has  been 
blessed  with  four  •■hildren:  Lyle,  William, 
Mortica  and  Josephine. 


STOCKTOjS',  Albert  William.— The  most 
important  branch  of  our  state  government  is 
the  legislature.  It  is,  therefore,  important 
that  the  men  who  sit  in  this  law-making  body 
should  be  a  thoroughly  representative  class 
— men  who  occupy  positions  of  honor  and 
trust  in  their  home  community,  whose  hon- 
esty and  probity  are  unquestioned.  Such  a 
man  is  found  in  the  subject  of  this  sketch. 
Mr.  Stockton  was  elected  to  the  upper  house 
of  the  state  legislature  of  Minnesota  in  1S90, 
re-elected  in  1894,  and  again  in  1S98,  and  is 
regarded  as  one  of  the  leading  members  of 
that  body.  He  was  born  in  Kosciusko 
county,  Ind.,  March  30,  1844,  the  son  of  John 
C.  and  Martha  J.  (Sippy)  Stockton.  His 
father  folllowed  agricultural  pursuits  in  the 
Hoosier  state,  removing  with  his  family  to 
Richland  Center,  Wis.,  in  the  fall  of  1855, 
gaining  a  moderate  competency.     He  did  not 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  XORTIIWEST. 


take  an  active  part  iu  public  affairs,  prefer- 
ring rather  to  live  a  quiet,  home  life.  He  was. 
however,  held  in  high  regard  and  greatly 
respected  by  his  neighbors.  Our  subject  re 
ceived  only  the  benefits  of  a  common  school 
education,  and  lived  on  the  farm  with  his 
parents  until  his  eighteenth  year.  August 
22,  lSf.2.  he  enlisted  in  Tompany  P..  Twenty 
fifth  Wisconsin  "\'olunteer  Infantry.  His 
regiment  went  into  camii  at  La  Crosse.  Wis., 
and  the  following  month  was  ordered  to  Fort 
Snelling  to  particijiate  in  the  efforts  to  put 
down  the  Indian  outbreak  on  the  Minnesota 
frontier.  The  regiment  was  divided  on 
reaching  Fort  Snelling.  and  Mr.  Stockton's 
company  was  stationed  at  Ali'XiUidrin.  In 
December,  the  company  was  ordered  to  re 
port  at  Fort  Snelling.  and  from  there  went 
to  Camp  Kandall.  ^Madison.  Wis.  The  fol- 
lowing Febi'uai-y  th(»  rciiiiiieiit  went  south, 
the  first  stop  being  made  at  Polumbus.  Ky. 
Mr.  Stockton  served  with  his  company  contin- 
uously, not  losing  a  single  day  from  sickness 
or  otherwise,  participating  in  all  the  battles 
in  which  the  company  was  engaged,  until 
June  14,  1864.  when  he  was  severely  wound- 
ed by  a  gunshot  wound  in  the  right  thigh,  at 
the  battle  of  Peach  Tree  Orchard,  in  front  <if 
the  Kennesaw  Mountains,  Georgia.  He  then 
passed  through  a  series  of  great  hardshijis 
in  various  hospitals  at  Resaca.  (Ta.;  Chatta- 
nooga and  Nashville.  Tenn.;  Madison  and 
Prairie  du  Chien,  Wis.  He  Mas  discharged 
with  his  regiment  in  June,  186"),  at  JIadison. 
He  returned  to  his  home  and  for  several 
years  was  engaged  as  a  clerk  in  a  general 
store.  In  August,  1872,  he  removed  to  Min- 
nesota, locating  at  Faribault,  where  he  has 
since  resided.  He  secured  (he  appointment  of 
deputy  county  auditor  of  Rice  county,  and 
performed  his  duties  so  faithfully  that  he 
was  retained  in  this  office  for  twelve  years, 
resigning  to  accept  the  positimi  of  assistant 
cashier  of  the  First  National  Hank  of  Fari- 
bault. Tliis  office  he  held  for  two  years, 
when,  in  1880.  he  went  into  business  for  him- 
self, forming  a  i)artnei-shi[)  to  engage  in  the 
manufacture  of  flour  and  furniture.  He  has 
continued  in  this  line  of  business  since  that 
time,  and  has  been  very  successful.  Mr. 
Stockton  is  one  of  the  most  public-spirited 


AI.l'.EKT  W.    STiii;KTON. 

men  nf  similicrn  Minnesiita.  and  has  always 
found  time  to  take  an  active  interest  in  all 
enterjirises  tending  to  build  up  and  proinote 
the  best  interests  of  his  home  city  and  Qpunty 
generally.  He  served  as  chairman  of  the 
board  of  county  commissioners  of  Rice  coun- 
ty for  ten  yeai-s.  He  was  elected  to  the  state 
senate  on  the  Rei)ublican  ticket,  and  has  been 
untiring  in  his  efforts  in  that  body  to  pro- 
mote legislation  favorable  to  his  own  com- 
munity. He  was  chosen  chairman  of  the 
railroad  committee  in  the  .session  of  1895, 
and  has  held  the  position  in  every  session 
since  that  time,  working  indefatigably  for 
the  interests  of  the  people.  Mr.  Stockton 
has  made  many  friends  throughout  the  state, 
who  not  (mly  admire  him  for  his  public 
spirit  but  for  his  personal  qualities  as  well. 
He  was  married  in  Faribault.  November  10, 
18G8.  to  Miss  Belle  Friuk.  daughter  of  Colvin 
Frink,  late  of  Faribault.  She  died  May  S. 
1870.  He  was  again  married.  September  1(1. 
1878,  to  Miss  Julia  Andrews,  of  Faribault. 
They  are  the  jiaients  of  one  daughter,  (ilenn 
B.  Stockton,  a  student  in  I  lie  state  univer- 
sity, and  one- s(m.  Charles  Murray  Stockton. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Stockton  attend  the  Congrega- 
tional church. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


HAMILTON   H.    WILCOX. 

\YILCOX,  Hamillon  H.— One  of  the  most 
prominent  members  of  the  medical  fraternity 
in  sonthern  Minnesota  is  Dr.  Hamilton  H. 
Wilcox,  of  Albert  Lta.  Dr.  ^Vilcox  has  been 
practicing-  his  profession  in  that  citj  for  the 
past  eighteen  years,  has  built  up  a  lucrative 
practice  and  won  the  complete  confidence  of 
a  large  and  influential  clientele.  He  came  to 
the  state  of  Minnesota  July  3,  1877,  from 
Kentucky,  locating  first  at  Glenville,  Free- 
born county,  whei-e  he  remained  and  prac- 
ticed his  profession  until  his  removal  to  Al- 
bert Lea  in  the  fall  of  1883.  Though  his 
early  life  was  spent  in  the  Blue  Grass  state, 
he  was  a  native  of  North  Carolina,  having 
been  born  near  Jeffei'son,  Ashe  county,  De- 
cember 28, 1850,  his  parents  migrating  to  the 
former  state  the  same  year.  Dr.  Wilcox's 
ancestors,  for  three  generations  back,  were 
American-born  and  connected  with  the  early 
history  and  settlement  of  the  Carolinas  and 
Kentucky.  They  ]i\ed  contemporaneously, 
wore  related  to  and  intermarried  with  the 
Tartwrights  and  Bonnes — Daniel  Boone  be- 
ing a  relative  of  the  family  by  marriage. 
Samuel  Wilcox,  his  father,  was  a  native  of 
Xoi-th  f'arolina,  and  was  born  in  1821.  He 
moved  with  his  fainilv  to  Keiituck-^'  in  1850. 


.settling  in  Pike  county.  In  1862  he  removed 
to  Carter  county,  and  in  the  fall  of  the  fol- 
lowing year  joined  the  Federal  army,  serving 
until  his  death  at  Paris.  Ky.,  in  March, 
ls(>4.  During  his  residence  in  Kentucky  he 
held  various  countj'  offices  and  places  of 
honor  and  trust,  and  while  he  was  not  rich, 
lie  was  in  good  circumstances,  being  by  occu- 
jiation  a  builder  and  contractor,  also  a  farm- 
er. His  wife,  Barbara  Houck  Wilcox,  Avas 
also  a  native  of  North  Carolina,  of  German 
descent.  In  the  Wilcox  family,  however. 
English  and  Scotch  blood  have  predomi 
iiated.  Religiously,  they  were  inclined  to- 
ward the  Baptist  faith,  while  the  ancestors 
of  Dr.  Wilcox  on  the  maternal  side  were  firm 
liclievers  in  Methodist  doctrines.  The  early 
rducation  of  the  subject  of  this  sketch  was 
much  hamjiered  because  of  the  so-called  "free 
school"'  system  prevailing  in  the  South  at 
that  time.  Owing  to  an  inherent  amliition. 
however,  to  acquire  knowledge,  quickened 
possibly  by  the  prevalence  of  an  abundance 
of  jiine  knots  scattered  over  the  hills  of 
northeastera  Kentucky,  and  stimulated  by 
the  delight  of  his  parents  in  teaching  him  in 
the  evenings,  the  lad  soon  learned  to  read, 
write  and  "cipher"  and  distinguish  himself 
in  the  spelling  and  writing  contests  of  the 
community.  The  school  system  existing  in 
Kentucky  at  the  present  time  was  not  in- 
augurated until  1870,  and  the  subject  of  this 
sketch  taught  one  of  the  first  schools  under 
the  new  or  five  months'  system,  the  old  sys- 
tem being  from  one  to  two  or  three  months 
a  year.  Dr.  Wilcox  is  a  graduate  of  the 
^ledical  College  of  Ohio,  at  Cincinnati,  in  the 
class  of  1882.  He  stood  well  in  his  class  and 
was  awarded  a  gold  medal  for  the  best  ana- 
tomical specimens  and  dissections.  At  the 
present  time  he  is  a  member  of  the  American 
^Medical  Association,  the  Minnesota  State 
^ledical  Society,  and  secretary  of  the  Albert 
Lea  District  ^Medical  Society.  He  has  con- 
tributed a  number  of  articles  to  the  medical 
as  well  as  the  secular  press,  and  was*  at  one 
time  the  editor  of  the  Albert  Lea  Medical 
Journal.  He  established  the  Wilcox  Hospi- 
tal at  Albert  Lea  in  1897.  one  of  the  best 
conducted  institutions  in  that  city,  and  is  its 
present  proprietor.     In  politics.  Dr.  Wilcox 


HISTOKY  OF  THE  GHEAT  XOU  TIIWEST. 


is  and  always  has  been  a  Eepublican,  having 
voted  first  for  Grant  for  liis  second  term  and 
every  Republican  president  since  that  time. 
He  served  for  a  number  of  yeai-s  as  presi- 
dent of  the  board  of  health  of  Albert  Lea, 
also  as  county  coroner,  and  one  year  as  may- 
or of  the  municipality.  He  has  also  been 
identified  with  the  committee  on  state  medi 
cal  legislation  for  some  time.  He  is  a  mem 
ber  of  various  lodges  and  societies,  viz:  The 
Masons,  from  Ulue  Lodge  to  Shrine;  the  Odd 
Fellows,  the  Maccabees,  jNIodern  Woodmen 
of  America,  Modern  brotherhood  of  America, 
Eastern  Star,  Sons  of  Veterans,  etc.,  and  is 
the  medical  examiner  for  many  old  line  as 
well  as  fraternal  insurance  companies.  His 
religious  (connections  are  with  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  body,  and  he  is  a  member  of  that 
church.  He  was  manned  December  30,  187."), 
to  Mollie  E.  Abbott,  of  Carter  county,  Ky. 
To  them  have  been  born  three  children: 
Frank  Leslie,  a  graduate  of  Rush  Jledical 
College,  Chicago,  class  1000;  Jessie  Grant 
Wilcox,  B.  S.,  first  ])rincipal  of  the  public 
schools  at  Redwood  Falls,  Minn.,  and  Gussie 
Leigh  Wilcox,  B.  S.,  now  ilrs.  Charles  Davis 
Howe,  married  October  L'.".  1900. 


WALLACE,  James,  president  of  Macales- 
ter  College,  is  of  Scotch-Irish  descent.  His 
father,  Benjamin  Wallace,  came  to  this  coun- 
try with  his  father,  William,  from  Cooks- 
town,  northern  Ii*eland,  in  1812,  when  only 
twelve  years  of  age,  and  settled  in  Juniata 
county.  Pa.  In  1825  he  emigrated  to  Woos- 
ter,  Wayne  county.  Ohio,  and  devoted  him- 
self to  farming.  In  this  pursuit  he  steadily 
prosjiered,  and  when  he  died  at  the  advanced 
age  of  87  he  was  one  of  the  most  well-to-do 
farmers  of  his  home  county.  He  was  a  man 
of  excellent  mind,  of  sterling  integrity,  much 
force  of  character,  deeply  interested  in  mat- 
ters ])olitical  and  religious.  For  nearly  three- 
(|uarters  of  a  century  he  was  a  leading  elder 
in  the  Ihiited  Presbyterian  church  of  Woos- 
ter,  Oliio,  and  even  early  in  the  fifties  he  had 
attained  considerable  notoriety  in  the  com- 
munity for  his  strenuous  ojtposition  to  slav- 
ery.    He  was  an  ardent  supporter  of  the  gov- 


.IAMi;S     WAl.l.ACi:. 

eminent  in  the  <'i\il  War  and  contributed 
money  lilierally  to  help  his  county  secure  its 
needed  quota  of  men.  He  had  four  brothers: 
^^'illiam,  who  died  at  the  old  homestead  in 
Penn.syhania :  -Idlin.  :i  I'resbyierian  minis- 
ter; James,  a  furniture  dealer  of  Lafayette. 
Ind.,  father  of  Dr.  J.  P.  Wallace  and  of  Judge 
William  De  ^^'itt  Wallace,  and  Robert,  a 
farmer,  wim  lixcd  lo  llie  advanced  age  of  92. 
The  mother  of  our  siibjeil,  .Janet  Bruce,  came 
to  this  country  with  her  parents  from  Scot- 
land (near  p]dinburghi,  about  1840,  and  lo- 
cat(-d  at  ^^'ooster,  Ohio.  Her  brother  Will- 
iam was,  afterward,  for  several  years,  pro- 
fessor of  the(dogy  in  Xenia  (Ohio)  Theolog- 
ical Seminary,  and  her  youngest  brother. 
John,  has  been  for  many  years  Cnited  States 
district  judge  of  northern  Alabama.  She 
was  a  woman  of  ipiick  mind,  great  activity, 
deeply  religious,  and  jiassionately  devoted  to 
the  careful  training  of  her  children.  She 
was  the  mother  of  five  sons  and  two  daugh- 
ters. Of  file  latter,  Margaret  is  married  to 
Professor  J.  O.  Nofestein,  of  the  University 
of  Wooster,  Ohio,  and  Jlary  to  Professor  F. 
N.  Notestein,  of  Alma  College,  Michigan. 
The  sons  were  William,  Jann-s,  Robert,  John 
and  Benjamin,  all  of  whom,  excejit  (he  sub- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GRKAT  NORTHWEST. 


jeet  of  this  sketob,  aro  eiifjaged  in  mercantile 
business  in  southern  ("oh)rado.  James  was 
born,  Alarch  12,  1850,  near  Wooster,  Ohio. 
The  rudiments  of  his  education  were  received 
in  the  traditional  old  log  schoolhouse  near  his 
home.  In  obedience  to  his  lather's  desire  to 
give  all  his  sons  a  college  education  if  they 
would  receive  it,  he  was  sent  at  the  age  of 
17  to  Canaan  Academy,  the  principal  of 
which  was  a  cousin,  W.  W.  Wallace,  an  ex- 
perienced and  successful  teacher.  Two  years 
later  he  entered  Ohio  Central  College,  where 
he  completed  his  four  years'  preparation  for 
college.  In  1870  he  entered  the  freshman 
class  in  AN'ooster  University,  from  which  he 
graduated  four  years  later,  pronouncing  the 
valedictory  of  his  class  at  commencement. 
He  made  some  specialty  of  the  classics,  but 
maintained  a  nearly  uniformly  high  stand- 
ing in  all  his  studies.  After  gi'aduation  he 
was  elected  in.structor  in  Greek  and  history 
in  his  Alma  Mater,  which  position  he  held 
for  two  years,  when  he  secured  leave  of  ab- 
sence and  devoted  one  year  to  study  and 
travel  in  Greece.  Going  to  Greece  with  a 
good  knowledge  of  the  ancient  Greek,  and 
thorough  familiarity  with  the  modem  pro- 
nunciation, he  attained  a  speaking  acquaint- 
ance with  tht  language  such  as  few  Ameri- 
cans up  to  that  time  liad  acquired.  In  com- 
pany with  Professor  Thomas  Davidson,  of 
New  York,  he  made  the  entire  circuit  of  Cen- 
tral Greece  and  Peloponnesus,  including  also 
in  his  travels  the  islands  of  Euboea,  Salamis, 
Aegina,  Syra,  Delos,  Tenos  and  Corcyra.  Re- 
turning to  his  Alma  Mater  he  was  made  pro- 
fessor of  Greek,  which  chair  he  filled,  with 
much  satisfaction  to  the  students  and  his 
colleagues,  until  1887.  In  that  year,  upon 
the  recommendation  of  several  of  his  former 
students  who  hapjtened  to  be  attending 
Macalester  College,  he  was  elected  to  the 
chair  of  Greek  and  old  English  in  that  insti- 
tution. A  vacancy  occurring  in  the  presi- 
dency in  1800,  he  was  soon  after  made  dean, 
or  acting  ])resident,  and  in  1804,  on  the  rec- 
ommendation of  the  synod  of  Minnesota,  he 
was  elected  i)resident.  The  ditificulties  of 
this  position  wei-e  rendered  almost  insur- 
mountalile  by  a  crushing  debt  of  over  |125,- 
000  that  had  rested  on  the  college  since  its 


first  administration,  and  by  the  long  business 
dei)ression  of  18!»y-i)7.  Nevertheless,  the 
high  standard  of  the  scholarshii)  of  the  insti- 
tution was  maintained,  the  attendance  in- 
creased, and,  through  the  generosity  of  its 
many  friends,  the  debt  was  finally  li(Hiidated. 
In  1887,  by  a  course  of  study  in  Greek 
philology,  he  received  the  degree  of  Ph.  1)., 
and  at  commencement  in  1808  his  Alma  Mater 
conferred  on  him  the  honorary  degree  of  Doc- 
tor of  Laws — a  title  which  his  modesty  con- 
strained him  to  decline.  In  1801-93,  at  the 
request  of  President  W.  K.  Harper,  of  Chi- 
cago University,  he  edited  the  Anabasis  of 
Xenophon  for  his  series  of  classics.  In  1870 
Dr.  AVallace  married  Janet  I).,  second  daugh- 
ter of  Kev.  T.  K.  Davis,  D.  D.,  a  graduate  of 
Vale  College  and  of  Princeton  Seminary,  and 
foi*  twenty  years  librarian  of  the  University 
of  Wooster.  She  is  also  sister  to  Miss  Miriam 
M.  Davis,  who  has  charge  of  the  reference 
department  in  the  Minneapolis  I'ublic  Li- 
brary. There  have  been  born  to  Dr.  and 
Mrs.  Wallace,  besides  two  deceased,  Helen, 
Benjamin,  Robert,  William  De  >\'itt,  and 
Miriam. 


COLLINS,  Loren.  Warren.— While  the 
personal  .popularity  of  a  judge  may  not  al- 
ways be  an  infallible  criterion  of  his  worthi- 
ness, yet,  in  a  re^jublic,  where  public  senti 
ment  must  control  to  secure  the  best  results 
in  administration,  a  concensus  of  opinion 
favorable — ^which  is  in  fact  only  popularity — 
cannot  be  far  wrong.  Although  the  old 
Roman  motto,  "Vox  populi,  vox  Dei,"  is  fre- 
quently subject  to  a  sneer  from  some  who 
affect  superior  wisdom,  it  still  remains  a 
statement  very  close  to  the  truth.  Therefore 
a  judge,  who  by  the  conscientious  discharge 
of  duty,  wins  the  esteem  of  the  people,  is  not 
only  fortunate  in  his  experience,  but  he  is  a 
factor  almost  invaluable  in  establishing  con- 
fidence in  the  judiciary.  Judge  Collins,  the 
subject  of  this  sketch,  has  during  his  long 
service  so  efficiently  discharged  his  duties 
that  thei'e  seems  to  be  no  position  in  the  gift 
of  the  people  of  the  state  that  they  are  not 
willing  to  give  him,  when  occasion  offei-s. 
He  has  been  solicited  frequently  to  assume 


HISTORY  01<^  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


the  liifiliest  honors,  but  has  steadily  refused 
to  swerve  from  his  chosen  profession.  He 
was  born  in  Lowell.  .Mass.,  Auj^fust  7,  IS.'JS. 
His  fatlier,  Charles  P.  Collins,  was  a  native 
of  Vermont,  and  descendant  of  Benjamin 
Collins,  who  settled  at  Salisbury,  Mass.,  in 
1()G0.  His  motlier  was  Abigal  C.  Libbv.  a 
native  of  New  Hamjishire,  and  a  descendant 
of  John  Libby,  who  settled  near  Boston. 
Mass..  about  1638.  A  published  "History  of 
the  Libby  Family"  shows  that  it  was  promi 
nent  and  intluenlial  from  early  colonial  time 
forward.  Charles  P.  Collins  was  a  man  in 
limited  circumstances  and  was  by  occupa 
tion.  before  movinfi  to  Minnesota,  aij  over 
seer  in  a  cotton  mill.  He  and  his  family 
came  to  the  state — or  then  territory — in  1854, 
and  settled  at  Eden  Prairie,  Hennepin  coun- 
ty, upon  unsurveyed  government  land.  His 
son,  the  judge,  was  then  sixteen  years  old, 
and  had  been  educated  at  Chicopee  and  at 
Palmei',  Mass.  He  chose  law  for  his  profes- 
sion, but  his  studies  were  held  in  abeyance 
by  the  breaking  out  of  the  War  of  the  Re- 
bellion. In  1862  he  enlisted  in  the  Seventh 
Regiment  Minnesota  Infantry.  He  was  pro- 
moted to  second  lieutenant  and  to  first  lieu- 
tenant, and  received  the  rare  honor  of  being 
brevetted  a  captain  by  the  president  of  the 
I'nited  States.  After  the  war  he  resumed 
his  law  studies,  and  in  1866  began  to  practice 
his  profession  at  St.  Cloud,  Minn.,  where  he 
still  resides.  He  was  elected  county  attor- 
ney of  Stearns  county,  and  served  for  several 
terms,  also  member  of  the  house  of  represen- 
tatives, while  he  continued  his  general  prac 
tice  of  law  in  St.  Cloud  until  1883,  when  he 
was  appointed,  in  Ajiril  of  that  year,  district 
judge  of  the  Seventh  judicial  district,  by 
Governor  Hubbard.  In  1884  he  was  elected 
to  the  same  position.  In  November,  1887. 
Governor  McGill  appointed  him  associate 
justice  of  the  supreme  court  of  Minnesota. 
He  has  been  elected  to  the  same  position  by 
the  people  three  successive  times,  the  last 
being  without  opposition  in  November,  1000. 
Such  approval  by  the  people  needs  no  com- 
ment. He  has  always  affiliated  with  the  Re- 
publican party,  but  has  held  only  offices  in 
the  line  of  his  profession.  He  was  tendered 
the  office  of  United  States  senator  by  Gov- 


i.OREX  w.  roLLix.';. 

ernor  Lind  December  28,  1900,  to  till  the 
vacancy  occasioned  by  the  death  of  Senator 
Uavis,  but  declined  for  personal  as  well  as 
political  reasons.  In  religion  he  is  a  Unitari- 
an, and  is  a  member  of  the  Unitarian  fturch. 
In  1878  he  was  married  to  Ella  Stewart,  at 
J{erlin,  ^\'is.  She  died  at  St.  Cloud  May  31, 
1804.  Judge  Collins  has  three  children, 
sons:  Stewart  (tartield,  Louis  Loren,  Loren 
Fletcher.  The  two  elder  are  students  in  the 
University  of  Minnesota.  Through  his  army 
service  Judge  Collins  is  a  member  of  the 
(iraud  Army  of  the  Republic  and  of  the 
Loyal  Legion.  By  reason  of  his  descent  from 
Colonial  ancestors  he  is  a  member  of  the 
Society  of  Colonial  Wars,  and  of  the  Sons  of 
the  Revolution.  He  also  belongs  to  the  fra- 
ternity of  Elks,  and  is  a  Royal  Arch  Mason. 
Though  an  upright  judge  and  stern  in  justice, 
Judge  Collins  is  a  genial  companion,  a  kind 
neighbor  and  father,  and  a  riiizcn  of  whom 
the  state  is  proud. 


DRR'ER,  John  Merrille.— The  career  of 
a  minister  of  the  gos])el  seldom  offers  a  series 
of  striking  kaleidoscopic  jtictures  of  success- 


HISTORY'  OF  THE  GRI':AT   XOItTHWENT. 


JOHN  M.   DRIVER, 

fill  (•(iiubiit  with  the  fon-es  that  are  at  work 
iu  the  control  of  the  world's  commerce.  His 
triumphs  are  not  recorded  iu  the  accounts 
that  are  written  descriptive  of  the  world's 
strife.  They  are  of  the  spiritual  nature,  but, 
nevertheless,  require  just  as  much  courage 
of  heart,  conquering  of  self,  and  strenuous- 
uess  of  character  as  those  won  over  material 
things.  The  itinerant  preacher  does  not  i-eap 
his  reward  in  earthly  riches,  but  he  wins 
more — the  respect,  friendship,  and  admira- 
tion of  all  with  whom  he  comes  in  contact. 
His  life  is  one  of  self-sacrifice  and  devotion 
to  the  needs  of  humanity.  His  cares  and  tri- 
als are  for  others.  The  promotions  he  re- 
ceives from  his  church  may  be  marked  recog- 
nition of  his  work  from  a  spiritual  stand- 
point, but  do  not  seem  commensurate  in  a 
material  sense.  The  honors  won  are  written 
in  the  hearts  of  men  to  whose  spiritual  needs 
he  has  administered. 

A  shining  example  of  this  class  of  men  is 
John  Merritte  Driver,  pastor  of  Centenary 
Methodist  Episcopal  church,  Mankato,  Minn. 
His  eariy  life  was  a  struggle  with  poverty, 
but  the  instinct  for  better  things  created  in 
him  an  intense  passion  for  knowledge,  and  a 


desire  to  become  a  man  of  scholarship,  and 
by  sheer  force  of  his  own  strength  and  will 
jMiwer  he  worked  his  way  through  college, 
later  on  girding  himself  with  theological, 
philosophical,  and  s(  ientific  lore  in  order  to 
follow,  successfully,  his  chosen  career  as  a 
iiiiiiister  of  the  gosjx'l. 

Dr.  Driver  is  a  native  of  Hlinois.  A  his- 
tory of  his  ancestors  might  be  outlined,  he 
says,  in  the  brief  sentence,  "The  short  and 
simple  annals  of  the  poor." 

His  father  worked  altei'nately  on  the  farm 
and  in  the  saw  mill,  never  rising  above  the 
barest  competency  and  sometimes  touching 
the  very  nether-depth  of  poverty. 

The  Driver  family,  however,  has  always 
been  noted  for  its  patriotism.  When  Abra- 
ham Lincoln  issued  his  first  call,  in  1861,  for 
75,000  men  to  help  save  the  Union,  James 
Ransom  Driver,  the  doctor's  father,  was  one 
of  the  first  to  respond.  His  fatlier  before 
him  was  a  soldier  in  our  second  war  with 
Great  Britain,  and  his  father  was  a  follower 
of  George  Washing-ton  in  the  War  of  the 
Revolution. 

On  his  mother's  side  he  is  descended  from 
an  old  Huguenot  family. 

William  A.  Hartley,  now  residing  at 
Walnut  Hill,  111.,  an  humble  country  school 
teacher,  opened  the  gates  of  knowledge  to 
the  boy,  whose  education  was  rendered  so 
diflficnlt  by  his  environment.  Under  his  wise 
and  patient  direction,  in  a  little  log  cabin  up 
in  the  country,  John  Merritte  Driver  was 
fitted  for  college,  ijraduating  from  the  Illi- 
nois Agricultural  College,  in  the  classical 
course,  in  1876,  when  but  18  years  of  age. 
Some  yeai-s  later  he  entered  the  Boston  Uni- 
versity, of  Boston,  Mass.,  graduating  from 
that  institution,  in  the  theological  course,  in 
1885.  He  also  did  three  years'  work  in  the 
study  of  oratory  under  President  S.  S.  Curry. 
of  the  Boston  School  of  Expression. 

In  1881  Dr.  Driver  was  honored  with  the 
degree  of  A.  M.  by  the  Baldwin  I^niversity; 
in  1885  Boston  University  added  the  degree 
of  S.  T.B. ;  in  1893  Rust  University  conferred 
upon  him  the  degree  of  D.  D.,  and  in  1899 
the  American  I'niversity  made  him  a  doctor 
of  jihilosophy.    He  is  also  a  member  of  the 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


Aii\L'iic;iu  Archil eokigical  and  Asiatic  Asso- 
I  iatiou. 

Dr.  Driver  is  uow  in  tlie  fourtlj  year  of 
his  Mauliato  pastorate,  aud  has  the  hearty 
respect,  coutideuce,  aud  co-opera tiou  of  a 
large  and  important  charge. 

In  addition  to  his  preaching.  Dr.  Driver 
is  also  a  noted  lecturer,  having  beeu  heard 
ou  tile  lecture  platfonus  of  almost  every 
state  aud  territory  in  the  American  Union, 
besides  in  lauds  beyond  the  sea. 

Tliough  living  a  singularly  busy  life  he 
has  found  time  to  taste  the  sweets  of  author- 
ship. A  book  on  the  labor  question,  entitled 
"Samson  and  Shylock ;  or,  A  Preacher's  Plea 
for  the  ^\■orki^gmeu,■'  published  by  the  Pat- 
riotic I'ublishing  company,  has  had  an  ex- 
tensive sale.  Two  music  books:  "Songs  of 
the  Soul,'"  and  "Bible  Temperance  Hymns" 
(for  he  is  also  a  pianist  and  composer  of  mu- 
sic), have  greatly  extended  his  reputation 
Some  of  his  i>arlor  and  concert  songs,  such 
as,  "  "Twere  Sweet  to  Die  for  You,""  aud  "O 
Thou  Whom  My  Soul  Loves  Best,"  are  sung 
everywhere,  while  his  piano  solos,  especially 
"Memories  of  Italy,"  and  "Memories  of  Mau- 
kato,"  are  played  by  the  foremost  American 
pianists.  Of  his  song,  "Wonderful  Story  of 
Love,"'  more  than  ."'),()UU,OUU  copies,  in  books 
and  sheet  form,  have  been  published  aud 
sold. 

Though  passionately  fond  of  poetry  he 
has  yielded  to  the  muse  but  once,  writing 
"Nepenthe." 

Dr.  Driver  has  been  an  extensive  traveler 
in  E;ui"ope,  Africa,  and  North  Amei'iea,  study- 
ing face  to  face  the  great  problems  of  the 
world.  He  has  thus  been  fortunate  in  being 
permittted  to  see  the  most  notable  things  the 
world  has  to  otler  in  the  way"  of  art,  archi- 
tecture, and  natural  scenery,  and  both  see 
and  hear  the  world's  greate.st  orators,  musi- 
cians, statesmen,  actors,  presidents,  aud 
crowned  heads. 

Dr.  Driver  is.  himself,  pre-eminently  an 
orator.  Dr.  Davidson,  who  has  employed 
aud  directed  more  lecturers  than  any  man 
now  living,  in  s])eaking  of  Dr.  Driver,  says: 
"He  is  our  Jose[)h  Cook,  junior.  He  con- 
stantly reminds  me  of  the  great  Bostonian. 
In  voice,  vigor  of  thought,  gesticulation,  and 


rush  of  eloquence  he  is  a  genuine  second  edi- 
tion.'" And  Fred  Emerson  Brooks,  the  Cali- 
fornia poet,  says:  "John  Merritte  Driver  is 
a  Jehu,  and  he  drives  six  good  horses.  The 
leaders  are  Grace  and  Diction;  the  swing 
luu-ses  are  I'athos  aud  Humor,  and  the  wheel- 
ers are  Eloquence  and  Power.  Fly  in  his 
whirling  and  glittering  chariot  as  I  have 
done  and  you  will  be  delighted.  Driver  is 
apt,  alert,  eloquent,  and  a  royal  fellow." 

In  politics  Dr.  Driver  is  a  Republican. 

April  11,  l.SSU,  he  wedded  Miss  Elsie  \\[- 
ley,  of  Casey,  111.,  a  young  lady  of  singular 
and  most  exquisite  loveliness,  both  of  physi 
cal  beauty  aud  of  devotion  to  all  things  noble 
and  elevating.  Four  children  crowned  their 
union;  Edna,  Jamie,  Paul,  and  Kuth,  but 
nctneare  now  living.  The  four  children  sleep 
side  by  side,  in  beautiful  Lindenwood  ceme- 
tery. Fort  Wayne,  Ind.  The  last  they  lost 
was  James  Oweu,  or  Jamie,  as  his  parents 
called  him,  a  soldier  boy,  only  Hi  years  old, 
aud  as  member  of  the  Thirtieth  Illinois  Kegi- 
meut  I'nited  States  Volunteers.  He  fell  in 
the  Philip])iues  July  21,  1900. 

Thus,  though  Dr.  Driver  has  never  been  a 
.soldier  himself,  he  has  the  honor  of  being 
the  great-grandson,  grandson,  and  so^of  sol- 
diers, aud  the  father  of  as  brave  and  pati-i- 
otic  a  soldier-boy  as  ever  laid  down  his  life 
for  his  countrv. 


REYNOLDS,  Myron  Herbert,  of  the  State 
Iniversity  and  Minnesota  State  Board  of 
Health,  is  a  leading  veterinarian  in  the 
United  States,  and  his  work  is  known 
throughout  the  entire  country.  His  mother, 
Mary  (Budd)  Reynolds,  is  a  descendant  from 
sturdy  New  York  farmers  of  English  origin. 
His  paternal  grandfather,  Daniel  Reynolds, 
is  described  as  being  a  scholarly  man,  par- 
ticularly in  the  languages  and  classics.  His 
father,  Gardner  W.  Reynolds,  was  also  from 
New  York  parentage.  The  latter  was  a 
noted  nurseryman  and  botanist,  aud  his  son 
'omes  naturally  by  his  scientific  tastes.  M. 
H.  Reynolds  was  born  November  5,  1865,  at 
AV"heaton,  111.  His  parents  soon  moved  to 
Iowa,  and  his  education  was  received  fi'om 
the  schools  of  thai  state.     He  entered  Iowa 


HISTORY  OF  THE   (iUKAT   NOUTHWE.ST. 


MYROX    H.    KEYN'OLDS. 

Statt^  Agricultural  College  at  Ainets,  Iowa,  at 
the  age  of  sixteen,  and  finished  the  foui- 
yeais  scientific  course  in  three  years  and  a 
half,  receiving  the  degree  of  E.  S.  A.  He 
afterward  entered  the  veterinary  college  of 
the  same  institution,  and  finished  a  three- 
years  course  by  receiving  the  degree  1).  \'.  il. 
He  followed  this  with  two  years  in  the  Iowa 
College  of  rharniacy,  receiving  the  degree 
of  I'h.  (j.  Dr.  Keynolds  then  completed  his 
college  work  by  a  medical  course  at  the  Iowa 
College  of  rhysiciaus  and  Surgeons,  receiv- 
ing the  degree  of  M.  D.  Dr.  Kfynolds  was 
in  private  veterinary  practice  at  Keosaqua, 
Iowa,  until  O.  C.  (Jregg,  superintendent  of 
the  Minnesota  State  Farmers"  Institute,  went 
to  Iowa  in  search  of  a  young  veterinarian 
for  '"Institute"  work.  The  dean  of  the  Iowa 
Veterinary  College  strongly  recommended 
Dr.  Reynolds  for  the  place.  Dr.  Reynolds 
accepted  the  position  and  for  several  years 
lectured  at  various  institutes  throughout 
ilinnesota.  In  18!t;{  he  was  elected  to  the 
professorship  of  veterinary  science  in  the 
University  of  Jlinnesota.  and  also  given 
charge  of  the  veterinary  division  of  the  State 
Agricultural  Exi)eriment  Station  at  St.  An 
thony  Park.     He  has  wi-ittcn  several  im]ioi- 


lant  station  bulletins,  one  of  the  most  valua- 
ble being  on  "Covine  Tuberculosis."  which 
won  for  him  much  credit  among  veterinary 
journals  and  prominent  men  in  his  profes- 
sion. He  was  apjioinled  a  member  of  the 
State  Board  of  Health  in  1897,  the  fir.st  vete- 
rinary surgeon  appointed  to  a  place  on  the 
board.  He  was  soon  made  chairman  of  a 
committee  of  Infectious  Diseases  of  Animals, 
and  within  a  year  was  made  Director  of  the 
newly  created  veterinary  department  of  the 
State  Board  of  Health.  He  soon  made  the 
department  one  of  the  best  known  of  the 
kind  in  the  United  States,  and  his  system  of 
]iiiliee  sanitation  in  connection  with  infec- 
tious diseases  of  animals  is  recognized  as  a 
standard.  In  August,  1900,  Dr.  Reynolds 
was  obliged  to  relinquisli  active  work  in 
( onnection  with  the  board,  partly  on  account 
of  increasing  duties  in  the  university  and  the 
experiment  station,  but  still  remains  as  a 
member  of  the  board,  looking  after  the  work 
in  a  general  way.  In  the  summer  of  1900 
his  abilities  were  recognized  by  a  tender  of 
the  deanship  of  the  Veterinary  Department 
of  the  Iowa  State  College,  his  Alma  Mater, 
but  he  preferred  to  remain  with  his  present 
work  at  the  University.  Dr.  Reynolds  has 
contributed  se\eral  important  studies  on 
veterinary  literature,  more  notably,  "Fis- 
tula," '•Hypodermic  Cathartics,"  "State  Con- 
trol of  Hog  ( 'holera,"'  "State  Control  of  Glan- 
ders," "Hog  Cholera  and  Swine  Plague." 
He  is  also  editor  in  chief  of  the  annual  Re 
ports  of  the  American  Veterinary  Medical 
Association.  He  was  a  member,  and  now 
honorary  member,  of  the  Iowa  State  "\''ete- 
rinarv  Medical  Association;  also  member  of 
Hennepin  County  Medical  Association,  Min- 
nesota State  INIedical  Association,  Minne- 
sota State  Veterinary  Medical  Association, 
of  which  he  has  served  as  president; 
American  Medical  Association,  American 
Veterinary  Medical  Association,  and  the 
American  Public  Health  Association.  Dr. 
Reynolds  is  a  believer  in  the  principles 
of  the  Republican  ]iai-ty.  a  member  of 
the  Congregatifmal  church,  an  Odd  Fel- 
low and  a  ]\Iason.  including  the  Shriners 
degree.  Dr.  Reynolds  has  been  twice  mar- 
ried, in  ISO.S  to  Miss  Eva  M.  Kuhn,  of  Iowa, 


HISTORY  OK  THE  GUKAT  XoimiWEST. 


who  (lied  withiu  a  few  moutlis.  lu  1S!)7  he 
was  nianied  to  Miss  ilay  I.  Shr.w,  daiij;hler 
of  I'l-ofes.sor  Tlionias  Shaw,  of  the  L'uiversit y 
of  ilinnesota,  pi-oiuinciit  amonj;  live  stock 
men  and  breeders  as  an  anthority  on  sTich 
matters,  and  a  noted  author.  Dr.  Reynolds 
has  lliree  childreu. 


MB^IEK,  Kcv.  Jiiliii,  the  iin'scnl  jiastor  of 
St.  Joseph's  church  at  ^^'inona,  Minn..  Ilic 
subject  of  this  sketch,  is  the  son  of  Frederic 
and  Sojihia  Jleier.  His  fallici-  was  a  black 
smith  by  trade,  and  a  man  ol'  foncfiil  i  liar 
acter.  who  was  for  fifteen  years  an  alderman 
of  Paderborn.  Prussia,  where  John  was  born. 
Tliere  is  no  better  way  to  present  this  worthy 
son's  cliaracter  and  achievements  than  to 
trace  from  the  bes'inninf!;  the  ri.se  and  proj;- 
ress  of  the  church  and  parish  of  which  he  is 
the  pastoi',  and  to  \\hiim  a  larjie  share  of  its 
prosjierity  is  due 

The  first  Catholic  clnirch  in  \^"inona  was 
built  in  1S5S.  to  which  all  the  Catholii-  resi- 
dents of  ^Yinona  of  the  different  nationalities 
went  to  worshiji.  In  1802  the  fierman  Cath- 
olics with  tile  I'oles  and  Bohemians  estab- 
lished the  St.  Joseph  ])arish.  with  Rev.  Tlieo- 
d(jre  "\'enn  as  its  spii-itnal  head.  Their  first 
clmrcli  edifice  was  a  frame  buildinj;.  ;!.")  l)y 
<!"),  which  was  latci-  cnlarjicd.  and  was  used 
until  1S,82  as  a  clmr<-li.  It  was  then  con 
verted  into  a  schoolhonse,  having  given  way 
to  a  beautiful  new  church  edifice.  In  Octo- 
ber, ISfi.S,  Father  Venn  was  called  to  an 
other  field,  and  was  succeeded  in  ^^'inona  l)y 
Rev.  William  Lette,  who  had  charge  of  the 
young  parish  from  April,  1S04,  to  June,  ISfiS. 
Rev.  Alois  Plut  then  became  pastoi-  of  St. 
Joseph's  ]>arish,  and  was  at  its  head  until 
.Vjiril.  ISTO.  Under  Father  Pint's  adminis 
tration  I  lie  Poles  decided  to  establish  a  par 
isli  for  themselves  and  in  IST^  se])arate{l  from 
St.  loseph's  jiarish.  and  established  that  of 
St.  Stanislaus  Kostka.  In  Jnlv,  ISTO.  Fa- 
ther '^^'alter  was  ajiiiointed  to  sncceed  Fa- 
thei-  Plut  and  remained  mil il  Dei-ember.  1S77. 
In  .lannaiy.  1S7S,  Rev.  .Mois  Heller  be 
came  the  spiritual  head  of  St.  Joseph's,  and 
under  his  successfid  administration  the  pal- 
ish erected  the  Iteaiitifid   brick   clnirch  situ 


KKV.  .InllN    MKIKI;. 

.■ited  on  tile  coi-iier  of  Kast  Fifth  and  Walniil 
streets,  at  a  (-osl  of  .lli."i,()(l(l.  Father  Heller 
was  snci-eeded  liy  the  ]ire,seiit  jtastor.  Rev. 
John  !Meier,  who  lias  been  siii-(-essfiill)-  gov- 
erning the  parish  siin-e  .\iigiist  4.  ISS.i.  Dur- 
ing his  adininisti-ation  the  inlerior  of  tin- 
clini-i-li  li.-is  been  coiniileled.  Il  has  been 
fi-esi-oed  and  lliree  liandsoine  (iolliii-  altars 
and  a  beanlifiil  pipe  oi'uan  lia\c  been  ]ilaced 
in  il.  In  lss7  the  Holieniian  Calliolic-s  sepa- 
rated and  established  llie  Si.  .loliii  N'epomu- 
(-eiie  |iai-isli.  Tlie  St.  Joseph's  jiai-isli  has  en- 
jo\-ed  the  fruits  of  a  jiarish  school  since  185S, 
when  the  school  house  stood  in  the  block  be- 
tween Chestnut  and  Libei'ty  streets,  on  Fast 
Fifth  street.  In  ISC.")  the  si-liool  was  moved 
to  ils  jireseiit  location.  I'litil  l.*<(i-'<  it  was  in 
(-liai-ge  of  lay  leac-lii-rs.  Il  was  then  i)ut  into 
the  i-ai-e  of  the  S(-hool  Sisters  de  Xoti-e  Dame, 
with  a  layman  to  lea(-li  the  larger  boys.  In 
IS.si  it  was  given  over  to  I  he  Si-hool  Sisters 
of  St.  Fr.-iiK-is,  who  are  still  in  (-liarKe. 
Tlii-oii;ili  the  iintiiiii-  etlorls  of  Fallier  .Meier 
Ihe  parish  linill  a  new  parish  srlioolhoiise  in 
1s!m;  at  a  i-osi  of  .'<L''_M(lll,  of  which  ilie  parish 
li.-is  ali-e.nly  paid  o\ei-  Iwii  lliirds.  'flic  tirst 
design  of  I  his  si-lioolhoiise  was  the  W(n-k  of 
l''alliei-   .Meier.  .-ind    was   Ihe   i-esnll    of   iiincli 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


labor  aud  many  years'  experiencfi  in  school 
work.  This  first  design  was  elaborated  and 
ai-tistically  develojied  by  the  firm  of  Stevens 
&  "\'andeusen,  arfhitccts,  who  may  look  with 
jiride  upon  the  sui-ccssful  completion  of  this 
beautiful  buildiufj.  The  school  is  attended 
by  240  pupils.  Connected  with  the  parish  are 
several  societies.  St.  Joseph's  Mutual  Be- 
nevolent Association  was  established  Felnni- 
ary  6,  1SG6,  and  has  a  membership  of  233. 
St.  Ann's  Altar  Society  was  established  in 
November,  18(12,  and  has  160  members.  The 
young  men  have  placed  their  society  under 
the  patronage  of  St.  Aloysius  Cfonzaga.  This 
society  was  established  on  April  20,  1875, 
and  has  o(i  members.  The  Young  Ladies'  St. 
Rose  of  Linm  Society  was  established  in  Au- 
gust, ISOS.  It  has  00  members.  Eev.  John 
Meier,  the  pre.sent  pastor  of  St.  Joseph's,  was 
born  in  I'aderborn,  Prussia,  July  1,  1854.  It 
had  always  been  his  ambition  to  become  a 
priest,  and  he  entered  the  college  of  his  na- 
tive city  in  1865,  where  he  completed  his 
classical  studies  in  1873.  Owing  to  the  strin- 
gent laws  enacted  against  the  Catholic 
church  dui-ing  the  "Culturkampf,"  he  was 
unable  to  reach  his  religious  vocation  in  Ger- 
many, and  left  home  for  America,  where  he 
studied  three  years  at  St.  John's  University, 
Collegeville,  ilinn.,  com]>leting  his  philosoph- 
ical and  theological  studies.  He  was  then 
ordained  jiriest  at  St.  Paul,  by  Most  Rev. 
John  Ireland,  on  July  8,  1877.  He  was  at 
fii'st  appointed  assi'^tant  pastor  at  Red  Wing. 
Minn.,  to  Rev.  .J.  N.  Stariha,  now  vicar-gen- 
eral of  the  archdiocese  of  St.  Paul,  and  then 
successively  given  chaige  of  Bellevidere.  St. 
Peter,  and  again  transferred  to  Red  Wing 
as  pastor.  In  1SS5  he  was  appointed  to  take 
charge  of  St.  Joseph's  i)arish.  Winona,  where 
]u'  has  liiM'H  laliorim:  snccessfullv  ever  since. 


WALKER.  Thomas  Barlow.— While 
Minneapolis  has  great  natural  advantages 
in  waterpower,  situation  and  surroundings, 
these  would  have  been  of  little  avail  had 
not  courageous,  farsighted  and  public-spirit- 
ed men  of  great  energy  taken  hold  of  the  en- 
terprise at  an  early  day  with  a  determina 
tion   to  build   a   large  citv.     The  task   was 


not  so  easy  as  it  seems  in  1!)01,  after  the 
city  has  become  the  metropolis  of  the  state. 
A  city  at  the  confluence  of  two  rivers  which 
furnish  easy  transportation,  was  well  un- 
der way  only  ten  miles  distant.  It  was  the 
trade  center  of  the  Northwest,  and  it  had 
llie  additi(mal  prestige  of  being  the  capital 
(ir  official  center.  ]\Iany  deemed  the  project 
of  building  a  city  ten  miles  away  chimerical 
or  foolhardy.  The  men  who  overcame  the 
numerous  obstacles  in  the  x>ath,  and  wrung 
success  from  such  adverse  conditions,  are 
entitled  to  special  commendation.  Their 
sagacity  to  perceive,  their  courage  to  under- 
take, their  skill  in  making  use  of  proper 
means,  and  their  unflinching  perseverance 
are  characteristics  which  cannot  be  too 
highly  extolled.  Among  those  who  were 
conspicuous  in  this  work,  Thomas  B.  Walk- 
er, the  subject  of  this  sketch,  stands  promi- 
nently in  the  front  rank.  He  Avas  born  at 
Xenia,  Ohio,  February  1,  1840.  His  father 
was  Piatt  Bayless  Walker,  a  native  of  New 
York,  but  a  long  resident  of  Ohio.  By  trade 
he  was  a  shoemaker,  but  by  occupation  and 
business  habit  he  was  a  contractor  and  spec- 
ulator. He  was  in  good  circumstances,  but 
in  184!),  when  the  California  fever  was  at  its 
height,  he  invested  all  his  means  in  a  train 
of  mer<-handise  which  he  started  to  take 
overland  to  California,  ('holera  broke  out 
in  the  company,  and  ilr.  Walker  was  one  of 
the  first  victims.  He  died  on  the  plains  near 
^^'arrensburg,  5Io.  Although  the  train  was 
carried  through  and  the  goods  sold,  none  of 
the  proceeds  ever  reached  his  family. 
Thomas  B.  Walker  was  thus  left  fatherless 
when  nine  years  old.  His  mother  was 
Anstis  Keziah  Barlow,  of  New  York,  and 
later  of  Ohio.  She  was  one  of  the  youngest 
of  a  large  family.  Two  of  her  brothers  were 
judges,  one  in  New  York  and  the  other  in 
Ohio.  T'nder  these  circumstances,  com- 
I)e]led  to  work  from  early  youth,  Mr.  Walker 
had  but  few  ojiportunities  to  attend  school. 
He.  however,  made  such  good  use  of  what  he 
had  that  at  sixteen  years  of  age  he  entered 
Baldwin  T'niversity  at  Berea,  Ohio,  where 
he  succeeded  in  remaining  in  nominal  at- 
tendance for  several  years  by  being  present 
for  perhaps  one  term  a  year  and  keeping  up 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


with  his  class  while  absent  at  work,  which 
was  that  of  traveliiif;  as  a  salesman.  While 
on  tlie  road  he  can-ieil  two  valises,  the  lar^e 
containinj;'  his  school  hooks  wliicli  he  used 
at  every  spare  moment.  The  habit  thus  ac- 
C|uii'ed  of  studying  at  all  spare  times,  under 
all  circumstances,  has  continued  with  him 
through  life,  and  has  made  him  the  well 
educated  and  thoroughly  informed  man  on 
a  multitude  of  subjects  which  he  is  recog- 
nized to  be  to-day.  At  nineteen  years  of 
age,  after  many  small  ventures,  he  secured 
a  contract  from  the  railroad  at  Paris.  III.. 
for  getting  out  cross  ties  and  cord  WDod. 
He  continued  this  work  for  eighteen  months, 
when  the  company  failed  and  rolilx'd  him  of 
all  the  profits  which  had  accrued.  He  had, 
however,  the  experience  and  a  good  timber 
education,  which,  although  not  valued  at  the 
time,  proved  subse(iu('ntly  to  be  worth  all 
it  cost.  On  returning  home  he  taught  school 
for  one  year.  He  then  resumed  the  travel- 
ing business,  engaging  with  Hon.  Fletcher 
Hulet  to  make  a  wholesale  market  for  his 
Berea  grindstones.  On  his  way  up  the  Mis- 
sissippi River  on  this  business  in  l.'^fi2.  he 
met,  at  McGregor,  Mi*.  J.  M.  Robinson,  of 
Minneapolis,  who  spoke  so  eloiiuently  of  the 
attractions  and  prospects  of  the  embryo  city 
that  Mr.  Walker  within  an  hour  afterwards 
was  on  his  way  to  the  promising  hamlet. 
Almost  as  soon  as  he  arrived  he  engaged  to 
go  with  Mr.  George  B.  Wright  on  a  govern 
ment  land  survey.  The  expedition  was  ig- 
norant of  the  fact  that  the  Indians  \ver<'  on 
the  war  path  until  they  learned  it  by  the 
forcible  experience  of  being  driven  out  of 
the  woods  by  the  Indians.  With  difficulty 
and  great  peril  the  little  band  of  surveyors 
traveled  three  days  through  the  hostile  dis- 
trict, finally  reaching  Fort  Ripley,  where 
they  were  gladly  welcomed  as  a  re-enforce- 
ment sixteen  strong  to  the  small  and  poorly- 
e(]uipi)ed  garrison   holding  that  point. 

After  two  or  three  years  spent  in  govern- 
ment surveys,  and  one  year  on  the  sui'vey  of 
the  St.  I'anl  &  Duluth  Railroad— a  service 
which  gave  liim  a  thorough  knowledge'  <>f 
the  timber  country — Mr.  Walker  took  u])  the 
pine  land  business.  Being  practically  with 
out    means,    he    associated    with    I  >r.    Levi 


THOMAS    R,    WALKER. 

Itulicr.  and  Mr.  Howard  Mills,  under  the 
tirm  name  of  Butler,  Mills  &  Walker,  the 
junior  member  putting  in  his  time,  knowl- 
edge and  ex])eiieuce  against  their  i^^ney. 
The  tirm  was  very  successful,  under  Mr. 
Walker's  management,  logging  and  build- 
ing and  operating  mills  and  lumber  yards. 
The  ])artnership  continued  for  several  years 
and  was  terminated  by  the  death  of  Dr. 
Butler  and  the  removal  of  Mr.  Mills  to  Cali- 
fornia in  search  of  health.  Mr.  Walker  was 
at  the  same  time  interested  with  Mr.  Henry 
T.  Welles  in  the  purchase  of  pine  timber. 
Subsecjuently  Jlr.  Walker  tecame  engaged 
in  the  lumber  industry  in  all  parts  of  North- 
ern Minnesota  and  in  Pakota.  He  owned 
and  operatcHl  mills  on  the  "Falls."  He  jair- 
chased  and  operated  the  "J.  Dean"  mill,  re- 
building it  after  it  burned,  oi)erating  it  for 
many  years  with  Major  George  A.  Gamp, 
under  the  firm  name  of  Gaiuj)  &  Walker. 
Later  in  company  with  his  son,  (iilherl  ^I. 
Walker,  under  the  name  of  Ucd  Kiver  Lum- 
ber <'oiiipany.  built  two  mills — one  at 
Crookston,  Minn.,  and  our  at  tirand  Forks, 
X.  I).  This  firm  is  still  arlive.  with  the  ad- 
dition of  three  more  sons.  Inil  llic  iiiills  are 
at    .Vkelev.     Mr.   Walker  is  also  associat<'d 


HISTORY  OF  TIIIO  (IRKAT  NOU'l'l  IWKST. 


with  -Mr.  11.  C.  Akoley,  iiiulcr  (lie  finn  iiaiuc 
dl'  Walker  &  Akele.v,  in  (lie  owncrsliiit  of 
large  tracts  of  pine  lands,  bill  tlie.v  operate 
no  mills. 

While  Mr.  Walker  lias  been  so  busy  with 
the  lumber  business,  he  has  been  active  in 
biiildiiif;  np  Minneajiolis  and  the  adjacent 
country.  He  built  the  Central  Market  and 
Comniission  Row,  whereby  tlie  wholesale 
commission  business — as  well  as  otlu-r 
wholesale  business — has  been  permanently 
located  noi'th  of  IIenne])in  avenue  and  west 
of  Fourth  street.  This  market  is  one  of  the 
largest  and  most  commodious  wholesale  and 
retail  markets  in  the  West,  while  the  voluiiH' 
of  fruit  and  commission  business  handled  in 
the  row  adjoining,  which  is  part  of  the 
same  enterprise,  shows  that  Minnea])olis  is 
tlie  great  fruit  and  commission  center  of  tin* 
Northwest.  St.  Ijouis  Park,  a  suburb  of  the 
city,  owes  its  existence  to  Mr.  Walker,  who 
was  the  owner  of  the  land,  and  assisted  in 
its  develojiment  under  the  firm  name  of 
Land  &  Investment  Pomjiany.  It  has 
large  niaiiiifacturing  concerns,  with  1he 
noted  great  ]?(H't  Sugar  Plant.  The  SI. 
I.oiiis  Park  &  Ilojikins  Street  Railway  is 
part  of  the  plan  and  it  is  a  profitable  invest- 
ment, as  well  as  a  great  lielji  to  the  city  and 
a  convenience  to  residents  of  these  thriving 
suburbs. 

Mr.  Walker  has  also  and  at  all  times 
been  a  supporter  of  and  a  worker  in  and  for 
tlie  Board  of  Trade  as  w<'ll  as  the  originator 
and  promoter  of  the  "Business  Men's  Un- 
ion," which  foi'  many  years  did  wonderful 
work  in  aid  of  the  development  of  tlie  city. 
The  Y.  M.  C.  A.  has  also  claimed  much  of 
his  attention  and  means.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  National  rommittee. 

Having  in  his  youth  made  great  use  of 
public  libraries  where\-er  they  were  to  be 
found  in  liis  travels,  INIr.  Walker  early  be- 
came a  stockholder  in  the  old  "AtluTPueum," 
the  nearest  ajijiroach  1o  a  public  library  in 
operation  in  this  city.  Later  he  became 
the  means  and  instrument  through  which 
the  i)i-esent  Public  Library  was  organized 
and  set  in  oiieration.  He  gave  largely  in 
aid  of  its  iK'autiful  building  and  apjioint- 
ments  and  k<'eps  its  Art  Gallery  well  stock- 


ed with  line  works  from  his  private  collec 
tioii.  lie  has  been  President  of  the  Board 
of  Directors  since  its  first  organization. 

As  would  naturally  be  expected,  Mr. 
Walker  has  also  in  his  home  a  fine  collection 
of  books  in  his  jirivate  library.  Science, 
Theology,  Political  Economy  and  many  oth- 
er lines  are  iirominently  repri'sented,  and 
he  has  gathered  together  for  his  own  use 
and  aid  the  finest  Art  Reference  Library 
ix'ihaps  in  the  country. 

Politically,  Mr.  Walker  is,  as  might  be 
exjiected,  a  Republican.  His  first  vote  was 
cast  for  Lincoln.  He  is  a  close  student  of 
Political  Economy  and  its  bearings  on  good 
goveriuiieiit.  During  the  last  two  jiresiden- 
lial  (aiiiiiaigiis,  Im-  spctke  fre(|ueiitly  and 
wrote  extensively  on  the  issues  involved. 
His  writings  atti-acled  marked  attention 
and  were  widely  copied  and  circulated. 

TIIK  WALKEE  ART  GALLERY. 

During  the  last  fifteen  y<'ars  or  more  Mr. 
\\'alkei'  has  been  engaged  in  making  a  col- 
lection of  high  grade  first-class  oil  paintings 
and  bronzes  and  other  works  of  art.  This 
collection  has  become  known  Ihroughout 
this  country,  and  largely  abroad,  as  a  choice 
and  rare  collection  of  the  works  of  the  best 
masters.  Such  names  as  Corot,  Rousseau, 
Rosa  Honheur,  Diaz  Hogarth,  Sir  Thomas 
Lawrence,  David,  Le  Fevre,  Bougereau, 
Sclirey<'r,  Jacijue,  Breton,  Madam  Demont 
Breton,  Tiii'iier,  Rembrandt,  Peele  and  many 
others,  are  a  guarantee  for  the  character  of 
the  collection.  Tlie  owner  is  often  sur- 
juised  at  lh<'  high  comparativ<'  rating  given 
this  collection  by  those  who  have  seen  the 
world's  best  galleries  and  who  do  not  hesi- 
tate to  ])lace  this  in  the  first  rank.  Over 
fifty  of  these  jiaintings  are  hung  in  the  gal- 
lery a1  the  I'ublic  Library,  but  the  larger 
part  with  the  bronzes  and  ivories  ai'c  in  his 
gallery  at  the  family  residence  at  80;?  Hen- 
nejiin  avenue.  This  gallery  is  held  o])en  to 
the  jiublic  ii])on  all  days  excejit  Sunday,  dur- 
ing tlu'  hours  of  daylight.  That  the  oppor- 
tunity and  ])rivilege  of  visiting  this  collec- 
lioii  is  thoroughly  appreciated,  is  fully  at- 
tested by  the  gi'eat  numbers  who  constantly 
a\ail   themselves  of  it. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


One  of  Mr.  Walker's  strong  cbaracter- 
istics  has  always  been  his  devotion  to  his 
home  and  family,  to  whom  he  has  given  his 
best  time  and  thought.  From  their  earliest 
infancy  he  has  delighted  to  make  his  chil- 
dren his  companions,  entering  into  their  in- 
terests and  taking  them  into  his  own. 
Books  and  tools,  shops  and  workrooms  have 
been  the  "strong  points"  of  the  home  on 
Hennepin  avenue,  through  all  the  years  of 
the  growing  up  of  the  family,  which  con- 
sisted of  eight  children,  of  whom  seven  are 
still  living.  Of  these,  four  sons  are  in  pai't- 
nership  with  their  father,  and  one  still  in 
school.  The  two  daughters  have  mai-ried. 
one  of  whom  is  widowed.  There  are  also 
four  grandchildren. 

In  character  and  jtrofession  Mr.  Walker 
is  a  Christian  of  the  most  pronounced  type, 
finding  his  home  in  the  Hennepin  Avenue 
Methodist  church.  Having  come  by  this 
faith  through  more  difficulties  than  the  av- 
erage young  man,  he  finds  no  greater  pleas- 
ure in  life  than  to  direct  others  in  the  way 
in  wiiich  he  has  come,  and  will  at  any  time 
turn  from  his  intricate  business  and  with 
book  in  hand  expound  to  the  chance  listener 
the  wonderful  truths  of  the  autlienticity  of 
the  Bible  as  shown  through  the  prophesies 
of  the  marvelous  History  of  the  Jews  or  any 
one  of  a  dozen  of  other  lines  of  research. 
His  religion  is  of  the  active  type  also  which 
prompts  him  to  steady  and  constant  benev- 
olencies.  From  his  earliest  record  as  a  busi- 
ness man  he  has  always  been  a  generous  and 
free  giver  to  all  works  which  commend- 
ed themselves  to  his  business  judgment 
whether  it  be  through  individual  aid  or 
organization.  His  jjurse  has  always  been 
especially  open  to  the  enterprises  in  which 
his  wife  has  been  more  particularly  en- 
gaged. 

The  general  summing  up  of  the  lessons 
conveyed  by  the  life  of  Mr.  Walker,  seem  to 
be  that,  given  good  health  carefully  pre- 
served by  a  well-ordered  life,  energy,  per- 
severence,  perfect  honesty,  of  that  high 
type  which  can  reorganize  and  grant  the 
rights  of  others,  good  principles,  rightly  ad- 
hered to,  and  Christian  integrity,  no  young 
man  need  fail  of  success  through  lack  of  oj)- 


jjortunity.  Mr.  Walker's  eminently  useful 
and  successful  life  has  owed  nothing  at  any 
period  to  inherited  advantages  of  wealth  or 
position,  or  to  fortunate  strokes  of  acci- 
dental success.  He  has  literally  hammered 
out  on  his  own  anvil  every  bar  and  nail  of 
advantage  that  has  reared  the  structure  of 
his  fortunes.  Steady  and  continuous  work, 
studiously  directed  toward  a  definite  and 
well-defined  object,  a  willingness  and  ability 
to  work  and  wait  for  results,  and  an  enthusi- 
astic interest  in  the  work  in  hand  have  been 
the  keynotes  of  his  life,  and  are  the  elements 
of  success  which  are  within  the  reach  of  all 
who  d<'eiii  them  worthv  of  the  strife. 


KIN<j8BI'KY,  Ceorge  Washington.— In 
any  civilized  community  no  single  force  con- 
tributes more  to  the  general  development 
and  welfare  of  the  i>eople  than  the  newspa- 
per press.  The  man  who  wields  its  power 
properly  is  a  benefactor  in  the  highest 
sense.  While  his  reward  may  be  only  the 
satisfaction  arising  from  a  duty  well  done, 
be  is  entitled  to  a  large  share  of  the  honor 
accruing  from  the  progi'ess  made  from^year 
to  year.  George  W.  Kingsbury,  of  Yank- 
ton, H.  D.,  is  the  father  of  journalism  in 
that  state.  He  established  the  pioneer 
newspaper,  "The  Weekly  Dakotan'",  in  the 
old  Territory  of  Dakota,  in  lf<r>2.  It  is  still 
a  living  force  under  his  direction,  and  is  now 
known  as  the  "Press  and  Dakotan",  fi'om 
the  absorption  of  other  newspapers.  It  has 
always  been  a  clean,  well-conducted  journal, 
will  an  influence  for  good,  which  can  never 
be  estimated.  It  has  brought  honor  and 
fame  to  its  founder,  and  has  given  him  an 
historic  place  in  the  annals  of  the  growing 
state.  Mr.  Kingsbury  was  born  in  the  town 
of  Lee,  Oneida  county,  X.  Y.,  December 
lit,  1837.  His  father,  Charles  B.  Kings- 
bury, was  a  native  of  Connecticut,  where 
the  family  settled  in  early  colonial  days,  on 
coming  from  England.  He  was  an  active, 
entei^jrising  man,  engaged  in  manufacturing 
sash,  doors,  and  blinds,  until  the  >'ew  York 
(Central  railroad  through  the  Mohawk  val- 
ley was  projected.  He  then  took  a  contract 
fur  building  that  road  through  the  central 


HISIOKY   OF   THE  GRKAT   XUUTHWKST. 


GIOOKGE  \V.  KINGSBURY. 

part  of  tlie  state.  In  Ls.jT  he  moved  to  Wis- 
consin, and  settled  at  ^Valwo^th  couniy, 
where  two  years  later  he  died.  His  wife  was 
Miss  Euama  Barnes,  daughter  of  Abram 
Barnes,  who  was  of  jS'ew  England  birth,  and 
of  Scotch-Irish  descent.  She  was  born  in 
Jefferson  county,  N.  Y.  Tljey  had  a  fam- 
ily of  ten  children,  of  whom  George  Kings- 
bury was  the  fifth.  He  was  reared  and 
educated  in  Oneida  county,  where  he  was 
born.  His  parents  moved  to  Utica  in  the 
same  county  when  George  was  about  four 
years  old,  so  that  he  had  the  advantages  of 
the  city  schools,  until  he  was  eighteen  years 
of  age.  In  the  meantime  he  learned  the 
printer's  trade.  TS'hen  he  left  school  he 
secured  a  position  with  an  engineer  corps, 
engaged  in  building  the  T'tica  &  Black  River 
railroad.  When  this  was  built  he  went  with 
the  same  corps,  in  185(i,  to  ^Visconsin.  where 
he  was  employed  as  a  civil  engineer  in  the 
construction  of  the  Madison  &  Prairie  dn 
Chien  railroad.  After  a  trip  to  St.  Louis  ana 
then  Illinois,  he  returned  to  St.  Louis  and 
went  to  work  at  the  printing  business,  a 
craft  which  once  learned  it  is  ditlicult  To 
aliand(m.      In    IS.'s    Ir.   made   a    change    to 


Leavenworth,  Kan.  In  July  of  that  year 
he  was  employed  bj-  a  boom  town  company 
to  run  a  paper  at  Junction  Cit^',  where  he 
remained  aliout  three  years  and  there  formed 
the  ac(iuaintance  of  Josiah  Trask,  with 
whom  he  went  to  Dakota  Territory  to  con- 
duct a  newspaper  and  printing  business.  It 
was  the  17th  day  of  March,  1802,  when  Mr. 
Kingsbury  landed  at  Yankton,  then  a  mere 
trading  post.  It  was  the  day  on  which  the 
first  legislature  of  the  Territory  convened. 
Mr.  Trask  secured  the  contract  for  the  pub- 
lic printing  of  the  Territory,  and  employed 
.Mr.  Kingsbury  to  take  charge  of  the  work. 
Mr.  Trask  went  back  to  Kansas,  and  in 
1S.")4  he  was  killed  at  Lawrence  by  Gueril- 
las. But  Mr.  Kingsbury  had  bought  the 
printing  business  and  newspaper  the  first 
year,  1.SG2,  and  he  has  conducted  it  ever 
since.  He  had  associated  with  him  for 
.several  years  Hon.  F.  M.  Ziebach.  In  1863, 
Mr.  Kingsbury  was  elected  to  the  Territor- 
ial legislature  from  Yankton  and  continued 
to  serve  in  that  body  until  ISCT.  In  1870 
he  was  appointed  United  States  collector 
of  internal  revenue,  and  held  that  office,  per- 
forming the  duties,  until  it  was  abolished. 
In  1894  he  was  elected  to  the  State  Senate. 
In  1897  he  was  appointed  by  Governor  Lee 
to  the  State  Board  of  Charities  and  Correc- 
tions, which  has  charge  of  all  the  charitable 
and  penal  institutions  of  the  state,  a  posi- 
tion which  he  still  holds.  Mr.  Kingsbury 
has  also  served  as  countj-  commissioner,  and 
as  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Education. 
In  all  the  positions  he  has  discharged  the 
duties  with  fidelity  to  the  interests  of  the 
peojjle  and  to  the  honor  of  himself  and  his 
constituents.  He  was  married  to  Miss 
Lydia  M.  Stone,  near  Lawrence,  Kan., 
September  20,  18G4.  He  had  just  built  a 
new  house  and  she  was  installed  as  mistress. 
This  has  been  their  home  from  the  first. 
Here  their  children  were  born  and  reared. 
They  have  three  sons:  George  W.,  Theodore 
H.  and  Charles  S.  Kingsbury.  Mrs.  Kings- 
bury died  February  1,  1898.  Nothwith- 
standing  the  growth  of  the  trading  post  into 
a  modern  city,  with  many  elegant  mansions 
and  pretentious  buildings,  the  old  home  of 


HISTORY  OF  'rriR  GRKA'P  NdltTIIWEST. 


the  Kingsburys  is  still  a  model  of  comfort, 
more  liigblT  prized  by  its  oeeuiKiuts  than 
would  be  auy  other  that  could  be  built. 
Mrs.  Kingsbury  was  a  real  helpmeet.  While 
she  made  a  truly  attractive  home,  she  was 
influential  and  prominent  in  every  move- 
ment for  charitable  and  educational  worK. 
As  far  as  her  woman's  sphere  would  ])ermit, 
she  was  a  worthy  compeer  of  her  distin- 
guished and  perliaps  better  known  iiusband, 
of  whom  she  was  the  sympathetic  and  inter- 
ested conij)anion  for  tliirty-tive  years.  Mr. 
Kingsbury  is  still  in  active  life.  He  has 
been  urged  frequently  to  accept  the  gover- 
norshij)  and  other  state  ottices,  but  Ife  has 
steadily  refused  jiolitical  honors.  He  is 
still  interested  in  the  mining  business,  in 
which  he  was  actively  engaged  from  IS70  to 
1875,  in  the  San  Juan  district  of  Colorado, 
where  he  spent  the  summer  mouths  for  three 
3'eai"s,  leaving  his  newspaper  business  in 
charge  of  a  partner.  Though  most  of  the 
mining  stock  was  taken  up  by  capitalists  of 
Milwaukee,  Mr.  Kingsbury  and  his  Yankton 
friends  hold  and  control  a  considerable  in- 
terest in  the  original  venture.  His  life  work 
has  been  a  success,  fruitful  to  himself,  and 
a  blessing  to  the  state  to  which  he  has  so 
bountifully  contributed  in  its  development. 


COOl'EK,  John. — The  wealth  and  pros- 
perity of  the  state  of  M  iuuesota  depend  upon 
turning  over  the  sod.  The  man  who  pro- 
motes and  encourages  this  labor  is  a  public 
benefactor,  while  conspicuous  service  in 
long-continued  eflorts  to  build  up  agricult- 
ural interests  is  worthy  of  the  highest  hon- 
ors. Yet  the  recognition  of  public  service 
in  this  important  field  is,  too  often,  niggard- 
ly in  the  extreme,  compared  to  that  given  to 
men  in  political  and  commercial  life.  When 
it  is  considered  that  every  lawyer,  merchant, 
manufacturer,  railroad  mechanic  and  clerk 
must  be  paid  by  the  men  who  turn  over  the 
sod;  that  practically  all  the  taxes  which  sup- 
port public  institutions,  no  matter  by  whom 
the  money  is  turned  into  the  treasury,  come 
from  the  ground,  and,  in  a  word,  that  mod- 
ern civilization  is  possible  only  by  having 


the  earth  tilled,  does  it  not  seem  unfair,  in 
distributing  the  rewards,  to  pass  by  with 
such  short  courtesy  the  men  who  sustain  the 
whole  fabric  of  the  commonwealth?  Still  a 
few  men  do  attain  distinction  in  this  d^art- 
ment  of  human  activity.  Among  those  in 
the  Northwest,  who,  by  their  energy,  ability, 
perseverence  and  successful  labors  in  con- 
nection with  agriculture,  have  earned  laurels, 
the  subject  of  this  sketch  must  always  be 
prominent.  Although  a  native  of  a  city,  it 
is  rarely  the  fortune  of  any  man  to  be  more 
useful  in  the  field  of  rural  economies.  John 
Cooper  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  January  1, 
1^'M.  His  father,  James  Cooper,  was  a 
native  of  Belfast,  Ireland.  He  was  a  car- 
penter by  trade,  which  he  followed  until  he 
came  to  IMiiladclphia.  in  l.S:5li,  when  he  en- 
gaged in  the  business  of  contractor  and 
builder.  After  a  few  years  he  bought  a 
small  saw  mill  in  the  village  of  Haddington, 
about  four  miles  west,  but  now  a  part,  of  the 
city.  He  added  a  feed  mill,  and  put  in  the 
basement  machinery  for  grinding  and  polish- 
ing tools.  Here  for  several  years  he  ground 
and  polished  all  the  edged  tools  and  saws 
manufactured  by  the  celebrated  establish- 
ment of  Harry  Uisston,  then  in  its  infancy. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GRKAT  NORTHWEST. 


He  finally  sold  out  and  accepted  the  agency 
of  the  great  Barkley  tract,  comprising  SU,UUU 
acres  of  coal  and  timber  laud  in  northern 
I'ennsylvania,  the  owner  of  which  was  the 
famous  porter  brewer,  Charles  Barkley,  of 
London,  who,  frightened  at  the  "know-noth- 
ing" movement,  then  rife,  detei-mined  to 
sell  the  property,  fearing  excess  taxation. 
The  i-egion  was  then  a  wilderness  without 
means  of  transportation — as  the  Erie  rail- 
road and  other  lines  which  now  traverse 
that  whole  country  were  not  built.  Mr. 
Cooper,  with  his  accustomed  vigor,  began 
operations  at  once,  moving  on  the  tract  with 
his  family,  although  the  conveniences  of 
living  were  of  the  rudest  description.  He 
cleared  up  a  hundred  acre  farm  tor  himself; 
opened  up  two  settlements,  built  saw^  mills 
for  them,  and  opened  a  coal  mine.  His  chil- 
dren were  without  school  privileges,  and 
w^ere  taught  the  rudiments  of  education  by 
his  wife,  whose  maiden  name  was  Isabell 
iseil.  She  was  the  daughter  of  a  Belfast 
merchant,  and  had  received  a  good  educa- 
tion. She  was  married  to  James  Cooper  at 
home,  in  Belfast,  in  IS:'A,  and  the  next  year 
the  young  couple  struck  out  for  themselves 
by  coming  to  America.  Being  a  woman  of 
line  natural  ability  and  of  forceful  charac- 
ter, she  conformed  herself  to  the  situation, 
and  was  a  true  helpmate  to  her  husband,  as 
well  as  a  leading  spirit  in  the  community. 
Under  her  tutelage  and  instruction,  impart- 
ed at  night  and  at  catch  times,  John  was 
reared  until  fifteen  years  of  age,  when  she 
died.  Under  these  pioneer  conditions,  with 
population  scattered  so  as  to  make  schools 
and  churches  impossible;  without  an  acces- 
sible market  for  produce;  with  sickness  and 
a  doctor  ten  miles  away;  with  no  roads,  only 
tracks  through  the  stumps,  and  grinding 
mills  rare,  it  required  the  utmost  vigor  of 
every  member  of  the  family  to  secure  a  bare 
living.  It  was  this  rugged  training  which 
prepared  John  Cooper  for  the  career  which 
has  so  distinguished  him,  for  habits  of  in- 
dustry, persistent  energy  and  indomitable 
courage  in  attacking  all  obstacles  besetting 
his  path  to  success,  ^^'hen  John  was  about 
of  age  he  left  for  the  West,  reaching  Minne- 
sota on  the  steamer  "Northern  Bell,"  Sun- 


day, October  26,  1856.  His  father  sold  the 
home  farm  and  other  proi>erty  the  following 
year  and  started  for  Minnesota,  traveling 
by  team  to  Butt'alo,  then  by  the  lakes  to 
Milwaukee,  and  overland  from  there  to  the 
then  Territory,  settling  finally  on  a  farm  in 
Bethel  township,  Anoka  county,  in  July, 
1857;  where  he  lived  to  the  ripe  age  of 
eighty-seven  years.  He  died  on  the  second 
of  April,  1893.  He  was  a  man  much  respect- 
ed for  his  sterling  qualities  of  heart  and 
mind.  He  was  an  open-hearted,  true  fron- 
tiersman and  never  turned  from  his  door 
one  needing  any  kind  of  assistance.  In 
politics  he  was  an  old-line  whig  "free-soil- 
er"  abolitionist,  and,  at  last,  a  stalwart  Re- 
publican. When  James  Cooper  and  family 
moved  to  Haddington,  John  was  a  delicate 
child,  just  old  enough  to  toddle  to  a  private 
school  in  the  neighborhood.  The  building 
where  the  school  was  situated  was  on  low 
ground.  And  there  he  contracted  a  maleri- 
al  disease  which  cut  short  the  attempt  at 
schooling,  and  from  which  illness  he  did  not 
recover  for  several  years.  In  the  northern 
part  of  the  state  to  which  the  family  moved 
there  were  no  schools  before  he  was  old 
enough  to  take  charge  of  the  home  farm. 
That  duty  fell  to  him  because  his  father  was 
whofly  occupied  with  Barkley"s  affairs.  In 
fact,  John  began  his  farm  work  when  he  was 
about  ten  years  of  age,  such  was  the  press 
of  circumstances.  When  he  came  to  the 
Territory  of  Minnesota,  as  stated,  he  settled 
on  a  farm  in  the  northern  part  of  Anoka 
county,  securing  a  pre-emption  claim  on  sec- 
tion 29,  town  23,  range  31.  This  he  opened 
up  and  continued  to  cultivate.  His  faith  in 
agricultural  land  has  never  wavered,  as  prov- 
ed by  his  ownership  of  several  farms  since 
he  came  to  the  state.  At  present  he  owns 
the  noted  Linden  Grove  Shorthorn  Breeding 
Farm,  adjoining  the  city  of  St.  Cloud,  the 
stock  of  which  has  taken  the  highest  rank 
for  twenty  years.  He  is  also  the  owner  of 
a  grain  farm  of  superior  excellence  about 
twelve  miles  from  the  city.  Besides  these, 
he  has  a  number  of  tracts  in  various  parts  of 
tlie  state,  all  of  which  have  been  selected 
with  his  usual  judgment  of  value.  About 
1880  he  engaged  in  the  lumber  business  with 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


S.  A.  Gray,  under  the  partuership  name  of 
Cooper  &  Gray.  They  ac(iuired  large  tracts 
of  land  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state,  cut, 
drove,  and  sold  their  logs  to  manufacturers. 
This  business  was  continued  with  the  same 
marked  success  that  has  characterized  all 
his  undertakings,  for  he  has  the  qualities 
to  bi'iug  success  from  conditions  which 
would  be  disastrous  to  most  men.  In  1892, 
finding  his  health  impaired  by  his  intense 
and  long  continued  application  to  the  busi- 
ness, he  sold  his  lumbering  interest  to  D.  H. 
Freeman,  the  firm  becoming  Freeman  & 
Gray.  Since  then,  Mr.  Cooper,  while  retain- 
ing his  large  and  varied  interests  in  the 
state,  has  spent  a  part  of  his  winters  in 
California  on  a  small  orange  ranch  in  the 
Moreno  valley.  But  while  apparently  ab- 
sorbed in  his  own  private  business,  Mr. 
Cooper  has  not  ignored  or  neglected  his 
duties  as  a  public-si)irited  citizen.  In  1802 
he  enlisted  as  a  private  in  Company  A  of  the 
Eighth  Regiment  of  Minnesota  Volunteers. 
The  first  year  of  service  was  spent  in  fight- 
ing the  Indians,  who  were  finally  driven  to 
the  then  wilderness  of  Idaho  by  the  Sully 
expedition.  The  rest  of  the  term  of  service 
was  spent  in  the  South,  under  Thomas  at 
Nashville  and  elsewhere,  and  with  General 
Schofield,  going  to  North  Carolina  via  Wash- 
ington and  the  Atlantic  coast,  landing  at 
Kingston  and  finishing,  under  Sherman,  in 
the  capture  of  Johnson's  army,  the  event 
which  closed  the  war.  He  never  was  a  poli- 
tician, and  his  taste  never  ran  to  office-seek- 
ing, yet  he  is  an  ardent  Rei)ublican,  and  in 
apparent  emergencies  has  rendered  valuable 
service  to  his  party.  He  has  held  but  few 
political  offices.  Under  President  Grant  he 
was  appointed  Deputy  Assessor  and  Col- 
lector of  Internal  Revenue  and  served  seven 
years.  In  1888  he  was  elected  a  presidential 
elector  and  voted  for  Harrison.  He  also 
served  for  many  years  as  chairman  of  the 
Stearns  County  Republican  Committee.  In 
what  may  be  called  the  non-partisan  sphere 
he  has  rendered  valuable  public  service  as 
town  assessor,  city  aldernuin,  member  of 
school  boards,  and  he  was  chosen  by  the 
legislature  a  member  of  the  Non-partisan 
State  Reformatory  Board,  which  located  and 


built  the  institution  at  St.  Cloud,  and  on 
the  board  he  served  eleven  years,  the  last 
jear  as  its  president.  From  many  points 
of  view,  however,  his  services  as  a  member 
of  the  State  Agricultural  Society  were  more 
valuable  to  the  state  at  large,  perhaps,  than 
any  of  the  other  public  duties  performed  by 
him.  He  was  made  a  member  of  the  society 
in  1884,  when  its  annual  fair  was  held  at 
Owatouna.  Tlie  outlook  was  far  from  en- 
couraging. The  organization  did  not  own  a 
cent's  worth  of  property  and  it  was  encum- 
bered with  a  debt  of  nine  thousand  five 
hundred  dollars,  thus  being  absolutely 
bankrupt.  Mr.  Cooper,  on  entering  his  work 
on  the  board,  took  hold  of  its  affairs  with  his 
customary  zeal  and  practical  sense,  and  at 
the  close  of  the  year  the  debt  was  reduced  to 
four  thousand  dollars.  The  next  year  he 
helped  to  locate  the  society  in  its  present 
home.  He  devoted  seven  years  of  hard  work 
to  its  interests,  and  when  he  withdrew,  in 
1891,  he  left  the  organization  free  from  debt, 
with  a  snmll  surplus  in  the  treasury  and  in 
possession  of  a  property  worth  nearly  five 
hundred  thousand  dollars.  Mr.  Cooper 
would  not  claim  that  this  great  achie^jement 
was  due  to  his  sole  efforts,  but  nevertheless 
his  business  experience,  ketui  foresight,  and 
natural  genius  for  success  contributed  to  the 
result  in  no  small  degree.  As  if  to  recog- 
nize his  valuable  services,  the  board,  in 
1897,  when  Mr.  Cooper  was  in  California, 
elected  him  president  of  the  society  unani- 
mously. Since  then  he  has  received  the 
marked  compliment  of  being  re-elected  for 
the  second,  third  and  fourth  times,  niiring 
his  tenn  as  president  the  society,  besides 
])aying  liberal  current  expenses,  has  sjient 
of  its  own  earnings  more  than  twenty-five 
thousand  dollars  in  improving  the  grounds 
and  buildings,  and  at  the  expiration  of  his 
term  of  office,  in  January,  1901,  had  a 
surplus  of  over  eighteen  thousand  dollars 
in  the  treasury.  These  facts  s])eak  for  them- 
selves. He  is  a  member  of  the  State  Farmers 
Institute  Board  and  of  the  State  Forestry 
Board,  created  by  the  legislature  at  the  ses- 
sion of  ]89!>.  Mr.  Cooper  affiliates  with  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  church,  of  which  his 
wife  is  a   member,  and  to  which  they  are 


IIISTOKi'  OI''  THE  GRKAT   X01{TII\\EST. 


liberal  eontilbutors.  Her  maiden  name  was 
Meliuda  Havward,  and  she  was  married  to 
Mr.  Cooper  in  187:$.  She  is  a  woman  of  fine 
attainments  and  stronj*'  character,  thon^h  of 
retirinji'  disixisition.  To  her  sound  judge- 
ment and  pertinent  advice  Mr.  Coojier  at- 
tributes much  of  the  success  which  has  fol- 
lowed his  various  undertakings. 


DOW,  James  Jabez. — The  superintendent 
of  the  School  for  the  Blind,  a  department  of 
the  Minnesota  Institute  for  Defectives  at 
Faribault,  James  J.  Dow,  was  born  at  Mid- 
napore,  Bengal  Presidency,  India,  February 
15,  184S,  where  his  father  was  a  missionary 
belonging  to  the  Free  Will  Baptist  denomin- 
ation. The  same  .year  he  returned,  in  broken 
health,  to  the  United  States,  bringing  his 
family  with  him,  among  whom  was  his  in- 
fant son,  James.  The  father  was  James  C. 
Dow,  a  native  of  Maine.  His  theological 
course  was  taken  at  the  Parsonfleld  Theo- 
logical Seminary.  After  his  ordination  he 
preached  at  Dover,  N.  H.,  and  other  places. 
In  1S4.S  he  was  married,  and  soon  after  the 
young  couple  left  for  India.  On  Mr.  Dow's 
return  he  preached  at  Bucktield,  Me.,  Phoe- 
nix, N.  Y.,  and  in  East  Killingby,  Conn. 
In  1854,  on  account  of  failing  health, 
he  retired  from  the  ministry,  went  to 
Maine  and  lived  on  a  farm,  teaching 
school  winters.  In  1865  he  came  West,  first 
to  Minnesota.  Then  he  tried  South  Dakota, 
but  finally  returned  to  Minnesota,  and  died 
at  St.  Charles,  in  1899,  at  the  age  of  eighty- 
one  years,  highly  esteemed  and  respected  by 
all  who  knew  him.  He  had  twelve  children, 
ten  of  whom  are  yet  living.  The  Dow  fam- 
ily came  from  Norfolk,  England,  in  1637,  and 
settled  at  Hampton,  N.  H.  Many  of  them 
were  "seafaring  men."  The  grandfather  of 
the  subject  of  this  sketch  was  a  well-to-do 
farmer  and  a  prominent  citizen.  The  maiden 
name  of  Mr.  James  J.  Dow's  mother  was 
Hannah  Oould  Bacon,  born  at  Wilton,  Me., 
in  1825.  After  her  husband's  death  she  lived 
with  her  children  at  St.  Charles  and  Winona, 
Minn.  She  was  a  granddaughter  on  her 
mother's  side  of  Silas  Oould  of  Dunstable, 
Mass.,  who  enlisted  in  Col.  Bridges'  Massa- 


chusetts Regiment  in  1775,  at  the  age  of  fif- 
teen yeare.  He  fought  at  Bunker  Hill, 
where  the  Dunstable  company  of  which  he 
was  a  member  was  the  last  to  leave  the  re- 
doubt. He  re-enlisted  in  December,  177G, 
without  leaving  the  field,  in  the  Connecticut 
Continentals.  He  was  at  Boston  when  evac- 
uated by  the  British,  went  with  his  regiment 
to  New  Yoi'k,  fought  with  Sullivan  at  Long 
Island,  and  narrowly  escaped  capture,  was  in 
the  retreat  across  New  Jersey  and  fought  at 
Trenton  and  Princeton,  after  the  expiration 
of  his  term  of  service.  He  settled  in  Maine 
after  the  war,  and  was  a  colonel  of  the  state 
militia.  Mrs.  Dow's  father  was  a  captain 
of  the  state  militia,  a  fanner  and  prominent 
citizen  of  Wilton,  Mass.  James  began  his 
t'ducation  in  the  country  school  of  East  Kil- 
lingby, Conn.  For  two  years  he  was  nnder 
the  tuition  of  a  remarkable  man,  who  had 
been  under  the  influence  of  Horace  Mann  and 
Henry  Barnard  when  they  were  at  the  height 
of  their  success.  James  then  attended  the 
lountry  schools  in  Maine,  which  were  gen- 
erally excellent  in  winter,  and  under  masters 
capable  of  fitting  pupils  for  college.  In  1863 
he  lacked  one  year  of  being  ready  to  enter 
college.  That  year  he  enlisted,  when  only 
fifteen  years  old,  in  Company  F,  Second 
Maine  Volunteer  Cavalry  regiment  and 
served  with  the  organization  until  it  was 
mustered  out,  in  November,  1865.  It  was 
in  active  field  service  in  southern  Louisi- 
ana, Alabama  and  west  Florida.  The  regi- 
ment suffered  heavy  losses  from  climatic 
causes,  exposure  and  hardships.  The  serv- 
ice was  more  fatal  than  is  common  even  in 
the  most  destructive  battle  campaigns.  Of 
the  original  one  hundred  enlisted  men  in  Mr. 
Dow's  company,  forty-one  lost  their  lives — 
a  jiercentage  of  loss  scarcely  equalled  by  any 
regiment  in  the  army,  in  the  same  length  of 
time.  The  education  which  was  interrupted 
by  his  ardent  patriotism  was  resumed  in 
1869.  That  year  he  entered  the  Academy 
of  Carleton  College  at  Northfield.  Minn.,  com- 
jjleted  his  preparation  and  entered  the  col- 
lege in  1870,  and  giaduated  in  1874  with  the 
degree  ol  A.  B.  In  1879  he  received  his 
degree  of  ;Master  of  A.rts,  and  in  1899,  the 
degree  of  L.  H.  D.  was  bestowed  upon  him 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GKKAT  M  )i;TinVi:ST. 


by  the  same  college.  Although  a  ooiiipar- 
atively  young  man,  he  i.s  a  liistorical  land- 
mark of  that  thriving  institution,  having 
graduated  in  its  first  college  class.  Tliere 
is  also  a  unique  romance  conriected  with  the 
event.  The  class  was  composed  of  only  two 
nieniltcrs — Mr.  Dow  and  Miss  !Myra  Amelia 
Hrowii.  She  was  born  in  Fitchburg,  Mass.. 
of  a  family  whose  ancestors  came  to  America 
in  the  seventeenth  century.  She  came  to 
Minnesota  with  her  parents,  who  settled  at 
Monticello,  Wright  county,  in  1854.  Slu- 
graduated  with  Mr.  Dow,  and  took  the  same 
degree  of  A.  B.  They  were  married  the  same 
year,  1S74.  The  class  honors  instead  of  be- 
ing divided  wei-e  thus  united,  ("arleton  Col- 
lege is  a  co-educational  institution,  and  it 
seems  eminently  fitting  that  its  first  class 
should  rest  upon  such  a  dual  foundation. 
Mr.  Dow's  first  service  after  graduation  was 
that  of  superintendent  of  city  schools  of 
Austin,  Minn.,  for  one  school  year.  In  .\ii 
gust,  1875.  he  accepted  the  position  of  prin- 
cipal of  the  Department  for  the  Blind  in  the 
Minnesota  Institute  for  the  Deaf  and  l^umb 
and  Blind.  In  ISSl,  on  the  re-organization 
of  the  establishment,  he  was  made  superin- 
tendent of  the  department,  a  merely  nominal 
change,  for  his  duties  and  responsibilities 
lemained  the  same.  He  holds  that  ]iosition 
at  the  jiresent  time,  1901.  He  has  been  the 
president  of  the  As;^ociation  of  Iiistru<'tors 
of  the  Blind  of  North  America.  In  1900 
he  was  elected  ])resident  of  the  Minnesota 
Conference  of  Charities  and  Corrections. 
He  is  also  an  active  member  of  the  National 
Educational  Association.  Besides  being 
thus  active  in  educational  organizations,  he 
is  interested  in  patriotic  and  fraternal  soci- 
eties. He  is  a  past  post  commander  of  the 
Ct.  a.  R.,  being,  in  ISSG,  post  commander  of 
Michael  Cook  Post,  No.  12?!,  Department  of 
^Minnesota,  and  in  1P91  he  was  a  delesate  to 
the  National  Encam])ment  of  the  ord(>r.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Sons  of  the  American 
Revolution,  and  of  the  Masonic  Order,  Fari 
bault  Lodge,  No.  9,  and  Royal  Anh  Chapter. 
No.  8,  in  the  same  city.  He  is  in  general 
affiliation  with  the  Republican  jiarty.  In 
religion  he  is  a  Congregationalist.  having 
been  consecutivelv  a  niemlier  of  that  church 


.r.\Mi:s  .1.  iMiw. 

at  Dover,  and  Nt)rtlilield,  and  now  at  Fari- 
bault. His  children  are — (Jharles  Francis, 
born  1875,  who  has  taken  a  partial  college 
course  at  Carleton  and  at  the  Univcn-gity  of 
^linnesota,  but  who  is  now  an  invalid;  .Tames 
Chase,  born  in  1877,  is  a  graduate  of  the  en- 
gineering department  of  the  University  of 
Minnesota,  class  of  1900,  as  an  electrical  en- 
gineer, and  he  is  now  on  professional  duty 
with  the  Twin  City  Rapid  Transit  Company 
at  the  main  powei'house  at  St.  Anthony 
Falls;  four  children,  two  boys  and  two  girls, 
r.re  dead.  The  others  are  Margaret  Whit- 
ney, born  in  1S92,  and  AN'illiam  Could,  born 
1895. 


BELI)F:N,  Henry  Clay. — Judge  Belden  is 
of  New  England  ancestry,  of  the  race  which, 
overflowing  the  Alleghanies.  has  carried  the 
germ  of  its  culture  and  the  vigor,  enterprise, 
anil  energy  cliaraclerislic  of  il  to  all  ])ai-ts 
of  llie  nation,  and  especially  lo  the  North- 
west. How  wide-sjiread  and  thoi-oughly  has 
this  new  England  leaven  i)ermeated  these 
regions  is  shown  by  an  incident  of  recent  oc- 
currence. .\  I'liited  Stales  senator  waa 
called   lo  make  an  address  in  a  small  lown 


HENKY  C.  BELDEN. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


bevond  the  Mississippi.  At  the  close  of  the 
ineetiug  he  was  invited,  without  previous 
notice,  to  a  banquet  which  had  been  spon- 
taneously improvised  for  the  occasion.  Two 
hundred  guests  sat  round  the  board,  and 
every  one  of  them  was  a  native  of  the  sena- 
tor's own  New  England  state.  A  similar 
group  could  be  gathered  in  scores  of  other 
places  in  every  state  of  this  region.  The 
influence  of  this  thrift  and  intelligence  can 
scarcely  be  over-estimated. 

Henry  C.  Belden  was  born  at  Burke,  Vt., 
in  1841.  His  father,  Haynes  W.  Belden, 
was  a  farmer  of  limited  means  and  of  Eng- 
lish descent.  His  mother,  Lydia  P.  (Blake) 
Belden,  was  of  Scotch  parentage.  Young 
Belden  received  his  early  education  in  the 
public  schools  and  by  private  tuition,  supple- 
mented by  a  course  at  the  academy  until  he 
was  prepared  to  teach.  He  then  taught  for 
two  years,  but  he  chose  law  for  his  profes- 
sion and  in  1861  entered,  as  a  student,  the 
office  of  Hon.  Thomas  Bartlett,  at  Lyndon, 
Vt.,  where  he  remained  until  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  18<i4.  He  immediately  commenced 
practice.  In  1870  he  formed  a  partnership 
with  Elisha  ilay.  at  St.  Johnsbnry,  Xt..  un- 
der the  tirm  name  of  Belden  &  May,  which 
continued  until  1S73,  when  he  united  with 
Henry  C.  Ide,  now  a  member  of  the  Philip- 
pine commission.  Mi-.  P.eldcn  was  the  sen- 
ior member  of  the  jtartnership,  the  style  of 
the  firm  being  IJeldeu  &  Ide.  This  undoubt- 
edly was  one  of  the  strongest  law  firms  of 
the  state,  which  fact,  it  seems,  the  i)ublic  was 
not  slow  in  discerning,  for  the  most  import- 
ant litigation  in  northwestern  Vermont  and 
other  sections  of  the  state,  and  even  in  other 
New  England  states,  came  into  their  hands. 
Mr.  Belden  had  been  prosecuting  attorney 
in  Vermont  from  1S(>7  to  18fi!).  During  this 
partnership  he  was  elected  state  senator  for 
the  term  187«  to  1878,  and  re-elected  for  the 
following  term,  1878  to  1880,  and  was  chair- 
man of  the  judiciarycommittee  of  the  Second 
congressional  district  for  several  years,  and 
a  delegate  to  the  national  Kejiublican  con- 
vention in  1880.  The  partnership  with  Mr. 
Ide  continued  until  1884,  when  Mr.  Belden, 
whose  health  had  been  declining  for  several 


years  from  nervous  itrostration.  probably  in- 
duced by  over-work,  determined  to  seek  a 
change  of  climate  to  restore  it.  With  this  in 
view  he  came  to  Minneapolis,  Minn.,  where 
so  many  health  seekers  are  benefitted.  Al- 
though the  bustling  city  was  not  proverbial 
as  a  resting  place,  Mr.  Belden  deterniined  to 
settle  here.  His  reputation  as  a  lawyer"  had 
preceded  him,  however.  In  1885,  the  follow- 
ing year,  he  formed  a  partnership  with  Hon. 
J.  B.  Gilflllan  and  C.  A.  Willard,  under  the 
firm  name  of  Gilflllan,  Belden  &  Willard. 
This  combination  made  a  strong  firm.  It 
secured  many  of  the  most  important  cases  of 
litigation  before  the  courts.  It  was  dis- 
solved when  Mr.  Belden  took  up  the  duties 
of  district  judge  in  1895.  He,  however,  re- 
signed the  judgeship  May  1,  18!»7.  and  then 
entered  the  law  fii-m  of  Hahn  &  Hawley,  un- 
der the  firm  name  of  Hahn,  Belden  &  Haw- 
ley. which  is  distinguished  for  the  number 
of  important  cases  placed  in  its  charge,  and 
is  still  continued.  Judge  Belden  was  mar- 
ried in  1865  to  Caroline  H.  Kimball,  and 
they  rejoice  in  a  generous  family  of  five  chil- 
dren: Mary  B..  Helen  L.,  Agnes  E.,  George 
K.,  and  Harry  I.  Belden.  Mr.  Beldefl  is  ac- 
tive in  all  measures  designed  to  promote  the 
interests  of  the  city  and  state,  and  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Minnekada  Club,  a  popular  social 
organization,  member  of  the  Board  of  Trade, 
and  of  the  Commercial  Club,  two  organiza- 
tions especially  designed  to  look  after  the 
business  interests  of  the  city. 


NELSON,  Rensselaer  K. — Few  men  have 
been  privileged  to  point  to  a  record  of  nearly 
forty  years'  service  on  the  federal  district 
bench.  Such  an  honor  is  rare  in  the  history 
of  jui'isprudence.  From  its  admission  to 
statehood  in  1858,  up  to  1896,  Minnesota  had 
as  its  representative  on  the  United  States 
district  bench  Hon.  Rensselaer  R.  Nelson, 
of  St.  Paul.  Judge  Nelson  was  born  at  Coop- 
erstown,  N.  V.,  in  May,  1826,  and  combines 
a  strain  of  Irish,  Scotch,  English  and  Dutch 
blood  in  his  veins.  He  is  a  son  of  Samuel 
Nelson,  for  many  years  one  of  the  judges 
of  the  New  York  supreme  court,  afterward 


IIISTOKY  OF  THE  GUKAT  NORTHWEST. 


UENSSELAKIt  K.  NELSON. 

an  associate  justice  of  the  United  States 
supreme  court,  aud  Catherine  Russell.  His 
paternal  great-graudfather,  John  Nelson, 
came  to  this  couutrv  from  Ballibay,  Ireland, 
in  176'4,  when  his  grandfather,  John  Rogers 
Nelson,  was  a  child,  settling  in  Washington 
county,  N.  Y.,  and  served  as  sergeant  in  the 
war  of  the  Revolution.  Here  his  father, 
Samuel  Nelson,  was  born  in  1792.  On  the 
maternal  side  he  is  a  grandson  of  John  Rus- 
sell and  Elizabeth  Williams,  and  great- 
grandson  of  Ebeuezer  Russell,  a  Revolu- 
tionary soldier.  On  the  same  side  he  is 
descended  from  John  Nelson,  who  was  born 
in  England  in  15'J5,  settled  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  in  1035,  aud  was  an  intimate  friend 
of  Governor  Bellingham.  Judge  Nelson  pre- 
pared for  college  in  llie  military  school  of  his 
native  town,  and  at  Hartwick  Seminary.  He 
entered  Yale  College  in  1842,  graduating 
four  years  later.  Soon  after  he  began  the 
study  of  law  in  the  office  of  Hon.  J.  R.  Whit- 
ing, of  New  York  City,  and  finished  his  stud- 
ies in  the  office  of  Hon.  George  A.  Stark- 
weather, in  Cooperstown.  He  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1S49,  and  began  practicing  in 
Buffalo.  He  came  west,  however,  the  follow- 
ing year,  arriving  in  St.  I'aul  on  May  12.  He 
continued  his  practice  here  until  1854,  when 


he  remo\ed  to  Superior,  Wis.,  and  for  a  year 
served  as  district  attorney  of  Douglas  coun- 
ty. He  returned  to  St.  I'aul  in  the  fall  of 
is'}')  and  resumed  his  law  practice.  In  April, 
1857,  he  was  appointed  territorial  judge  for 
Minnesota  by  I're.sideut  Buchanan,  and  on 
May  11  of  the  following  year,  the  year  Min- 
nesota was  admitted  to  the  Union,  was  ajj- 
pointed  United  States  district  judge  for  that 
state.  He  served  continuously  until  the 
seventieth  anniversary  of  his  birthday,  in 
May,  1890,  when  he  I'esigned  to  take  a  rest 
from  the  arduous  duties  of  his  long  judicial 
career.  By  reason  of  the  great  extent  of  his 
circuit,  and  the  fact  that  for  many  years  the 
criminal  laws  of  the  United  States  were  al- 
most exclusively  administered  by  the  district 
court  judges,  Judg>^  Nelson's  duties  were  of 
a  very  laborious  and  complex  character.  • 
But  he  was  a  hard  worker  and  seldom  took 
leave  of  his  chambers.  During  his  long 
career  on  the  bench  he  was  compelled  to  pass 
upon  nearly  every  conceivable  legal  proposi- 
tion; but  he  has  had  few  decisions  overruled, 
hence  his  high  standing  as  a  jurist.  Per- 
liaps  one  of  his  must  striking  characteristics 
was  his  keen  instinct  to  grasp  the  the  merits 
of  a  proposition  very  quickly.  His  charges 
to  the  jury,  too,  were  so  clear  as  to  leave  no 
doubt  as  to  the  facts  in  the  case  nor  the  law 
covering  the  case.  He  has  enjoyed  the  un- 
qualified confidence  and  respect  of  both 
the  bar  and  the  peojile  of  the  state,  and  is 
highly  esteemed  in  private  life,  not  only  for 
his  eminent  legal  abilities,  but  his  rare  social 
qualities  as  well.  In  politics,  he  has  been  a 
life-long  Democrat,  but  has  never  been  a 
strong  partisan.  He  was  honored  in  1901 
by  being  made  the  nominee  of  his  party  in 
the  legislature  to  succeed  the  Hon.  Knute 
Nelson  to  the  United  States  senate.  Novem- 
ber 3,  1858.  he  was  married  to  Mrs.  Emma 
F.  Wright,  nee  Beebee,  of  New  York.  They 
have  had  two  children,  Emma  Beebee  and 
Kate  Russell.  The  latter  died  when  eight 
vears  old. 


EVANS,  Robert  Grenap.— One  of  the 
most  i>opular  public  men  in  the  state  of  Min- 
nesota   is    Robert    G.    Evans,    the  present 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


United  States  district  attornev.  He  is  a 
man  of  rare  genialty,  courteous  in  his  treat- 
ment of  every  one,  and  generous  and  sincere 
in  his  friendships.  Such  excellent  qualities 
of  good  fellowship,  when  combined  with  his 
open-handed  and  square  dealing  in  politics, 
have  won  for  "Bob"  Evans,  as  he  is  familiar 
ly  known,  the  friendship  of  every  man  with 
whom  he  has  come  in  contact.  Mr.  Evans" 
parents  were  born  in  Kentucky,  and  were  of 
^yelsh  and  English  descent.  In  the  early 
50's,  Joseph  S.  Evans,  his  father,  while  yet 
a  yt)ung  man,  moved  from  Kentucky  and 
located  at  Troy,  Ind.  Here  he  was  engaged 
in  farm  work  for  a  short  time,  later  enter- 
ing the  mercantile  business  at  Rockport. 
Ind.,  in  1850.  ^^■ith  the  exception  of  a  few 
years  devoted  to  agricultural  pursuits,  he 
continued  in  the  mercantile  business  until 
1874.  More  recently  he  has  been  in  the  in- 
surance business  at  Kockport.  He  was  mar- 
ried while  at  Troy  to  Mary  C.  ('otton.  Her 
father  was  a  prominent  physician  in  the 
Hoosier  state,  and  was  a  member  of  the  con- 
stitutional convention  which  revised  the 
constitution  of  that  state  in  1852.  Bobeit 
G.  was  born  at  Troy,  Ind.,  March  18,  1854. 
His  early  educational  training  w'as  received 
in  the  schools  of  Kockport.  In  his  eigh- 
teenth year  he  entered  the  sophomore  class 
of  the  state  university  at  Bloomingtou,  but 
only  completed  his  junior  year  in  that  insti- 
tution. When  21  years  of  age  he  entered 
the  law  office  of  Charles  L.  ^^'eddi^g,  of 
Roikport.  At  the  time  he  was  acquiring 
his  legal  education,  he  also  practiced  before 
the  justice  courts  of  Spencer  county.  He 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  187G.  He  locat- 
ed at  Vincennes  shortly  afterwards,  forming 
a  law  partnership  with  Judge  F.  W.  Viehe, 
which  was  continued  until  April,  1881,  when 
he  moved  to  Minnesota,  making  his  home  in 
Minneapolis,  where  he  has  since  resided. 
His  first  partnership  was  fonued  with  Judge 
Daniel  Fish,  which  was  continued  until  No- 
vember, 1887,  at  which  time  Judge  Fish  re- 
tired from  general  practice  to  accept  the  at- 
torneyship of  the  Minnesota  Title  Insurance 
Com]>any.  Mr.  Evans  then  formed  his  pres- 
ent connection  with  Messrs.  A.  M.  Keith, 
Charles  T.  Thompson  and   Edwin   K.   Fair- 


KOBEKT  G.  KVANS. 

child,  under  the  tirm  name  of  Keith,  Evans, 
Thompson  &  Fairchild.  This  firm  enjoys 
an  extensive  and  lucrative  practice  o#  a  gen- 
eral business  character  and  is  regarded  as 
one  of  the  most  prominent  law  firms  in  the 
state.  From  1884  to  181(0  he  held  the  posi- 
tion of  local  attorney  for  the  St.  Paul,  ilin- 
neapolis  and  Omaha  railroad.  Mr.  Evans' 
political  aftiliations  are  with  the  Republican 
party,  for  which  he  has  done  a  gi-eat  deal 
of  valuable  and  effective  work.  He  was  « 
member  of  the  Indiana  state  central  com- 
mittee for  two  years,  but  declined  reappoint- 
ment. Though  a  new  arrival  to  the  state  of 
Minnesota,  he  threw  himself  into  the  vig- 
orous campaign  of  1884  with  all  the  enthusi- 
asm of  which  he  is  capable,  and  with  the  de- 
votion he  has  always  ennced  in  the  cause 
of  the  part^-.  He  stumped  the  state,  making 
a  number  of  effective  speeches,  and  this  he 
has  done  at  every  general  election  since.  He 
is  a  forcible  si)eaker,  convincing  in  his  logic, 
and,  as  such,  has  contributed  iuvaluable 
service  to  his  party.  He  has  never  sought 
political  preferment  for  himself,  but  has  al- 
ways been  willing  to  sacrifice  his  time  and 
private  interests  to   the   good   of  the  jiarly. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


Two  .years  after  becoming  a  resident  of  ilin- 
nesota,  he  was  elected  as  a  nieniher  of  the 
state  central  committee,  and  in  December, 
1887,  was  chosen  as  a  member  of  the  Kejmb- 
lican  National  (^ommittee  to  fill  the  vacancy 
caused  by  tlu-  resignation  of  Senator  Davis. 
In  1888  he  was  elected  for  the  next  ensuing 
tenn  of  foui-  years,  re-elected  in  1892,  and 
declined  a  re-election  in  18!)(i.  He  has  al- 
ways been  an  active  member  of  the  T'nion 
League,  and  was  president  of  that  organiza- 
tion in  1885  and  1880.  In  I'ecognition  of  his 
eminent  services  to  the  party  he  was  ap- 
pointed, in  1808,  without  seeking  the  office, 
Tnited  States  district  attorney  for  the  state 
of  Minnesota  by  President  McKinley.  On 
the  death  of  Senator  C.  K.  Davis,  with  whom 
he  had  closely  attiliated  ever  since  1884,  he 
has  also  so  far  followed  in  the  footsteps  of 
the  distinguished  senator  as  to  be  his  suc- 
cessor as  national  committeeman  and  to  fill 
likewise  the  same  office  of  Ignited  States 
district  attorney.  It  was  therefore  only  nat- 
ural that  very  many  should  regard  Mr.  Ev- 
ans as  a  logical  successor  of  Mr.  Da^is  in  the 
senatorship,  for  which  eminent  legal  and 
forensic  abilities  fully  qualified  Mr.  Evans. 
Having  received  the  almost  unanimous  sup- 
port of  the  state  senators  and  membei's  of 
the  House  from  his  own  district  he  entered 
the  canvass,  and  secured  the  largest  vote  of 
any  single  candidate.  The  "field, "'  however, 
was  against  him,  and  by  combining  brought 
about  his  defeat.  But  Mr.  Evans  increased 
the  public  esteem  which  brought  him  so 
near  the  goal  by  pledging  anew  his  loyalty 
to  the  principles  of  his  party,  and  by  his 
sincere  acquiescence  in  the  result.  Mr.  Ev- 
ans is  a  member  of  the  Commercial  Club  and 
the  Minneapolis  Club.  His  church  connec- 
tions are  with  the  Methodist  Episcopal  body. 
In  1877  he  was  married  to  Miss  Mary  Gra- 
ham, at  Evansville,  Ind.,  and  has  three  chil- 
dren living — Margaret,  Stanley  and  Graham. 
Mrs.  Evans  passed  away  April  1;5, 1901. 


KORRED,  Charles  Henry,  M.  D.,  of  Min- 
neajtolis,  Hennei)in  county,  ^Minn.,  was  a 
son  of  William   and   Elizabeth   Ellen  (Dow- 


dell)  Korred,  and  was  bora  in  Loudon  coun- 
ty, Ya.,  January  19,  1842.  The  mother  died 
when  Dr.  N(nred  was  a  small  lad.  His  father 
was  born  in  Hagerstown,  Maryland,  and  his 
mother  in  Loudon  county,  Va.,  and  they  were 
both  of  English  descent.  Dr.  Xorred  was 
educated  in  Ihe  public  schools  of  Illinois  and 
in  the  Illinois  State  University  at  Si)ring- 
field.  After  leaving  college  he  studied  medi- 
cine with  Dr.  R.  S.  Lord  of  Springlield  and 
received  his  medical  education  at  I'ope's 
Mediciil  College,  St.  Louis,  Mo.  Subsequent 
to  his  military  service  he  graduated  at  Jef- 
ferson Medical  C'ollege  in  Philadelphia  and 
at  the  School  of  Anatomy  and  Surgery  of 
Pennsylvania.  He  first  settled  for  private 
luactice  at  Dawson,  Sangamon  county.  111. 

William  Norred,  father  of  Dr.  Norred,  was 
a  miller  and  lumberman,  and  removed  with 
his  family  in  1844  from  Loudon  county,  Va.. 
to  Sangamon  county,  111.  This  portion  of 
Illinois  was  then  sparsely  settled  but  rapid- 
ly filling  up.  Mr.  Norred  entered  and 
purchased  a  large  quantity  of  land,  and  built 
flour  mills,  and  established  lumber  yards  on 
the  South  Branch  of  the  Sangamon  river, 
some  eight  miles  east  of  Springfield.  Young 
Norred,  growing  up  amid  these  surroundings, 
ac(]uired  a  practical  knowledge  of  farming, 
stoi-k-raising,  lumbering,  engineering  and 
milling.  He  was  competent  to  superintend 
the  farm  work,  set  up  and  operate  an  engine, 
di'ess  burrs,  run  the  flour  mill,  take  charge  of 
the  lumber  yards,  and  buy  and  sell  stock. 
From  the  time  he  was  eighteen  years  of  age 
he  was  an  athlete,  weighing  about  one  hun- 
dred and  ninety  pounds,  and  in  perfect  form, 
and,  while  genial  and  popular  with  the  young 
people,  he  was  a  man  who  had  opinions  of 
his  own,  and  his  opponents  regarded  him  as 
the  right  kind  of  a  man  to  let  alone.  In  all 
of  his  legal  controversies  Dr.  NoiTed's  father 
employed  Abraham  Lincoln,  and  one  of  the 
j)leasantest  recollections  of  Dr.  Norred's 
boyhood  is  of  that  great  man,  then  compar- 
atively unknown,  taking  him  upon  his  knees 
and  kindly  talking  w  ith  and  advising  him  as 
to  his  future  life.  Young  Norred  was  of 
course  one  of  the  enthusiastic  "wide  awakes" 
in  the  presidential  campaign  of  1860.  Lin- 
coln's  integrity  and  ability,   and   his  mar- 


HISTORY   OF  TflK  GKEAT  N(  )KTin\F.ST. 


vcldiis  siiiijilicity  of  character,  made  a  last- 
iiifi  iiiiprcssidii  upon  Dr.  Norred  and  in- 
llncnced  and  moulded,  to  a  jireat  extent,  liis 
liolitioal  views. 

Early  in  18fi2  he  enlisted  as  a  private  in 
the   One    Hundred   and   Fourteenth   Illinois 
Volunteer  Infantry  and  organized  the  first 
regimental    hospital     for    the    regiment    at 
(^anip  Butler.     lie  liad  been  in   the  ranks 
but  a  short  time  when  he  was  jjermitted  to 
go  before  the  Illinois  State  Military  Examin 
ing  Board  and  i)assed  a  successful  examina- 
tion   as    senior   assistant   surgeon,   and    was 
thereuiion       commissioned       an       assistant 
surgeon,   from  whicli  time   on  he  served   in 
various  military  hos])itals,  until   he  was  or- 
dered to  the  Seventh  Illinois  Cavalry,  and 
placed  in  charge  of  the  medical  department 
of  that  regiment,  where  he  was  on  duty  un- 
til the  close  of  the  war.     He  is  a  member  of 
John  A.  Kawlins  Post,  No.  lliC,  (i.  A.  R.,  and 
was,  for  a  number  of  years,  consulting  sur- 
geon to  and  examining  surgeon  for  the  Min- 
nesota Soldier's  Home  and  ^ledical  Director 
of  the  Dei>artnu'nt  of  Minnesota,  Grand  Ar- 
my of  tlie  Kepublic.     Dr.  Norred  was  ITnited 
States  Examining  Surgeon  under  President 
Han-ison.     While  holding  this  position,  his 
broad  symi)ath.\-  and  generous  attitude  toward 
the  old  soldiers  and  faithfulness  in  the  duties 
of  his  office,  placed  liini  in  high  repute  with 
the  administration,   as   well    as  with   every 
soldier  in  his  district.     He  was  let  out  by 
the  Cleveland  administration,  but  was  un- 
animously endorsed   by  the  veterans  of  his 
district  after  President  McKiuley's  election 
and  ordered  reinstated  by  the  Civil  Service 
Commission    as    T'nited    States    Examining 
Surgeon  at  Minneai)olis,  and  is  at  this  time 
president  of  Board  No.  1,  United  States  Ex 
amining    Surgeons.     His    presence    on    the 
board  is  a  sufficient  guai-antee  to  the  old  sol- 
diei-  and  to  the  Ciovernment  that  justice  will 
be  done  alike  to  both.     He  is  at  this  time  (uie 
of  the  consulting  surgeons  to  tlie  City  Hos 
I)ital  at  Minnea])olis.     He  has  been  for  many 
years  a  member  of  Hennepin  County  Medical 
Society,  the  Minnesota  State  Jledical  Society, 
and  the  American  .Medical  Association,     lie 
is  a  Scottish  Rite  Mason  and  a  Knights  Tcui 
l)lar,  and  is  at  the  ]iresent  time  a  member  of 


CUAKLIOS   II.    XIIKKKIl.   .M.    H. 

Wesley  Methodist  church,  Minneapolis.  On 
November  Hi,  ISti.j,  Dr.  Norred  was  married 
to  Elizabeth  Sedate  Dalbey,  and  they  re- 
moved to  Minnesota  in  1885.  Two  jjhildren 
were  borni  to  them,  Charles  Elmer,  born 
Ajiril  (■>,  INtiT,  and  died  Sejitember  I'll,  ISilT. 
\Villiaiu  Asbury  was  born  December  '1\. 
18(J!t,  is  living  with  his  father  and  is  a 
student  in  the  medical  dejjartment  ol  the 
Cniversity  of  Minnesota.  Elizabeth  Sedate, 
his  wife,  died  March  20,  1808. 

In  the  si)ring  of  1!)(I0,  a  small-pox  epidemic 
swept  over  the  City  of  Minneapolis.  Tlie 
Health  dei)artment  seemed  unable  to  cope 
with  the  epidemic.  At  the  instance  of  many 
of  the  leading  jjhysiciaus  of  the  city,  and  at 
the  unanimons  request  of  the  Board  of 
Health  and  without  solicitation  on  his  part. 
Dr.  Norred  was  tendered  the  jiosition  of  spe- 
cial (]uaraiitine  officer  of  the  city,  which  he 
acceiited.  After  serving  in  this  capacity  for 
a  little  over  six  months  and  having  quaran- 
tined ab'out  four  hundred  cases,  he  jiresented 
the  city  with  a  clean  bill  of  health,  and  at 
his  suggestion  and  earnest  solicitation  the 
jMiblic-siiirited  citizens  of  Minneajuilis  con- 
tributed funds  for  construction  of  three  fine 
(|uarantine  hospitals  in  the  city.     Dr.  Norred 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


as  special  quarantine  officer  prosecuted  his 
work  witli  so  niudi  zeal  and  skill  that  he 
compelled  the  admiration  and  approval  of  all 
classes  of  citizens.  The  result  of  his  work 
at  this  time  and  in  this  line  is  one  of  the 
many  testimonials  of  his  faithful,  sterling 
life  work. 


WHITE,  Frank. — The  soldier-governor  of 
North  Dakota,  Frank  White,  elected  in  1900 
by  a  phenomenal  vote,  was  born  at  Stillman 
Valley,  111.,  December  12,  1856.  His  father, 
Joshua  White,  was  an  early  pioneer  in  the 
region  north  of  the  Ohio  river,  and  finally 
settled  in  northern  Illinois,  taking  up  a  farai 
on  which  the  city  of  Stillman  Valley  now 
stands.  He  came  from  the  original  home  of 
the  Whites  in  Virginia.  The  family  is  of 
early  Scotch-Irish  descent,  and  Joshua  White 
had  a  large  share  of  the  sturdy  characteris- 
tics of  his  race.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
constitutional  convention  of  Wisconsin,  and 
a  member  of  the  Illinois  state  senate  for  a 
number  of  years.  His  wife.  Governor  Frank 
White's  mother,  was  a  Brown,  descended 
from  the  Browns,  of  Brimfield,  Mass.,  who 
were  also  largely  of  Scotch-Irish  descent. 
Both  the  Whites  and  Browns  were  forceful 
people  and  both  fought  in  the  Revolutionary 
War,  so  that  it  is  evident  that  Major  White, 
the  governor,  came  naturally  by  the  traits 
which  have  made  him  the  idol  and  the  ideal 
ofticer  of  those  who  served  with  him  in  the 
late  Spanish  War.  His  early  education  was 
obtained  in  the  district  school  near  his  home 
in  Illinois.  At  seventeen  years  of  age  he 
was  sent  to  a  boarding  school  at  Mt.  Morris, 
of  that  state,  to  prepare  for  college.  In  1876 
he  entered  the  University  of  Illinois,  taking 
the  four  years'  course  in  civil  engineering, 
graduating  in  that  course  in  1880.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  Delta  Tan  Delta  college 
fraternity,  and  a  member  of  the  college  mili- 
tary organization.  There  he  received  his 
first  military  training,  passing  through  all 
grades  from  high  private  to  captain,  com- 
manding one  of  the  companies  of  the  Univer- 
sity Battalion  of  Illinois  National  Guard. 
Immediately   after   graduating  he  was   en- 


gaged in  the  engineering  department  of  the, 
Chicago,    Milwaukee    &    St.    Paul    railway, 
where  he   remained   for  several   years.     In 
1882  he  resigned  this  position  to  take  charge 
of  a  large  farming  property  in  Barnes  county, 
N.  D.,  in  which  he  became  interested.     His 
success  in  this  great  enter]irise,  and  the  ac- 
tivity he  exhibited  in  advancing  agricultural 
interests  and  in  the  im])rovement  of  the  so- 
( ial   conditions   in   town,   county  and   state, 
wher-e  he   showed  so   much  judgment  and 
practical  wisdom,  made  him  a  man  of  such 
influence  that  he  was  thrust  forward  as  a 
leader  in  whom  the  people  could  have  con- 
fidence.    Although  he  never  sought  political 
preferment  his  neighbors  brought  him  out  as 
a  candidate  for  the  lower  house  of  the  as- 
sembly in  ISm,  the  very  day  on  which  he 
returned  from  his  fathei'"s  funeral.     Here  he 
served  so  efficiently  that  he  was  promoted  to 
the  senate  at  the  next  election,  where  he 
seiTed  until  he  resigned  to  go  to  the  Philip- 
pines.    Barnes  county  was  a  strong  center 
of  Populism,  which  was  at  its  height  in  1803 
and  1895,  sweeping  almost  everything  politi- 
cal   before   it;   yet   Mr.    White,   though    an 
ai'dent  Republican,  was*  successively  elected, 
showing  remarkable  triumjih  of  sterling  char- 
acter.   In  1891  he  joined  the  National  Guard, 
and  for  several  years  served  as  ca[)tain  of 
Company  G.     In  1894  he  was  commissioned 
major  of  the  North  Dakota  National  Guard, 
and  has  held  the  position  ever  since.     On  the 
first  call  for  trooj>s  in  the  Spanish  War  he 
^'oluntecn•ed    and    was    mustered    into    the 
United  States  service  as  major  early  in  1898, 
leaving  Fargo  with  his   regiment  May  26, 
1898,  and  returning  September  28,  1899,  dur- 
ing which  time  he  was  constantly  in  actual 
command  of  his  battalion.     He  was  in  the 
first  battle  of  Manila,  August  13,  1898,  where 
his  courage  and  coolness  won  the  confidence 
and  devotion  of  every  man  in  the  battalion. 
He  was  also  in  the  first  battle  with  the  Fili- 
pinos, February  4  and  5,  1899,  and  was  after- 
wards in  more  than  twenty  engagements,  in 
all  of  which  he  proA'ed  his  qualities  as  an 
intrepid  soldier.      He  was  the  same  trust- 
worthy leader  in  every  emergency,  always 
resourceful,  daring,  yet  careful  of  his  men, 


FRANK  WHITE. 


HISTORY   OK  TIIK  (iUBAT  NORTIIWKST. 


whetlun-  iiiai'diin};-  by  uif^lit  throuffh  the  jun- 
jrlos  jinil  iiiii-c.  Ill-  nisliiufi  to  the  attack  t(i 
surprise  tlie  enemy.  With  sueh  leaders  it 
is  uo  wonder  that  Ihe  Xortli  Dakota  rejri- 
meut  was  ■;:iveii  such  liij^li  rauk  by  Generals 
Ovenshine.  Kinj;'  and  Lawton.  Since  his  re- 
turn Major  AVhite  has  made  Valley  City  his 
home,  formiu}::  a  law  ])artnership  under  the 
tirni  name  of  Lockerby  &  White.  In  1894  he 
was  married  to  Miss  Elsie  Hadley,  of  Indian- 
apolis, who  was  then  a  teacher  of  mathemat- 
ics in  the  State  Normal  School  at  Valley 
City,  N.  D.  She  is  a  jjraduate  of  Earlham 
College,  and  took  hei-  Master  degree  at  the 
Michigan  University  at  Ann  Arbor.  She  is 
of  Quaker  extraction  on  both  sides  of  her 
parentage  and  is  still  a  member  of  the 
Friends'  church  at  Indianapolis.  Both  hus- 
band and  wife  now  attiliate  with  the  Congre- 
gational church  at  A'alley  City,  though  nei- 
ther is  enrolled  as  a  member.  They  have 
one  child,  Edwin  Lee  White,  born  in  l.Sflfi. 
Mr.  White  is  a  member  of  the  Masonic  frater- 
nity, having  passed  through  degrees  to  that 
of  Knight  Tem])lar  and  Xoble  of  the  Mystic 
Shrine.  His  official  residence  as  governor 
will  be  at  Bismarck.  What  the  future  mav 
bring  of  course  is  hidden,  but  those  who 
know  Governor  White  and  his  capable  wife 
look  forward  with  great  confidence.  The 
governor  is  in  close  touch  with  educational 
interests  of  the  state,  and  is  regarded  as  the 
father  of  the  state  normal  school  system. 


KEYES,  Adson  Dean.— While  litigation 
to  equalize  transportation  rates  has  consider- 
ably abated,  and  the  people  have  forgotten, 
to  a  great  extent,  the  general  public  intei-est 
in  the  cases  which  largely  settled  the  prin- 
ciples underlying  the  controversy,  the  men 
prominent  in  c(mducting  the  suits  have  left 
pemianent  records  of  their  acumen  and  legal 
lore.  Intei-woven  with  these  is  the  name  of 
A.  D.  Keyes.  of  Faribault.  Minn.,  the  learned 
attorney  in  some  of  the  earliest  and  most  im- 
jiortant  cases.  He  was  bora  at  Acworth,  N. 
H.,  October  22,  1842.  His  father,  Adna 
Keyes,  was  a  fai-mer  and  caqienter  in  mod- 
erate circiinistances.     That  he  was  a  man  of 


mure  than  the  average  force  in  the  communi- 
ty, is  shown  by  his  sei-A'ices.  He  was  a  jus- 
tice of  the  jieace,  a  selectman,  or  town  officer, 
and  a  representative  in  the  legislature.  His 
wife  was  Betsey  Hilliard.  Both  names  sug- 
gest early  New  England  ancestry.  Young 
Adson.  after  being  old  enough,  was  sent  to 
school,  summer  and  winter,  until  ten  j'ears 
old,  when  his  labor  became  of  some  value  on 
tlie  farm.  He  then  attended  school  for  eight 
weeks  in  winter,  and  worked  on  the  farm  the 
other  forty-four  weeks  of  the  year.  It  is  not 
strange  that  he  should  forget  in  so  long  a 
time  each  year  what  he  learned  at  the  short 
term  of  school,  and  thus  be  obliged  to  begin 
at  the  same  place  iii  his  studies  every  year. 
This  continued  until  a  college  student  be- 
came a  teacher  one  winter.  He  stimulated 
the  boy  to  learn  and  induced  him  to  pursue, 
evenings,  a  course  marked  out  for  him,  and 
lent  him  some  second-hand  text  books.  After 
an  examination  in  these  night  studies,  the 
boy,  at  the  solicitation  of  the  inspiring  teach- 
er, determined  to  undertake  a  college  course. 
He  then  attended  two  or  three  terms  of  "high 
school"  taught  elsewhere — "select  schools" 
conducted  by  college  students  for  a  tuition 
charge,  to  raise  means  to  pay  their  college 
expenses.  At  the  age  of  twenty-three  Mr. 
Keyes  entered  Kimball  Union  Academy  at 
Meriden.  N.  H..  boarding  himself  at  first, 
then  paying  his  board  by  taking  the  manage- 
ment of  a  boarding  club.  During  recreation 
hours,  he  earned  monej-  by  working  at  any- 
thing he  could  find  to  do.  Thus  he  graduated 
in  1808  as  the  best  scholar  in  the  class,  and 
took  the  ^  aledictory.  The  same  year  he  en- 
tered Dartmouth  College  and  joined  the  Tri 
Kap])a  Society.  He  was  also  a  commissary  of 
a  boarding  club  there.  During  winter  vaca- 
tions he  taught  school,  and  in  summer  vaca- 
tions worked  on  farms,  except  one  season, 
when  he  served  as  a  waiter  at  the  Crawford 
House — a  large  hotel  at  the  AVhite  Moun- 
tains. Of  course,  he  kept  up  with  his  class 
in  studies  all  this  time.  He  graduated  in 
1S72,  when  twenty-nine  years  of  age,  with 
the  degi-ee  of  Bachelor  of  Arts.  This  hard 
work  to  pay  his  expenses  from  the  time  he 
was  twenty-one, — without  recreation  or  ces- 
sation.— was   not   particularly   conducive   to 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GUEAT  XOUTHWEST. 


jjood  health.    As  ilr.  Keves  himself  has  said, 
"f?uch  a  course  is  an  effective  remedy  fur  any 
surplus  health,  or  hilaritv,  with  which  a  stu 
dent  may  be  afflicted."     Because  of  failinj; 
health  he  came  to  the  Northwest  the  year  he 
graduated — l!-t72--and  .settled  at  Faribault. 
Minn.,   where  he  has  since  lived.     He  then 
took  ui)  the  study  of  law  with  Gordon  E. 
Cole,  and,  to  pay  exj)enses,  engajied  to  teach 
mathematics  in  the  hifjh  school,  two  hours  a 
day.    In  1873  lie  was  admitted  to  the  bar  and 
for  six  years  practiced  under  and  with  Mr. 
Cole.    The  subsecpicnt  progress  of  Mr.  Keyes 
has  proved  that  he  built  upon  a  substantial 
foundation.     He  has  been  city  attorney  and 
county  attorney,  and  has  lectured  in  the  law 
department  of  the  Minnesota  State  Univer- 
sity.    Among   the  important  cases  tried  by 
Mr.  Keyes  were  "the  milk  rate""  case — State 
of  Minnesota  ex  rel.  Railroad  &  Warehouse 
Commissioners  vs.  Chicago,  Milwaukee  &  St. 
Paul    Railway   Company   in   the   state   and 
United    States    courts;   and  the  "long   and 
short  haul'"  case — The  Boards  of  Trade  I'nion 
of    Fariuington,    Northtield,    Faribault    and 
Owatonna  against  the  same  company — both 
suits    to   ei|ualizi'    ti-ansjtortation.      Of   .jury 
trials,  eliciting  public  interest,  the  most  i)rom- 
iuent  perhaps  are:    A  prosecution  for  killing 
a  police  officer,  and  an  action  for  libeling  a 
public  schoolteacher.     He  is  now  counsel  foi' 
the  Burlington,   Cedar  Rapids   &   Northern 
Railway  Company;  Security  Bank;  Theopold 
Mercantile  Company;  Sheffield  Milling  Com 
pany,    Wisconsin    Lumber    Company,    and 
Standard  Oil  Company.     As  he  expresses  it, 
he  was  a  "Democrat  when  a  boy;  Republican 
whenaman.''    Asa  memberof  the  legislature, 
he  was  a  member  of  the  judiciary  committee. 
He  was  the  author  of  the  Act  of  1887  to  ap- 
point   commissioners   to   prejiare   a    jirobate 
code.     He  was   also   prominent   in   railroad 
and  high  license  legislation.     As  mayor  of 
Faribault,  he  will  always  be  associated  with 
thel'ublic  Library,  established,  and  the  City 
Hall,  camiilete<l.  during  his  administration, 
in  1897.    He  was  also  a  member  of  the  Fari- 
bault Board  of  F]duc<ition  for  several  years, 
during  which  the  high  school  building  was 
erected.     He  is  now  a  member  of  the  Board 
of   Directors    of    the    Public    Librarv.     Mr. 


ADSOX  n.    KEVES. 

Keyes  is  likewi.se  interested  in  social  and  lite- 
rary affairs,  being  a  Knights  Templar,  and 
formerly  president  of  the  Dartmouth  Alumni 
Association  of  the  Northwest,  and  for  #\-eral 
years  a  member  of  the  Travelers"  Club — a 
local  literary  society.  He  belongs  to  the 
Congregational  church,  joining  by  letter 
from  his  college  church.  In  1872  he  was 
mairied  to  Mary  E.  Weston  of  Ascutneyville, 
\'t.,  a  gi-adiiatc  of  Kimball  Kuion  Academy 
of  till'  class  of  lS(i!).  Mr.  Keyes  modestly 
sums  up  his  successful  career  by  saying 
that  he  has  taken  "some  interest  and  an  av- 
erage part  in  a  common  advancement  along 
the  lines  of  education,  good  government,  and 
general  ju-ospei'lty. 


\\I],LIS.  John  Willey.— While  the  devel- 
opment of  the  Northwest  is  indebted  largely 
to  men  of  other  states  and  countries  who 
have  come  to  take  advantage  of  the  better 
opjiortunities  offered — which  are  of  compar- 
atively I'ecent  growth — the  institutions  of 
this  region  are  producing  men,  who,  by  any 
test,  are  not  surpassed  in  ability,  scholar- 
slii]i,  enter])rise,  or  any  other  quality  desir- 
able in  a  citizen.    They  are  not  yet  very  nu- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


JOHN   W.   WILLIS. 

merous  because  the  Northwest  is  new,  and  it 
requires  time  for  such  products.  Some  of 
the  native  born,  have,  however,  made  splen- 
did records  in  high  positions.  The  subject 
of  this  sketch.  Judge  John  W.  Willis,  is  con- 
spicuous among  the  number.  He  was  born 
in  St.  Paul,  Minn.,  July  12,  1854.  His  father 
was  Charles  L.  A\'illis,  a  lawyer  by  profes- 
sion, and  in  good  fluancial  circumstances. 
He  came  to  Minnesota  in  1851,  from  Ohio 
where  he  stood  high  at  the  bar,  being  for  a 
time  at  Cleveland  the  partner  of  Ex-Gover- 
nor Benjamin  Wood,  of  that  state.  The 
Willis  family  are  of  English  descent,  com- 
ing to  this  country  in  1640.  They  settled 
in  Connecticut  and  furnished  one  colonial 
governor  and  many  colonial  and  state  of- 
ficials. The  mother  of  Judge  Willis  was  the 
daughter  of  one  of  the  most  prominent  far- 
mers in  Cuyahoga  county,  Ohio.  Her  maid- 
en name  was  Anna  Marie  Gleeson,  and  she 
was  married  to  Mr.  Charles  L.  Willis  in  1852, 
at  Bedford,  Ohio.  The  early  education  of 
John  was  obtained  in  the  public  schools  of 
his  native  city.  He  graduated  at  the  St. 
Paul  high  school  at  the  head  of  his  class. 
To  obtain  his  collegiate  education  he  first 
entcfcd  the  university  of  Minnesota,  but  re- 


mained there  only  until  the  middle  of  the 
Freshman  year,  when  he  attended  Macal- 
ester  College,  where  he  qualified  himself  to 
enter  the  Sophomore  class  at  Dartmouth 
(J'ollege,  New  Hampshire,  where  he  gradu- 
ated and  took  the  degree  of  A.  B.  in  1877. 
While  there  he  was  a  member  of  Psi  Upsilon 
(•ollege  fraternity,  and,  being  within  the  "first 
third"  of  the  class,  he  was  made  a  member  of 
the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  society.  In  1880  he 
received  the  degree  of  A.  M.  from  his  Alma 
Mater.  Having  chosen  the  profession  of  his 
father,  he  studied  law  with  Oilman  &  Clough 
of  St.  Paul.  Being  a  superior  Greek  and 
Latin  scholar,  he  was  engaged  as  instructor 
of  those  languages  in  the  St.  Paul  High 
School,  while  pursuing  his  law  studies.  He 
was  examined  before  the  Supreme  Court, 
and  admitted  to  practice  October  19,  1879. 
The  next  year  he  opened  an  office  for  prac- 
tice. His  success  was  almost  immediate. 
In  1883  he  was  the  Democratic  candidate 
for  Attorney  General  of  the  state  of 
Minnesota.  In  1892  he  was  elected  one 
of  the  judges  of  the  Second  judicial 
district,  and  sensed  six  years.  In  1894 
he  was  a  candidate  for  associate  justice 
of  the  Supreme  court,  and  received  113,- 
000  votes.  In  189S  he  was  a  candidate  for 
representative  in  congress  and  reduced  the 
previous  majority  of  the  opposite  party  from 
10,000  to  only  4,000.  During  all  this  time 
of  activity  in  his  profession,  as  it  may  be 
called,  he  delivered  many  addresses  on  mis- 
cellaneous subjects,  as  well  as  political 
speeches  in  support  of  the  Democratic  party. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  St.  Paul  Board  of 
Education  from  1881  to  1884.  He  served 
as  member  of  the  State  Board  of  Charities 
and  Corrections  from  1888  to  1892,  and  from 
1899  to  the  present  time.  During  his  service 
on  the  bench  he  showed  independence,  re- 
search, and  thorough  knowledge  of  the  fun- 
damental principles  of  law.  Some  of  his 
decisions  produced  wide-spread  discussions, 
not  only  in  his  own  state,  but  abroad. 
Among  these  may  be  mentioned  his  decision 
upholding  the  constitutionality  of  the  "State 
Elevator"  law;  also  the  one  declaring  the 
"Ticket  Scalper"  law  unconstitutional  on 
the  ground  that  it  created  a  privileged  class. 


HISTORY  OP  THE  GREAT  NOUTHWEiST. 


As  a  lawyer,  he  has  made  a  distinguished 
record  in  criminal  law,  having  charge  of 
some  noted  cases,  while  in  general  practice 
he  has  his  full  share  of  important  litigation. 
In  18JS2  he  was  married  to  .Miss  Eleanor 
R.  Forsyth,  who  died  in  is;(4.  Hi-  was 
married  June  30,  18!)7,  to  Margaret  Wharton 
Fitzgerald.  In  religion  he  is  a  member  of 
the  Komau  Catholic  church.  By  virtue  of 
the  service  of  his  ancestors,  he  is  a  member 
of  the  Sons  of  the  iievolution,  and  the  Sons 
of  the  American  Kevolution.  He  is  also  a 
member  of  the  lienevolent  Protective  (Jrder 
of  Elks;  Ancient  Order  of  United  Workmen; 
Ancient  Order  of  Hibernians;  Knights  of 
Columbus,  and  of  tlie  Junior  Pioneers. 


BENTUN,  Arthur  Hotchkiss.— Among  the 
successful  men  still  engaged  in  the  active 
development  of  the  A'orthwest,  and  who  is 
proving  the  sincerity  of  his  professions  of 
confidence  in  the  stability  of  its  progress  by 
practical  deeds,  A.  H.  Benton,  of  Madelia, 
Minn.,  must  be  given  a  high  place.  This 
thriving  town  is  noted  as  the  place  where  the 
notorious  Northfield  robbers  were  captured, 
a  generation  ago.  Mr.  Benton  is  the  owner 
and  manaj-er  of  the  old  ^Vatonwan  County 
Bank,  the  senior  banking  institution  in  the 
county.  He  is  one  of  the  early  pioneers  of  the 
state,  engaging  in  business  in  1871.  Arthur 
H.  Benton  was  born  at  Guilford,  Conn.,  May 
2t),  1846.  His  father  was  Raphael  ^Vard  Ben- 
ton, a  native  of  North  Guilford,  Conn.  He 
was  a  thrifty  farmei'  in  comfortable  circum- 
stances, and  a  man  of  considerable  promi- 
nence in  his  native  town.  His  public  spirit 
and  patriotism  were  demonstrated  at  the  first 
call  for  troops  at  the  breaking  out  of  the 
Civil  War,  in  18G1.  He  gave  up  his  life  for 
his  country  at  the  battle  of  Antietam.  He 
was  a  descendant  of  Edward  Benton,  who 
came  from  the  vicinity  of  London,  England, 
in  1039,  and  settled  at  Guilford,  Conn.,— 
named  from  Guilford,  a  borough  town,  the 
capital  of  Surry,  England.  A  picture  of  the 
old  Benton  home  is  ])nblished  in  the  "Biogra- 
phy of  Dr.  Lyman  Beecher,"  who  was  adopt 
ed  and  bi'onght  uji  in  this  house  by  Lott  Ben- 
ton.    It  was  here  that  Raphael  Ward  Benton 


.vuriiri;  ii.  iikntdn. 

was  born,  March  IS,  l,s21.  The  mother  of 
A.  H.  Benton  was  Mary  A.  Hotchkiss,  the 
refined,  amiable  and  kind  daughter  of  Eber 
S.  Hotchkiss,  a  we.ilthy  shipbuilder»and  a 
man  of  influence.  He  was  a  descendant  of 
Samuel  Hotchkiss,  one  of  the  early  settlers 
of  New  England,  who  could  trace  his  lineage 
back  to  John  Roger,  the  English  mai-tyr. 
His  posterity  ha\e  been  true  to  the  godly 
heritage  he  bestowed,  maintaining  with  un- 
tarnished luster  the  good  name  be(|ueathed. 
Arthur  was  brought  up  as  the  sous  of  thrifty 
New  England  farmers  generally  were  trained 
— working  on  the  farm  summers  and  going 
to  school  winters.  His  common  school  edu- 
calion  was,  however,  supplemented  by  an 
academic  course  at  the  Guilford  Institute, 
and  still  further  by  a  thorough  coui-se  of 
business  education  at  the  noted  Eastern  Com- 
mercial College  at  I'oughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  from 
which  he  graduat(Ml  in  18G6.  He  was  de- 
prived of  a  mothers  care  in  early  childhood. 
.\i  the  loss  of  his  father,  in  the  war,  young 
i '.en ton,  then  sixte-n  years  old,  became  the 
ward  of  his  giandfather.  who  decided  on 
farming  as  tlie  boy's  future  occupation,  and 
determined  that  he  should  renjain  on  the 
lioniestead  fai-in.      I'lit  disliking  farming  un- 


HISTOUY  OF  TUE  GKEAT  NORTHWEST. 


(Jul  the  disad vantages  attending  it  in  New 
England  be  chose  a  business  career;  bence 
took  the  business  c-ourse.     After  bis  gradua- 
tion he  accepted  a  position  in  the  (Juilford 
postottice,  in  connection  with  a  general  store. 
The  next  year,  1807,  he  was  ottered  a  position 
in  one  of  the  largest  commercial  bouses  of 
liridgeport,  Conn.,  where  bis  energy  and  apt- 
itude for  business  soon  placed  him  high  on 
the  roll  of  salesmen.  In  1809  be  engaged  with 
one  of   tbe  largest  jobbing  and  importing 
houses  ot  New  York  City.     Full   of  energy, 
enterprise,  and  ambition,  he  determined  in 
1871   to   try  his  fortune  in   the  Northwest. 
Within  a  week  after  he  came  to  Minneapolis 
he  secured   employment  with  the  Pillsbury 
^lining  company — ofiice  work  and  traveling. 
He  soon  became  well  known  in  the  Nortb- 
west.     In  1872  be  entered  into  partnership 
with  C.  \V.  Foss,  under  the  style  of  Foss  & 
Beuton,  the  business  of  which  developed  to 
such  an  extent  that  another  partner  was  re- 
quired, when  the  firm  became  Foss,  Benton 
&  Co.     It  was  the  only  exclusively  queens- 
ware  establishment  in  Minneapolis,  and  for 
years  it  was  one  of  tbe  leading  firms  in  tbe 
Northwest  in  this  line  of  business,  and  al- 
ways maintained  a  high  position  in  business 
circles.      In   1879   Mr.   Benton   I'etired   and 
went  to  Chicago,  where  be  was  vei*y  success- 
ful in  business  speculation.     He  returned  to 
-Minnesota  tbe  next  year,   and,   in   looking 
over  tbe  state,  with  which  he  was  very  fa- 
miliar, be  decided  to  settle  at  Madelia,  his 
present  home.     Having  capital  be  engaged 
in  mercantile  business,  lands  and  loans,  and 
a  variety  of  enterprises.     Finally,  in  1866, 
he  purchased  the  old  established  Watonwan 
County  Bank,  with  which  he  has  ever  since 
been  identified.     His  business  sagacity  and 
sound  judgment  of  land  values  and  oppor- 
tunities   have    been  abundantly    confirmed. 
The  county  has  developed  into  one  of  the 
garden  spots  of  the  Northwest  and  Madelia 
is  the  junction  of  the  Watonwan  Valley  Rail- 
road.   His  business  ventures  and  investments 
have  realized  all  his  anticipations.    When  he 
stai'ted  in  the  banking  business  he  was  asso- 
ciated with  an  attorney,  and  for  two  years 
apjilied  himself  to  !he  study  of  law.     He  is 
]inhlic  spii-ited  and  lakes  ]iride  in  the  welfare 


of  the  city  of  which  he  is  mayor.  His  fine 
residence  is  one  Of  the  social  centers  of  the 
town,  while  his  coiirtesy,  conservative  pru- 
dence in  business,  maintaining  the  position  of 
tbe  bank  in  all  crises,  when  many  others 
failed,  and  bis  unquestioned  integrity,  have 
made  Mr.  Benton  strong  in  tbe  confidence  of 
the  people.  He  was  married  in  1872  to  an 
estimable  woman,  Isabel  A.  Craik,  the  daugh- 
ter of  Andrew  Craik,  of  Minneapolis,  an  in- 
teresting biography  of  whom  is  published  in 
tbe  "History  of  Hennepin  ('ounty,  Minne- 
sota.'" They  have  two  sons,  both  graduates 
of  the  University  of  .Minnesota,  and  admitted 
to  the  practice  of  law,  though  now  connected 
with  the  banking  business  of  Minneapolis. 
Ill  politics  Mr.  Benton  has  always  been  a 
strong  Kepublican,  but  has  many  times  re- 
fused political  preferment.  His  church  afBli- 
ations  in  Minneapolis  were  with  the  Ply- 
mouth Congregational  church.  Since  then, 
for  twenty  years,  he  has  been  a  liberal  sup- 
porter, member  and  trustee  of  the  First  Pres- 
bvterian  church  of  ^ladelia. 


PFAENDER,  William,  was  one  of  the 
first  settlers  in  Minnesota.  He  came  to  the 
North  Star  state  in  the  spring  of  1855,  and 
was  one  of  a  committee  appointed  by  a  Cin- 
cinnati colonization  society  to  choose  a  site 
for  the  headquarters  of  the  German  Land 
Association,  which  consisted  mostly  of  mem- 
bers of  the  Nor-th  American  Turnerbund. 
The  present  site  of  New  Ulm  was  selected 
and  the  colony  settled  there  in  September, 
1856.  Mr.  Pfaender  has  made  New  Ulm  his 
home  ever  since.  He  is  a  native  of  the  city 
of  Heilbronn,  in  Germany,  where  he  was 
born  July  6,  1826.  His  father  was  Jacob 
Pfaender,  a  cooper  by  trade.  He  served  in 
the  Light  Artillery  from  1806  to  1812,  dur- 
ing the  Napoleonic  Wars.  The  maiden  name 
of  the  mother  of  our  subject  was  Johanna 
Kuentzel.  William  attended  the  common 
schools  of  his  native  town  until  bis  four- 
teenth year,  when  he  was  apprenticed  to, a 
mercantile  house,  where  he  spent  four  years 
and  served  as  a  salaried  clerk  in  the  city  of 
Ulm.     Having    been    suspected    of    revolu- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  OUEAT  NOKTHWEiST. 


tioncTrr  connections,  he  was  compelled  to 
leave  for  America  in  1848,  sacrificing;  his 
savings  to  secure  release  from  military  scrx 
ice.  He  located  at  Cincinnati.  Ohio,  and 
secured  employment  in  a  fartory  at  a  salary 
of  |2  a  week  and  hoard.  Afterwards  he 
served  as  a  hotel  waiter,  and  in  184fl  was 
employed  as  booklceeper  for  the  (Jerman  Kc 
publican,  where  he  remained,  with  few  in 
terruptions,  until  he  removed  to  Minnesota. 
Jlr.  Pfaender  was  made  the  manager  of  tin- 
(Jerman  Land  Assoriation  at  New  T'lm.  ami 
afterwai'ds  was  president  of  the  same  foi 
several  years.  He  also  served  as  ])ostmast(M- 
and  as  register  of  deeds  until  Septemhi'i'. 
1S61,  when  he  enlisted  as  a  private  in  the 
First  Minnesota  Battery.  He  was  electi-il 
first  lieutenant  at  its  organization,  and,  due 
ing  the  battle  of  Shiloh.  the  cai)tain  having 
been  seriously  wounded,  assumed  command. 
He  was  also  in  command  at  the  siege  of 
Corinth.  Receiving  news  of  the  destruction 
of  New  T^lm  by  the  Siou.x  Indians  on  August 
20.  1802,  he  obtained  an  order  from  General 
Grant  to  proceed  to  St.  Paul  on  the  recruit- 
ing service.  On  arrival  he  was  placed  on 
detached  .service  at  St.  Peter  and  Fort 
Ridgely,  and  served  as  quartermaster 
and  commissary  until  tlie  First  Regi- 
ment, Minnesota  Mounted  Rangers,  was 
organized,  when  he  was  commissioned 
lieutenant  colonel  of  the  regiment,  and 
during  the  summer  of  1803  remained  in 
command  of  the  cavalry  serving  on  the  fron- 
tier. When  the  rangers  were  disbanded,  he 
went  into  the  Second  Regiment  Minnesota 
Cavalry,  with  the  same  rank,  assuming  com- 
mand of  the  second  sub-district  of  Minne- 
sota, occui)ying  all  the  frontier  posts  from 
Alexandria  to  the  Iowa  state  line,  with  head- 
quarters at  Fort  Ridgely,  and  was  mustered 
out  with  the  regiment  on  December  7,  1805. 
Colonel  Pfaender  returned  to  New  Ulm,  and 
in  1870  established  a  lumber  yard;  also,  in 
company  with  other  parties,  built  a  planing 
mill  and  sash  factory.  He  sold  out  his  in- 
terests in  this  business  in  187o.  In  1880  he 
engaged  in  the  real  estate  and  insurance  busi- 
ness, in  which  he  is  still  interested,  at  the 
same  time  running  his  farm.     Mr.  Pfaender 


WIIvLI,\iM  PKAEMlEK. 

is  a  H('|)ublican.  lie  was  a  nicmhcr  of  llie 
legislature  of  ISf)'.)  and  ISOO;  register  of 
deeds  of  lirown  county,  also  one  of  Minne- 
sota's presidential  electors  in  1800;  member 
of  the  state  senate  in  1870,  1871  affd  1872, 
and,  in  1875,  was  elected  state  treasurer, 
ser\ing  two  terms.  He  was  twice  ma.vor  of 
New  Ulm  and  served  several  times  as  member 
of  the  city  council.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Board  of  Trade  and  the  Commercial  Union 
of  lliat  ci(y.  He  is  also  jiresident  of  the 
North  American  Turnerbund  for  the  district 
of  Minnesota.  December  7,  1851,  he  was 
married  to  Catherine  Pfau,  at  Cincinnati, 
Ohio.  Fifteen  children  wei'e  born,  of  whom 
ten  are  living:  William,  Jr.,  Kate  (Mrs.  Al- 
brecht.  St.  Paul);  Loui.se.  wife  of  Dr.  G. 
Stamni:  Jose]ihine,  Frederick,  Amelia,  wife 
of  Dr.  Fritsche;  Emma,  wife  of  Charles  Han 
ser,  St.  Paul;  Alinnic.  Herman  and  .Mbert. 


HESTON,  John  William,  president  of  the 
South  Dakota  Agricultural  College,  is  a  na 
five  of  Pennsylvania.  His  ancestors  were 
early  settlers  of  that  state,  the  little  village 
of  Hestonvill,  a  suburb  of  Philadelphia,  hav- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


.mux   \V.   HKSTON. 

ing-  received  its  name  from  this  family,  and 
it  was  here  that  Elisha  B.  Heston,  the  father 
of  our  subject,  was  born.  Later  he  engaged 
in  business  as  a  coach  manufacturer  at  Belle- 
fonte.  Centre  county.  He  died  in  1890,  at 
Plainville,  Kan.,  as  a  result  of  injuries  re- 
ceived in  a  runaway.  He  was  a  man  who 
took  a  deep  interest  in  educational  matters 
and  served  on  the  school  board  of  Bellefonte 
for  many  years.  His  wife,  Catherine,  was  a 
daughter  of  Daniel  Eckel,  a  resident  of  Cen- 
tre county.  Pa.  8he  died  the  same  year  as 
her  husband,  at  the  age  of  67.  John  W.  was 
born  February  1,  1854,  near  Bellefonte.  His 
educational  advantages  were  limited  to  the 
attendance  of  the  public  schools  in  the  vicin- 
ity of  his  home  up  to  his  twentieth  year, 
when  he  entered  the  State  College  near  his 
native  town.  Having  no  means  of  his  own 
to  defray  the  expenses  of  a  college  education, 
he  taught  in  the  preparatory  department, 
keej)ing  up  his  studies  the  best  he  could  in 
the  meantime.  He  was  a  diligent  student, 
however,  and  was  able  to  complete  the  class- 


ical coui-ise  in  1879,  graduating  with  the  de- 
gree of  A.  B.  Immediately  afterwards  he 
was  appointed  principal  of  the  preparatory 
dejiartment.  He  remained  with  this  institu- 
tion for  twelve  years,  having  been  advanced 
to  the  position  of  assistant  professor  of  agri- 
culture, and,  later,  professor  of  the  science 
and  art  of  teaching.  In  1800,  he  resigned  on 
account  of  his  health  and  came  west,  locat- 
ing at  Seattle,  Wash.  He  recovered  his 
stiength  in  a  few  months  and  was  given 
charge  of  the  work  of  organizing  a  high 
school  in  that  city,  later  becoming  its  prin- 
cil)al.  He  introduced  manual  training  and 
many  other  valuable  features  into  the  school 
work,  making  the  high  school  a  model  insti 
tution  of  its  kind.  He  remained  at  its  head 
for  two  years  and  a  half,  when  he  was  called 
to  the  presidency  of  the  State  Agricultural 
College  at  Pullman  and  for  two  years  was 
engaged  in  organizing  the  work  of  that  in- 
stitution. Having  acquired  some  mining  in- 
terests near  Seattle  he  spent  the  following 
two  years  looking  after  that  property.  In 
181>C,  he  received  the  otter  of  director  of  the 
rtah  State  Agricultural  College,  but  was 
[lersuaded  to  decline  it  and  go  to  Brookings, 
S.  D.,  where  he  was  honored  with  the  elec- 
•tion  of  president  of  the  South  Dakota  Agri- 
cultural College  located  at  that  place.  He 
took  charge  in  May  of  that  year,  and  under 
his  cai)able  and  elflcient  management  that 
college  has  assumed  high  rank  among  similar 
institutions.  He  has  raised  the  standard  of 
admission  and  considerably  revised  the 
course  of  study,  making  the  work  much 
more  practical  than  formerly.  In  recogni 
tion  of  his  work  as  an  educator,  Mr.  Heston 
was  honored  with  the  degree  of  LL.D.  by  the 
Seattle  University  in  1894.  Mr.  Heston  is  a 
member  of  the  Knights  of  Pythias  and  of  the 
Phi  Gamma  Deltas,  a  Greek  letter  fraternity. 
He  takes  an  active  part  in  religious  work  and 
is  a  member  of  the  Baptist  church.  He  was 
married  in  1881  to  Miss  Mary  Ellen  Calder. 
daughter  of  Dr.  James  Calder.  of  Harrisburg. 
Pa.,  who  was  for  ten  years  president  of  the 
Agricultural  College  of  Pennsylvania.  Two 
sons  have  been  born:  Charles  Elisha  and 
Edward  Calder. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


JIOTT,  Kodney  A.,  was  born  in  ^Varsaw, 
(icune.ssee  mow  ^^'yl)nliul^•)  foiiutv,  X.  Y.,  Dc- 
t-embei-  (!,  1825,  of  i)aterual  Scotch  and  ma- 
ternal Dutch  ancestry.  His  father,  Daniel 
Mott.  died  before  his  recollection,  leavinji;  his 
mother  and  infant  sister,  now  Mrs.  J.  1*. 
(''ani]>bell.  of  Sleeker  county,  ^linn.,  without 
a  home  or  means  of  support.  So  the  yoinii; 
lad  was  put  out  from  place  to  j)lace  until 
about  eleven  years  of  age,  after  which  he 
maintained  and  educated  liiniself  fnmi  tlic 
income  of  his  own  labor.  He  says  he  never 
became  really  ac(iuainted  with  his  mother  oi- 
realized  her  nobility  until  during  the  last 
eighteen  years  of  her  life,  which  she  s])ent 
with  him  at  his  Ixuae  in  Failbault.  In  May. 
1S3.5,  the  widow  ]Molt,  with,  that  sturdy  en- 
terprise which  characterized  the  self-reliant 
mother  pioneers  of  the  century,  took  passage 
with  her  two  children  on  the  schooner  Aus- 
terlitz  and  sailed  around  the  lakes  to  Chi- 
cago, then  a  little  village  of  less  than  eight 
hundred  white  inhabitants.  The  vessel. 
drawing  over  seven  feet,  was  unable  to  enter 
the  Chicago  river,  and  the  passengers  were 
landed  by  lighters,  which  were  rowed  across 
the  present  site  of  the  Illinois  Central  dejiot 
to  the  sand  bank,  and  marched  into  old  Foit 
Dearborn.  May  l!l,  1S35.  At  this  time  :Miclii- 
gan  was  under  a  territorial  government,  Wis- 
consin not  yet  nanu^d.  The  ])oi)ulation  of 
Illinois  consisted  of  settlers  on  the  Missis- 
sippi, Illinois  and  Ohio  rivers,  and  the  north 
ern  jiortion  was  largely  a  wilderness,  but 
rapidly  settled  after  the  great  land  sale  of 
June,  1S35.  Westward  over  a  great  continent 
of  mountain  and  {)lain  not  a  state  or  terri 
torial  organization  existed  this  side  of  the 
Pacific  shore.  The  young  Rodney  S])ent  his 
summers  working  on  fanns,  his  autumns  in 
himting  bees,  deer,  raccoons  in  the  big  woods 
southwest  of  Chicago,  and  .spearing  musk- 
rats  and  trapping  for  otter  and  mink 
in  the  Calumet  swamps,  on  and  around  the 
site  of  the  Columbian  Exposition,  and  at- 
tending the  public  schools  during  the  winters 
until  his  eighteenth  year,  when  he  started 
south  to  keep  sc-hnol.  walking  all  the  way 
down  eastern  Illinois  until  he  reached  Terre 
PTaute,  Ind.,  a  distance  of  two  hundred  miles, 
and  taught  his  first  school  at  Clinton,  on  the 


Illll'Xin    A     MOTT. 

Waliasli.  In  tlu-  sju-ing.  returning  to  Chi- 
cago on  foot,  lie  entered  I'.aker's  A<adeiuy, 
and  spent  the  next  year  in  i)reparation  for 
college.  In  1S4(),  with  his  pack  on  l|(s  back 
and  ten  dollars  in  his  jiocket.  he  started  out 
for  (Jalesburg.  111.,  the  seat  of  the  newly 
established  Knox  <'o]lcge.  He  worked  his 
way  for  two  years,  building  picket  fences, 
lathing  houses,  etc..  and  left  with  a  little 
iiioic  money  than  he  started  with.  In  184S 
he  entered  the  law  office  of  .lames  II.  Collins, 
of  Clricago,  and  sjienf  two  years  reading  law 
and  teaching  school.  March  11,  1S.")0.  he 
joined  file  Chicago  Company  and  crossed  on 
the  overland  route  to  California.  They  took 
the  North  Platte  rfuite,  the  Sweet  Water. 
South  Pass,  Sublette  cut  off,  over  the  ^^■ind 
River  mountains,  Beai-  river.  Fort  Ilall. 
Headspeths  cut  off,  N(n-fh  Humltoldt.  Caison 
river  routes,  and  were  the  fii-st  tiain  o\'ei'  the 
Sierra  Nevada  by  Lake  Tahoe  (MitdtV,  arriv- 
ing at  Oeorgetown,  Eldorado  county.  July 
10,  after  a  four  months"  ti-iji,  and  two  months 
Itefore  California,  which  never  had  a.  terri- 
torial organization,  was  admitted  as  a  state. 
In  June.  1S."2.  :Mi'.  :Motl  returned  to  Chicago 
by  the  Panani.i  route.  aii<l  his  first  sight  of 
and  I'ide  on  a   railroad   was  on  the  Panama 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHAVEST. 


road,  tlieii  Iniilt  west  twelve  miles  from 
Cbajfues.  lu  Auyiist,  l^oli,  he  married  Marv 
Kipley,  the  daughter  of  the  Rev.  David  Kip 
ley  and  Bt  tsey  I'aysou,  who  belonged  to  two 
notable  families  of  New  England,  still  dis 
tinguished  among  cultured  Americans.  Mrs. 
Mott  still  presides  over  the  happy  home  at 
Faribault,  in  which  were  born  their  five 
daughters  and  seven  grandchildren.  Only 
the  eldest  married,  the  late  Mrs.  William 
AA'est,  whose  husband  holds  the  chair  of  his- 
tory in  our  state  university.  Only  two  of 
these  daughters  survive.  ]Miss  Alice  J.,  and 
Miss  Louise.  In  the  spnng  of  1856  Mr.  Mott 
and  wife,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Campbell,  his  sister, 
came  with  teams  from  Chicago  directly  to 
Faribault,  arriving  in  May,  and  where  the 
Motts  have  ever  since  lived.  Mi-.  Mott 
opened  the  first  public  school  in  Faribault, 
but  soon  I'Ctired.  to  take  charge  of  the  Fari- 
bault Hei'ald.  of  which  he  was  the  editor  un- 
til the  summer  of  185fl,  when  he  sold  out  the 
paper  and  plant,  which  is  still  running, 
staunch  and  vigorous,  as  the  Faribault  Re- 
publican, under  the  management  and  owner- 
ship of  A.  W.  McKinstry.  During  the  last 
forty  years  and  over  Mr.  Mott  has  practiced 
law  in  Faribault  and  held  minor  offices  in  his 
county  as  follows:  Justice  of  the  peace  sev- 
eral years,  county  attorney  two  terms,  mem- 
ber and  clerk  of  the  school  board,  county 
school  superintendent  for  about  six  years,  a 
member  of  the  legislature  during  two  ses- 
sions, being  chairman  of  the  committee  on 
education,  and  of  the  conmiittee  on  the  insti- 
tute for  defectives,  and  member  of  the  ju 
diciary  committee.  In  1888  he  was  elected 
judge  of  probate  of  Rice  county,  and  held  the 
office  continuously  ten  years;  mayor  of  Fari- 
bault in  1899-1000;  has  been  president  of  the 
State  S.  R.  Association  and  the  State  Asso- 
ciation of  Charities  and  Corrections,  and  the 
National  Convention  of  Instructors  and  Prin- 
cipals of  Institutions  for  the  Deaf.  In  186.S 
Mr.  Mott  was  appointed  one  of  the  three 
commissioners  to  stai-t  a  school  for  the  deaf, 
which  was  opened  in  September,  186.3.  and 
has  grown  into  the  Institute  for  Defectives 
at  Faribault,  embracing  the  schools  for  the 
deaf,  the  blind,  and  the  feebleminded,  and 
the  departments  for  idiots  and  the  epileptics. 


ilr.  Mott's  eighth  term  will  expire  in  1903, 
making  forty  years  from  his  first  appoint- 
ment. During  the  most  of  the  time  he  Las 
been  and  still  is  secretarj-  of  the  board  of 
directors.  He  is  vigorous  and  active,  and 
may  be  found  regularly  at  his  desk  in  his  old 
law  office  on  Main  street. 


COWAN,  John  F.— John  F.  Cowan,  judge 
of  the  Second  judicial  district  of  North  Da- 
kota, came  to  Dakota  Territory — now  North 
Dakota — from  Port  Huron,  Mich.,  in  1881. 
He  first  settled  on  Stump  Lake,  then  in 
Ramsey  county,  but  now  in  Nelson  county. 
The  following  year  he  changed  his  residence 
to  Grand  Harbor,  and.  in  1885.  finally  set 
tied  at  Devils  Lake,  his  present  residence. 
He  was  born  at  Moffat.  Dumfriesshire,  Scot- 
land, December  29,  1858.  Nearly  all  his 
progenitors  were  farmers  of  the  old  Cove- 
nanter stock.  His  father  was  Alexander 
Cowan,  a  farmer,  born  in  Wigtonshire,  Scot- 
land. His  mother  was  Nicolas  Montgomery, 
bom  in  Dumfriesshire,  Scotland,  of  the  same 
Covenanter  blood.  Judge  Cowan  came  as  a 
boy  to  Huron  county,  Ontario,  Can.,  and  re- 
ceived his  early  education  in  the  schools  of 
that  country — the  Goderich  Central,  the 
Manchestor  Common,  and  the  school  on  sec- 
tion No.  9.  East  Wawanosh.  This  training 
was  supplemented  by  a  course  at  the  Gode- 
rich High  School,  and  at  the  Ottawa  Normal 
School,  Ottawa,  Ont.  He  then  came  to  the 
United  States  and  secured  employment  at 
Port  Huron,  Mich.,  with  the  Chicago  and 
Grand  Trunk  Railway  Company.  While 
working  for  this  company,  in  1880,  he  began 
the  study  of  law,  for  which  he  had  a  taste, 
but  with  no  intention  of  making  law  a  pro- 
fession. He  came  to  Dakota,  as  before  men- 
tioned, in  1881.  and  during  several  winters, 
while  "holding  down  a  claim."  he  continued 
his  law  studies  with  the  friendly  assistance 
of  the  law  finn  of  McGee  &  Morgan,  now 
Judge  John  F.  McGee,  of  Minneapolis, 
5Iinn..  and  Judge  D.  E.  Morgan,  of  the 
supreme  court  of  North  Dakota.  In  August. 
1885.  ill'.  Cowan  passed  an  examination  be- 
fore Judge  William  B.  McConnell,  at  Devils 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


Lake,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  A  short 
time  aftei-wards  he  beyau  to  pi-actice,  and 
continued  it  until  he  was  elected  judge.  He 
had  previously,  in  18Si,  been  elected  justice 
of  the  peace  for  Kamsej  county.  In  1886 
he  was  elected  county  superintendent  of 
schools  of  Ramsey  county.  He  was  re-elect- 
ed in  1888.  At  the  request  of  the  board  of 
county  commissioners,  he  was  appointed  in 
1889,  by  Judge  D.  E.  Morgan,  states  attorney 
for  Rolette  county.  In  1890  he  was  elected 
to  the  same  office  in  Ramsey  county,  X.  D., 
and  was  re-elected  in  1892.  Such  was  his 
success  in  all  these  positions  that,  in  1894, 
he  was  elected  attorney  general  of  North  Da- 
kota. He  was  re-elected  in  1890,  and  again 
in  1898.  During  service  as  states  attorue\ 
and  as  attorney  general  he  conducted  man\ 
important  cases  on  behalf  of  the  state,  and 
was  very  successful.  Among  these  may  be 
mentioned  the  homocide  cases:  State  vs. 
Baldwin;  State  vs.  Spencer;  State  vs.  Scott; 
State  vs.  Belyea.  The  attorney  for  the  de 
fence  was  the  Hon.  John  M.  Cochrane  ol 
Grand  Forks,  and  every  case  was  ver-y  close- 
ly contested,  yet  Mr.  Cowan  secured  a  verdict 
in  all  the  cases,  although  the  supreme  court, 
on  appeal,  reversed  the  verdict  in  the  last 
case.  Dui-ing  1897  and  1898,  Mr.  Cowan, 
as  attorney  general,  conducted  the  litigation 
in  the  celebrated  "North  Dakota  Railroad 
Rates  Cases,''  against  the  Great  Northern 
Railway  Company,  the  Northern  Pacific 
Railway  Company,  and  the  Chicago,  Mil- 
waukee &  St.  Paul  Railway  Company,  en 
tailing  a  vast  amount  of  work.  Mr.  Cowau 
was  opposed  by  a  most  fonnidable  array  of 
eminent  counsel,  comprising  all  the  general 
solicitors  of  the  roads  involved,  assisted  by 
Ball,  Watson,  &  Maclay,  of  Fargo,  and  a  host 
of  trained  experts  upon  every  feature  of  the 
cases  under  investigation.  Although  Mr. 
Cowan  did  not  succeed  in  getting  a  technical 
judgement  against  the  companies,  yet  his 
able  and  honest  fight  on  behalf  of  the  peo- 
ple of  his  state,  secured  almost  equivalent 
results  in  the  reduction  of  freight  rates  on 
the  commodities  of  most  interest.  These 
cases,  together  with  the  firm  stand,  as  a 
member  of  the  state  board  of  equalization, 
for  a  higher  assessment  of  railroad  property. 


in  order  to  place  it  (jii  the  same  basis  for  tax 
ation  as  the  property  of  private  citizens  of 
the  state,  have  made  him  particularly  strong 
with  the  people.  L!y  reason  of  this  i)q|»ular- 
ity  and  of  his  thorough  knowledge  of  the 
political  situation,  he  was  one  of  the  lead- 
ing factors  in  the  Republican  .state  conven- 
tion at  Grand  Forks,  in  1900.  The  same 
year  he  was  elected  judge  of  the  Second 
judicial  district  of  the  state,  succeeding  in 
that  position  his  old  time  friend,  Hon.  D. 
E.  Morgan,  who  at  the  same  election  was 
promoted  to  the  bench  of  the  supreme  court. 
Judge  Cowan  is  a  member  of  the  York  and 
of  the  Scottish  Rites  of  Masonry,  being  a 
Templar  and  Shriner.  He  is  also  an  Elk,  a 
Knight  of  Pythias  and  a  member  of  the  A.  O. 
U.  W.  December  29,  1885,  he  was  married 
to  Mary  Flynn,  of  Henderson.  Minn.  They 
have  four  children:  Lyle  A.,  Frances  W., 
John  A.,  and  Kathleen  N.  Cowan. 


BRYANT,  Benjamin  French.— The  break- 
ing out  of  the  Civil  War  interrujited  the 
studies  and  modified  the  lives  of  most  of  the 
young  men  who  took  part  in  that  terrible 
struggle.     At  the  close  of    the    war    some 


HISTORY  OF  THE  OREAT  XORTH\A'EST. 


DKNJAMIX    F.    BRYANT. 


drifted  about  as  waifs  aud  made  but  little 
attempt  to  pursue  a  career  to  a  definite  end. 
Those  wlio  had  the  stability  to  resume  the 
preparations  so  suddenly  broken  otf,  have, 
as  a  rule,  proved  to  be  the  successful  and 
prominent  men  of  their  generation.  Benja- 
min F.  Bryant,  of  La  Crosse,  Wis.,  is  typical 
of  this  class.  He  was  born  in  Rockland,  Me., 
September  3,  1837.  In  early  life  he  was 
favored  by  the  influence  of  cultivated  and 
refined  parents.  His  father,  Benjamin 
Bryant,  was  a  physician,  and  belonged  to  the 
original  Bryant  family  which  settled  in  Mass- 
achusetts early  in  the  seventeenth  century. 
They  were  of  Scotch-English  extraction. 
The  mother  also  was  from  a  family  of  schol- 
arly antecedents.  Her  maiden  name  was 
Lucy  F.  French.  The  progenitor  of  her  race 
in  the  United  States  was  Edward  French, 
who  came  from  England  and  settled  in  Mass- 
achuseti:s  in  183G.  Ezra  B.  French,  the 
distinguished  member  of  congress  from 
Maine,  and  second  auditor  of  the  United 
States  treasury  from  1861  to  1879 — the  most 
eventful  period  in  the  historj'  of  the  nation, 
was  a  scion  of  the  stock,  being  a  cousin  of 
Mrs.  Bryant.  Her  father  and  her  husband's 
father  both  moved  to  Maine  when  it  was  a 
wilderness    and     established     comfoi-table 


homes,  where  they  spent  the  remainder  of 
their  lives.  Benjamin  F.  obtained  his  ear- 
ly education  in  the  common  school.  When 
seventeen  years  of  age  he  was  sent  to  the 
same  school  his  parents  had  attended — the 
Maine  Wesleyan  Seminary,  at  Kent's  Hill, 
Readfield,  Me.  He  pursued  his  studies 
here  for  four  j-ears,  attending  six  months 
each  year,  when  he  was  prepared  to  enter 
college  and  to  teach  school.  He  had,  how- 
ever, instead  of  taking  up  his  father's  pro- 
fession, chosen  that  of  law.  He  entered 
Bowdoin  College,  Brunswick,  Me.,  in  1859, 
and  at  the  same  time  began  the  study  of 
law.  The  issues  of  the  coming  political 
storm  were  disconcerting.  He  left  college  in 
the  second  year  and  went  to  Ohio,  where  his 
parents  had  gone  to  live.  His  patriotism 
and  public  spirit  carried  him  away  from  his 
studies,  so  that,  in  1862,  he  enlisted,  and  was 
mustered  into  the  United  States  service  as 
fifth  sergeant  of  Company  A,  101st  Ohio  In- 
fantry. The  regiment  was  ordered  south  in 
September,  1862,  to  join  General  Buel's  ar- 
my. By  a  forced  march  it  reached  Perry- 
ville  in  time  to  participate  in  the  shai'p  bat- 
tle at  that  point  where  young  Bryant  re- 
ceived his  "baptism  of  fire.'"  Then  followed 
•  the  bloody  encounters  at  Stone  River,  Liber- 
ty Gap,  Chickamauga,  and  many  others  less 
noted,  but  sharp  battles,  in  all  of  which  he 
participated.  After  the  battle  of  Stone 
River,  in  1863,  he  was  promoted  to  first  lieu- 
tenant, remaining  in  this  grade  from  Janu- 
ary, 1863,  till  March,  1864,  when  he  was  pro- 
moted to  captain.  He  commanded  the  com- 
pany, which  could  muster  only  fifteen  enlist 
ed  men,  at  the  battle  of  Chickamauga.  He 
was  the  only  officer  in  the  company.  Of  the 
fifteen  men  that  he  lead  into  the  battle, 
four  were  killed  and  eight  wounded.  He 
had  also  two  brothers  in  the  war,  John  E. 
Bryant,  captain  and  Brevet  Lieut.  Col.  in  the 
Eighth  Maine  Infantry,  and  Thomas  C.  Bry- 
ant, Sergt.  in  the  Third  Ohio  Cavalry.  On 
the  20th  of  June,  1S05,  Mr.  Bryant  was  mus- 
tered out.  He  then  resumed  his  law  studies 
at  Norwalk.  Ohio,  where,  the  next  year,  lie 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  and  began  his 
practice.  After  two  years,  in  1868,  he  moved 
to    La    Crosse,    Wis.,     reaching    there    in 


HISTORY  OF  TIIK  (JURAT  XOItTIIWIvS  T. 


May  of  that  year.  Since  tliat  time  he  has 
made  that  city  his  home.  He  has  identified 
himself  with  all  its  interests.  He  soon  es- 
tablished a  lucrative  practice,  and  took  an 
active  pai-t,  as  an  ardent  Rej>iiblican,  in  po- 
litical affairs.  Beiiiji-  a  man  of  scholarly 
habits  and  literary  fasti',  a  superior  i)nblic 
speaker,  whether  before  a  jury  oi'  a  mis- 
cellaneous audience,  and  of  j;reat  versatility, 
he  has  been  always  in  demand  for  sjieeclies. 
addresses  and  pajiei-s  on  multifarious  sub- 
jects. While  averse  to  lioldinji  i)oliti<al  of- 
fices, he  has  served  in  those  akin  to  his 
jtrofession  for  considerable  time.  He  was 
county  judge  of  La  ("rosse  county  from  ISTd 
to  1S74,  four  years.  He  served  three  terms, 
six  years,  as  District  Attorney.  He  was 
United  States  Pension  Agent  for  two  yeai-s, 
and  postmaster  of  La  Crosse  from  1882  to 
1885.  He  was  a  member  of  the  staff  of  Gov- 
ernor C.  C.  ^^'ashburn,  with  the  rank  of 
Colonel,  and  served  in  the  same  capacity 
and  rank  with  Governor  \\'m.  E.  Smith. 
July  12,  1804  he  was  married  to  Miss  Au- 
gusta A.  Stevens,  of  North  Fayette,  Me. 
She  died  in  18!)().  In  religion  Colonel  Bryant 
is  an  Episcopalian,  and  for  many  years  a 
member  of  the  vestry  of  Christ  Church,  La 
Crosse.  He  is  a  charter  member  of  Wilson 
Colwell  Post,  No.  38,  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic,  and  past  post-commander.  He  has 
been  senior  vice-commander  and  department 
commander  of  the  department  of  Wisconsin 
G.  A.  R.,  and  became  a  member  of  the  Loyal 
Legion  in  1890,  at  the  Milwaukee  Com- 
mandery.  In  18f)lt  he  was  married  to  Mrs. 
Adaline  M.  Pierce. 


PURVIS,  George. — A  wide-spread  imjires 
sion  prevails  that  the  rapid  and  abuost  mar 
velous  development  of  the  Northwest  is  due 
to  a  .spontaneous  uprising  of  a  tide  of  im- 
migration attracted  to  the  region  by  its  great 
natural  advantages.  Tlie  princijial  influence, 
however,  should  be  credited  to  a  class  of  far- 
sighted,  enterprising  and  energetic  exi)erfs, 
known  as  land  agents — men  trained  to  th(> 
business  of  ])roinoting  eTuigration  and  lo  tlie 


K(il{(JK    I'UUVIS. 


numaging  of  vast  tracts  of  land  for  settle 
meut.  They  have  been  the  public  benefac- 
tors of  the  Northwest,  and  their  lab<j|if*,  in 
\ie\v  of  the  benefits  confei-red,  deserve  the 
highest  appreciation. 

George  Purvis,  general  land  agent  of  the 
(ireat  Northei-n  Railway,  with  his  main  of- 
fice at  Crookston,  ilinn.,  by  reason  of  his 
success  and  extended  operations,  stands  in 
the  foremost  rank  of  these  benefactors.  He 
was  born  in  Jedburg,  Scotland,  iu  1818.  He 
secured  his  literary  education  at  the  Ro^'al 
Granunar  School,  Hexham,  England,  and  at 
the  private  academy  of  Professor  Porteous, 
East  Linton,  Haddingtonshire,  Scotland.  On 
leaving  school  he  entered  the  law  and  land 
office  of  a  firm  at  Haxham  and  Loudon,  which 
had  wide  connections  at  home  and  in  the 
colonies,  where  he  rose  to  be  managing  clerk 
of  the  concern.  Being,  however,  of  an  ad- 
venturous disi)ositiou  he  enlisted  in  the  Sec- 
ond Northumberland  English  RegimenI,  in 
which  he  became  distinguished  fur  rille 
shooting,  securing  a  first-class  cerlilical<'  tor 
gunnery  under  the  "Hythe"  regulations.  ll<' 
was  subse(|uenfly  transferred  to  the  Foui'th 
( "iniibcrlaii.i  Ixcgiiiient,  serving  on  the  staff  of 


HISTOUY  OK  TIIK  IJKKAT  NOItTllWEST. 


tile  loiiiiiiandci',  Colonel  Wade.     At  twenty- 
three  years  of  ajje,  wlien  lie  returned  to  civil 
life,  he  was  ajipointed  manager  of  the  great 
Usborne  Estate  in  Canada,  comprising  four 
hundred  and  eighty  s(jiiare  miles  of  timber 
r.ud  farming  lands,  and  having  among  the 
appurtenances  large  lumber  and  tlonr  mills. 
Immediately  on  his  arrival   in  Canada,   the 
Governor  General,    Ivord    Lisgar,    appointed 
him  captain  commandant  of  the  district  of 
Ottawa,  so  that  ^Mr.  I'urvis  was  again  in  mil- 
itary service,  although    burdened   with   the 
heavy  responsibility  of  a  vast  estate.     That 
it  prospered  under  his  administration,  and 
that  he  discharged  his  duties  a»  manager  in 
a  manner  satisfactory  to  both  settlers  and 
proprietors,  are  shown   by  the  honors   con- 
ferred upon  him  when  he  resigned  his  charge 
in  1880.     The  proprietors  made  him  a  hand- 
some gift  in  money,  and  the  merchants  and 
settlers  on  the  tracts  presented  him  with  a 
silver  dinner  and  tea  service.     He  then  came 
10  the  I'nitetl  States,  living  a  short  time  in 
Illinois,  and  finally  settled  in  the  HeA  river 
valley,  opening  one  of  the  best  farms  in  the 
state  of  Minnesota.     With  this  as  his  home, 
he  has  been  continually  engaged  in  promot- 
ing the  settlement  of  the  country,  most  of  the 
time  in  an  official  capacity,  as  general  land 
agent  of  the  Great  Northern   railway.     His 
work  in  this  iield  has  been  very  successful, 
both  in  extent  and  in  permanent  results.    Hi.s 
example  as  a  successful  farmer  on  a  large 
scale  has  likewise  had  a  wide  influence  in 
promoting  settlement  and  in  bringing  him 
into  prominence.     By  reason  of  his  experi- 
ence and  fitness  he  was  elected  by  the  Min- 
nesota World's  Fair  Commission  to  design 
the  plan  and  to  place  on  exhibition  the  prod- 
ucts of  the  state  at  the  great  World's  Fair  at 
Chicago  in  18!)8.     He  was  also  chairman  of 
the  Agricultural  committee  of  the  commis- 
sion, appointed  by  Governor  Clough  to  make 
the  exhibit  of  the  resources  of  the  state  at 
Omaha,  Neb.,  in  1898.     So  strongly  has  he 
imjiressed  the  Northwest  with   the  force  of 
his  individuality  that  no  history  of  the  Great 
Northwest  and  its  jirogTess  during  the  last 
twenty  years,  would  be  complete  without  his 
name. 


ROWE,  Alexander  .Moiitravillc.  siiiierin- 
tendent  of  schools  at  Little  Falls,  Minn.,  is  a 
native  of  Ohio,  and  was  born  at  Jliddlelniry. 
now  a  part  of  the  city  of  Akron,  December 
24,  1812.     His  father  was  Theophilus  Howe, 
a  mechanic  by  trade,  in    moderate    ciniim 
stances.     His    mother's    maiden    name    was 
I'hilena  Johnson.     She  was  a  woman  of  in 
domitable  energy  and  perseverance,  and  to 
her  the  subject  of  this  sketch  owes  much  of 
the  energy  and  push  he  has  exhibited  during 
his  carrer.     She  had  a    beautiful    Christian 
character,  and  gave  her  whole  life  to  the 
rearing  of  a  family  of    eight   children,   five 
boys  and  three  girls.     Their  names  were  Wil- 
liam Franklin,  John,  Oscar,  Alexander  Mont- 
raville,  Darius,    Mary    Jane,    Amanda    and 
Louisa.     Those  living,  besides   our   subject, 
are  William   Franklin,   Darius,   Mary  Jane 
and  Louksa.  Both  parentswere  nativesof  Ver- 
mont.    Alexander's  early  educational  ti'ain- 
ing  was  of  a  somewhat  meagre  character, 
the  lad  being  compelled  to  content  himself 
with  two  or  three  months"  attendance  at  the 
district  school  each  year.     This  was  supple- 
mented by  a  term  of  three  months  at  what 
was  called  a  "select  school,"  previous  to  his 
responding  to  Lincoln's  first  call  for  men  in 
1861.     April  25,  of   that   year,   he   enlisted, 
from  Randolph,  Ohio,  in  Company  G,  Seventh 
Regiment  Ohio  Volunteers;  but   the   enlist- 
ment only  calling  for  a  three  month's  service, 
he  was  mustered  out  on  August  18.     Seven 
days  later  he  enlisted  in  Company  A,  First 
Regiment  Ohio  Light  Artillery,  and  seiTed 
until  December  31,  1863,  securing  a  discharge 
at  Cincinnati  in  order  to  re-enlist  as  a  veteran 
volunteer.     January  1,1861,  he  was  enrolled, 
in  the  same  company  and  regiment,  to  serve 
three  years  more,  or  until  the  close  of  the 
war.     He  was  totally  disabled  at  the  battle 
of  Resaca,  Ga.,  May  15,  1864,  and  was  dis- 
charged at  Cleveland,  Ohio,  October  24  of 
the  same  year.     Mr.  Rowe  participated  in  the 
following  battles:  Shiloh,   Perryville,   Law- 
renceburg.  Stone  River,  Liberty  Gap,  Chicka- 
luiiuga,  Chattanooga,  Rocky  Face  Ridge  and 
Resaca.     Being  young,  and  not  thinking  it 
would  make  any  difference,  Mr.  Rowe  wrote 
his  nanii'  when   he  enlisted   as  "'Alexander 


HISTOKV  OF  THE  UUEAT  NOKTTIWEiST. 


Roo,"  and  as  such  is  known  in  tlu*  war  rcc 
ords.  Keturninj;'  honic,  with  his  rif;lit  hand 
and  arm  itei-niancntly  disabled  from  a  slicll 
wound,  lie  decided  to  exjiend  whal  litlle  mo 
ney  he  had  saved  from  a  salary  of  .fl(>  a 
month  ])aid  him  in  I  he  serxice,  in  aciinirin;^ 
an  education,  and  attended  scIkio!  at  .Marl 
borough,  Ohio,  foi-  two  terms.  The  leacher 
of  this  village  school  was  Harvey  Smalley, 
an  uncle  of  the  late  \'irgil  Smalley,  of  SI. 
Paul.  He  inspired  in  the  youthful  veteran 
a  desire  to  reach  out  for  the  higher  and  bet- 
ter things  of  this  life,  and  created  an  im|mlse 
which  bore  fruit  in  later  years.  Mi-.  Uowe 
entered  the  preparatoiy  department  of  Ober 
lin  (Vdlege,  Ohio,  in  the  sjiring  of  IStiti.  At 
ter  finishing  the  iirejiaratory  course,  he  took 
up  the  regular  classical  course  and  graduated 
with  the  class  of  187-.  The  two  years  jire- 
vious  to  his  graduation  he  was  princi])al  of 
the  high  schcxd  at  Steubeuville,  Ohio.  Tlius. 
in  four  years  he  completed  two  years'  prepai- 
atory  Greek,  three  years"  i)rei)aratory  Latin, 
and  a  four-years  college  course.  This  meant 
hard  work  and  close  application  to  his  stud- 
ies. Mr.  Rowe  continued  as  principal  of  the 
Steubeuville  high  school  after  graduation 
and  held  this  jiosition  for  eighteen  years,  all 
told.  He  n^igned  in  ISSS  to  accejit  the  sup- 
erintendency  of  schools  at  Huron.  S.  I).  At 
the  close  of  his  third  term  here,  he  acce])ted 
the  su])erintendency  of  schools  at  Sioux 
Falls.  Looking  forward  to  Xormal  school 
work,  Mr.  Rowe  resigned  after  five  years' 
service  at  the  head  of  the  schools  of  that  city. 
and  traveled  for  nearlv  a  year.  ins])ecting  the 
best  schools  of  the  country.  He  accejited  his 
I)resent  ap])ointinent  in  Jidy,  1S!)7.  .Mr. 
Rowc's  resignation  in  each  instance  meant 
the  gi\ing  u])  of  a  contract  whi(di  had  an  ad 
ditional  year  to  run.  ^^'hi!e  a  resident  of 
South  Dakota  he  was  olferi'd  the  chaii-  of 
mathematics  in  Yankton  College.  He  was 
chairman,  also,  of  the  Dejiartment  of  <iraded 
Schools  and  Academies  of  South  Dakota's 
educational  exhibit  at  tlu'  \\'orld's  Fair,  and 
was  stale  conductor  of  Nonnal  institutes  for 
eight  years.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Minne 
sota  Educational  Association  and  the  Nation- 
al Teachers'  Association.  He  has  always  been 
a  Republican,  but  has  never  taken  any  active 


ALIOX.WIiIOK   M.    ItnWi;. 

jiarl  in  j)olitics.  Ht-  was  one  of  the  charter 
members  of  p]dwin  M.  Stanton  Post,  O.  A.  R., 
located  at  Steubeuville,  Ohio,  and  was  com- 
mander of  it  at  one  time.  He  is  now*  mem- 
ber of  'Workman  Post,  at  Little  Falls.  His 
religious  connections  are  with  the  Congrega- 
tional clini-cli.  Se])t(Mnbei'  II?,  IStiS  he  was 
iii.irried  (o  .Mary  Caioline  Oakley,  of  Raven- 
na. Ohio.  They  ha\'e  one  child,  .Vlexander 
Oakley  Rowe,  who  married.  October  L'l,  1S!»T, 
I>ela  Barnes,  of  (Jarner,  Iowa. 


TT'RNER.  Rollin  James,  Commissioner  of 
.Agriculture  and  Labor  for  North  Dakota, 
was  born  .Inly  IC.  1S50,  at  Fond  du  Lac, 
Wis.  His  father.  John  D.  Turner,  was  a 
native  of  Ohio.  lb-  came  to  Fond  du  Lac 
while  still  a  young  man  and  engaged  in  farm- 
ing, following  this  jiursuit  until  his  death,  in 
lS!)rt.  His  wife.  Matilda  ILarpham.  is  still 
living  at  the  venerable  age  of  St.  She  was 
,1  native  of  Pennsylvania.  To  them  were 
boin  nine  children,  six  boys  and  three  girls, 
of  \\hom  only  three  sons  and  two  daughters 
survive.  Two  sons  sacrificed  their  lives  for 
their  country  in  the  War  of  the  Rebellion. 
Rollin    J.    resided    undei-    the   parental    roof 


aiSTOUY  OK  'J'HK  CKKA'I'  X(  •KTinVKST. 


KOI.LIX   .).    TfKXEK. 

until  lu'  had  passed  liis  cij;liteenlli  year.  He 
attended  the  public  schools  of  his  native 
town,  and  upon  reaching  the  age  of  eighteen 
became  an  apprentice  at  the  trade  of  joiner 
and  builder.  This  was  his  occupation  for 
the  next  ten  years,  most  of  the  time  in  Wis- 
consin. During  the  latter  part  of  this  period 
he  was  principally  engaged  in  contracting 
and  building.  In  the  spring  of  1882  he  re- 
moved to  North  Dakota,  and  located  at  Glad- 
stone, in  Stark  county.  The  following  year 
he  erected  a  store  building  and  engaged  in 
business,  handling  general  merchandise, 
farm  machinery,  etc.  The  same  spring  he 
brought  his  family  west  and  settled  on  a 
homestead  one  mile  south  of  Gladstone.  He 
has  materially  increased  his  holdings  since 
that  time  and  owns  400  acres  of  land,  160 
of  which  are  under  cultivation,  the  balance 
being  used  as  pasture  for  a  herd  of  horses. 
He  also  continues  the  business  he  first  en- 
gaged in.  Aside  from  his  extensive  business 
interests,  Mr.  Turner  has  always  found  time 
to  take  an  active  interest  in  public  affairs. 
His  political  affiliations  are  with  the  Repub- 
lican party.  He  served  as  chairman  of  the 
county  central  committee  from  1886  to  189-4. 
In  1894  and  1895  he  was  a  member  of  the 


slate  centi-al  committee,  and  in  that  connec- 
tion became  known  throughout  the  Flicker- 
tail  state  as  an  active  and  reliable  workei- 
in  i)arty  interests.  He  was  the  first  assessor 
(if  Stark  county,  having  been  elected  in  1S84. 
In  1SS7  he  was  appointed  postmaster  of 
(Hadstoiie  by  President  Harrison,  and  has 
held  the  position  ever  since  with  the  excep- 
tion of  a  year  and  a  half.  He  also  served  as 
a  member  of  the  state  penitentiary  board, 
having  been  appointed  by  Governor  Fancher 
in  1898.  He  was  elected  to  his  present  of- 
tice  in  1900.  Mr.  Turner's  fraternal  connec- 
tions are  with  the  Independent  Order  of  For- 
esters. He  is  an  attendant  of  the  Ei)iscoi>al 
church,  of  which  his  family  are  membei-s. 
I  )ecember  20,  1871,  he  was  married  to  Mary 
II.  Heathcote,  at  Fond  du  Lac,  Wis.  Mrs. 
Turner  is  a  native  of  New  York,  and  was 
brought  to  AMsconsiu  at  an  early  age  by  her 
jiarents,  William  A.  and  Jane  M.  (Wherry) 
Heathcote.  Her  father  was  an  architect  and 
builder,  and  is  still  lining;  her  mother  is 
dead.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Turner  are  the  parents 
of  three  children,  two  of  whom,  Claude  C,  a 
deputy  in  his  father's  office,  and  Vivian,  are 
now  living.  Guy,  the  first  born,  died  at  the 
age  of  two  yeare.  The  family  residence  is 
■  nicely  situated  in  a  nook  between  the  hills 
and  Heart  river,  on  land  adjoining  the  town- 
site  of  (Jladstone.  It  is  a  handsome  and 
commodious  dwelling,  surrounded  by  trees 
jilanted  by  Mr.  Turner,  and  with  outbuildings 
sufficiently  ample  to  meet  all  demands  of 
rural  life  in  the  Northwest.  Several  fine 
springs  of  good  water  rush  out  from  the  hill- 
sides, which  furnish  an  abundant  supply  for 
all  purposes,  including  the  irrigation  of  the 
garden  and  grove. 

NOYES,  Arthur  H.— The  judiciary  of  the 
federal  government  has  been  for  years  re- 
garded as  the  goal  of  the  highest  ambitions 
of  the  attorneys  of  the  United  States.  An 
appointment  to  serve  as  judge  in  one  of  these 
courts  has  always  been  looked  upon  as  a 
compliment  of  no  small  moment.  Such  a 
position,  especially  in  the  larger  districts 
and  the  unsettled  parts  of  the  country,  re- 
(piires  an  official  with  a  varied  experience  in 
order  that  he  may  cope  with  the  peculiar 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


conditions  that  are  bound  to  arise.  The  re- 
cent develoi>nient  of  the  fjokl  fields  of  Alaslva 
and  the  conse(iuent  rapid  settlement  and  re 
sultinj;-  litif;ation  necessitated  tlie  appoint- 
ment of  an  additional  T'nited  States  federal 
judge  in  District  of  Alaska.  The  attorney 
selected  for  this  important  apjmintment  was 
Arthur  H.  Noyes.  at  the  time  a  in'ominent 
member  t)f  the  Minnt^ajiolis  bar.  He  was 
born  April  15.  1S5:^,  at  Raraboo.  >\'is.,  and 
is  a  son  of  D.  K.  Noyes  and  Clara  Lucinda 
(Barnes)  Noyes.  Colonel  1).  K.  Noyes.  the 
father  of  the  subject  of  this  sketch,  was  for 
many  years  a  prominent  citizen  of  the  state 
of  Wisconsin,  residinji  at  BaraV)oo.  where  he 
had  an  extensive  law  practice.  He  came  to 
Wisconsin  in  1S44  and,  shortly  after  being 
admitted  to  the  bar,  located  at  Baraboo.  He 
served  throughout  the  Civil  Wav,  entering 
service  as  cai>tain  of  Company  A,  Ninth 
Wisconsin  Volunteers.  He  lost  his  right 
foot  at  Antietam,  and  while  recuperating 
was  sent  home  on  recruiting  work.  He  was 
able  to  again  enter  active  service  the  follow- 
ing year  and  became  a  major  in  the  Forty- 
ninth  Wisconsin  Volunteers,  and  was  mus- 
tered out  as  colonel  of  the  regiment.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  famous  Iron  Brigade 
and  also  of  the  Loyal  Legion.  The  mother 
of  Arthur  H.  Noyes  was  a  granddaughter  of 
Major  Daniel  Barnes,  an  oflficer  of  the  Conti- 
nental amiy  in  a  Massachusetts  regiment; 
through  him  Judge  Noyes  is  entitled  to  his 
membership  in  Sons  of  the  American  Revolu- 
tion. He  was  educated  in  the  schools  of  his 
native  state.  He  received  his  preparatory 
course  in  the  high  school  at  Baraboo  and  en 
tered  the  state  university  with  the  class  of 
1876.  After  graduation  from  college  young 
Noyes  entered  the  law  department  of  the 
same  institution  and  was  graduated  in  1S7S. 
He  immediately  entered  upon  the  jtractice 
of  law  at  Baraboo  in  partnershij)  with  his 
brother  and  classmate,  R.  E.  Noyes.  In  1S82 
the  brothers  decided  to  locate  in  Dakota  and 
started  practice  at  Orand  Forks,  remaining 
there  until  1887,  when  the  partnership  was 
dissolved  and  the  brothers  came  to  iliiine 
sota,  R.  E.  Noyes  locating  in  St.  Paul,  and 
A,  H.  Noyes  at  Minneajjolis.  forming  a  ])art- 


AliTHtl!  H.   iNOYKS. 

uershii*  with  .1.  F.  .McGee,  now  judge  of  the 
district  court  at  Minneapolis.  In  1S!I;^>  he 
formed  a  partnership  with  A.  M.  Harrison, 
now,  also,  a  judge  of  the  district  fhurt  at 
Minneapolis.  In  181)8,  shortly  after  Judge 
Harrison's  retirement  from  the  firm,  E.  A. 
Prendergast  became  associated  with  Mr. 
Xoyes  under  the  name  of  Noyes  &  Prender- 
gast, which  firm  continued  until  Mr.  Noyes 
leceived  his  appointment  as  United  States 
judge  for  the  Second  Division,  District  of 
Alaska,  with  headquarters  at  St.  Michaels, 
Alaska  Territory.  Judge  Noyes  had  an  ex 
tensive  practice,  including  that  of  attorney 
for  several  large  corjiorations  and  also  that 
of  local  attornt'y  for  the  Wisconsin  Central 
railroad.  Judge  Noyes  is  of  a  social  nature 
and  has  many  friends  among  the  members  of 
the  several  societies  of  which  he  is  a  mem- 
bei-,  ini-luding  the  Elks  and  tlie  \arious 
branches  of  the  Jlasonic  order.  He  is  a 
Knights  Templar  and  also  a  Shriiier.  He  was 
married  in  18tl4  to  Mrs.  Nancy  Hawthorn. 
■ludge  Xoyes  coiii(»s  from  a  family  of  lawyers 
and  it  is  not  sui-prising  llial  his  natui-al  ten 
dencies  have  worked  to  secure  liiiii  liis  high 
reward. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  CUKAT  XoKTUWIvST. 


LiJCNJAMIN   I!.   SHEFFIELD. 

SHEFFIELD,  Benjaiuiu  B.— Untiiiug 
energy,  invmi'ible  determination,  close  appli- 
cation to  the  matters  in  hand,  are  the  essen 
tials  that  make  for  success.  The  successful 
man  reaps  his  reward  in  applying  to  his  busi- 
ness these  important  principles.  If  misfor- 
tune conies  he  commences  the  battle  anew 
with  increased  energy  and  determination. 
His  courage  never  deserts  him,  and  the  stren- 
uousness  of  his  character  leaves  its  impress 
on  the  community  in  which  he  lives.  The 
Northwest  owes  its  present  commercial  im- 
portance to  men  possessing  just  such  ag- 
gressive characteristics.  One  of  these  men 
is  Benjamin  B.  Sheffield,  president  of  the 
Slieffield  Milling  company,  of  Faribault, 
Minn.  :Mr.  Slieffield  was  born  at  Aylesford, 
Nova  Scotia.  December  2.3,  1860.  His  father, 
M.  B.  Sheffield,  first  engaged  in  the  retail 
merchandise  business  when  he  located  at 
Faribault  in  180.5.  Later  he  became  a  miller. 
He  was  a  native  of  Nova  Scotia,  and  of 
Scotch-English  ancestry.  He  died,  at  Fari- 
bault, in  18nn.  He  was  a  good  business  man, 
and  was  noted  for  his  high  standard  of  in- 
tegrity and  morality.  His  wife,  Rachel  Tuj) 
l>er,  belonged  to  one  of  the  first  families  of 
Nova  Scotia.     She  died  in  1868.     The  sub- 


ject of  our  sketch  received  his  early  educa- 
lion  ill  the  jtublic  schools  of  Faribault. 
I.alcr  he  attended  the  Shattuck  Military 
School  and  spent  five  years  of  study  in  that 
institution,  graduating  in  1S8(),  with  honors. 
He  jiassed  the  examination  for  Yale  College, 
but  did  not  enter  owing  to  financial  reasons. 
Instead  he  assumed  the  management  of  the 
Walcott  flour  mills  for  his  father  when 
scarcely  nineteen  years  of  age.  The  busi- 
ness developed  rapidly  under  his  aggi-essive 
management,  the  property  was  placed  on  a 
sound  financial  basis,  and  the  capacity  of  the 
plant  was  increased  to  1,000  barrels  daily. 
The  mills  burned  down  in  18!).5,  and  as  an 
instance  of  his  business  cajjacity  it  may  be 
mentioned  that  before  the  fire  had  been 
(liicnched,  Mr.  Sheffield  had  already  tele- 
graphed to  Milwaukee  for  a  milling  engineer 
to  prepare  plans  for  a  new  mill.  The  new 
mill  was  completed  and  running  within  four 
months,  Mr.  Sheffield  in  the  meantime  having 
organized  a  new  company — the  Sheffield 
Milling  company — with  a  paid-up  capital  of 
.f20n,000.  The  business  since  that  time  has 
steadily  increased,  and  it  controls  and  ope- 
rates elevators  throughout  Minnesota  and 
the  Dakotas.  The  capacity  of  the  plant  at 
the  present  time  is  2,000  barrels  daily.  Mr. 
Sheffield  is  also  actively  identified  with  other 
companies.  He  is  president  of  the  Crown 
Milling  company,  which  operates  a  large  mill 
at  Morristown,  Minn.,  and  of  the  Crown  Ele- 
vator company,  with  headquarters  at  Minne- 
apolis, which  owns  and  operates  a  line  of 
fifty  elevators  in  Minnesota  and  South  Da- 
kota. He  is  also  president  of  the  Security 
Bank  at  Faribault.  Mr.  Sheffield  is  highly 
esteemed  for  his  business  integrity,  and  for 
the  interest  he  takes  in  all  efforts  to  pro- 
mote the  welfare  of  the  community  in  which 
he  lives.  His  political  afliliations  are  with 
the  Republican  party.  He  was  mayor  of 
Faribault  for  two  terms,  and  was  the  choice 
of  both  political  i^arties  for  his  second  tenn. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  board  of  trustees  for 
the  state  institute  for  the  blind,  deaf  and 
the  feeble-minded,  located  at  Faribault,  and 
is  treasurer  of  the  different  boards.  He  is 
also  a  trustee  of  the  Shattuck  Military  School 
and  the  Seabury  Divinity  School.     He  is  a 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


Kui^lits  Temi)lai'  and  a  tliirtv-second  degree 
Mason.  His  c-linrch  conuections  arc  with  the 
Episcopalian  denomination,  and  lie  is  a 
vestryman  in  Bishop  Whipple's  cathedral 
parish.  July  11,  18S9,  he  was  married  to 
Miss  Carrie  A.  Crosseth.  Their  union  has 
been  blessed  with  two  children:  islanchc 
and  Amy. 


RAMSEY,  Alexander. — There  is  a  pecu- 
liar honor  in  being  a  potent  factor  in  the  be- 
jiinuing  of  a  successful  enterprise — an  honor 
all  recognized,  shedding  a  lustre  a  little 
brighter,  i)erhaps,  than  subsetpient  achieve 
ments,  however  nieritorous.  Alexander  Ram- 
sey will  always  occupy  that  place  of  honor 
in  the  history  of  the  state  of  Minnesota,  and 
therefore  in  that  of  the  "Great  Northwest." 
When  President  Taylor  was  inaugurated,  in 
1849,  the  Territory  of  Minnesota  had  just 
been  established — March  3,  1849 — on  paper, 
but  had  not  yet  been  organized.  Mr.  Ram- 
sey, having  served  two  terais  in  Congress — 
refusing  a  third  election — and  showing  un- 
usual sagacity  and  practical  knowledge  of 
affairs,  was  chosen  by  the  President  as  a 
suitable  man  to  put  the  public  machinery  in 
motion  as  the  Governor  of  the  Territory. 
May  27,  1849,  Governor  Ramsey  began  his 
work.  The  tirst  ten-itorial  legislature  was 
convened  in  September,  and  met  in  a  little 
hotel  on  the  bank  of  the  Mississippi.  There 
were  present,  comprising  the  legislative  body, 
just  twenty-seven  members.  Governor  Ram- 
sey was  also  the  "War  Governor,"  with  all 
the  responsibility  which  that  implies.  Be- 
fore the  president  had  called  for  troojis  Gov- 
ernor Ramsey  tendered  him  a  regiment  of  a 
thousand  men  to  maintain  the  integrity  of 
the  nation.  The  first  year  of  the  war  he  oi-- 
ganized  live  regiments  and  sent  them  otf. 
The  following  year  he  organized  five  more, 
in  addition  to  the  battalions  raised  to  quell 
the  Indians  in  the  southwestern  pai-t  of  the 
state.  The  labor  involved  in  this  work  was 
even  greater  than  that  required  in  the  organi- 
zation of  the  territory.  Another  luminous 
star  in  his  crown  of  honor  as  trijile  gover- 
nor, is  the  school  fund  of  the  state,  which  is 


Al.lOXAMlKl;    ItAMSKV. 

Ini-geiy  due  to  his  prescience  and  prudence 
when  persistent  and  organized  efforts  were 
made  to  deplete  it.  Congress  very  generous- 
ly voted  to  Minnesota  double  the  atoount  of 
ijublic  lands  previously  given  to  new  states 
for  public  school  purposes.  While  heretofore 
only  one  section — the  sixteenth  in  each  town- 
ship— had  been  allotted  for  schools,  Minne- 
sota and  Oregon  for  the  first  time  received  an 
additional  section — ^the  thirty-sixth  in  each 
township.  Minnesota  had  practically  no  set- 
tlement except  in  the  southern  part.  The 
lands  donated  were  deemed  of  little  value, 
outside  of  that  region.  The  state  was  in 
need  of  money.  A  powerful  syndicate  was 
formed  to  buy  up  the  school  lands  at  .11.25 
an  acre.  A  bill  was  pushed  through  the  leg- 
islature favoring  this  sale.  Governor  R^uu- 
sey,  warned  by  the  experience  of  other  states 
which  had  frittered  away  their  school  lands, 
determined  to  save  the  immense  fund  fiu' 
Minnesota,  so  he  vetoed  the  bill.  Repeated 
attempts  were  made  by  combinations  of  in- 
lluential  politicians  to  alienate  these  lands, 
but  Governor  Ramsey  was  infiexible.  He  in- 
sisted that  the  minimum  jirice,  if  sold  at  all. 
should  be  at  least  three  times  the  jirice  then 
Ijut  on  them,  and  thus  prevented  the  heritage 


HISaX)KY  (>!•   THE  GllEAT  NOKTHAXEST. 


from  beiny  sqiiaudert'd.  He  is  therefore  just- 
ly entitled  lo  be  tailed  the  "father  of  the 
school  fuud,"  which  iu  the  year  11)00  yielded 
a  revenue  from  $lL',o4U,5!Jy,  and  which  is 
destined  to  greatly  increase,  for  there  are 
still  401,048  acres  not  yet  under  lease.  Gover- 
nor Kamsey  was  born  near  Harrisburg.  Pa., 
September  8,  1815.  He  is  of  Scotch-German 
descent.  His  father,  Tliomas  Ramsey,  had 
Scotch  progenitors,  as  the  name  indicates. 
His  mother  was  of  the  sturdy  German  race, 
who  were  among  the  earliest  settlers  of  the 
state,  and  who  contributed  so  largely  to  its 
stability.  His  father  died  when  Alexander 
\\as  ten  years  old,  and  he  found  a  home  with 
his  grand  uncle,  Frederick  Kelker,  a  well-to- 
do  merchant,  in  whose  store  he  got  a  first 
glimpse  of  practical  business.  He  was  fortu- 
nate in  one  of  his  early  teachers,  Isaac  D. 
Kupp, — afterwards  known  as  the  author  of 
a  staudai-d  history  of  I'enusylvania, — who 
stimulated  the  boy"s  taste  for  study.  He  en- 
tered ].,afayette  College  at  Easton  when  eigh- 
teen years  of  age,  and  was  twenty-two  years 
old  when  he  began  the  study  of  law  with 
Hon.  Hamilton  Alricks,  of  Harrisburg.  Two 
yeai-s  later,  in  183!),  he  was  admitted  to  the 
bar,  and  very  soon  after  opened  an  office  at 
Harrisburg.  During  the  presidential  cam- 
paign of  1840,  he  took  such  an  active  part 
that  he  was  elected  chief  clerk  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania House  of  Representatives.  In  1843, 
when  but  little  beyond  constitutional  age 
limit  of  twenty-five  years,  he  was  elected  to 
Congress,  and  he  was  re-elected  for  the  fol- 
lowing term,  but  refused  a  third  election.  He 
then  resumed  his  professional  practice.  In 
184!)  he  was  appointed  governor  of  Minne- 
sota Territoi";\',  as  mentioned.  Beside  the 
signal  ser\'ice  to  the  state,  to  which  allusion 
has  been  made,  Governor  Ramsey  added  to 
the  public  domain  of  the  commonwealth 
available  for  settlement,  l)y  treaties  with  the 
Sioux  Indians  at  Mendota  and  at  Traverse 
de  Sioux,  forty  million  acres  of  the  best 
lands  of  the  state,  besides  an  immense  tract 
acijuired  from  the  Chippewas  of  Red  Lake  at 
the  treaty  of  1803.  As  territorial  governor 
his  service  ended  in  18."):',.  In  1855  he  was 
elected  mayor  of  St.  Paul.  ^Mr.  Ramsey  was 
elected  Governor  of  the  new  state  in  1859, 


beginning  his  administration  January  2, 
1800,  and  was  re-elected  at  the  expiration  of 
his  term.  In  18G3  lie  was  elected  United 
States  senator,  and  at  the  end  of  the  six- 
yeare  term  he  was  re-elected.  He  was  em- 
phatically an  active  member.  He  won  the 
respect  and  confidence  of  the  members  of 
both  houses  of  congress  by  his  sound  judge- 
ment and  practical  wisdom.  In  1875  he  re- 
tired from  the  senate  and  had  a  short  re- 
spite from  official  duties.  In  1879  he  was 
called  to  the  cabinet  of  President  Hayes,  as 
secretarj-  of  war.  In  1882  he  was  appointed 
one  of  the  commissioners  under  the  "Ed- 
munds law,'"  to  control  polygamy  in  Utah, 
and  was  elected  chairman.  In  188G  he  re- 
signed his  position,  having  served  four  year-s. 
In  1845  he  was  married  to  Miss  Anna  Earl 
Jenks,  a  daughter  of  Hon.  Michael  H.  Jenks, 
a  judge  and  congressman  of  Bucks  county. 
Pa,  Mrs,  Ramsey  was  a  cultured,  refined 
and  estimable  woman,  conspicuous  in  social 
circles,  both  in  Washington  and  St,  Paul  for 
nearly  forty  years.  She  died  in  1884  at  the 
age  of  fifty-eight  years. 


WELCH,  Victor  John,  was  boni  at  Madi- 
son, Wis.,  October  8,  1860,  His  father,  Wil- 
liam Welch,  is  a  native  of  Jettei-son  county, 
X.  Y.,  and  a  lawyer  by  profession.  He  was 
bora  November  12,  1821,  In  1844  he  moved 
to  \A'isconsin,  and  began  the  practice  of  his 
profession,  which  was  continued  in  that  state 
until  1882,  when  he  removed  to  Minneapolis, 
Minn.,  where  he  has  since  lived.  He  became 
one  of  the  best  known  lawyers  in  Wisconsin, 
and  conducted  a  litigation  in  many  important 
cases.  He  was  likewise  prominent  in  Wis- 
consin political  attairs  and  was  originally  a 
\\'hig.  He  was  the  firet  chainuan  of  the  first 
Whig  Central  ( 'ommittee  of  Wisconsin.  Vic- 
tor's mother's  maiden  name  was  Jane  W. 
Pethei-ick.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Wil- 
liam J.  Petherick,  an  English  lawyer  of  note, 
who  came  from  London  in  an  early  day  and 
settled  in  Dane  county,  Wis.  Victor's  grand- 
father, on  his  father's  side,  was  Samuel 
Welch,  a  sailor — ship  carpenter — in  the 
American  navy,  in  the  war  of  1812,  and  died 
of  disease  contracted  in  the  service.     The 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


public  schools  of  Wisconsin  gave  the  boy 
Victoi-  his  literary  education.  AMien  he 
adopted,  very  naturally,  the  profession  of  his 
lather,  and  that  of  his  grandfather,  he  en 
tered  the  law  department  of  the  Wisconsin 
State  University,  where  he  graduated,  and 
was  admitted  to  practice  in  ISSl.  He,  how 
ever,  had  begun  his  law  studies  in  his  father's 
otKce  at  Madison,  Wis.,  sijending  three  jears, 
1878  to  1881,  at  the  university.  The  next 
yeai',  1882,  he  moved  from  Madison  to  Min- 
neapolis, where  he  immediately  went  into 
pi'actice  as  a  member  of  the  law  Arm  of 
Welch,  Botkin  &  Welch.  This  Ann  c-ontin- 
ued  about  eleven  j-ears,  being  dissolved  in 
1893.  He  then  continued  the  practice  for 
two  years  with  his  father,  under  the  style  of 
Welch  &  Welch.  In  1895  his  father  retired 
from  active  practice,  and  the  junior  member 
formed  a  partnership  with  Robert  L.  I'euney 
and  Marcus  P.  Hayne,  under  the  firm  name 
of  Penney,  Welch  &  Hayne,  and  continued 
under  this  name  until  the  summer  of  1890, 
when  Frank  K.  Hubachek  and  Henry  Con- 
lin  were  admitted  as  members,  and  the  style 
was  changed  to  \\'elch,  Hayne,  Hubachek  & 
Conlin.  The  junior  member  retired  after  a 
short  time,and  the  firm  since  has  been  Welch, 
Hayne  &  Hubachek.  Although  Mr.  Hayne 
died  recently,  the  old  name  has  been  retained. 
The  practice  of  this  firm  has  been  extensive, 
covering  all  branches  of  law,  and  it  is  one  of 
the  highest  standing  at  the  bar.  It  has  been 
especially  strong  in  jury  cases.  Mr.  Welch, 
aside  from  his  profession,  has  been  interested 
and  active  in  military  mattei-s.  In  1879  he 
enlisted  in  Company  C,  4th  Battalion  of  Wis- 
consin Kational  Guard,  and  had  a  taste  of 
real  service  during  the  "lumber  riots' '  in 
W^isconsin,  where  he  was  on  duty.  When 
he  came  to  Minnesota  in  1882,  he  enlisted  in 
Company  C  of  the  First  Regiment  of  Minne- 
sota National  Guard.  In  1883  he  was  com- 
missioned Captain  of  the  company,  and  held 
the  commission  and  commanded  the  company 
until  1887,  when  he  resigned  to  accept  com 
mission  of  judge  advocate  general  of  tin- 
state,  tendered  him  by  Governor  A.  K.  Mc- 
Gill,  and  which  he  filled  until  the  expiration 
of  his  term  of  oftice.  While  captain  of  Com- 
pany B  he  served  at    Stillwater,    guarding 


vk-thii  .1.   \vi;i.(;h. 

jirisoners,  when  the  state  prison  was  de- 
stroyed by  fire.  He  also  took  an  active  part 
in  securing  legislation  providing  f«r  the 
building  of  armories  for  the  ^■ational  Guard, 
at  public  expense.  In  politics  Mr.  Welch  has 
always  been  a  Republican,  but  has  never 
sought  nor  held  any  political  oUice.  He  is 
a  member  of  the  Masonic  fraternity;  of  the 
Elks;  of  the  Minneapolis  Club,  and  the  La 
Fayette  Club.  In  religion  he  affiliates  with 
the  Episcopalians,  although  he  is  not  enrol- 
led as  a  member  of  the  church.  He  was  mar 
ried  November  10,  1887,  to  Miss  Elizabeth 
Jones,  of  Detroit,  Mich.  They  have  two  chil- 
dren living:  Elizabeth  Jeanette,  8  years  old, 
and  Victor  Stuart,  two  years  old.  A  daugh- 
ter, Dorothy,  died  in  infancy. 


ATWATER.  Isaac,  of  .MiiiiicaiPdlis.  was 
one  of  the  first  settlers  at  St.  Anthcmy,  the 
editor  of  the  first  paper  published  in  that  lit- 
tle hamlet,  one  of  the  foremost  lawyers  in  the 
state  of  Minnesota,  an  occupant  of  a  seat  on 
the  supreme  bench  of  that  state  for  several 
years,  and  has  been  connected  with  the  Hen 
nepiu  county  bar  longer  than  any  man  now 
living.    He  is  a  native  of  New  York  state. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


ISAAC   AT  WATER. 

and  was  born  at  Homer,  Cortland  county, 
A[ay  3,  1818.  His  father  was  Ezra  Atwater, 
a  farmer,  a  native  of  Connecticut,  of  English 
extraction,  whose  ancestors  settled  in  New 
Haven  about  the  year  1718.  His  mother  was 
Esther  Learning,  also  a  native  of  Connect- 
icut, of  English  descent.  Up  to  his  sixteenth 
year  he  was  employed  on  the  farm  and  then 
entered  Cazenovia  Seminary,  afterwai-ds 
Homer  Academy,  where  he  prejiared  for 
college.  He  entered  Yale  University  in 
1840,  and  graduated  in  the  cla.ssical  course. 
He  then  took  up  the  study  of  law  in  the 
law  dei)artment  of  that  institution,  gradu- 
ating in  1847,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
the  same  jear.  He  commenced  the  prac- 
tice of  his  profession  in  New  York  City,  but 
on  account  of  ill  health  was  compelled  to 
seek  a  change  in  climate.  In  1850  he  came 
west  and  located  at  St.  Anthony,  fonning 
a  law  ])artnershi])  with  .John  \V.  North, 
which  continued  for  about  a  year.  The 
St.  Anthony  Express  first  appeared  in 
1851.  Mr.  Atwater's  able  pen  made  that 
paper  second  in  influence  to  no  paper  west 
of  Chicago.  It  was  through  his  earnest  ad- 
vocacy that  the  first  large  flour  mill  was  lo- 
cated at  the  Falls.     In  1852.  Governor  Ram- 


sey ajipointed  him  to  the  position  of  reporter 
of  the  supreme  court  of  the  territory.     The 
following  year  he  was  elected  district  attor- 
ney of  Hennepin  county.     In  1857,  at  the 
first  election,  he  was  elected,  on  the  Demo- 
cratic ticket,  one  of  the  associate  justices  of 
the  supreme  court  of  the  state.     He  held  this 
position  until  18tJ4,  when  he  resigned,  having 
received  a  lucrative  offer  to  resume  practice 
in    Carson   City,   Nev.     Here   he   formed   a 
partnership  with  Judge  C.  E.  Flandrau,  who 
went  west  about  the  same  time,    and    upon 
their  return  to  Minneapolis  in  the  latter  part 
of  186C,  this  jjartnership  was  resumed,  only 
to  be  dissolved  in  1871,  when  Judge  Flandrau 
removed  to  St.    Paul.     For   a    considerable 
time  thereafter  Judge  Atwater  was  the  sen- 
ior member  of  the  law  finu  of  Atwater  & 
Babcock.     Judge  Babcock  was  a  laborious 
practitioner  at  the  law,  and  while  on  the 
bench  conducted  himself  with  so  much  digni- 
ty, impartiality  and  industry  as  to  win  the 
esteem  and  admiration  of  the  legal  profes- 
sion in  general.     In.  1851,    he    was   elected 
a  member  of  the  first  board  of  regents  of  the 
University  of  Minnesota,  and  as  its  secretary 
labored  long  and  earnestly  in  its  interests. 
He  has  served  his  city  as  alderman,  and  was 
a  member  and  president  of    the   Board    of 
Trade  for  several  years;  was  also  a  trustee 
of  the  Seabury  Seminary  at  Faribault,  and 
was  nuuiy  years  a  member  of  the  school  board 
and  president  of  the  board  of  education.     In 
1892  Mr.  Atwater  edited  "The  History  of  Min- 
neapolis," the  most  complete  I'eview  of  the 
early  history  of  that  city  which  has  been  pub- 
lished.    He  is  a  member  of  the  Masonic  Or- 
der, and  was  one  of  the  original  members  of 
Cataract  Lodge  of  St.    Anthony.     In    1849 
Judge  Atwater  was  married  to  Permelia  A. 
Sanborn,  of  Geddes,  N.  Y.     Four  children 
were  born  to  them,  only  one  of  whom,  a  son, 
is  now  living — John  B.  Atwater — who  is  one 
of  the  prominent  and  successful  lawyers  of 
Minneaijolis. 


BOWLER,  James  Madison.— Owing  prob- 
ably to  the  similarity  of  climate,  Minnesota 
seems  to  be  peculiarly  attractive  to  natives 
of  Maine.     A  very  large  percentage  of  the 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


men  prominent  in  the  business  and  public 
life  of  tlio  Xortli  Star  State  were  born  in  the 
pine  dad  state  of  Slaine.  Tbey  have  been 
noted  for  their  iiitcllifience,  euerfiy  and  en- 
tei-prise,  eontributing  iu  no  small  dej^ree  to 
the  development  of  their  new  home.  Al 
thoujih  jiroud  of  their  nativity,  they  are 
ardently  loyal  to  the  state  of  their  adoption. 
Among  many  who  have  made  their  mark 
in  the  new  field  and  earned  an  honored  name 
for  themselves  and  for  their  posterity  may 
be  numbered  Jlajor  James  M.  Bowler,  the 
ettieient  head  of  the  state  dairy  and  food 
dejiartment  of  Minnesota.  He  was  born  in 
1838,  at  Lee,  Me.  His  father,  Edward  How- 
ler, was  born  at  Palenuo,  in  the  same  state, 
in  1811,  and  was  mai-ried  to  <"lara  August 
Smith  of  Litchfield.  Me.  Hoth  i)arents  were 
of  English  ancestry  and  of  early  I'liritaii 
stock.  Several  of  the  family  served  iu  the 
Revolutionary  War  and  in  the  war  of  1812. 
The  majoi*'s  father,  Edward  Bowler,  was  an 
active,  influential,  well-to-do  merchant,  com- 
bining with  trade  the  business  of  fanning 
and  lumbering,  and  was  for  a  time  a  member 
of  the  legislature.  He  moved  to  Minnesota 
and  took  a  homestead  farm  in  Renville  coun- 
ty, near  Bird  Island,  where  he  died  in  1878. 
Mrs.  Edward  Bowler  was  a  relative  to  John 
Day  Smith,  the  well-known  lawyer  of  Miu 
neapolis.  She  died  when  only  thirty  three 
years  old. 

Young  Bowler  began  his  education  iu  the 
traditional  district  school.  He  then  attend- 
ed the  Normal  Academy  in  his  native  town, 
after  which  he  pursued  the  higher  studies  in 
Westbrook  Seminary  at  Stevens  I'lains,  Me. 
This  literary  course  was  liberally  inter- 
spersed with  manual  training  in  various 
forms,  ranging  from  work  in  the  woods  at 
lumbering,  to  bookkeeping  and  clerking  in 
his  father's  store.  He  commenced  teaching 
school  when  yet  in  his  teens.  In  1S5T  he 
struck  out  for  the  west,  landing  at  Hale's 
Corners,  Milwaukee  county.  Wis.,  and  taught 
school  again  for  a  year  there  and  in  Wal 
worth  county.  He  then  pushed  on  to  Min 
nesota,  coming  to  St.  Anthony  Falls,  where 
he  secured  work  in  the  printing  office  of  ("rof 
fut  &  Clark.  The  next  year,  185'),  he  was 
beguiled    to  his    old    vocation,    and    took    a 


.lA.MKs  .M.   ]iii\\i,i:k. 

school  at  Xiniiiger,  Dakota  county.     Al  the 
firing  on  Fort  Sumter,  in  April,  1861,  he  en- 
listed  for  three  months  in  Company   E,  of 
the  First  Minnesota  Reg-imenl.     0#the  ex- 
piration of  his  tenii  he  enlisted  in  Company 
F,  Third  Minnesota.     His  patriotic  zeal,  ap- 
titude for  service,  and  his  superior  educa- 
tion, secured  him  rapid  promotion  to  corpo- 
ral, sergeant,  second  lieutenant  and  captain 
within  ii  little  over  a  year,  the  date  of  his 
captain's  commission  being  December  1, 18G2, 
when  only  twenty-three  years    of    age.     He 
was  on  the  staff  of  General  C.  C.  Andrews 
from  Septend)er,  LSfi;?,  until  February,  ISG4, 
when  he  Mas  assigned  to  the  duty  of  i-aising 
a  rcgimcni  of  colored  troops  at  Little  Rock. 
Ark.     He  was  so  successful,  that,  young  as 
he  was,  he  was  made  major  of  the  regiment, 
numbered  113  JL  S.  Colored  Troops,  April  1, 
iSd;"),    and    served    until    A|iril    !),    ISC.Ii.      He 
was  at  (litt'eT-cnt   times  a   member  of  courts 
martial  and   of  a   military  comiuission.     He 
parlii  i]iatcd    iu    several     iuii)ortant    battles, 
among  them  the  seige  of  ^'icksburg,  capture 
of  Little  Rock,  battle  of  Mui'freesboro,  July 
l."..    1S02,   and    the    Indian    battle    of    \\'ood 
Lake.   Jliini.,  Seplember  li:!.1S(iii.    where    he 
commanded   a    companv.     The    Third     Ue"i- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  CHEAT  NOUTinX  EST. 


iiiciil  and  the  Renville  Rangers  bore  the 
1)111111  i)f  this  tij>lit.  which  broke  the  back- 
bone of  the  Indian  iijirising.  It  affected  the 
release  of  about  three  hundred  captive  whites 
of  whom  one  hundred  and  fifty  were  women 
and  children,  among  whom  were  many  teach- 
ers, and  refined,  educated  women.  It  also 
secured  the  surrender  of  1.500  Indians,  four 
hundred  of  whom  were  warriors,  includinn 
those  afterwards  convicted  of  perpetrating 
the  massacres. 

When  mustered  out  of  service  Major  Bow- 
ler returned  to  Nininger  and  engaged  in 
teaching  school  and  farming  until  1871,  when 
he  took  up  a  homestead  at  Bird  Island,  and 
established  a  residence  in  May,  1872.  Tlie 
development  of  the  country  made  a  demand 
for  men  of  education  and  competent  execu- 
ti\c  ability.  Major  Bowler  was  pressed  into 
the  ser\ice.  He  was,  at  intervals,  justice  of 
the  peace,  town  supervisor,  town  treasurer, 
town  assessor,  and  town  clerk.  He  was  also 
led  to  accept  the  position  of  traveling  col- 
lector for  the  Minneapolis  Hai'vester  Com- 
pany, and  the  right  of  way  agent  for  the  M. 
&  N.  W.  railway.  These  duties  made  him 
widely  known,  and  naturally  led  into  the 
broader  field  of  state  activity.  In  1887  he 
opened  an  office  at  Bird  Island  to  engage  in 
real  estate,  insurance  and  loan  business,  be- 
sides farming.  While  busy  with  his  own  af- 
fairs he  identified  himself  with  every  move- 
iiieiil  of  progress,  giving  liberally  of  his 
tiiiH'  and  means  to  any  enterprise  which 
promised  to  benefit  the  community.  In  con- 
seciuence  of  this  public  spirit  and  his  recog- 
nized ability  he  was  frequently  nominated 
for  office.  He  ca.st  his  first  vote  as  a  Repub- 
lican, in  Minnesota,  in  185!),  and  subsequently 
he  voted  for  Lincoln  both  terms  and  for 
(irant  the  first  term.  He  was  nominated  on 
the  Republican  ticket  for  register  of  deeds 
in  Dakota  county,  in  1866  and  in  1868.  He 
became  a  Democrat  in  1871.  He  was  elected 
as  a  Democrat  to  i-epre.sent  Renville  county 
in  the  legislature  in  1878.  He  was  speaker's 
clerk  in  the  legislature  in  1891  and  ran  for 
<-ongress  in  the  third  district  on  the  IVoples' 
party  ticket  in  1894.  He  was  nominated 
candidate  for  lieutenant  governor  on  the  Fu- 
sion ticket  in  1896  and  in  1898.     In  Januarv, 


1899,  he  was  ajjpointed  state  dairy  and  food 
commissioner,  the  {losition  which  he  now 
holds,  and  for  which  his  experience  and  prac- 
tical knowledge  admirably  fit  him. 

lie  is  a  member  of  the^Iasonic  order.  East- 
ern Star,  and  of  the  Loyal  Legion  and  Grand 
Army  of  the  Republic,  in  the  affairs  of  which 
he  has  taken  part  with  his  characteristic 
energy.  Major  Bowler  is  a  man  (tf  strict 
morality,  and  although  not  a  church  member 
he  leans,  as  he  says,  towards  the  Baptist  de- 
nomination, of  which  his  family  are  mem- 
bers. 

He  was  married,  in  ISfiJ,  to  Lizzie  S.  ('al- 
ert', of  New  Brunswick,  a  descendant  from 
Dr.  Caleff",  a  noted  snrgeon  of  the  British 
army,  and  is  bountifully  blessed  with  chil- 
dren, having  had  ten,  eight  of  whom  are  liv- 
ing. Mrs.  W.  T.  Law,  of  Northfield,  Minn.; 
Burton  H.,  a  lawyer  at  Bird  Island;  Kate  C, 
Madison  C,  and  Frank  L.,  students  at  the 
Minnesota  University,  Josephine  A.,  at 
home,  and  Edna  B.,  now  at  school  at  Olivet, 
Mich.  He  is  a  model  husband,  an  aft'ec- 
tionate  father,  and  a  citizen  without  re- 
proach, honored  and  resjiected  for  his  integ- 
rity, versatile  ability  and  pure  life,  where- 
ever  known. 


WELD,  Frank  Augustine,  president  of  the 
State  Normal  School  at  Moorhead,  Jlinn.,  is 
one  of  the  foremost  educators  of  the  Koi-th- 
■west.  His  career  in  the  educational  field 
has  been  one  of  unbroken  success,  extending 
over  a  period  of  more  than  twenty  years. 
He  was  liorn  in  Skowhegan,  Me.,  Decem- 
ber 10,  1858.  His  father,  George  Weld,  is 
a  native  of  that  state,  as  was  his  mother, 
whose  maiden  name  was  Lucy  A.  Bobbins. 
She  w;is  born  and  reared  in  the  town  of 
Rome,  and  died  at  Skowhegan  in  1898.  On 
his  father's  side,  both  his  great  grandfathers 
were  identified  with  the  early  struggles  of 
the  American  colonies.  His  great  grand- 
father Ridgeway  was  a  member  of  the  "Bos- 
ton Tea  Party,"  which  destroyed  the  cargo 
of  tea  in  Boston  Harbor,  December  16,  177.3, 
and  as  a  member  of  the  Massachusetts  militia 
he  was  detailed  as  a  builder  for  the  construc- 
tion of  fortifications  at    Bunker    Hill    and 


III8T(tItV  OF  THE  (iUlOAT  XOUI'IIW  KWW 


otliM'  i)laces  ill  and  ahont  Hostoii.  Later  he 
8aw  iiiiich  service  diiriuf;-  the  Kevohitionary 
War.  His  j;reat  graiidfatlier  Weld  and  his 
son  were  soldiers  in  the  War  of  1812,  the 
former  dyinj;'  in  the  service.  Frank  A.  at 
tended  the  jmhlic  scIkjoIs  of  his  native  town. 
and  prejjared  for  c<)lie<;i'  in  the  Skowiicnan 
hii;h  school  and  liloonitield  Academy.  IIi' 
entered  Colby  Tniversity  in  I  he  fall  of  1877. 
During;'  vacations  flic  yoimj;  collcjic  stndeiit 
tanjiht  in  llic  cdiiiilry  schools.  In  the  fall 
of  18S1  he  was  apiiointcd  jirincipal  of 
the  grammar  school  at  .Machias,  .Me.  Later 
he  went  to  ( "herryfield,  in  the  same  stale. 
and  was  jirincijiai  of  the  hifih  school  in  that 
city,  lie  caoLc  lo  Jliniiesota  in  the  spring; 
of  1SS2.  and  was  snperintendent  of  schools 
at  Farminjiton  for  one  and  a  half  years.  The 
five  years  following  he  served  as  siijierin 
teiident  of  schools  at  Zunibrota.  In  the  fall 
of  188!)  he  went  to  Fergus  Falls,  and  was 
snperintendent  of  schools  in  that  city  until 
December  23,  1894,  when  he  resigned  to  be- 
come general  agent  in  the  Northwest  for  D. 
(".  Heath  &  ("onipaiiy's  jjublishing  business, 
and  moved  to  Minneajiolis.  In  the  fall  of 
1895  be  was  elected  superintendent  of  the 
city  schools  at  Stillwater.  While  holding 
this  position  Jlr.  Weld  had  charge  of  the 
educational  work  done  among  the  convicts 
in  the  state  i)rison,  which  gave  him  an  excel- 
lent ojijiortunity  to  further  his  studies  along 
sociological  lines  of  thought.  In  the  spring 
of  18!)8  he  was  elected  to  the  presidency  of 
the  State  Normal  School  at  ^^■in()na.  but  de- 
clined the  appointment,  remaining  at  the 
head  of  the  Stillwater  schools  until  the  sum- 
mer of  1899,  when  he  accepted  his  present 
position.  His  administration  of  the  affairs 
of  the  Moorhead  Normal  has  been  highly 
satisfactory,  and  has  more  than  met  the  ex- 
pectations of  his  many  friends.  He  is  a 
cl<)se  student  of  ediicalional  problems,  and 
what  changes  he  has  clfected  in  the  cur 
riculum  have  been  along  the  lines  of  the 
ino.st  advanced  methods,  but  only  such  as 
have  been  jn-oven  of  value.  Mr.  Weld  jvos- 
sesses  marked  executive  ability,  and  is  un- 
usually successful  as  an  organi/.cr.  winning 
the  sympathy,  respect  and  contidencc  of  the 
managing  board  by  his  candid,  uuswer\ing 


FKA.XK    A.    Win.l 


and  gendenianly  bearing.  In  politics,  Mr. 
Weld  is  a  Kepublican.  He  is  a  Mason,  a 
Knight  of  Pythias  and  an  Elk.  He  also  be- 
longs to  the  Delta  Kai)pa  Ej)silon  *college 
fraternity.  His  church  connections  are  with 
the  ("ongregational  denomination.  In  1880, 
he  was  married  to  Miss  Hattie  E.  Elwell, 
daughter  of  James  Elwell,  of  Zunibrota, 
Minn.  Their  union  has  been  blessed  with 
three  children:  .Moselle  Edna,  aged  12  years; 
Lucy  Alice,  aged  10  years;  and  Frank  El- 
well, aged  two  and  a  half  years. 


DO^VLIN(i,  Michael  John.— Misfortune 
is  sonielinu's  a  benefactor;  yet  few  men,  ex- 
periencing anything  like  the  calamity  which 
befell  the  subject  of  I  his  sketch  when  a 
youth,  would  have  had  the  courage  and  de- 
lerniination  lo  overcome  the  ai)i)areii(ly  iu- 
surmounlable  obstacles  which  beset  his  path 
and  attained  the  measure  of  success  he  has 
achieved.  His  cai-eiM-  furnishes  an  object 
lesson  that  all  young  men  should  lake  to 
heart.  Mr.  Dowling  was  liorii  at  llunliug- 
ton,  Haniiiden  county.  .Mass..  February  17, 
18(;(;.  He  attended  the  imblic  schools  of  that 
slate,  also  those  in  Wisconsin  and  .Miuui-sota. 


HISTORY  OF  Tim  GKEAT  NUKT11\\1«T. 


MICHAIOL  J.    HOWLING. 

His  parents  were  in  poor  circumstances,  and 
from  his  eleventh  to  his  fourteenth  year 
the  lad  was  employed  in  farm  work  and  herd- 
ing cattle  in  Lyon  and  Yellow  Medicine  coun- 
ties, Minn.  The  night  of  December  4,  1880, 
he  was  overtaken  by  a  blizzard  on  the  prairie 
near  Canby,  Minn.,  and  lost  his  bearings. 
The  only  shelter  he  could  find  was  that  of  a 
straw  stack.  As  a  result  of  that  exposure 
to  the  elements  both  legs  were  amputated 
six  inches  below  the  knees,  the  left  arm  four 
inches  below  the  elbow,  and  all  of  his  fingers 
and  half  of  the  thumb  of  the  right  hand. 
Until  April  1,  1883,  he  remained  as  a  charge 
upon  the  county  of  Yellow  Medicine,  when, 
having  obtained  some  artificial  limbs  through 
the  assistance  of  friends,  he  began,  without 
a  cent,  to  carve  out  his  fortune.  His  first 
venture  was  at  odd  jobs  of  painting.  He 
then  secured  sufficient  funds  to  establish  a 
roller  skating  rink,  which  proved  very  suc- 
cessful. He  followed  this  up  by  teaching  in 
the  public  schools,  and  served  as  principal 
of  the  school  at  East  Granite  Falls,  Minn., 
in  1886.  and  of  the  Renville,  Minn.,  schools 
from  1887  to  1890.  He  had  by  this  time 
earned  enough  money  to  give  him  a  fair  start 
in  life,  and  he  declined  reappointment  to  the 


latter  position  in  order  to  engage  in  the  pub- 
lication and  editorshij)  of  the  Renville  Star, 
which  he  had  already  established.     He  sold 
111!'  Star  a  few  months  later,  however,  and 
for  the  next  three  years  traveled  extensively 
throughout  the  United  States  and  Canada 
as  a  special  insurance  agent.     In  18!I2  he 
re-]iui-chased  the  Star,  and,  also,  accpiired  its 
contemporary,  the  Fanner.     He  still  contin- 
ues the  publication  of  the  consolidated  paper, 
and.  though  identified  with  a  number  of  other 
Inisiness     enterprises,     regards     newspaper 
wiirk  as  his  ])rofession.    ilr.  Bowling's  jnom- 
inence  in  public  life  has  been  brought  about 
largely  through  his  participation  in  political 
affairs  in  the  ranks  of  the  Republican  party. 
He  was  village  recorder  of  Renville  for  one 
term;  justice  of  the  peace  four  years;  secre- 
tary of  Renville  county  Republican  commit- 
tee, and  delegate  to  various  district  and  state 
conventions.     He    was    the    first    assistant 
clerk  of  the  house  of  representatives  of  Min- 
nesota in  1893,  and  chief  clerk  of  that  body 
at  the  two  following  sessions.     He  was  elect- 
ed a  member  of  the  lower  house  in  1900.  and 
when  that  body  organized  was  its  unanimous 
choice  for  speaker.     He  made  an  admirable 
executive  officer,  increasing  the  respect  and 
•esteem  of  the  members  by  his  fair  and  im- 
partial rulings.     Mr.  Bowling  was  secretary 
of    the  National   Republican   League   from 
1895  to  1898,  and  proved  himself  a  most  effi- 
cient organizer,  rendering  valuable  services 
to  his  party.     In  1899  he  was  sent  on  a  spe- 
cial commission  to  the  Philippines  by  Presi- 
dent McKinley,  and  it  is  much  to  his  credit 
that  many  of  the  recommendations  he  made 
in  that   connection   have   since  been   acted 
upon.     He  was  secretary  of  the  Minnesota 
Editorial  Association  for  two  years,  has  rep- 
resented it  in  the  National  Editorial  Associa- 
tion three  different  times,  and  was  sent  to  the 
first  national  good  roads  convention  at  As- 
bury  Park,  in  1894,  as  the  representative  of 
the  St.  Paul  Commercial  club.     He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  K.  P.,  the  I.  O.  O.  F.  and  the  A.  O, 
U.  W.,  the  St.  Paul  Press  club,  and  the  Mar- 
quette club,  of  Chicago.     October  2,  1895,  he 
was  married  to  Miss  Jennie  L.  Bordewich. 
at  Atlanta.  Ga.     Mrs.  Bowling  is  a  daughter 
of     Henry     Bordewich,     consul-general     at 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


Chi'istiania,  Norway.  Two  children  are  liv- 
ing, Dorothy  E..  aged  two  years  and  five 
months,  and  jMaggie  J.,  aged  one  month. 


JOYCE,  Frank  Melville.— Scotuh-lrish  an- 
cestors have  furnished  many  distinguished 
descendants  to  the  United  States.  The  race 
is  numerous  and  widely  spread.  But  Dutch 
Irish  is  a  rare  combination.  Yet  Ool.  Frank 
M.  Joyce  can  boast  of  this  almost  unique  line- 
age. He  was  born  at  Covington,  Ind.,  in  1802. 
His  father  is  Eishop  Isaac  W.  Joyce,  the 
eminent  divine  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
church.  His  ancestors  came  from  Dublin, 
Ireland.  He  for  many  years  was  a  noted 
preacher  and  a  successful  pastor  of  the  larg- 
est chuches  of  the  denomination  in  Cincin- 
nati, and  was  elected  to  the  Bishopric  by  the 
General  Conference  of  the  church,  which  met 
in  New  Y'ork  City  in  1888.  Frank  M.  Joyce's 
mother  was  Carrie  VY.  Bosserman,  whose  an- 
cestors were  Dutch,  and  who  settled  in  Penn- 
sylvania in  an  earl^'  day.  She  was  born, 
however,  in  Indiana,  and  was  educated  in 
Baltimore,  Md.  Y'oung  Joyce  received  his 
primary'  education  in  the  public  schools  of 
Lafayette,  Ind.,  and  subsequently  took  a 
special  course  of  study  at  Baltimore.  He 
then  entei'ed  the  Indiana  Asbury  University 
— now  better  known  as  De  Pauw  University 
— at  Green  Castle,  Ind.,  in  1877,  graduat- 
ing in  1882  with  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of 
Arts.  He  afterward  took  the  degree  of  Mas- 
ter of  Arts.  In  college  he  was  especially 
distinguished  for  his  mathematical  profi- 
ciency, taking  the  class  gold  medal  in  mathe- 
matics. The  students  of  the  university  re- 
ceived military  training  under  an  officer  of 
the  United  States  Army,  detailed  for  the  pur- 
pose. Y^oung  Joyce,  although  his  father  was 
a  noted  man  of  peace,  showed  great  aptitude 
for  military  science,  and  reached  the  rank  of 
Cadet  Major  for  the  military  department  in 
the  University,  at  the  time  of  his  graduation. 
He  organized  and  drilled  the  far  famed 
''Asbui^-  Cadets,"  a  company  which  won 
all  the  first  prizes  in  the  state  local 
drill  contests,  and  which  won  the  first 
l)rize  in  the  great  Interstate  Artillery 
I'rize    Drill   Contest,    held    in    1882    at    In- 


Fit  a  xk  M.  JOYCH. 

dianapolis,  where  eight  competing  batteries 
from  various  sections  of  the  United  States 
took  part.  His  cadets  at  the  same  time  also 
won  the  third  prize  in  infantry  drilf  out  of 
fourteen  competing  companies  present  from 
abroad.  On  Mr.  Joyce's  removal  to  Cincin- 
nati immediately  after  graduation,  he  was 
made  captain  of  the  Cincinnati  Light  Artil- 
lery and  served  with  his  battery  during  the 
famous  Court  House  riots.  For  his  efficien- 
cy in  that  emergency  he  received  special  tele- 
graphic commendation  from  Governor  Hoad- 
ley,  then  chief  Executive  of  Ohio.  In  1892, 
Col.  Joyce  was  appointed  a  member  of  Gov- 
ernor McKinley's  military  staff,  and  served 
as  colonel  thereon  for  three  years,  or  until 
his  removal  to  Minnesota.  When  in  college 
Mr.  Joyce  was  a  member  of  the  college  (ireek 
letter  society,  Beta  Theta  I'i,  and  took  such 
an  active  interest  in  it  that  it  has  never 
abated.  For  several  years  he  published  the 
Fraternity  Magazine.  Afterwards  he  com- 
piled and  edited  the  Fraternity  song  book, 
which  is  still  in  use.  He  is  president  of  the 
Northwestern  Beta  Theta  Pi  Alumni  Asso- 
ciation, as  well  as  president  of  the  Club 
House  of  the  society.  He  is  likewise  active  in 
other  fraternal  associations,  being  a  Knighl 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GUEAT  NORTHWEST. 


of  Pj"thi:is  and  a  member  of  the  Masonic 
Order,  in  all  the  various  degrees  of  the  York 
Rite,  and  is  a  thirty-second  degree  Mason 
of  the  Scottish  Kite.  He  is  identified  active- 
ly with  the  Apollo  Club,  of  Minneapolis,  hav- 
ing served  for  sevei'al  years  as  vice  president, 
and  as  secretary.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the 
Board  of  Trade,  Commercial  Club,  Minne-, 
kada  Club,  and  the  Minneapolis  Club.  On 
leaving  college  he  went  into  the  service  of 
the  Queen  City  National  Bank  at  Cincinnati, 
Ohio,  as  teller,  a  position  which  he  held  until 
1888,  when  he  resigned  to  become  the  general 
agent  of  the  Provident  Life  and  Trust  Com- 
pany of  Philadelphia,  having  for  his  field 
eastern  Ohio.  After  two  years  in  this  sei-v- 
ice,  he  resigned  to  accept  an  agency,  with 
headquarters  at  Cincinnati,  for  the  Mutual 
Benefit  Life  Insurance  Company,  of  Newark, 
N.  J.,  one  of  the  old  substantial  companies 
of  the  East.  In  1894  he  was  promoted  to 
take  charge  of  the  interests  of  the  company 
in  the  Northwest,  covering  the  states  of  Min- 
nesota, North  Dakota,  South  Dakota  and 
northwestern  Wisconsin,  with  offices  at  Min- 
neapolis, where  he  now  resides.  In  1883  he 
was  married  to  Miss  Jessie  Birch  of  Bloom- 
ington,  111.  They  have  four  children:  Arthur 
Reamy,  Carolyn,  Wilbur  Birch,  and  Helen 
Joyce.  Col.  Joyce  is  a  member  of  the  Meth- 
odist Episcopal  church  and  is  secretary  of 
the  board  of  trustees  of  the  Hennepin  Ave- 
nue church. 


TATE,  James  N.,  M.  A.,  superintendent. 
Minnesota  School  for  the  Deaf,  Faribault. 
During  the  past  quarter  of  a  century.  Prof. 
James  Nolley  Tate  has  devoted  his  undivided 
time  and  best  energies  to  the  education  of  the 
deaf,  the  object  of  his  work  being  develop- 
ment of  the  minds,  hearts,  and  bodies  of 
untaught  and  consequently  ignorant  deaf 
children,  gradually  transforming  them  into 
intelligent,  self-supporting,  law  abiding  citi- 
zens, of  whom  their  state  may  rightly  feel 
proud. 

Before  coming  to  Minnesota,  in  July,  1890, 
he  gave  more  than  twentv  vears  of  his  life  to 


his  chosen  work  in  the  Missouri  school  for  the 
deaf,  as  instructor,  assistant  superintendent, 
and  superintendent.  To  tell  the  story  of  his 
life  during  the  period  of  his  connection  with 
that  institution,  would  be  to  write  the  histo- 
ry of  the  school  while  under  his  management. 
He  underwent  a  thorough  practical  course  in 
every  grade  of  institution  work. 

Under  his  charge,  the  Missouri  school 
arose  to  sixth  place  in  point  of  attend- 
ance among  schools  of  its  kind  in  the 
countrj-,  and  in  the  scope  and  character 
of  its  work  it  progressed  in  keeping  with 
its  size;  and  though  once  almost  totally 
destroyed  by  tire,  its  work  was  not  in- 
terrupted; its  growth  was  not  checked.  Its 
magnificent  buildings  of  the  present  day 
stand,  in  great  measure,  a  uionuuu^ut  to  his 
successful  management. 

So  highly  was  he  esteemed  on  account  of 
his  work  in  Missouri  that,  when  in  189(5  the 
venerable  Dr.  Noyes,  of  whom  there  appears 
a  sketch  in  this  work,  retired  from  the  super- 
intendency  of  the  Minnesota  school,  the 
board  of  managers,  after  looking  over  the 
available  men  in  similar  positions  through- 
out the  country,  decided  to  in\-ite  Mr.  Tate 
to  leave  his  Southern  home  to  accept  the 
g\iperintendency  of  a  Northern  school. 

In  carrying  forward  the  work  of  the  Min- 
nesota school,  Mr.  Tate  has  been  eminently 
successful,  all  departments  of  the  work  mov- 
ing on  hai-moniously.  If  one  department  is 
more  his  favorite  than  another,  it  is  the  man- 
ual trades  that  might  claim  his  preference, 
he  being  a  firm  believer  in  the  importance 
of  manual  training  for  the  deaf.  He  would 
educate  the  hands  as  well  as  the  minds  and 
hearts  of  his  pupils.  The  marked  advances 
of  the  school  in  the  various  trades  during  his 
superintendency  give  the  best  evidence  of  his 
zeal. 

Concerning  his  family  history,  Mr.  Tate  is 
the  third  son  of  Col.  Isaac  Tate,  who  came  to 
Missouri  from  Kentucky  with  his  father,  who 
was  one  of  the  pioneer  settlers  of  Callaway 
county. 

The  family  is  of  Scotch  descent  and  settled 
in  Pennsylvania  at  an  early  date;  the  branch 
from  which  Mr.  Tate  is  descended  moved  to 


HISTORY  OF  THE  (JREAT  NOHTHWr'TST. 


Virginia,  and  took  an  active  part  in  the  Rev- 
olutionary struggle.  An  uncle  on  tbc  fath- 
er's side  lost  his  life  in  the  battle  of  (iuilford 
Court  House.  He  was  the  captain  of  a  com- 
pany no  member  of  which  was  less  than  six 
feet  tall. 

llr.  Tate's  mother  was  Miss  Henderson, 
who  came  to  Missouri  from  Virgina  with  her 
father's  family  when  she  was  onlj*  twelve 
years  of  age. 

Mr.  Tate  was  born  on  the  15th  of  October, 
1851.  His  boyhood  dajs  were  passed  on  his 
father's  large  farm  in  Callaway.  He  attend- 
ed a  district  school,  until  he  entered  West- 
minster, a  well  known  Presbyterian  college 
in  Missouri,  from  which  he  graduated  with 
the  degree  of  B.  S.  During  the  next  two 
years  he  took  a  post-graduate  course,  upon 
the  completion  of  which  the  degree  of  M.  A. 
was  conferred.  He  next  taught  in  a  district 
school  for  a  short  time. 

In  1S70  he  began  his  life  work,  accepting 
a  position  as  instructor  in  the  Missouri 
School  for  the  Deaf.  Though  twice  during 
his  career  there  as  teacher  and  assistant  sup- 
erintendent, he  was  ottered  the  position  of 
superintendent  of  similar  schools  in  other 
states,  he  remained  in  the  Missouri  school, 
until,  upon  the  retirement  of  its  founder,  lie 
was  appointed  superintendent. 

\\'hile  a  teacher  in  Missouri,  Mr.  Tate  mar- 
ried Miss  Mary  McClelland,  at  that  time  oui' 
of  the  most  highly  valued  instructors  of  the 
school.  Of  this  union  have  been  born  three 
children,  two  of  whom  are  living. 

In  personal  appearance  Mr.  Tate  is  a  fine 
specimen  of  physical  manhood.  Socially  he 
is  one  who  makes  many  friends  and  keeps 
them.  He  is  a  Knight  of  Pythias  and  a  thir- 
ty-second degree  Mason.  He  takes  great  in 
terest  in  his  lodge  work,  believing  that,  in  so 
doing,  man  can  learn  to  know  the  best  im 
pulses  of  his  fellow-men. 

Owing  to  his  position  as  the  head  of  a  state 
institution,  he  does  not  take  ah  active  in- 
terest in  politics,  and,  though  a  member  of 
the  Congregational  church,  he  is  especially 
liberal  to  all  of  other  denominations.  The 
moral  instruction  daily  <?iven  in  the  chajjol 
of  the  school  to  the  i)U])ils  by  the  snjierintend- 


•lAMKS    X.    T.VTE. 

ent  and  instructors  is  entirely  non-sectarian 
in  character. 

What  Mr.  Tate  would  have  accomplished, 
had  he  devoted  his  talents  as  earuestlylo  one 
of  the  better  known  professions,  is  a  query 
that  often  suggests  itself  to  some  of  his 
friends  who  best  appreciate  his  innate  abil- 
ities. But  since  it  is  the  amount  of  good  that 
a  man  accomplishes  that  is  the  true  measure 
of  his  worth,  Mr.  Tate  has  surely  established 
in  the  hearts  of  his  foi-mer  and  present  pupils, 
a  reputation  and  a  memory  that  must  long 
endure. 

May  the  sjiirit  of  sectionalism  and  politics 
ever  remain  as  foreign  to  future  Boards  of 
Managers  of  the  Minnesota  school,  as  it  was 
when  Mr.  Tate  was  brought  from  his  native 
state  to  the  Star  of  the  North. 


BOl'TELLE,  Clarence  Miles.— The  biogra- 
phy of  Clarence  M.  Boutelle  has  been  pub- 
lished in  considerable  detail  in  several  works, 
readily  accessible;  in  the  Voice  of  Masonry; 
the  Iowa  School  Journal ;  History  of  Antrim, 
N.  H. ;  History  of  Hancock,  N.  H.,  and  in  the 
twelve- volume  edition  of  the  National  Cvclo- 


HISTORY  OK  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


CLAUE^X'E    M.    HOUTELLE. 

pedia  of  American  Biography,  therefore  a 
brief  outliue  only  is  necessary  for  "The  Great 
Northwest.'" 

Dr.  Boutelle  was  born  in  Antrim,  N. 
H.,  July  23,  1.S51.  His  father,  Charles 
Morrill  Boutelle,  was  a  cabinet  maker  by 
trade.  He  came  fi'om  New  Hampshire  in 
1858  and  took  up  a  farm  in  Bear  Valley,  Wa- 
basha county.  He  was  very  successful  and 
soon  became  a  prominent  leader  in  the  com- 
munity, being  postmaster  at  Bear  Valley  for 
about  ten  years.  He  held  many  responsible 
positions  in  the  town  and  school  district. 
He  was  a  charter  member  of  Grange  No.  50, 
Patrons  of  Husbandry,  and  filled  many  of  its 
official  positions.  The  maiden  name  oi  Dr. 
Boutelle's  mother  was  ISarah  Louisa  Buck- 
minster;  her  family  was  well  known  and 
prominent  in  early  New  England  history. 
The  Boutelles  are  of  French  extraction.  It  is 
supjiosed  that  they  went  from  Normandy  to 
England  with  William  the  Conqueror,  and 
came  to  this  country  about  1632,  when  two 
brothers  settled  in  Massachusetts,  from  one 
of  whom  Dr.  Boutelle  is  a  direct  descendant 
in  the  ninth  generation.  At  least  three  of 
his  ancestors  fought  in  the  Revolutionary 
War.     He  came  to  Minnesota  with  his  par- 


ents and  his  early  education  was  mainly  ob- 
tained in  the  country  schools  of  that  state. 
He  entered  the  state  NoiTual  School  at  Wino- 
na in  February,  1871,  and  graduated  May  30, 
1872.     He  then  took  a  special  course  at  the 
Institute  of  Technology,  Boston,  Mass.,  after 
which  he  returned   to    Minnesota    and    was 
made  professor  in  the  state  Normal  School 
at  Winona,  a  position  which  he  held  until 
1SS3,  and  during  the  last  two  years  of  his 
service  there  he  was  one  of  the  three  State 
Teachers'  Institute  conductors.     In  1885  he 
wiis  elected  I'rofessor  of  Mathematics  in  the 
New  York  state  Noi'mal  School  at  Oswego, 
but  declined  to  take  charge  of  the  public 
schools  of  Decorah,  Iowa,  where  he  remained 
until  1802,  when  he  engaged  to  take  charge 
of  the  schools  of  Chippewa  Falls,  Wis.    He 
accepted  the  position  of  professor  of  Mathe- 
matics at  the  state  Normal  school  at  East 
Stroudsburg,  Pa.,  in  1805,  which  he  resigned 
to  accejit  the  superintendency  of    the    Mar- 
shall schools,  in  1805,  a  position  which  he 
now  holds.     In  the  meantime  he  has  been  in 
demand  as  an  instructor  of  teachers  at  state 
institutes,  having  conducted  about  fifty  of 
them.     He  was  an  instructor  in  the  Minne- 
sota State  University  Summer  Schools  from 
"1807  to  1000.     In  1806  he  received  the  degree 
of  LL.  D.  from  St.  Stephen's  College,  An- 
nandale  N.  Y.     Dr.  Boutelle  is  a  voluminous 
M-riter  in  science,  education,  poetry,  fiction 
and  Masonry,  contributing*^  numerous  pub- 
lications of  high  class,  such  as  the  Scientific 
American,  P^ducational  Notes   and    Queries. 
Frank     Leslie's    publications    and     others. 
Among  his  books,  "The  Man  of  Mt.  Moriah" 
has   been    called    the    greatest   Masonic    ro- 
mance ever  written.     In  politics  he  is  a  Re- 
publican— ^an  expansionist  of  the  most  pro- 
nounced type,  and  not — as  he  expresses  it — 
afraid  of   "imperialism."     He  takes  kindly 
to  fraternities.    He  was  a  charter  member  of 
Bear  Valley  Grange ;  in  Masonry  he  has  been 
Master,  High  Priest  and  Commander.    He  al- 
so belongs  to  the  Eastern  Star,  and  is  an 
Odd  Fellow  of  high  degree.     He  is  a  member 
of  the  state  and  National  educational  organi- 
zations.    In  religion  he  is  an  Episcopalian, 
and  is  senior  warden  of  St.  James  church, 
Marshall,  Minn.     He  was  married  July  22, 


HISTOKY  OF  TIIK  CUKAT  N(JK'rU\VKST. 


1S80,  to  Fannio  Oaid  Kiniber,  at  Newtown. 
Long  Island,  N.  Y.  They  have  two  cliildren 
— Anna  Kimbei-  Boutelle,  born  June  5,  1881 
and  Louisa  Elizabeth  Boutelle,  born  Janu- 
ary 14.  1S8G. 


LITTLE.  Clarence  P.elden.—Wlien  the 
state  of  North  Dakota  was  admitted  into  the 
Union,  in  188!),  Clarence  B.  Little,  of  Bis- 
marck, was  elected  state  senator.  In  1!)()() 
he  was  nominated  and  elected  for  the  fifth 
time  and  term.  He  has  represented  Bur- 
leigh county  in  the  senate  continuously  since 
that  state  was  organized.  Wliat  is.  perliaps. 
more  remarkable,  lie  has  served  all  the  time 
as  chairman  of  the  judiciary  committee,  al- 
ways one  of  the  most  impiutant  committees 
of  a  legislature,  but  in  a  new  state,  where  all 
the  laws  must  be  built  up  from  the  founda- 
tion, such  a  committee  is  of  transcendent  im- 
portance. But  few  men  anywhere  have  been 
called  to  such  a  career.  That  he  has  dis- 
charged the  duties  of  this  responsible  })osi- 
tion  to  the  satisfaction  of  his  immediate 
constituents  and  to  the  people  of  the  state  at 
large,  is  proved  by  his  numerous  re-elections 
and  continuous  service  in  that  chairmanship. 

Senator  Little  was  born  at  Pembroke.  N. 
H.,  in  1857,  son  of  (Jeorge  Peabody  and  Eliz- 
abeth Ann  (Knox)  Little.  His  father  was  a 
farmer,  eminent  for  his  wealth,  social  posi- 
tion and  public  services.  He  was  twice  elect- 
ed treasurc^r  of  ilerrimac  county,  N.  H.,  and 
three  times  elected  to  the  legislature  of  that 
state,  and  was  elected  state  senator  Novem- 
ber G,  IDOO.  He  was  of  English  and  early 
New  England  ancestry,  descended  fi-om 
George  T.  Little,  who  came  from  England  in 
1640,  and  settled  at  Newberry,  Mass.  Clar- 
ence B.  Little,  the  son.  jirepared  for  college 
at  the  Pembroke  Academy  and  entered  Dart- 
moutli  College  in  1877,  in  the  class  of  1881, 
as  freshnuin.  At  the  end  of  the  first  year 
was  elected  class  historian  of  fresliman 
year.  He  continued  through  tlie  sophomore 
year,  but  did  not  retui-n  to  the  junior  class. 
as  he  had  determined  to  begin  the  study  of 
law.  He  entei'ed  the  law  oitice  of  Chase  and 
Streeter  at  Concoi'd,  N.  11. .  and  then  tinislicd 


his  legal  course  at  the  Harvard  law  school. 
In  1882  he  went  to  Bismarck,  Dakota  Terri- 
tory, and  began  his  practice  of  law,  in  part- 
nership with  James  A.  Haight,  which  con- 
tinued until  1884,  when  Mv.  Little  was  elect- 
ed judge  of  probate  for  Burleigh  county.  In 
1880  he  was  re-elected  to  the  office.  He  was 
a}i])<)inted  inspector  general  of  the  Dakota 
militia  by  Governor  Pierce,  with  the  rank 
of  colonel,  and  served  in  this  ca])acity  for 
three  years,  ^^■hen  the  Territory  of  Dakota 
was  divided  and  the  state  of  North  Dakota 
was  admitted  to  tlie  rnion.  Colonel  Little 
was  elected  state  senator,  as  stated.  In  this 
s('r\  ice  he  formulated  as  much  legislation  as 
any  man  in  the  Northwest.  He  has  always 
been  the  chainiian  of  the  "steering  commit- 
t(v"'  of  the  senate,  also.  This  comnuttee,  usu- 
ally appointed  during  the  last  two  weeks  of 
tile  session,  has  the  general  direction  of  the 
order  in  which  legislation  shall  be  jiresented. 
Hei'e.  too,  his  influence  has  had  much  to  do 
with  moulding  the  affairs  of  the  state.  He 
was  president  pro  tern  of  the  senate  during 
the  session  of  18!)()-7.  He  was  chairnum  of 
the  Republican  convention,  which  nominated 
the  state  ticket  in  1898.  He  has  se^ed  on 
the  Kepublican  state  central  committee  for 
seven  years.  Colonel  Little  has  always  taken 
a  deep  interest  in  educational  nuitters,  and 
has  served  two  terms  as  president  of  the 
school  board  of  the  city  of  Bismarck,  using 
all  liis  inlluence  to  secure  a  high  standard  of 
education. 

He  was  president  of  the  Cajiital  National 
Bank  of  Bismarck  from  ISSfi  to  IS'.!."),  when 
he  brought  about  the  consolidation  of  the 
two  National  Banks  in  the  city — the  First 
National  Bank  absorbing  the  Capital  Na- 
tional Bank — and  continued  in  charge,  under 
the  new  managenuMit,  which  made  the  amal- 
gamated institution  one  of  the  stnmgest  in 
the  .state.  He  is  one  of  the  incoriiorators  of 
two  state  banks  established  in  neighboring 
counties.  When  the  Bismar<'k  water  works 
comiiany  became  involved,  lie  was  ajiiwinted 
receiver,  and  had  cliai-ge  of  its  affairs  for 
Ihree  ye.us.  He  is  active  in  social  nuitters. 
and  in  c\i'ry  moviMuenI  which  makes  for 
|irogi-ess  in  city  and  stale,      lie  is  a  nu'iulier 


CLARENCE   B.    LITTLE. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


of  the  Masonic  order,  aud  a  Knights  Tcniplai-, 
having'  served  as  eminent  coinniander  of  Tan- 
ered  cornmandery  of  Bismarck,  and  was  dej)- 
uty  grand  commander  of  Dalvota  Tt^-ritor.v 
grand  cornmandery.  He  is  married  and  lias 
one  daughter  and  one  son.  He  is  a  laigv 
property  owner  in  botli  city  and  country. 
Colonel  Little's  long  public  scr\icc,  diversi 
fled  business  interests,  extensixi-  acqnaini 
ance,  and  recognized  ability,  made  liini  in  the 
last  senatorial  contest  the  choice  of  the  lar 
gest  number  supi)orting  any  one  man,  in  op 
position  to  the  leading  candidate;  and  had 
the  colonel  been  selfish  enough  to  jinsh  his 
own  interest,  regardless  of  the  result  to  his 
supporters  in  case  of  failure,  lie  miglii  ha\e 
secured  the  prize  for  himself,  instead  of 
practically  naming  the  nuiu  who  was  tinally 
elected  senator.  His  course  met  with  the 
approval  of  the  i)eoi)le  of  the  state,  who 
wanted  the  senatoi-ial  muddle  ended,  aud  it 
is  commonly  believed  that  his  action  will  be 
a  future  advantage. 


GJERTSEK,  Henry  J.,  one  of  the  best 
known  lawyers  in  Minneapolis  and  the  state 
of  Minnesota,  was  bora  at  Kvafjoi'd,  Trom- 
soe  county,  Norway,  October  8,  18(il.  He  is 
one  of  nine  children,  the  family  consisting 
of  six  boys  and  three  girls.  His  father,  Her- 
man J.  Gjertsen,  now  retired  from  active 
business  and  living  on  his  farm  on  the  east- 
ern shore  of  Lake  Amelia,  Hennepin  county, 
Minn.,  was  born  in  Bergen,  Norway,  and  be- 
longed to  a  well  known  Gjertsen  family  of 
that  jdace.  The  history  of  Norway  states 
that  the  family  was  founded  about  the  six- 
teenth century  by  the  King  of  Mandahl. 
They  have  for  several  centuries  been  known 
as  energetic,  progressive  men  in  all  the  ac- 
tivities of  life,  commercial,  educational,  and 
professional.  In  early  life  Herman  J.  Gjert 
sen  moved  to  Kvafjord,  in  the  northern  i)art 
of  Norway,  and  engaged  in  farming  and  the 
fishing  industry,  which  is  a  very  important 
commercial  interest  in  that  region.  He  suc- 
ceeded in  business,  and  married  into  the 
]>rominent  M'ulff  family,  his  wife's  name  be 
ing  Albertine  B.   Wulff.     Her  people   were 


IlKXHY  .1.  (J.nOKTSKN. 

noted  as  teachers,  lawyers  and  merchants. 
Nicolay  Wulff,  the  distinguished  attorney  at 
Tromsoe,  Norway,  is  her  nephew.  .\s  stated, 
she  had  nine  children,  and  has  begp  a  de- 
voted mother,  requiring  all  the  strength  and 
energy  of  her  strong  race  to  bring  up  such 
a  family  in  the  nuinner  in  which  it  has  been 
accoinplished. 

For  the  benefit  of  the  children  the  parents 
determined  to  break  uji  their  establishment 
in  Norway  and  come  to  the  Tnited  States. 
They  reached  Minneai)olis  in  lS(i7  and  set- 
tled on  a  farm  out  on  Chicago  avenue,  near 
what  has  become  Thirty-eighth  street. 
While  living  on  this  farm.  Henry  J.  (Jjertsen 
attended  the  country  school  in  district  No. 
S.  in  winter,  and  worked  on  the  farm  in  sum 
mer.  This  school  house  stood  on  the  corner 
of  Chicago  avenue  and  the  city  limits,  and 
has  but  recently  been  removed.  He  also  at- 
tended the  Central  High  School  of  the  city. 
His  parents  designed  him  tor  the  ministry, 
as  he  showed  great  ajititude  for  learning,  and 
Hnally  sent  him  to  the  Red  Wing  Seminary, 
a  theological  collegiate  institution  ada](led 
to  prepare  farmers"  sons  for  the  ministry 
and  for  teaching  and  general  business.  Here 
he  graduated   at    the    end   of    a    six    years' 


HISTtHtY  OF  THE  GItE.VT  NORTHWEST. 


coiii-sc.  I!ut  (luiiufi  the  last  year  in  college 
he  chauged  his  mind  iu  regard  to  a  profes- 
siou  and  (]iiietly  conunenced  the  study  of 
law.  After  graduation,  instead  of  taking  up 
theology  as  his  parents  intended,  he  resumed 
his  study  of  law  at  Minneapolis.  Law  ca.ses 
rame  to  him  before  he  was  admitted  to  the 
bar.  One  ease  in  which  he  was  successful 
was  appealed  to  thesui)reme  court,  and  be  en- 
joys the  unique  distinction  of  being  an  "at- 
torney of  record""  iu  that  august  tiibunal, 
before  he  had  been  admitted  to  pi'actice.  At 
the  age  of  twenty-three,  after  an  examina- 
tion before  Judge  Lochren,  he  was  admitted 
to  practice  in  the  district  court  of  Hennepin 
county.  In  1S92  he  was  admitted  to  pi'ac- 
tice in  the  supreme  court  of  the  United 
States.  Hince  he  was  admitted  he  has  had 
a  very  extensive  and  lucrative  practice,  not 
only  in  Minneapolis  and  the  state  of  Minne- 
sota, but  throughout  the  Northwest.  He 
lias  also  been  remarkably  successful  in  win- 
ning the  suits  he  has  conducted,  especially 
in  the  courts  of  last  resort,  a  fact  which 
proves  his  profound  knowledge  of  law  and 
the  intricacies  of  his  ju-ofession.  During  the 
panic  of  189.3,  and  subsequently,  he  was  re- 
tained in  many  heavy  insolvency  cases  in 
the  courts  of  Hennepin  county,  and  is  now  in 
demand  for  cases  involving  coi-poration  law. 

Mr.  (Jjertsen  has  always  been  a  Repub- 
lican, and  has  taken  a  very  active  interest 
in  public  affairs.  Speaking  fluently  the 
Scandinavian  language  and  the  fxerman,  his 
aid  has  been  almost  invaluable  in  political 
campaigns.  For  twelve  years  he  has  been 
one  of  the  most  effective  speakers  in  the 
state.  He  was  apjxjinted  a  member  of  the 
Minneapolis  charter  commission  by  the  dis- 
trict court  of  Hennepin  county  in  1898.  Al- 
though a  Republican,  (rovernor  Lind,  as  a 
j)ersonal  compliment,  appointed  Mr.  Gjert- 
sen  insjiector  general  of  the  Minnesota  Na- 
tional Guards,  a  position  which  he  still  holds. 

He  is  a  Mason,  Knight  of  Tythias,  an  Elk, 
member  of  the  Odin  Club,  Viking  League, 
Hennepin  Association,  and  several  others. 
In  religion  he  was  brought  up  a  Lutheran, 
but  mari-A-ing  a  wife  who  was  an  Episcopal- 
ian, he  has  in  recent  years  attended  her 
church. 


In  188.3  he  was  married  to  (Iretchel  Goe- 
bel,  of  Red  Wing,  a  daughter  of  a  i)rominent 
German  family  from  flannan,  near  Frank- 
foit-on-the-JIain,  Germany.  They  have  one 
(laughter  living,  and  just  budding  into  wom- 
anhood. Alvine  Beatrice.  Their  home  has 
been  in  Minneapolis  ever  since  they  were 
married.  No  more  public  spirited  and  loyal 
citizen  lives  in  the  comiftr)nwealth. 


WEBSTER,  William  Franklin.— When 
men  at  the  head  of  affairs  are  natives  of  a 
state  which  is  growing  like  Minnesota,  it  is 
no  mean  tribute  to  its  institutions,  for  the 
attractive  opportunities  of  a  new  field  draw 
to  it  the  alert  in  all  professions.  The  native 
born  must  compete  with  the  best  that  can 
be  selected  from  abroad.  The  choice  is  made 
from  a  very  wide  range  of  the  oldest  com- 
munities. Again  the  prevailing  prejudice  is 
strongly  in  favor  of  the  foreign  product  and 
against  the  "'home-made.'"  This  is  especially 
true  in  the  profession  of  teaching.  Tlie  im- 
ported professor  is  generally  supposed  to  be 
better  qualified  than  the  one  educated  at 
home.  When  the  test  of  experience  is  ap- 
plied, and  it  is  found  that  the  home  product 
ranks  with  the  best,  of  whatever  training,  it 
must  be  taken  as  a  proof  of  the  efficiency  of 
the  state  provisions  for  education,  and  it  is 
cause  for  congratulation.  William  F.  Web- 
ster, the  principal  of  the  East  Side  High 
School,  Minneapolis,  is  a  Minnesota  boy.  His 
success  in  his  chosen  field  may  be  regarded 
as  a  practical  illustration  in  ju-int.  He  was 
born  in  Clearwater.  Minn..  .May  l':'..  IStiii. 
His  father,  William  A^'allace  Webster,  was 
a  merchant  in  Clearwater,  living  in  comfort, 
though  not  in  affluence.  He  was  of  English 
extraction  and  New  England  ancestry,  but 
was  born  in  Canada.  In  1857  he  removed  to 
Minnesota,  remaining  for  a  time  in  St.  An- 
thony, and  finally  settled  at  Clearwater.  At 
1854.  His  father,  William  C.  Bracken,  was 
among  the  first  to  respond  to  Lincoln's  call 
for  troojis.  Having  enlisted  he  was  chosen 
first  lieutenant  of  Company  A,  Third  regi- 
ment Minnesota  Volunteers.  Soon  after  the 
organization  of  the  regiment  he  was  pro- 
moted to  captain.     In  1864  he  was  advanced 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


to  the  rank  of  major.  Then,  owing  to  a  long 
period  of  illness,  be  resigned  on  a  surgeon's 
certificate  of  disability,  and  was  honorably 
mustered  out  of  service.  He  returned  to 
Clearwater,  where  he  made  his  home  until 
he  died,  in  181)5.  His  wife's  maiden  name 
was  Melvina  Woodworth,  a  name  showing 
English  ancestry.  Mr.  William  F.  Webster 
gained  his  early  schooling  in  the  graded  vil 
lage  school.  After  completing  the  courses 
of  study  there  offered  he  went  to  work  in  his 
father's  general  store,  where  he  remained 
four  or  five  years.  When  nineteen  years  ot 
age  he  came  to  Minneapolis  and  attended  the 
Minneapolis  Academy  until  prepared  for  col- 
lege. In  1882  he  entered  the  university  to 
Ijursne  the  classical  course,  and  graduated  in 
lS,S(i,  as  the  valedictorian  of  the  class,  the 
highest  honor  that  could  be  won.  While  in 
college  he  became  a  member  of  the  Delta 
Tau  Delta.  His  first  work  after  leaving  col- 
lege was  that  of  teaching  at  Buffalo,  Minn. 
He  had  not  yet  fully  determined  the  choice 
of  a  profession,  but  was  inclined  to  medicine. 
With  this  in  view  he  attended  a  medical 
school  in  Minneapolis  the  next  year,  at  the 
end  of  which  he  came  to  the  conclusion  that 
he  preferred  the  schoolroom  to  the  sickroom, 
and  accejited  a  position  as  teacher  at  Rush- 
ford,  Minn.,  and  found  it  so  congenial  that 
he  remained  there  three  years.  From  Rush- 
ford  he  went  to  Moorhead,  where  he  also 
remained  three  years.  In  ISJC?  he  be 
came  princi])al  of  the  East  Side  High 
School  in  Minneapolis,  the  position  which  he 
now  occupies.  For  the  purpose  of  visiting 
Europe  he  was  granted  a  leave  of  absence  for 
the  school  year  1899-1900.  He  spent  the 
time  abroad  with  an  eye  to  i>roflciency  in  his 
profession,  and  visited  Holland,  Belgium, 
France,  Switzerland,  Italy,  England  and 
Germany,  spending  the  longest  time  in  the 
last.  Mr.  Webster  has  in  the  meantime  writ- 
ten on  educational  topics  a  number  of  arti- 
cles, which  have  been  published  with  ap 
proval  in  the  leading  journals  of  the  coun- 
try. He  has  addressed  several  times  both 
the  State  and  National  Educational  Associa- 
tions. In  September,  1900,  he  published  a 
school    text    book — "English:    Composition 


WILLIAM   V.    WKBSTEU. 

and  Literature" — which  has  been  received 
with  marked  favor  by  educational  people  of 
all  sections.  In  1890  he  was  married  to 
Mary  Alden  Towell,  daughter  of  Charles  F. 
Powell,  of  Minneapolis.  They  have  three 
children:  Ruth,  Juliet,  and  Marion.  Mr. 
Webster  is  a  member  of  the  Congregational 
churcli.  His  success  as  a  teacher  places  him 
in  the  highest  rank  of  the  professit)n,  and  jus- 
tifies the  conclusion  that  a  training  abroad 
is  not  an  absolute  necessity  to  the  highest 
elBciency. 


BKACKEN,  Henry  Martyn,  is  secretary 
of  the  Minnesota  state  board  of  health,  and  a 
medical  practitioner  at  Minneapolis.  He  is  a 
native  of  I'ennsylvauia,  and  was  born  at 
Noblestown,  near  Pittsburg,  February  27, 
1854.  His  father,  William  C.  Bracken,  was 
a  physician  and  practiced  his  profession  in 
that  state.  For  many  generations  back  his 
ancestors  had  followed  agricultural  pursuits. 
William  Bracken,  a  true  type  of  the  English 
yeoman,  settled  near  Wilmington,  Del.,  in 
1702,  and  he  is  credited  with  being  the 
founder  of  the  Bracken  family  in  this  coun 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GUBAT  NORTHWKST. 


HKNKV   M.   lUtACKEN. 

try.  The  iiiaideii  name  of  the  mother  of  the 
subject  of  this  sketch  was  Electa  Alvord. 
The  Alvords  were  amoug-  the  early  settlers 
of  Massachusetts,  dating  back  to  about  IGoO. 
They,  too,  were  faiouers.  Henry  received 
his  early  education  in  the  common  schools  of 
his  native  town.  When  thirteen  years  of 
age  he  entered  Elders'  Eidge  Academy  in 
Western  Pennsylvania.  This  institution 
was  for  many  \ears  a  prominent  preparatory 
school  for  Jefferson  College.  It  was  a  de- 
nominational academy,  and  was  conducted 
by  Kev.  Alexander  Donaldson,  a  Presbyter- 
ian clergyman,  an  uncle,  by  marriage,  of  Dr. 
Bracken.  At  the  time  of  his  father's  death, 
in  187li,  he  was  preparing  to  enter  the  sopho- 
more class  at  I'rinceton,  but  was  compelled 
to  give  ujj  this  plan.  He  taught  in  the  pub- 
lic schools  the  following  winter,  and  then,  in 
1873,  took  up  the  study  of  medicine,  enter- 
ing the  College  of  I'hysicians  and  Surgeons, 
in  New  Yoi'k,  which  is  known  as  the  medical 
department  of  Columbia  University,  and 
graduated  in  1S77.  He  also  became  licenti- 
ate of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of  Edin- 
burgh, in  1879.  Between  the  time  of  gradua- 
tion at  New  York  and  receiving  a  licentiate 
qualification  from  Edinburgh,  he  spent  a  few 
months  in  ^'enezuela.     After  leaving  Edin- 


burgh, Dr.  Bracken  served  as  a  surgeon  in 
the  Royal  Mail  service  of  England  for  three 
years.  He  returned  to  the  United  States  in 
the  fall  of  1882,  and  settled  as  a  physician 
in  eastern  Connecticut.  Two  years  later  he 
removed  to  Mexico  and  spent  a  year  and  a 
half  in  that  country.  Returning  to  the 
I'nited  States  in  the  fall  of  1885,  he  spent 
a  few  months  in  New  York,  then  came  West 
and  settled  in  Minneapolis  in  December  of 
that  year,  beginning  at  once  the  practice  of 
his  profession.  In  188(1,  he  was  appointed 
a  teacher  in  the  Minnesota  hospital  college, 
and  later  on,  the  same  year,  was  made  pro- 
fessor of  Materia  Medica  and  Tlierapeutics 
in  this  college.  He  continued  to  hold  this 
position  until  the  medical  department  of  the 
University  of  Minnesota  was  created,  when 
he  assumed  the  same  position  in  that  school, 
and  has  held  it  ever  since.  In  181)5,  he  was 
appointed  a  member  of  the  Minneapolis  state 
Ixiard  of  health,  and  in  1897  became  the 
secretary  and  executive  officer  of  the  board, 
which  position  he  still  holds.  Dr.  Bracken 
has  been  a  faithful  and  efficient  health  of- 
ficer and  has  the  complete  confidence  of  the 
public.  He  has  an  extensive  practice  in  Min- 
neapolis, and  has  been  visiting  physician  to 
the  Asbury  and  St.  Barnabas  hospitals  in 
that  citj'  for  several  year's.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  Minnesota  State  Medical  Society,  Min- 
nesota Academy  of  Medicine,  American 
Medical  Association  and  American  Public 
Health  Association,  and  was  vice-president 
of  the  latter  association  in  1900.  His  ijolit- 
ical  afltiliations  have  always  been  with  the 
Republican  party.  His  religious  connec- 
tions are  with  the  Presbyterian  body,  with 
which  his  family  has  been  connected  for  four 
generations  back.  He  was  married  in  Febru- 
ary, 188-1,  to  Emily  Robinson,  of  Morristown, 
N.  .J.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Lucius  Rob- 
inson, a  civil  engineer  of  Orange,  N.  Y.,  who 
died  about  18G2. 


HYDE,  C.  W.  G.— Mr.  Hyde  is  of  English 
stock.  One  of  his  ancestors  on  his  mother's 
side.  Sir  Ralph  de  Toney,  was  one  of  the 
chief  generals  of  William  the  Conqueror  at 
Hastings,     Another    ancestor,    Sir    Randul- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


phus  Lambert,  also  fought  at  Hastings  by 
the  side  of  his  kinsman,  William  the  Con- 
queror. His  maternal  gi-andfather,  Rev. 
William  Lj-man,  D.  D.,  lived  at  Millington, 
Conn.,  and  was  sixth  in  descent  from  the 
English  ancestor  who  settled  at  Charlestown. 
Mass.,  in  1G31. 

Hyde  is  the  family  name  of  the  eails  of 
Clai'endon  and  Rochester,  ^^■illiaul  Hyde, 
who  came  fi'om  England  to  America  about 
1630,  and  settled  at  Norwich,  Conn.,  is  the 
earliest  American  ancestor  of  the  subject  of 
this  sketch.  Mr.  Hyde"s  great  grandfather, 
Major  Elijah  Hyde,  commanded  a  regiment 
of  Connecticut  horse  during  the  Revolution. 
C.  ^A'.  G.  Hyde  was  born  at  Franklinville, 
X.  Y.,  on  July  13,  1838.  He  received  a  com- 
mon school  and  high  school  education,  hav- 
ing been  a  student  in  the  academies  of  I'eter- 
boro  and  Fayetteville,  N.  Y.  He  has  ac- 
quired the  elements  of  a  classical  education 
hy  wide  reading,  persistent  study,  and  schol- 
arly associations.  In  1855  he  removed  from 
central  New  York  *to  New  York  City,  where, 
for  six  years,  he  was  engaged  in  the  jobbing 
dry  goods  business.  During  this  time  he 
made  a  short  trip  to  Europe.  The  outbreak 
of  the  Civil  War  found  him  living  near  Ot- 
tawa, 111.,  and  in  the  winter  of  1801-62  he 
enlisted  as  a  private  in  the  Fifty-third  regi- 
ment of  Illinois  Volunteer  Infanti"j'.  He 
was  honorably  discharged  at  the  close  of  the 
war,  having  served  successively  as  private, 
sergeant,  first  sergeant,  quartermaster  ser- 
geant, sergeant  major,  second  lieutenant,  ad- 
jutant, and  first  lieutenant  of  Company  F. 
His  ser\'ice  included  Shiloh,  Corinth,  siege 
of  Vicksburg,  Jackson,  Meridian,  etc.  He 
served  for  some  time  as  mustering  officer  of 
the  Fourth  Division,  Seventeenth  Army 
Corps,  and  as  an  aide  on  the  staffs  of  Gen- 
eral Laumann  and  General  Crocker. 

Mr.  Hyde  became  a  resident  of  Minnesota 
in  1867,  and  since  that  time  has  been  identi- 
fied with  the  educational  work  of  that  state. 

But  few  men  by  conscientious  work  have 
become  better  known  and  more  highly  ap- 
preciated as  an  educator  than  has  the  sub- 
ject of  this  sketch. 

It  was  not  until  he  was  thirty  years  of 


C.   W.  G.  HYIIE. 

age  that  he  settled  down  to  definite  and  suc- 
cessful work  educationally.  He  was  super- 
intendent of  Le  Sueur  schools  from^868  to 
1869.  He  then  accepted  the  position  of  su- 
perintendent of  schools  at  Shakopee,  which 
position  he  held  until  1873.  So  faithfully 
and  well  did  he  perform  his  duties  here  that 
a  broader  and  more  responsible  field  pre- 
sented itself  to  him  and  he  became  assistant 
principal  of  the  Mankato  Normal  School. 
For  three  years  he  labored  in  this  field. 
About  this  time  educational  interests  in  Min- 
nesota began  to  grow  and  new  fields  of  labor 
to  open  up.  Ever  anxious  to  avail  himself 
of  the  best  and  to  improve  present  condi- 
tions, he  severed  his  connection  with  the 
Mankato  Normal  and  became  one  of  the 
proprietors  of  the  Minneapolis  Business  Col- 
lege. For  three  years  he  devoted  his  time 
and  interests  to  this  institution.  Many  and 
varied  were  the  lines  of  his  instruction. 
Early  his  interests  lay  along  the  line  of 
mathematics,  then  penmanship  and  book- 
keeping claimed  his  atteiitiou.  Yet  these 
did  not  satisfy. 

During  all  this  time  I'rofessor  Hyde  had 
been  an  omnivorous  reader  and  student  of 


HISTORY  OV  THE  (iUEAT  NORTHWEST. 


Iiistory.  Of  him  it  my  ho  said  that  a  his- 
toric fact  oine  o-rasjipd  never  escaped  him. 
^>o  when  the  chair  of  history  in  the  St.  Cloud 
Normal  School  was  offered  him  he  accepted 
it.     He  remained  in  this  school  until  1893. 

In  January,  1893,  the  department  of  pub- 
lic instruction  needed  a  capable,  earnest,  and 
fiiithful  assistant  and  the  position  was  of- 
fered Mr.  Hyde.  His  work  in  history  at  the 
St.  Cloud  Normal  was  very  dear  to  him; 
yet  he  reluctantly  gave  it  up  for  tbe  broader 
and  more  extensive  field.  He  served  as 
assistant  state  superintendent  from  January 
3,  1893,  to  June  30,  1899,  a  period  of  six 
years  and  six  months.  It  is  in  this  field  of 
labor  that  Mr.  Hyde  is  most  extensi\ely 
known. 

It  is  safe  to  say  that  his  work  as  a  historic 
writer  has  brought  him  into  a  much  wider 
field  of  usefulness  than  it  was  possible  for 
him  to  attain  as  an  educator.  He  has  writ- 
ten a  History  of  the  Northwest  that  in  care- 
ful research  and  judicious  handling  will 
surely  recommend  it  to  all  careful  readers. 
He  is  also  engaged  in  writing  a  general  his- 
tory of  the  world  that  will  be  a  welcome  ac- 
quisition to  every  library. 

Professor  Hyde  is  a  genial,  though  some 
what  retiring,  perjiou  and  commands  the  con- 
fidence and  respect  of  all  who  know  him. 

He  is  now  connected  with  a  School  of 
(Correspondence  and  Teachers"  Agency  in 
Minneapolis. 


BABCOOK,  Albert  Lawrence.— A  dictum 
as  old  as  the  classics  says  "A  poet  is  born, 
not  made."  This  is  (mly  saying  that  a  man, 
to  succeed  in  his  calling,  must  have  a  natural 
ajttitude  for  it.  This  is  true  in  every  field 
of  labor,  from  the  "man  with  the  hoe,"  to 
the  "man  on  horseback,"  but  it  is  not  recog- 
nized. It  is  regarded  rather  as  a  fine  spun, 
academic  theory,  not  applicable  to  common, 
every  day  affairs.  Yet  it  underlies  nearly 
always  the  difference  between  success  and 
failure.  It  is  esi)ecially  true  that  natural 
ajititude  is  necessary  in  commercial  life, 
where  statistics  show  that  only  one  in  a  hnn- 
(li'cd  escape  faihiri'.     A  town  may  be  "beau- 


tiful for  situation"  and  be  surrounded  by 
all  the  advantages  required  to  make  a  thriv- 
ing city,  yet  it  may  shrivel  into  a  fossil  for 
the  lack  of  the  "right  kind  of  men."  An- 
other town  may  be  squatted  upon  by  ac- 
cident and  lack  all  natural  advantages, 
and  yet  become  a  thriving  center  of  business, 
because  the  men  in  it  have  the  right  spirit. 
A  successful  business  man  is  a  boon  to  any 
community,  though  rarely  appreciated  at 
his  true  worth.  He  has  about  him  an  at- 
mosphere of  self-reliance,  courage  and  help- 
fulness which  are  contagious.  They  inspire 
others.  He  jjlans  and  brings  to  fruition  en- 
tei-prises,  while  others  ponder  in  hopeless 
indecision.  Thus  progress  is  made.  Blessed 
is  the  town  which  abounds  in  natural  busi- 
ness men. 

Albert  L.  Babcock,  of  Billings,  Mont.,  is 
a  fair  type  of  such  men,  who  are  making 
the  Northwest.  He  was  born  at  Albany,  N. 
Y.,  in  l.Sol.  His  parents  moved  to  the  state 
of  Illinois  when  he  was  five  years  old,  and 
settled  on  a  farm  near  Pontiac,  in  Living- 
ston county.  His  father,  ^^'illiam  O.  Bab- 
cock, made  a  success  of  his  farm,  but  after 
seven  j-ears  moved  to  Pontiac  and  engaged 
in  mercantile  business.  His  wife's  maiden 
name  was  Julia  M.  Lawrence.  Albert,  while 
living  on  the  farm,  attended  the  district 
school  in  winter,  after  he  became  old  enough, 
and  when  the  family  moved  to  Pontiac  he 
had  the  advantages  of  the  public  schools, 
but  soon  he  became  restless  to  do  something 
for  himself.  His  first  fancy  was  the  print- 
ing office,  where  he  secured  employment  as 
an  apprentice.  This  was  not  a  very  entic- 
ing occupation,  so  after  about  a  year  he  gave 
it  up  and  went  to  clerking  in  a  country 
store  when  he  was  about  fifteen  years  of  age. 
When  eighteen  years  old  he  went  to  Chicago 
and  entered  the  wholesale  hardware  house 
of  Miller  Bros.  &  Keep,  and  stayed  with 
them  about  four  yeare.  These  were  really 
the  formative  years  of  his  life,  although  he 
was  not  then  conscious  of  it.  In  1873,  hav- 
ing by  economy  saved  up  about  three  hun- 
dred dollars,  he  formed  a  partnership  with 
a  young  friend  and  engaged  in  the  grocery 
business  at  Pontiac.     Tliis  business  was  con- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  (JKICAT  XOKTIIWKSr. 


tinued  with  success  until  1882,  when  lie 
made  a  trip  to  Uilliuj^s,  Mont.,  and  was  cap- 
tivated by  the  ()p])()i-tnnities  ort'ered.  He  de- 
termined to  enj;aj;e  in  business  tliere,  and 
fortliwith  secured  a  location,  and,  in  a  rude 
building  and  a  tent,  opened  a  hardware  store 
and  tin  shop,  stocked  with  a  meajjcr  siijijilv 
of  goods,  such  as  his  limited  capital  would 
jiermit,  spending  evei-y  leisure  moment  and 
his  evenings  at  the  tinner's  bench,  making 
stove  pipe  and  tinware  for  llie  next  day's 
business.  He  had  now  fiuind  his  i>i()]i('r 
"sphei'e'' — to  use  the  correct  phrase — and 
from  that  moment  he  has  prosjjered.  He  is 
not  only  successful  in  business,  but  lie  lias 
contributed  very  largely  to  building  up  and 
beautifying  the  city,  and  to  the  prosperity  of 
the  state.  His  hardware  store  has  develoj)ed 
into  a  very  large  establishment  known  as 
the  A.  L.  Babcock  Hardware  ('omi)any,  of 
which  he  is  jiresident.  He  is  one  of  the 
original  incorjiorators  and  president  of  the 
Yellowstone  National  Bank,  president  of  the 
Billings  Telephone  fompany,  president  of 
the  Babcock  &  Miles  Hardware  Company,  of 
Harlow,  Mont.,  president  of  the  Billings  Re- 
alty Company,  jiroprietor  of  the  Yellowstone 
Valley  Flouring  Jlills,  and  for  a  nundier  of 
years  has  been  piesident  of  the  Yellowstone 
Fair  Association.  He  is  also  a  heavy  stock- 
holder, lessee  and  manager  of  the  Billings 
Opera  House.  He  is  always  one  of  the  fore- 
most in  every  movement  to  promote  the  wel- 
fare of  the  city  and  state.  Through  his  ex- 
tensive acquaintance  and  integrity  of  char- 
acter he  exerts  a  wide  influence  throughout 
the  state.  Xo  man  is  more  resjieded  or  held 
in  higher  esteem.  He  is  a  member  of  llie 
Masonic  fraternity.  Knights  of  Pythias  and 
the  Elks,  and  was,  in  189:i-!U,  eminent  grand 
commander  of  the  Grand  Commandery  of 
Knights  Templar  of  Montana.  He  is  a 
staunch  Republican  in  ]iolitics,  and  has  al 
ways  taken  an  active  interest  in  public-  af 
fairs.  He  was  appointed  county  conimis 
sioner  to  fill  vacancy  in  1885  and  then  in 
1886  was  elected  for  a  term  of  foni-  years. 
serving  the  last  year  as  chairman  of  llie 
board.  When  the  state  was  admitted  into 
the  TTnion,  in  ISSO,  he  was  elected  state  sen 
ator  for    Yellowstone    county,    receiving    a 


Ai.r.ioirr  l.  kahi'im-k. 

large  majority.  In  18112  he  was  eleded  rep 
resentative  I'oi-  llie  county,  and  in  lSil4  was 
a  second  lime  elected  senator,  lie  has 
served  on  llie  military  staff  of  (rffvernors 
White,  Toole,  and  Rickards,  and  has  been  a 
member  of  various  state  boards. 

Colonel  Babcock  was  married  to  Miss  An 
toinette  l';icker  in  1S77  al  I'onliac.  III.,  his 
old  home,  and  I  hey  ha\e  a  son,  Lewis  ('.. 
twenty-(me  years  of  age,  who  graduated  with 
honors  in  the  class  of  ]8!tS  at  the  Shattuck 
.Military  University,  Faribault,  Minn.,  aiul 
finished  a  course  al  the  Univeisity  of  Chi 
(■ago  in  (he  class  of  liKIO.  The  ])eoi)le  give 
Col.  Itabcock  greal  credit  for  his  coolness 
and  sound  judgment  in  the  ]>anic  of  18it:{, 
wiieu  his  word  of  honor  was  I'eceived  with 
such  contidence,  thai  a  niii  on  llie  two  liauks 
was  stopped  and  a  (iuaiirial  disaster,  which 
would  have  been  a  serious  drawback  to  i'.il- 
lings  and  all  llial  pari  of  .Montana,  was 
averted. 


STEVENS,  Ceorge  Frederic— The  siir 
\('yor  general  of  logs  and  lumlier  of  the  I''iflli 
District  of  .Minnesota,  with  lie,'idi|iiarlers  at 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


iEOUGE    FKEUEIUC  STEVENS. 


Duluth,  (t.  Fred  Stevens,  is  of  Green  Moun- 
tain ("N'eniionl)  jmrentage.  His  father, 
(leorge  "SA'.  Stevens,  was  a  native  of  Ver- 
mont. He  was  for  years  connet-ted  with  the 
lumber  business  at  Saginaw.  Mich.,  and  is 
now  in  the  luuiber  manufacturing  business 
at  Rose  City,  Mich.  His  father  tooli  a  con- 
tract to  build  a  section  of  the  Reido  canal, 
Canada.  This  brought  the  family  into  close 
relations  with  Canada.  His  son,  G.  Fred's 
father,  went  there  in  the  early  sixties,  and 
remained  until  1SG8,  when  he  came  back  to 
the  "states"  and  settled  at  Saginaw,  Mich. 
While  in  the  Dominion  he  was  married  to 
Sarah  E.  Whitmarsh,  a  woman  remarkable 
for  her  comliness  and  kindness  of  heart.  She 
was  all  her  life  an  active  worker  in  chari- 
table movements.  She  died  in  1877.  Young 
Fi-ed  was  an  infant  about  a  year  old  when 
his  parents  settled  at  Saginaw,  having  been 
born  JanuaiT  15.  1S(;7,  at  Newboro,  Can. 
The  distinguished  young  lumbeniian  receiv- 
ed his  education  in  the  common  schools  of 
Saginaw.  I'assing  through  "grades"  he 
graduated  at  the  high  school.  At  the  early 
age  of  nineteen  he  engaged  in  the  lumber 
liusiness  at   Saginaw.     He  mav  be  said   to 


have  been  in  it  always,  for  he  took  in  the 
aroma  of  the  i)ineries  and  mills  with  the  tirst 
breath  he  drew,  and  as  a  boy  was  as  familiar 
with  lumber  ])ile!^  as  a  fanner  boy  is  with 
the  soil.  In  1890,  with  the  falling  off  of  the 
lumber  business  at  home,  he  went  to  Duluth. 
Minn.,  as  assistant  manager  for  the  Cranber- 
ry Lumber  <  "ompany.  Limited.  He  remained 
in  that  j)6sition  until  1897,  when  he,  with  his 
uncle,  J.  ii.  Stevens,  leased  the  Gray  saw 
mill  at  Duluth.  The  following  summer  the 
mill  burned.  Mr.  Stevens  was  so  thoroughly 
conversant  with  every  j^hase  of  the  lumber 
business  that  he  concluded  to  take  up  the 
sliii)ping  branch.  He  began  against  heavy 
odds,  for  there  were  already  in  the  same  line 
eleven  finns  doing  business.  His  knowledge 
and  experience,  coupled  wih  hard  work  and 
close  attention,  brought  success.  Mr.  Stev- 
ens, while  not  posing  as  a  literary  man,  has 
a  high  order  of  native  ability  for  letters.  He 
has  been  vei'y  successful  as  a  writer  of  Swed- 
ish dialect  prose  and  verse.  Some  of  his  pro- 
ductions have  been  widely  published.  Among 
them  one  called  "Crissie"  had  great  popu- 
larity. His  nom  de  plume,  "Ole  Olson. 
Xumar  297,"  is  well  known.  He  has  been 
offered  positions  on  the  Chicago  papers  to 
write  in  this  line.  He  is  also  a  wide-awake 
citizen,  taking  active  part  in  all  public  af- 
fairs. In  politics  he  is  a  stalwart,  unflinch- 
ing Republican.  He  has  been  a  vigorous 
committee  man  and  worker  for  his  party. 
When  many  of  the  active  young  Republicans 
switched  off  to  the  silver  side,  he  stood  firm 
and  refused  to  follow  the  vagary,  as  he  deem- 
ed it.  He  has  never  sought  political  office, 
and,  although  frequently  solicited  to  accept 
nominations  for  local  offices,  he  has  steadily 
refused.  But  the  j>osition  of  surveyor  gen- 
ei"al  of  logs  and  lumber  for  the  Fifth  district, 
to  which  he  was  appointed  over  live  other 
strenuous  applicants,  being  in  the  line  of  his 
life  business,  he  sought  and  obtained  fi-oni 
Governor  Van  Sant,  January  12,  1901,  tak- 
ing charge  of  the  office  April  15,  1901.  In 
religion  Mr.  Stevens  is  a  Methodist.  He  is  of 
clean  personal  character,  and  without  re- 
pi-oach  as  a  business  man,  citizen  and  neigh- 
bor.    He  was  married,  October  3,  1897,  to 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


Koxaiiiia  M.  Todd,  dauj^htci-  of  Saimu'l  Todd, 
a  ■•bonanza  fainicr"  of  the  Kcd  livci-  vallt\v. 
livini'  at  Hendi-tini.  ^Miun. 


L()KENS(;AAR1),  Ole  Olson.— The  pie.si- 
dt'nt  of  tlu'  tlirivinf;:  Lutheran  Nonnal  school 
for  the  training-  of  teachers,  at  JIadison, 
Minn.,  Professor  Lokensjjaard,  was  born  at 
Aal,  Hallingdal,  Norway,  Novendier  2:5,  lSo4. 
His  father  was  a  farmer,  and  had  the  same 
name.  His  mother  was  Heljia  il.  ^'esle- 
jiaard.  Tlie  family  was  of  <-onsi(ierabl('  prom- 
inence. His  grandfather  and  two  iukics 
took  part  in  the  war  with  Sweden,  one  of 
tliem  lieing  an  otticcr.  .Mi-.  Liikensgaard 
( anie  to  this  country  as  a  child,  with  his 
jiarents,  who  settled  near  Northtield,  Kice 
county,  in  1857,  In  IStil  they  moved  to  Da- 
kota Territory,  and  settled  about  ten  miles 
west  of  ^'ennillion,  near  the  ilissouri  river, 
with  a  family  of  four  children.  They  lived 
in  a  wagon  for  eighteen  weeks,  and  otherwise 
endured  the  liardsliip  of  pioneer  life.  In  l.'-!n2 
the  ^lissouri  overflowed  the  bottom  lands 
where  they  had  .settled,  and  completely  sur- 
rounded the  homestead.  As  soon  as  the  sub- 
siding- water  would  jiennit,  they  returned  to 
Jlinnesota,  and  started  anew  in  Nicollet  coun- 
ty, where  the  father  died  in  1871,  at  forty-tive 
years  of  age.  Young  Lokensgaard  learned 
to  read  his  native  langirage  at  home  when 
five  years  old.  Then  he  attended  the  district 
school  for  three  terms,  but  his  parents  were 
his  best  teachers.  They  trained  him  accord- 
ing to  their  pious  faith  and  had  him  con- 
firmed in  the  Lutheran  church.  In  1872  he 
entered  Luther  Tollege  at  Decorah,  Iowa, 
and  graduated  June  28,  1878,  having  taken 
the  full  regular  classical  couree.  He  was  ac- 
counted one  of  the  best  scholars,  being  a  mem- 
ber of  the  "Yggdi-asil,"  and  one  year  presi- 
dent of  the  Students'  libran',  September  25. 
1878,  he  entered  the  Lutheran  Theolog-ical 
Seminary  at  iladison.  Wis.,  and  graduated 
in  May,  188L  The  .same  year  he  accejvted  a 
call  to  the  Oranite  Falls,  Minn.,  Norwegian 
I.uthemn  church.  He  was  ordained  July  21, 
and  entered  ujjou  his  duty  as  ])astor  July  25, 
having-  also  a  congregation  t<*n  miles  west  at 
Bergens.     While  serving  these  charges  Mr. 


OLE    O.    LOKK.\S(;A.\ia>. 

Lokensgaard  ministered  also  at  surrounding 
town.s — ^among  them  Montevideo,  Clarkfield, 
^A'ang,  and  Palmer  Creek,  serving  ^t  one 
time  five  congregations.  His  original  church- 
es, (Iranite  Falls  and  Bergens,  erected  large 
and  commodious  buildings  for  worship.  He 
was  secretary  of  the  Minnesota  A'^alley  sj)e- 
lial  conference,  and  secretary  of  the  Yellow 
Medicine  county  Bible  society,  and  visitor  of 
the  Montevideo  circuit.  In  1892  the  LTnited 
ihurch  which  hiid  just  erected  a  building  and 
established  a  normal  school  at  Madison, 
Minn.,  tendered  Jlr.  Lokensgaard  the  posi 
tion  of  professor  and  president  of  the  new  in- 
stitution, which  he  accepted.  The  school 
ojiened  November  10,  1892,  with  thirty-three 
jinpils  and  three  teachei-s.  The  main  build- 
ing costing  126,000  was  presented  to  the 
T'nited  church  by  the  city  of  Madison.  It  is 
75  by  50  in  size,  three  stories  in  height,  with 
a  basement  and  a  steam  heating  plant.  Un- 
der the  management  of  President  Lokens- 
gaard the  school  has  grown  so  as  to  require 
another  building.  The  United  church  erect- 
ed this,  75  by  40,  with  three  flooi-s  and  a  base- 
ment. This  edifice  furnishes  a  doi-mitory  for 
sixty-live  pupils.  This  enterjirise,  and  get- 
ting the  money  for  it,  devolved  largely  upon 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GUEAT  NOllTUWEST. 


the  presideut.  The  institution  has  now  six 
tiachi'is  with  ovi-r  one  Inuidred  and  sixty 
pupils.  President  Lolvensgaard  was  a  Re- 
publican in  politics,  but  his  zeal  for  prohibi- 
tion lead  hint  into  that  party  of  which  he  is 
one  of  the  leaders,  being  chairman  of  the 
county  prohibition  committee  and  generally 
a  delegate  to  the  party  conventions.  In  reli- 
gion he  belonged  to  the  old  Norwegian  Syn- 
od, but  joined  in  organizing  the  United  Nor- 
wegian Lutheran  church  in  1890.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  bcwird  of  education  five  years 
—most  of  the  time  i)resident— at  Granite 
Falls.  He  is  very  prominent  in  musical  cir- 
cles, both  as  a  teacher  and  as  president  and 
officer  of  musical  societies.  He  was  first  mar- 
ried July  7,  1881,  to  Miss  Ellen  Ki*a-\ik,  of 
Wisconsin,  who  died  in  1892,  leaving  two  sur- 
viving children.  In  1894  he  was  married  to 
:\riss  Anna  S.  Romtvedt.  They  have  four 
children. 


SMEAD,  Walter  Everett.— The  Black 
Hills  region  of  South  Dakota  has  always 
been  noted  for  the  energy  and  enterprise  of 
its  leading  men.  No  difficulty  seems  to  stag- 
ger them,  and  no  failui-e  ever  casts  them 
down.  In  the  fore  front  of  the  band  which 
has  made  the  "Hills"  famous,  always  has 
been  found  Walter  E.  Sniead.  He  came  to 
Dakota  Territory — now  South  Dakota — in 
1878,  and  has  ever  since  been  one  of  the 
leading  spirits  in  all  jirogress.  He  was  born 
in  Milford,  Mass.,  March  31,  1855.  His  fath- 
er was  Darwin  D.  Smead,  a  native  of  Law- 
renceville,  N.  Y.  He  was'  a  hotel  keeper,  in 
moderate  financial  circumstances.  He  came 
to  Lead  in  1886  and  was  the  first  police  jus- 
tice of  Lead,  and  was  a  county  and  city  jus- 
tice of  the  peace,  serving  in  the  latter  office 
until  his  death,  December  27,  1899,  nearly 
seventy  years  of  age.  The  maiden  name  of 
Walter's  mother  was  (Cynthia  Cheney.  She 
was  born  at  Milford,  Mass.,  in  1833,  and  is 
still  living.  She  is  a  descendant  of  New 
England  progenitors  who  settled  there  be- 
fore the  Revolutionary  War.  Walter  ob- 
tained his  early  education  in  the  j)ublic 
schools  of  Massachusetts  and    New    York. 


Pie  came  to  Deadwood  in  1878,  and  the  next 
year  moved  to  Central  City,  and  commenced 
work  as  a  miner  in  the  Father  DeSmet  mine, 
now  owned  and  operated  by  the  Homestake 
Mining  Company.  He  continued  working  in 
this  mine  for  five  years,  when  he  entered  the 
office  of  the  Father  DeSmet  Mining  Coni])a- 
ny.  In  188fi  he  was  placed  in  charge  of  the 
office  of  the  Homestake  Mining  Company  at 
Lead,  in  which  position  he  has  remained  ever 
since.  The  same  year  he  was  elected  auditor 
of  the  Black  Hills  &  Fort  Pierre  Railroad 
Company,  and  has  since  served  continuously 
in  that  cajiacity.  Following  the  big  tire, 
March  S,  19(10,  he  organized  a  company  with 
a  capital  of  .fl 00,000  to  erect  the  finest  hotel 
in  South  Dakota.  This  enterprise  is  now  al- 
most completed.  Mr.  Smead  has  been  a  Re- 
publican from  the  time  he  cast  his  first  vote, 
and  since  he  came  to  the  "Hills,"  he  has  been 
active  and  prominent  in  Republican  affairs, 
having  served  as  secretary,  treasurer  and 
chairman  of  political  organizations.  At  dif- 
ferent times  he  has  been  chairman  of  the 
county  central  committee.  He  has  also  been 
a  member  of  the  State  Republican  Central 
Committee  for  several  years.  In  1890.  he 
was  a  delegate  to  the  National  Republican 
Convention  which  met  at  St.  Louis,  where  he 
was  honored  by  being  placed  on  the  Notifica- 
tion Committee  to  officially  inform  Mr.  Mc- 
Kinley  that  he  had  been  duly  nominated. 
In  1900,  he  was  chosen  a  delegate  to  the 
State  Republican  Convention  of  South  Da- 
kota, where  his  associates  elected  him  chair- 
man of  the  Lawrence  county  delegation.  Mr. 
Smead,  in  that  convention,  was  an  ardent 
supporter  of  Hon.  Chas.  H.  Burke  and  E.  W. 
Martin  for  congress,  and  Hon.  Robert  Gam- 
ble for  .senator.  He  has  the  satisfaction  of 
seeing  all  three  candidates  successful,  and 
may  congratulate  himself  on  being  largely 
instrumental  in  bringing  about  the  result. 
Mr.  Smead  has  always  been  a  strong  advocate 
of  temperance  legislation,  and  is  especially 
interested  in  educational  matters.  He  has 
always  been  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Edu- 
cation wherever  he  has  lived.  He  was  the 
fii'st  jiresident  of  the  Board  of  Education  of 
the  city  of  Lead,  and  has  been  jiresident  of 


■\valti:k  e.  smead. 


IIISTOKY  OF  THE  (JKEAT  NOKTHWF.ST. 


llic  liii:n-(l  for  six  vciirs  ainl  fvi-r  since  its  or- 
{iauizatioii.  Ue  is  also  active  in  social  af- 
fairs, being  a  member  of  the  local  Golden 
Star  Club,  and  a  member  of  the  Masonic- 
Blue  Lodge.  He  is  not  enrolled  as  a  mem- 
ber of  a  church,  but  contributes  liberally  to 
the  support  of  all  Ux-al  denominations.  No- 
vember 17, 187!t,  he  was  married  to  Miss  Eliz- 
beth  McIS'anuay,  a  native  of  New  York.  They 
have  three  children :  Walter  A.  Now  a  cadet 
at  the  U.  S.  Naval  Academy,  Annapolis; 
Howard  K.,  and  Harold  B.  Smead. 


HEDGES,  Cornelius. — The  Order  of  Free 
Masonry  is  unique  in  the  history  of  fraternal 
societies.  It  traces  its  origin  back  for  sev- 
eral centuries,  and  no  other  secret  order  has 
so  many  members  scattered  all  over  the 
globe.  It  is  thus  worthy  of  note  that  the  sub- 
ject of  this  sketch  was  the  tirst  Worshipful 
Master  of  the  Masonic  Lodge  of  Helena, 
Mont.,  which  was  organized  in  1865;  first 
Grand  Senior  Warden  of  the  Grand  Lodge 
of  Montana,  organized  in  18G6;  Grand  Mas- 
ter of  the  Grand  Lodge  in  1870  and  1871, 
and  Grand  Secretary  of  the  (irand  Lodge,  by 
appointment,  since  18G;»,  and  by  election 
since  October  8,  1872.  Cornelius  Hedges  is 
of  English  descent.  His  ancestors,  on  both 
sides  of  the  house,  came  from  the  British 
Isle  and  settled  in  New  England  in  the  early 
days  of  the  settlement  of  that  colony.  He 
was  born,  October  28,  1881,  at  Westfield, 
Hampden  county,  Mass.  His  father,  Dennis 
Hedges,  was  a  fanner,  in  comfortable  cir- 
cumstances. He  was  a  native  of  Connecticut, 
and  was  born  in  the  town  of  Middletowu. 
His  family  settled  first  on  Long  Island  on 
their  arrival  in  America.  His  wife,  Alvena 
Noble,  was  the  daughter  of  a  Revolutionary 
soldier.  She  was  born  in  Westfield,  Mass. 
Cornelius  received  his  education  in  the  pub- 
lic schools  and  an  academy  of  his  native 
town.  Later,  he  entered  Yale  College,  from 
which  he  graduated  in  1853,  receiving  the  de- 
gree of  A.  ^I.  from  his  Alma  Mater  in  1855. 
During  his  freshman  year  he  was  comj^elled 
to  remain  out  one  term  on  account  of  sick- 
ness resulting  from  the  drinking  of  poisoned 
milk.  He  did  not  recover  from  its  effects  until 


he  crossed  the  jilains  a  few  years  later,  walk- 
ing the  whole  distance  from  Independence, 
Iowa,  to  N'irginia  City.  Mont.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  D.  K.  and  D.  K.  E.  societies  while 
at  Yale.  Tlie  year  following  his  graduation 
Mr.  Hedges  taught  an  academy  at  Easton. 
Conn.  In  1855  he  returned  to  his  native  town 
and  entcrwi  the  law  ottice  of  Hon.  Edward 
B.  Gillette  for  the  purpose  of  taking  uji  the 
study  of  law.  The  next  year  he  entered  the 
law  department  of  Harvard  Cniversity,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar,  on  examination  be- 
fore the  supreme  court  of  Massachusetts,  the 
same  year.  AMiile  studying  law  he  also 
taught  in  the  academies  at  Berlin  and  South 
ington.  Conn.  In  1856,  he  came  west  and 
located  at  Independence,  Iowa,  where  he  be 
gan  the  practice  of  his  profession.  Mr. 
Hedges  did  not  at  that  time,  however,  nor 
has  he  since,  devoted  all  his  energies  to  the 
legal  profession.  While  at  Independence  he 
secured  an  interest  in  the  Independence 
Civilian  and  published  that  pajjer  for  several 
years.  In  1861  he  decided  to  go  farther 
west,  and  made  the  journey  on  foot  to  Vir- 
ginia City,  Mont.  He  went  from  there  to 
Helena,  where  he  has  resided  ever  since.  In 
1865  he  fonned  a  law  partnership  with  Col. 
Robert  Lawrence,  which  continued  for  two 
years.  In  October,  1866,  be  returned  east 
for  his  family,  coming  down  the  Missouri 
and  going  back  the  following  spring  by 
steamboat.  Mr.  Hedges"  career,  since  his  lo- 
cation in  Montana,  has  been  an  active  and 
busy  one.  He  took  a  prominent  part  in  the 
early  history  of  that  state,  his  activities  be- 
ing directed  in  many  different  lines.  He  was 
appointed  I'nited  States  District  Attorney 
in  1865,  and  served  one  term  in  that  oftice. 
Afterward  he  was  elected  probate  judge  of 
Lewis  and  Clark  county,  and  served  in  this 
position  for  five  years.  In  1872,  after  the 
adoption  of  the  territorial  school  law,  he  was 
appointed  superintendent  of  public  instruc- 
tion, serving  six  years.  He  was  also  for  sev- 
eral years  engaged  as  an  editorial  writer  on 
the  Helena  Herald.  He  represented  Lewis 
and  Clark  county,  as  state  .senator,  in  the 
first  legislative  session  of  Montana,  which 
was  held  in  1889,  sening  four  years.  He 
was   one   of   the   original    founders   of   the 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


Helena  pnblic  library  in  18(iS,  is  at  tbe  pres- 
ent time  its  president,  and  has  been  such  the 
greater  pai-t  of  the  time  since  its  existence. 
In  1870.  he  was  one  of  the  Washburn  party 
that  visited  the  gevser  region  on  the  Yellow 
stone,  and  made  the  first  suggestion  as  to 
making  a  national  park  out  of  this  beautiful 
section  of  country.  On  that  occasion  he  was 
forty  days  in  the  saddle.  He  has  also,  for  a 
long  time,  been  connected  with  the  Montana 
Historical  Society.  Mr.  Hedges"  most  promi 
nent  work,  however,  has  been  in  connection 
with  Masonry,  of  which  mention  is  made  at 
the  beginning  of  this  sketch.  His  record  is 
somewhat  unusual  in  ilasonic  circles.  He 
has  been  writing  correspondence  rejxirts  for 
the  Grand  Lodge  of  ^[outana  almost  ever 
since  its  organization  in  1S(;(),  and  has  also 
written  the  reports  for  the  (Jrand  Chapter 
and  (rrand  Commandery  since  their  organi- 
zation. Mr.  Hedges  was  a  Democrat  until 
the  (_'ivil  W'iw.  Since  then  he  has  allied  him 
self  with  the  Republican  party,  and  is  a 
stronger  adherent  of  its  principles  now  than 
ever  before.  He  has  always  been  an  expan- 
sionist, believing  that  the  United  States 
would  some  day  become  the  leading  power  in 
the  world,  and  he  thinks  that  the  possession 
of  the  I'hilippines  will  aid  in  accomplishing 
that  result.  He  believes  the  more  thorough- 
ly in  exjjansion  because  of  the  prominent 
part  lie  took,  during  his  long  and  useful 
career,  in  the  building  up  of  the  Pacific  west, 
and  he  has  lived  to  see  the  day  when  the 
I'nited  States  has  finally  broken  out  of  its 
boundaries  and  secured  a  foothold  in  the 
Orient — the  first  step  in  the  direction  of  mak- 
ing this  nation  a  power  to  be  considered  in 
the  future  destiny  of  the  world.  In  the  legis- 
lative session  of  1899,  noted  for  the  long- 
drawn  out  contest  between  the  Clark  and 
Daly  factions,  Mr.  Hedges'  name  was  placed 
in  nomination  for  the  office  of  United  States 
senator,  and  he  received  the  hearty  support 
of  the  representatives  of  his  own  party.  His 
own  son,  Wyllys  A.  Hedges,  feeling  a  little 
delicate  about  it,  refrained  from  voting  at 
first,  but  later  acceeded  to  the  wishes  of  his 
associates  and  made  it  a  unanimous  party 
vote.  He  was  one  of  the  four  Republicans 
that  did  not  vote  for  Mr.  Clark,  and  was  re- 


riiUXKLli'S  IIKDCES. 

elected  in  lyod.  lleforc  beccjming  a  resident 
of  Montana,  Mr.  Hedges"  church  connections 
were  with  the  Congregational  body,  but  for 
want  of  such  an  organization  in  Helina  he 
united  with  the  Presbyterian  church,  of 
which  he  is  an  elder.  He  was  married,  July 
7,  1856,  to  Edna  Layette  Smith,  of  South- 
ington.  Conn.  They  have  had  eight  children; 
two  boys  and  one  girl  died  in  early  youth. 
The  children  living  are:  Wyllys  Anderson, 
a  sheep  grower  in  Fergus  county,  Mont.; 
Henry  Highland,  a  stockman  in  Valley  coun- 
ty, Mont.;  Cornelius,  Jr.,  living  at  home  and 
em])loyed  in  the  internal  revenue  office; 
Edna  Cornelia,  living  at  home,  and  Emma 
(now  Mrs.  John  Woodbridgej,  living  in  Bos- 
ton. 


McCILLIVRAY,  Alexander  C,  the  reg- 
ister of  tlie  United  States  laud  office  at  Bis- 
marck, came  to  the  Territory  of  Dakota  in 
1882.  He  was  born  at  Toronto,  Canada.  Jan. 
24,1859.  His  father,  Neil  McC.illivray,  is  a 
native  of  the  Highlands  of  Scotland.  He 
came  to  Canada  in  an  early  day  and  engaged 
in  business  as  a  carpenter,  builder,  and  con- 
tractor.    Alexandei's  mother  was  also  a  na- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  (iUEAT  X(»KTn\VEST. 


ALEXAMlICIt   ('.   MfOILI.IVRAY. 

tive  of  the  Highlands,  aud,  like  her  hus- 
band, came  to  Canada  with  her  parents,  as 
a  child.  Her  maiden  name  was  Sarah  Mc- 
Colhim.  Mr.  McGillivray  obtained  his  early 
education  in  the  public  schools  of  Toronto, 
which  are  of  a  superior  grade,  ^^'hen  eigh- 
teen jears  old  he  came  to  Chicago,  and  se- 
cured employment  as  a  traveling  salesman 
for  a  Xew  York  dry  goods  firm,  coyerlng 
the  states  of  Hlinois,  Indiana  and  Michigan. 
After  five  yeai-s  in  this  service  he  came  to 
Bismarck,  Dakota  Territory,  and  for  one 
year  served  as  clerk.  He  then  went  into  the 
general  mercantile  business  for  himself  at 
Dickinson,  N.  D.,  and  remained  in  it  ten 
years,  selling  in  that  time  about  |600,000 
worth  of  merchandise,  almost  an  unprece- 
dented large  amount  for  such  a  compara- 
tively small  city,  and  where  he  was  also  for- 
warding agent  of  the  Black  Hills  Freight 
Line,  and  the  president  of  the  Lehigh  Coal 
Mining  Company,  and  later  branched  out  in- 
to the  stock  business,  which  he  now  carries 
on  at  Indian  Si)riugs,  where  he  makes  a 
specialty  of  breeding  full  blooded,  registered 
Aberdeen  Angus  cattle,  having  probably  the 
largest  herds  of  these  breeds  in  the  state. 
He  is  also  engaged  in  raising  horses  of  high 


grade,  both  draft  and  driving  breeds.  He 
seems  to  have  the  faculty  of  making  any 
business  he  touches  a  success.  He  has,  since 
coming  west,  taken  a  very  active  interest  in 
public  affairs,  and  has  always  affiliated  with 
the  Republican  party.  He  served  for  three 
years  as  county  commissioner  of  Stark  coun- 
ty. N.  D.  He  was  also  elected  and  re-elected 
for  tliree  terms  as  state  senator  from  the 
thirty-first  district,  making  a  tenn  of  twelve 
ycais.  He  has  been  a  member  of  the  state 
Kei)ublican  central  committee  for  ten  conse- 
cutive years,  and  a  member  of  its  executive 
for  four  years.  His  keen  sagacity,  sound 
judgment,  and  untiring  energy  have  made 
him  a  tower  of  strength  to  his  party.  There 
is  no  man  in  the  western  part  of  the  state  of 
more  prominence  and  influence.  His  genial 
manners  and  frank,  honest  and  pleasant 
treatment  of  all  classes,  make  him  a  favorite 
in  all  circles,  and  a  potent  fact(u-  in  politics, 
as  well  as  in  business.  He  was  appointed 
register,  April  1,  1899,  the  position  which  he 
now  holds.  In  1888,  he  was  married  to 
Miss  Mary  J.  Montague,  of  Caro,  Mich.,  a 
daughter  of  the  late  Horace  N.  Montague 
and  Mary  Jane  (Smith)  Montague,  of  Lon- 
don, Ont.  He  is  a  member  of  the  St.  An- 
drews society,  and  although  of  the  Pres- 
byterian faith,  he  is  not  enrolled  as  a  mem- 
ber. 


HANNAFORD,  Jule  Murat.— Railways 
have  made  the  Northwest  what  it  is  in  de- 
velopmentand'wealth.  In  early  days  railways, 
when  perhaps  capital  was  more  timid  and  ex- 
pei-ience  was  more  limited,  were  built  only 
to  those  regions  where  business  was  ready 
made,  and  waiting  for  the  i-oad.  They  follow- 
ed, sometimes  at  a  snail's  pace,  a  civilization 
already  established.  But  the  modern  meth- 
od is  to  i>ush  on  in  advance  of  settlement, 
and  to  create  a  condition  which  invites  the 
settler.  The  Northern  Pacific  railway  was 
the  j)ioneer  of  the  new  policy,  and  the  men 
who  had  the  sagacity  to  foresee  the  results 
and  the  enterprise  and  courage  to  put  the 
theory  into  practice,  are  justly  entitled  to  a 
large  share  of  the  credit  for  the  vast  strides 


HISTOUY   OF  THE   (iUKAT   NOUTIIWEST. 


whii-li  I  lie  .i;rc;it  Xcirl  liwcst  li;is  lalicii  in  re- 
cent years.  ^Ir.  Ilaniiafdrd,  the  snltject  "f 
this  sketcli,  is  one  of  tliese  men.  liavin;;'  been 
for  nearly  thirty  years  enj;a^cd  witli  the 
Northern  I'acifie  laiJway.  He  \\as  horn  at 
CMareniont.  X.  II..  Nov.  lil.  1S.-)(I.  His  fa 
ther,  Eli  K.  Hannaford.  was  an  eniiineer  in 
{i;ood  linanrial  ririiinistanees,  support inj^  his 
family  in  comfort  and  schooling  his  children 
in  a  liberal  manner.  He  was  from  early 
Xew  B^ngland  ancestry,  sj)rinf;ing  from  the 
tii-st  settlers.  His  wife's  maiden  name  was 
Paulina  A.  Jewett.  She  was  also  of  thi' 
same  slock.  IJotli  were  born  in  New  Hamp- 
shire. Younji  J.  ^I.  Hannaford  was  edu- 
cated in  the  jniblic  schools  of  New  Enj;land. 
After  obtaininji'  a  common  school  trainin;^-  at 
Xorthfield,  he  took  his  colle,!;iate  course  at 
St.  Alban's  Academy,  A'ermont,  and  <;rad- 
uated  when  only  sixteen  years  of  afic.  As 
he  was  reared  in  the  atmosphere  of  the  rail- 
road, he  very  naturally  went  into  the  busi- 
ness, enteriuj;-  into  the  service  of  the  ^'ennont 
Central  railway  in  June,  1880.  With  a 
steadiness  very  unusual  in  these  days  of 
rai)id  mutations,  Mr.  Hannaford  has  contin- 
ued in  the  railway  service  ever  since.  It  has 
been  his  life  work.  May  17.  ISTi!,  he  ac- 
cejited  the  position  of  cleik  in  the  frcij;ht  of- 
fice of  the  Northein  I'acitic  railway,  and  set- 
tled in  P.rainerd.  Minn.  In  187!)  he  was 
made  chief  clerk,  and  then  jn-omoted  to  as- 
sistant jieneral  freif-ht  and  passenger  agent. 
From  issi  to  is.v;',  he  was  general  freight 
agent  of  the  Eastern  (li\ision,  and  was  pro- 
moted step  by  step  to  his  present  position  of 
third  vice-president,  in  full  charge  of  the 
tiaftic  dejiartment  of  the  gigantic  enterprise, 
including  all  branches  and  leased  lines  of  the 
Northern  Pacific.  While  the  Wisconsin 
Ci'ntral  railway  was  under  lease  to  the  North- 
ern Pacific  from  180(1  to  1803,  :Mr.  Hannaford 
had  the  management  of  the  traftic  of  that 
road  also.  In  iSOy  he  was  made  vi<'e  pi-esi 
dent  and  general  su])erintendent  of  the 
Northern  Pacific  Express  ('omi)any,  which 
[lositicm  he  still  holds.  While  Mr.  Ilanna 
ford  is  so  absorbed  in  i-ailway  matters,  to 
\\hich  he  has  so  assiduously  devoted  his  life 
to  the  exclusion  of  all  ot  her  Inisini-ss  and  pro 


JI'1,10   M.    H.WNA 


fessions,  he  has  taken  an  .ictive  interest  as 
a  citizen  in  the  societies,  clubs  and  organi- 
zations to  jiromote  social  and  commensal  en- 
terprises and  the  ]iublic  welfare,  being  a 
nu-niber  of  several.  He  is  also  a  director  of 
the  Capital  Bank  of  St.  Paul.  In  religion  he 
atliliatcs  with  the  Ei)iscopalians,  and  at- 
tends the  St.  .lohn's  EiMscoi)al  church,  St. 
I'aul.  He  was  mairied  in  1SS2  to  Miss  Cor- 
delia L.  Foster,  of  St.  Alban's,  Vt.  They 
ha\e  two  sons,  .lule  M..  and  I'^ister  Hanna- 
ford. 


COMSTOCK,  Oliver  Darling.— The  at- 
torney general  of  North  Dakota,  Oliver  D. 
Comstock,  came  to  North  Dakota — then  a 
part  of  the  Territory  of  Dakota— with  his 
father,  when  a  boy  (mly  seventeen  years  old. 
His  father,  Anva  Comstock,  was  a  native  of 
New  York,  and  was  one  of  the  earliest  set- 
tlers in  central  Minnesota,  going  to  Mankato 
about  isns.  In  1S7()  he  moved  to  Sauk 
("enter.  His  wife,  ()li\er's  mother,  was  a 
.Massachusetts  woman.  Her  maiden  name 
was  Susan  J.  Wood.  Kolh  were  of  early 
Knglisli   and   Scotch    .-inceslrv.     ()li\er    was 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


OLIVER   D.    COMSTOCK. 

born  at  Mankato,  Minn.,  Feb.  5,  1866,  and  ob- 
tained his  early  education  in  the  public 
schools  of  Mankato  and  Sauk  Center.  His 
academic  education  was  secured  at  the  Sauk 
Center  Academy.  When  he  and  his  mother 
went  to  North  Dakota  in  1883,  they  took  up 
a  claim  and  engaged  in  farming.  Oliver, 
when  not  working  on  the  farm,  taught 
school,  and  thus  struggled  to  win  the  prize 
that  he  early  set  before  himself — that  of  be- 
coming a  lawyer.  It  was  no  easy  task  for 
one  in  his  circumstances,  but  by  persistent 
energy,  industry  and  perseverance  he  pre- 
pared and  entered  the  law  department  of  the 
University  of  Michigan,  and  graduated  as  a 
Bachelor  of  Laws  in  the  class  of  1890,  and 
at  once  engaged  in  practice  at  Minnewaukon, 
N.  D.,  and  at  the  same  time  operated  a  farm. 
He  had  so  commended  himself  to  the  people 
by  his  sterling  character  and  abilities,  that 
he  was  elected  that  same  year  states  attorney 
of  Benson  county,  N.  D.  This  was  a  very 
remarkable  compliment  to  Mr.  Comstock, 
and  one  almost  unprecedented  in  the  history 
of  the  state.  That  he  was  capable  and  ef- 
ficient in  more  than  one  degree,  is  shown  by 
the  fact  that  he  held  the  position  by  con- 


tinued re-elections  for  ten  successive  years, 
and  until  he  was  promoted  to  a  larger  field 
by  being  elected  attorney  general  of  North 
Dakota  in  1000,  a  position  which  he  now 
holds.  Under  his  administration  of  this  im 
jKntant  office  he  has  relaxed  none  of  the  vig- 
or which  distinguished  him  in  the  smaller 
field.  The  laws — particularly  the  prohibito- 
ry law  about  which  there  has  been  much 
contention — are  rigidly  and  strictly  enforced. 
In  politics  he  is  a  staunch  Rei)ublican,  ac- 
tive, influential  and  very  prominent  in  the 
councils  of  his  party.  He  was  elected  a  dele- 
gate to  the  state  convention  in  1S04,  and  has 
attended  every  subsequent  state  convention 
in  that  capacity.  He  ranks  high  as  a  pub- 
]ir  speaker  and  is  an  excellent  campaigner, 
always  in  demand.  He  is  interested  in  frater- 
nal societies,  and  was  the  first  master  of  the 
Masonic  lodge  at  Minnewaukon.  He  is  a 
^Mason  of  high  position,  including  the  chap- 
ter, commandery  and  shriner  degrees.  He 
is  also  an  Odd  Fellow,  and  belongs  to  the 
Ancient  Order  of  United  Workmen,  being 
also  master  of  the  lodge.  He  was  married 
Aug.  21, 1890,  to  Miss  Agnes  Denoyer,  daugh- 
ter of  David  Deiioyer,  a  soldier  of  the  Civil 
JVar,  a  member  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic,  and  a  former  county  commissioner 
of  Benson  county. 


JONES,  Ray  Williams.— Northern  New 
York  has  contributed  very  materially  to  the 
development  of  the  Northwest  in  sending  to 
it  many  able  and  energetic  men — of  whom 
the  late  Senator  Davis  may  be  cited  as  an 
example — who  haxe  stamped  the  impress  of 
their  intellectual  and  organizing  powers  on 
its  institutions  and  material  prosperity.  The 
subject  of  this  sketch.  Col.  Ray  W.  Jones, 
president  of  the  Commonwealth  Lumber 
Company,  Frazee,  Minn.,  is  one  of  the  natives 
of  that  region,  having  been  born  at  Remsen 
Oneida  county,  N.  Y.  That  rugged  climate 
seems  to  impart  vigor  peculiarly  adapted  to 
the  rushing  enterprise  called  into  requisition 
to  bring  success.  He  was  very  early  thrown 
upon  his  own  resources,  and  so  thoroughly 
that  it  may  be  said  that  he  never  had  a  dol- 


HISTORY  OF  TUE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


lar  given  to  him  that  he  did  uot  earn  with 
his  own  hands.  He  attended  public  schools 
at  Renisen  and  at  Utica,  N.  Y..  until  he  was 
fourteen  years  of  age,  when  he  entered  a 
wholesale  jobbing  house  at  Utica.  He  re- 
mained in  that  position  for  two  years  and 
then  moved  to  Jlnskegon,  llich.,  where  he 
entered  the  employ  of  the  old  ^luskegon  Na 
tional  lianli.  adding  constantly  to  his  litcra 
ry  attainments  and  business  education  diii' 
ing  the  ten  years  that  he  served  in  the  insti- 
tution in  various  positions,  from  the  lowest 
to  the  most  responsible.  Here  he  also  ob- 
tained an  insight  of  the  lumber  business  in 
its  commercial  phases.  In  18S2  he  left  the 
bank  and  engaged  in  the  Inmbei-  business  at 
the  same  place.  This  lie  conriniicd  miiil 
1886,  when  he  took  up  his  residence  in  Min- 
neapolis, and  became  one  of  the  jn-omoters 
and  organizers  of  the  well  known  H.  ('.  Ake- 
ley  Lumber  romj)any,  with  which  he  was 
identified  for  five  years.  He  was  made  the 
first  vice-president  and  general  manager  of 
the  Brainerd  and  Northern  Minnesota  rail- 
way, twenty-five  miles  of  which  was  built 
and  operated  under  Col.  Jones'  supervision. 
But  he  has  been  continuously  in  the  lumbir 
business  since  1882,  and  is  regarded  as  one 
of  the  most  thoroughly  informed  and  expe- 
rienced men  in  the  trade,  in  both  the  com- 
mercial and  manufacturing  branches.  In 
1897  he  organized  the  Commonwealth  Lum- 
ber Company  at  Frazee,  Minn.,  of  which  he 
is  now  president,  and  which  is  doing  a  pros- 
perous manufacturing  business  at  that  point. 
Col.  Jones  has  been  a  large  employer,  and 
has  always  shown  warm  sympathy  with  the 
laboring  men,  by  whom  he  is  especially  re- 
.spected  and  esteemed.  In  politics  he  has  al 
ways  affiliated  and  worked  with  the  Repub- 
lican party,  in  which  he  is  prominent  and  in- 
rtuential.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the  National 
Kepulilican  convention  held  in  Philadelphia 
in  1900,  and  was  honored  by  that  body  by 
being  selected  as  the  member  from  Minneso- 
ta on  the  Notification  committee  to  officially 
inform  President  McKinley  of  his  uomina 
tion,  which  duty  Col.  Jones  had  the  pleasure 
of  sharing.  He  was  a  member,  with  the  rank 
of  Colonel,  of  (iovernor  Clough's  staff,  and  is 


l!.\Y    W.  JO.NES 


at  present  on  (Jorernor  'S'an  Sant's  staff  with 
the  same  rank.  He  is  also  interested  and 
active  in  Masonry,  liaving  passed  all  degrees 
ii|i  to  .ind  including  the  thirty-secOTid.  He 
\v;'s  uiairied  Sept.  12,  1888,  to  Miss  Pauline 
B.,  the  daughter  of  Henry  Spitzley,  of  De- 
troit, Mich.,  one  of  the  oldest  and  most  ex- 
tensive building  contractors  in  that  city. 
The  happy  union  has  been  blessed  with  two 
bright  boys — one  now  ten  years  and  the  other 
six  years  old.  Col.  Jones  may  .iustly  be  ac- 
corded the  honor  of  being  a  truly  self-made 
man.  He  is  a  kind  neighbor,  indulgent  fa- 
tlicr,  and  an  all  round  ])ublic  spirited  and 
liatriofii-  citi.'.cn  whom  his  friends  delight  to 
honor. 


MEKRILL,  Harry  Leonanl,  tlic  suiienn 
tendent  of  the  public  schools  of  Iliitrliinson. 
Jlinii..  was  left  an  orphan  al  an  early  age. 
His  father,  Albert  L.  .Mciiill.  M.  !).,  died 
when  only  thirty-one  years  of  age,  and  his 
niollc'i-.  whose  maiden  name  was  Esther  J, 
Littleiield,  died  when  only  twentycight  years 
old,  both  at  Auburn.  Mr.  The  family  was 
originally    of     French     cxtiaclioii,     and     in 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


HAUItY   L.    MERlilLL. 

Prance  was  known  as  De  Merle.  After  the 
massacre  of  St.  Bartholomews  day  in  1572, 
they  fled  to  England,  and  the  name  took  the 
form  which  it  now  l)ears.  There  are  many 
similar  instances  of  change  of  family  names 
recorded  in  history,  and  many  more  in  which 
the  spelling  of  the  old  names  has  been  so 
altered  that  the  originals  can  with  difficulty 
be  recognized.  In  l()3o  Nathaniel  Merrill 
and  a  brother  sailed  from  England  to  Amer- 
ica, and  settled  at  Newbury,  Mass.  Mr.  Mer- 
rill of  Hutchinson  is  a  descendant  of  this 
Nathaniel  Merrill  in  the  eight  generation.  He 
was  born  at  Auburn,  Me.,  Oct.  27,  1857.  He 
obtained  his  early  education  in  the  graded 
schools  at  Auburn,  and  prepared  for  college 
in  the  classical  course  in  the  Auburn  High 
school,  and  later  at  the  Nichols  Latin  school 
of  Lewiston,  Me., — an  institution  of  high  re- 
pute for  thoroughness  in  training  for  col- 
lege. In  1S7G  he  entered  Bates  college  and 
graduated  in  ISSO.  He  intended  to  make 
law  his  profession  and  coiumenced  the  study, 
but  was  induced  to  take  the  position  of  teach- 
er of  the  high  school  of  Lisbon  Falls,  Me.  In 
February,  1882,  he  moved  to  ^Minnesota,  and 
was  made  superintendent  of  the  public 
schools  of  Hutchinson,  a  position  which  he 


has  since  continuously  held.  This  is  a  re- 
markable record  in  the  west,  where  there 
are  so  many  cliange.s.  He  was  married  June 
:i(l,  ISSli,  to  ^Martha  A.  Harringrton,  daughter 
of  Lewis  Harrington,  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  town  of  Hutchinson,  and  a  descendant  of 
the  early  Harringtons  of  Massachusetts. 
Mrs.  ilerrill  is  also  a  direct  descendant  of 
\Villiam  Bradford,  who  succeeded  John  Car- 
ver, the  first  governor  of  the  Pilgrim  colony 
of  JIassachnsetts,  in  1621.  They  have  one 
child,  Lewis  H.  Merrill.  In  politics  Mr.  Mer- 
rill is  a  Republican,  active  and  influential  in 
local  atfairs.  He  is  also  prominent  in  the 
Masonic  order.  He  was  worshipful  master 
of  Temple  Lodge,  No.  59,  Hutchinson,  for  the 
three  years,  and  junior  warden  for  five  years. 
He  is  also  a  member  of  the  Koyal  Arch  Chap- 
ter. 


HALL,  Christopher  Webber. — Professor 
Hall,  of  the  University  of  Minnesota,  is  a 
Green  Mountain  farmer  boy,  having  been 
born  February  28,  1845,  at  Wardsboro,  Wind- 
ham county,  Vt.  His  father,  Lewis  Hall, 
was  a  well-to-do  farmer,  whose  wife — the 
professor's  mother — was  Louisa  Wilder. 
8he  was  a  daughter  of  a  tanner,  Calvin 
Wilder,  somewhat  noted  as  a  militia  captain. 
Young  Hall's  early  education  was  obtained 
in  the  district  school,  after  which  he  attend- 
ed the  academies  at  Townshend  and  Chester, 
until  prepared  for  college,  paying  his  way  by 
teaching  penmanship.  He  then  entered 
Middlebury  College,  Vermont,  and  gradu- 
ated in  1871.  Here  he  won  the  botanical 
prize,  and  was  on  the  "Waldo  Foundation" 
for  two  years.  He  was  elected  to  the  Phi 
Beta  Kappa  for  scholarship,  and  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Delta  Upsilon  fraternity.  After 
gi-aduating  he  accepted  the  position  of  jirin- 
cipal  at  (Jlens  Falls  Academy,  New  York, 
for  one  year,  and  then  came  to  Minnesota  as 
principal  of  the  Mankato  High  School  and 
later  as  superintendent  of  the  Owatonna 
schools,  where  ho  remained  until  1875,  re-  ■ 
signing  to  take  up  scientific  studies.  He 
went  to  Leipsic,  Gemiany,  and  devoted  there 
two  years  and  a  half  to  the  study  of  geology 
and  allied  subjects.    On  his  return  he  gave 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  XOIiTIIWEST. 


a  course  of  lectures  at  Middlebury  College, 
and  in  April,  1878,  came  to  Minnesota  and 
entered  upon  his  work  at  tbe  state  university, 
where  he  has  ever  since  been  engaged. 
The  development  of  the  scientific  technical 
work  of  the  institution  to  the  present  bioad 
and  conii)rehensive  features  of  the  "long 
course"'  has  lieen  largely  due  to  Professoi- 
Hall's  active  and  persistent  efforts.  He 
also  foresaw  the  value  of  a  school  of  mines 
of  the  highest  rank,  and  earnestly  recom 
mended  its  establishment  to  meet  the  de 
mands  of  the  discoveries  of  iron  mines  and 
of  the  clay  and  quarry  industries.  From  1S!)2 
until  1807  he  was  dean  of  the  College  of 
Engineering,  Metallurgy'  and  Mechanic  Arts. 
and  directed  the  courses  to  their  present 
effective  status.  He  secured  from  the  busi- 
ness men  of  Minneapolis  $5,000  to  construct 
an  ore-testing  plant  on  a  commercial  scale. 
He  was  instrumental,  also,  in  securing  an  an- 
nual appropriation  for  maintaining  and  de- 
veloping the  school  of  mines,  and  in  urging 
the  ai)propriation  of  funds  for  the  complete 
laboratory  for  testing  structural  materials 
now  being  developed  by  the  department  of 
structural  engineering.  During  his  leave  of 
absence  in  Europe  in  1897-98  he  was  busily 
engaged  in  scientific  work.  During  his  early 
years  with  the  university  he  was  assistant 
geologist  on  the  Geological  and  Natural 
History  Survey  of  the  state.  From  1883  to 
the  i)resent  time  he  has  been  assistant  geol- 
ogist of  the  United  States  Geological  Sur- 
vey. Before  1884  he  had  taught  all  the  natu 
ral  and  physical  sciences  of  the  curriculum 
of  the  university  excei)t  chemistry.  He  has 
traversed  during  summer  months  nearly  ev- 
ery portion  of  the  state — many  of  the 
counties  in  great  detail.  He  has  written 
much  on  the  geological  features  of  the  state, 
and  on  scientific  and  educational  subjects,  a 
catalogue  published  in  1899  showing  eighty- 
nine  titles.  Among  them  is  an  historical 
sketch  of  the  university,  the  most  compre- 
hensive yet  written.  Professor  Hall  takes 
high  rank  in  scientific  circles.  He  is  a  fel- 
low of  the  American  Association  for  the  Ad- 
vancement of  Science;  fellow  of  the  Geologi- 
cal Society  of  America;  member  of  the  Nu- 


CHIUSTOI'HICU  W.   HALL. 

tional  (ieographic  Society;  of  the  Society  for 
the  I'romotion  of  Engineering  Educaticm, 
and  of  the  Minnesota  Academy  of^'alnral 
Sciences,  having  been  secretary  and  adminis- 
trative officer  of  the  last  named  society  for 
thirteen  years,  and  for  many  years  has  been 
editor  of  its  bulletins.  He  was  honored  by 
being  elected  its  president  at  its  last  session. 
Professor  Hall  is  a  Congregationalist.  In 
politics  he  is  a  broad-gauged  Kepublican,  but 
has  never  sought  nor  held  office.  In  1876 
he  was  married  to  Ellen  A.,  the  daughter  of 
Hon.  and  Mrs.  Mark  H.  Dunnell,  but  she 
lived  only  seven  months.  In  1883  he  was 
married  to  Sophia  Seely  Haight,  who  died 
in  1891,  leaving  one  daughter,  named  after 
her  mother,  Sojdiia. 


JACKSON,  Roscoe  Neely.— The  subject 
of  this  sketch.  Dr.  Roscoe  N.  Jackson,  of 
Faribault,  Minn.,  is  singularly  associated  by 
birth  and  experience  with  several  of  the 
most  prominent  events  of  .\merican  history. 
His  father,  John  Jackson,  a  farmer  by  occu- 
pation, was  born  and  reared  in  Oneida  coun- 
ty, N.  v.,  the  home  of  Roscoe  Coukling,  the 


HISTORY   OF  THE   (JREAT   NORTHWEST. 


liOSCOE  N.  JACK.SOX. 

(listiiiKuished  statesman.  Thev  were  warai 
per.s()iia]  frieud.s  and  associated  in  the  organ- 
ization of  the  Reiiublican  party,  and  Roscoe, 
born  the  yiar  of  its  birth,  was  named  after 
New  York's  greatest  senator.  Dr.  Jaclison's 
mother  was  Harriet  Pitcher,  whose  ances- 
tors were  so  thoroughly  American  that  they 
even  denied  a  Mayflower  origin. 

His  grandfather,  (ieneral  John  Jackson, 
of  tile  ^Mexican  \\'ar.  was  a  cousin  of  Presi- 
(h-ut  Andrew  Jackson,  and  Imilt  of  the  same 
"Old  Hickory"  timber.  The  doctors  ances- 
toi-s  on  both  sides  have  been  identified  with 
the  early  Colonial  and  Revolutionary  War 
events.  Representatives  of  his  family  have 
fought  in  every  war  in  which  this  nation  has 
been  engaged. 

Dr.  Jackson  was  born  in  Boouville,  N. 
Y.,  July  7,  1856.  His  early  education  was 
obtained  in  the  district  and  high  schools. 
This  was  supplemented  by  a  course  at  Hun- 
gerford  Collegiate  Institute,  of  Adams,  N. 
Y.,  from  which  he  graduated  in  1877.  He 
immediately  commenced  the  study  of  medi- 
cine in  the  oflice  of  Dr.  Walter  Booth,  a 
cousin  of  Edwin  Booth,  the  celebrated  actor, 
and  of  J.   Wilkes  Booth,  of  more  infamous 


memory.  He  pursued  a  full  medical  course 
at  the  (,'ollege  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
New  York,  and  further  attended  the  Long 
Island  Hospital  College,  from  which  he  grad- 
uated in  June,  1880,  and  recently  he  has 
taken  a  post-graduate  course  in  New  York. 
In  July.  1880.  he  began  the  i)ractice  of  medi- 
cine in  Camden,  N.  Y.,  removing  from  there 
to  Faribault,  Minn.,  in  ilay,  1883.  where  he 
formed  a  jiartnership  with  Dr.  N.  M.  Bemis, 
which  continued  two  years,  since  when  he 
has  been  alone.  He  is  a  member  of  numer- 
ous medical  societies,  including  the  Amer- 
ican Medical  Association,  American  Public 
Health  Association,  Minnesota  State  Associ- 
ation, etc..  and  has  acquired  a  wide  reputa- 
tion, especially  as  an  advocate  of  the  "Medi- 
cal Treatment  of  Appendicitis."  having  read 
several  papers  on  the  subject  before  medical 
societies.  In  politics  Dr.  Jackson  is  a  Re- 
publican. In  the  campaign  for  Hayes  and 
Wheeler  he  led  the  "Republican  Glee  Club,"" 
of  northern  New  York.  He  has,  however, 
never  held  or  sought  a  political  office,  but 
has  served  for  several  years  as  U.  S.  Pension 
Surgeon,  as  surgeon  of  the  Chicago,  Milwau- 
kee &  St.  Paul  railroad,  and  as  health  officer 
of  his  city.  He  was  the  first  physician  in  the 
state  to  use  an  automobile  in  his  business. 
His  wife  was  Minnie  E.  Withington,  daugh- 
ter of  William  H.  Withington,  of  Adams, 
N.  Y.  In  religion  he  is  a  Congregationalist. 
and  is  a  member  of  the  leading  fraternal 
orders.  The  doctor  is  a  man  of  strong  con- 
victions, and,  as  is  characteristic  of  his  stock, 
is  thorough  in  all  he  does.  He  is  of  genial 
disposition,  has  a  large  practice,  and  enjoys 
the  confidence  and  respect  of  all  who  know 
him. 


FERRIS,  Allen  Frank,  is  president  of 
the  First  National  Bank  of  Brainerd.  Minn. 
He  is  a  native  of  the  state  of  New  York,  and 
was  born  at  Perrysburgh,  Cattaragus  coun- 
ty, July  22,  1805.  His  father,  William  Fer- 
ris, was  also  a  native  of  the  Empire  state, 
born  at  Otto,  August  1,  1826.  When  fifteen 
years  of  age  he  beg-an  clerking  in  a  store  at 
Gowanda,  N.  Y.     Later  he  engaged  in  the 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


railroad  business,  and  for  fiftoen  years  was 
agent  of  the  Erie  road  at  Perryshinnli.  In 
1872  he  came  west  and  becaiin'  cimnccied 
with  the  Northern  Pacific  railway,  as  ajivnt, 
at  IJrainerd,  3Iinn.  In  ISSl,  he  organized 
the  First  National  Bank  of  Erainerd,  and 
was  its  president  at  the  time  of  his  deatli  in 
18S2.  His  wife  was  Benlah  A.  Allen,  a  na 
five  of  (iowanda,  N.  Y.,  and  danghter  of 
Judge  Daniel  Allen,  of  the  district  coint. 
Judge  Allen  achieved  considerable  prunii 
nence  in  the  Empire  state,  and  was  once 
nominated  to  the  gubernatorial  ettice,  but  de 
clined  to  run.  He  was  a  native  of  ,ilassa- 
chusetts.  His  wife  was  Esther  Manley,  a 
daughter  of  Captain  John  JIanley,  of  Con- 
necticut. The  subject  of  this  sketch  was 
only  seven  years  of  age  when  his  parents  set- 
tled in  the  North  Star  state.  His  eai-ly  edu- 
cation was  received  in  the  common  schools 
of  Krainerd,  which  was  supplemented  by  a 
two  y(^ars"  course  at  Carleton  College,  North- 
lield.  In  1885,  when  twenty  years  of  age,  he 
entered  the  First  National  liauk  as  a  teller, 
and  the  following  year  was  promoted  to  the 
position  of  cashier.  He  was  made  president 
of  that  institution  in  1892.  Mr.  Ferris  is 
held  in  high  esteem  in  his  own  community 
<TS  a  man  whose  business  probity  is  unijues- 
tioned.  He  has  always  taken  an  active  in- 
terest in  public  affairs,  and  has  been  promi- 
nent in  every  movement  tending  to  upbuild 
the  business  interests  of  Brainerd.  He  was 
elected  an  alderman  in  1891,  and  was  nuide 
vice  president  of  the  city  council.  He  was 
re-elected  in  1891  and  1893.  In  1891  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  lower  house  of  the 
state  legislature  on  the  Republican  ticket, 
and  has  been  re-elected  at  each  succeeding 
election.  He  has  made  an  excellent  record 
as  a  legislator,  and  has  taken  a  prominent 
position  in  that  body.  He  has  served  as 
chairman  of  the  railroad  connnittee  at  every 
session,  and,  as  such,  has  been  influential  in 
shaping  much  important  legislation.  In  the 
session  of  1895  he  succeeded  in  getting 
through  the  legislature  an  important  seed 
bill,  which  was  designed  to  aid  the  farmers 
who  had  lost  everything  by  the  forest  fires 
of  the  previous  year,  and  who  were  in  great 


AI,Ll:X  F.    FEKUIS. 

need  of  seed  to  nuike  a  fresh  start.  In  the 
session  of  1S99  he  served  as  chairman  of  the 
joint  rea])])ortioniiieni  i-onnnittee  #f  the 
house  and  senate.  In  is'.H,  Mr.  Ferris  was 
apjiointed  a  member  of  the  game  and  fish 
comniissi(ui  by  (lovernor  Merriam,  and  when 
that  body  was  organized  was  made  its  sec- 
retary, serving  in  that  capacity  for  five  years. 
Mr.  Ferris  is  chairnian  of  the  ( 'hein|iiatana 
Club  of  Brainerd,  vice  president  of  the 
Board  of  Trade,  captain  of  the  Brainerd  Di- 
vision, No.  7,  U.  K.  K.  I*.,  a  member  of  the 
Masonic  body,  of  the  Knights  of  Pythias,  and 
(•f  the  Improved  Order  of  Bed  Men.  He  was 
married,  June  8,  1888,  to  Miss  Annie  M.  Ste- 
gee.  One  child  has  been  born  to  them,  Frank 
W'..  now  twelve  vears  old. 


PAINTEB,  David  Hugh.— The  graded 
schools  of  our  larger  cities  otter  problems  to 
the  educator  that  prove  very  perplexing  in 
their  solution.  The  complaint  is  often  heard 
that  they  fail  to  .secure  adequate  results,  but, 
doubtless,  much  of  this  criticism  is  unjust 
and  based  on  ignorance  of  the  true  condi- 
tions.   To  secure  the  highest  results  attain- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


DAVID.    H.   PAINTEU. 

able,  however,  it  is  very  essential  that  their 
admiuistratiou  be  in  the  bauds  of  men  or 
women  who  are  thoroughly  equipped  as 
teachers.  This  implies  a  thorough  prepara- 
tory training  in  the  humbler  branches  of 
our  educational  system,  and  a  knowledge  of 
the  most  improved  methods  adopted  from 
time  to  time.  One  of  the  best  administra- 
tors of  graded  schools  in  Minneapolis,  Minn., 
is  Mr.  David  H.  Painter,  principal  of  the 
Adams  school.  His  work  stamps  him  as  a 
thoroughly  competent  educator.  Mr.  i'ainter 
is  a  native  of  Ohio.  He  was  born  near  jS'ew- 
ai'k,  Licking  county,  November  11,  18GU.  His 
father,  William  Painter,  is  a  successful  farm- 
er in  tlie  Buckeye  state.  During  the  latter 
part  of  the  Civil  War  he  served  his  country 
in  Comjjany  F,  135th  Kegiment,  Ohio  Volun- 
teer Infantry.  Early  in  his  life  he  followed 
the  occupation  of  a  teacher,  and  in  his  later 
years  he  is  an  earnest  advocate  of  all  mat- 
ters tending  to  promote  the  educational  in- 
terests of  the  community.  A  man  of  sturdy 
Christian  chai-acter,  he  is  held  in  high  re- 
gard and  greatly  esteemed  by  all  who  know 
him.  His  wife,  Julina  Latta  Robinson,  was 
;ils()  a  teacher  in  the  public  schools  before 
her  marriage.  She  possesses  much  sweetness 


and  strength  of  cliaracter,  and  her  motherly 
inlluence  has  been  dii-ected  in  the  guidance 
of  her  children  in  paths  of  truth  and  virtue. 
Mr.  and  Jlrs.  Paintei-  are  natives  of  Ohio, 
their  parents  having  coiiie  to  that  state  from 
^'irginia.  Their  remote  ancestry  was  Scotch- 
Irish.  Mr.  Painter's  early  life  was  sjjent  on 
tlic  fann.  His  early  training  was  received 
in  the  country  school ;  later  he  attended  the 
village  high  school.  He  is  a  graduate  of  the 
Normal  University  at  Ada,  Ohio.  For  a 
number  of  jears  he  taught  in  the  country 
schools,  and  later  served  six  years  as  super- 
intendent of  the  ^^llage  schools  of  Martins- 
burg,  Ohio.  He  came  to  Minneapolis  in  Au- 
gust, 1895,  to  take  charge  of  the  Adams 
school.  In  jiolitics,  Mr.  I'ainter  is  a  Repub- 
lican. His  church  connections  are  with  the 
Raptist  denomination.  He  was  married,  De- 
cember 24,  1891,  to  Carrie  J.  Young,  of  Mt. 
Vernon,  Ohio.  Two  children  were  born: 
Carle  W.  and  M.  Louise.  Mrs.  Painter  died 
January  8,  1901. 


BROWN,  Edward  O.— While  sartorial 
art  may  not  be  so  influential  on  character  as 
Carlisle  would  have  the  world  believe,  it  is 
of  great  importance  in  a  very  practical  way. 
How  a  man  dresses,  the  outside  appearance, 
makes  the  first  impression.  This  is  the  most 
durable,  and,  if  favorable,  a  good  beginning 
is  assured.  Hence  from  time  immemorial 
the  office  of  a  competent  tailor  has  been  of 
great  value,  aside  from  the  comfort  and  dur- 
ability of  the  garments  made.  ITie  art  of 
dressing  well  required  an  educated  director, 
like  every  other  excellence.  The  expe- 
rience, taste  and  skill  necessary  to  succeed 
are  as  rarely  combined  in  this  art  as  in  any 
other,  and  when  long  continued  success  has 
been  won,  it  proves  that  there  is  some  one 
or  more  inherent  qualities  in  the  fortunate 
worker,  not  common  to  others.  Mr.  Edward 
O.  Brown,  the  well  known  importer  of  wool- 
ens, and  the  popular  merchant  tailor  of  Min- 
neapolis, Minn.,  the  subject  of  this  sketch; 
is  one  of  the  oldest  and  most  extensive 
operators  in  this  line  of  business  in  the 
Northwest.  He  has  erected  the  first  build- 
ing in  the  Twin  cities  for  the  exclusive  busi- 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


ness  of  merchant  tailoring,  and  he  employs 
seventy  hands  to  meet  the  wants  of  his  cus- 
tomers. The  firm  is  known  as  Brown  Bro- 
there.  A  few  details  will  show  the  reasons 
for  the  success  of  the  establishment.  Mv. 
Brown  was  born  on  a  farm  near  (luldbninds 
dalen,  near  Hammer,  Norway.  He  was  edn 
cated  in  the  common  schools  of  that  conntiy 
until  of  suitable  age  for  work,  and  tluii 
served  an  aitprenticeshi])  of  fi\e  years  in  Tin- 
good  old  fashioned  way.  \\'lu'n  he  secured 
his  certificate  of  competency — or  it  may  be 
called  a  diploma  of  graduation,  for  that  is 
what  it  was — he  came  to  the  United  States 
and  began  work  as  a  journeyman.  After 
four  and  a  half  years  of  this  service,  paying 
special  attention  to  cutting  and  fitting,  he 
was  engaged  to  ojjen  a  tailoring  department 
for  the  popular  Big  Boston  Clothing  Store. 
in  1876,  and  continued  with  this  firm  for 
eleven  years,  when  it  retired  from  business. 
Then  Mr.  Bn)wn  purchased  the  most  desir- 
able part  of  the  merchant  tailoring  stock  and 
went  into  business  on  his  own  account  at  242 
Second  avenue  south,  in  1887,  soon  aftei 
moving  to  Nicollet  avenue  and  Fourth  street. 
These  premises  ])roved  to  be  too  small  to  ac- 
commodate his  growing  trade,  and  he 
changed  his  location  to  Tem])le  Court,  where 
he  renmined  for  eight  years,  doing  a  large 
and  successful  business.  In  1000.  to  find 
still  larger  accommodations,  he  erected  his 
own  building  at  21  South  Sixth  street,  in  the 
very  center  of  trade.  This  the  Brown  Bros, 
now  occupy  with  increasing  success.  ^Ir. 
Brown  is  also  extensively  interested,  with 
his  brother,  in  gold  mining  at  Nome,  and  on 
the  Bluestone  in  Alaska.  He  has  also  taken 
an  interest  in  military  matters,  having  be- 
longed to  the  National  Ouard  of  the  state  of 
Wisconsin  for  three  years.  In  religion  he  is 
a  Lutheran,  while  in  politics  he  affiliates 
with  the  Democratic  party.  He  is  also 
prominent  in  social  and  fraternal  affairs,  be 
ing  a  member  of  the  Odin  Club,  the  Elks, 
and  the  Knights  of  Pythias.  He  was  mar 
ried  in  1877  to  Annie  Syverson,  daughter  ot 
one  of  the  oldest  settlers  in  Dane  county. 
Wis.  They  have  had  six  children,  only  two 
of  whom  survive:  Cora  C.  Brown.  21  years 
of  age,  a  gra<liiate  of  the  Minneaiiolis   High 


icnwAun  o.  HRowx. 

school,  and  of  tlie  WUa  ilaria  school,  and 
a  boy  ten  years  old.  Mr.  Brown's  father 
was  Ole  Brown,  a  farmer  Ity  occupation, 
born  in  1810.  He  came  from  Noi^vay  in 
187(1.  and  settled  in  'S'^ernon  county,  ^Vis.  His 
wife,  Edward's  mother,  was  Mary  Haesten- 
stad.  They  were  of  an  honest,  hardy  and 
I'ciiginiis  i-acc,  faillifiil  to  their  oliligalions 
and  a  i-i-edit  to  their  nationalitv. 


CHA5IBERLIN,  Jehiel  Weston.— Dr.  J. 
^^'.  Chamberlin.  physician,  of  St.  Paul,  Minn., 
was  born  at  Rock  Falls,  Wis.,  October  28, 
lS.'i7.  His  father,  Oeorge  Harris  Chamber- 
lin, was  a  merchant  in  good  financial  circum- 
stances. Beginning  life  in  New  England,  he 
started  out  for  himself  when  only  fourteen 
years  of  age.  He  worked  his  way  through 
school  and  in  early  manhood  became  a  teach- 
er. In  the  eaily  Hflies  he  moved  to  the  west 
ami  began  his  ujcrcantile  career.  He  is  a 
(lii-ect  descendant  of  Kichard  ("hanihei-lin,  of 
Biaintree,  Jlass. — the  first  of  Hie  name  in 
this  count i-y.  His  wife  was  Antiaiiette  Wes- 
ton, from  wlioni  l)i'.  Chandjerlin  gets  his 
middle  name.  She  is  a  descendant  of  an  old 
\'ermont  famil\,  which  numbered  among  its 


HISTOUY  OF  THE  GREAT  XOKTIiWEST. 


.ii;iiii:i.  w.  cua.mheki.in. 

prosfiiitois  uiaiiv  nf  the  prominent  and  even 
disthifiuislied  characters  of  early  Colonial 
and  Revolntionary  War  days — among  whom 
were  Eichard  Warren  and  George  Soule, 
])assengers  in  the  Mayflower  and  signers  of 
the  famoii-;  ■'ilaytid^Ncr  ("onijtact'"  made  in 
the  cabin  of  that  vessel. 

Dr.  Chamberlin  is  the  seventh  in  descent 
from  Joseph  Chamberlin,  a  .soldier  in  King 
l'hili])'s  War,  particijiating  in  the  "Great 
Swamp  Fight"  of  December,  l(i7.5.  Nathaniel 
Chamberlin,  a  hero  in  the  French  and  Indian 
Wars,  who  was  captured  and  held  a  prison- 
er for  two  years,  was  also  of  the  kin  whom 
the  doctor  represents  in  his  membership  in 
the  Society  of  Colonial  Wars  and  in  the  Sons 
of  the  American  Revolution.  After  his  ele- 
mentary education  in  the  district  schools.  Dr. 
("hamlierlin  entered  the  University  at  Gales- 
viile,  NVis.,  where  he  attended  until  the  end 
of  the  junior  year,  when  he  returned  home 
and  entered  his  father's  store.  This  was  not 
time  entirely  lost,  for  it  gave  him  a  diversi- 
fled  knowledge  of  merchandise,  bookkeeping 
and  general  business,  as  well  as  a  knowledge 
of  human  nature,  and  thus  broadened  the 
foundation  on  which  his  subsequent  profes- 
sional career  was  built. 


In  1S7S  he  began  his  study  of  medicine, 
and  in  187!)  was  matriculated  at  Hush  Med- 
ical ("ollfge,  at  Chicago,  from  which  institu- 
tion he  was  graduated  in  1SS2.  He  then  took 
a  ]Mist-graduate  course  in  diseases  of  the  eye, 
and  supplemented  that  special  preparation 
hy  study  in  the  best  schools  of  Europe.  On 
his  return,  in  1884.  he  settled  in  St.  Paul, 
and  began  jmictice  in  diseases  of  the  eye  and 
ear  exclusively,  in  which  he  has  since  con- 
tinued. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  start'  of  the  City 
and  County  Hospital  and  of  St.  Luke's  Hos- 
]iital.  and  is  chit-f  oculist  of  the  Great  Xorth- 
eiii  Railway  Company.  He  has  been  twice 
s(  lected  to  act  on  committees  chosen  by  the 
Stall  iledical  Society  to  promote  medical 
legislation.  He  is  likewise  a  member  of  the 
Minnesota  Club,  Ramsey  County  Medical  So- 
ciety, ^linnesota  Academy  of  Medicine,  Min- 
nesota State  Medical  Society,  American  Med- 
ical Association,  and  of  the  Chamberlin  As- 
sociation, of  Boston,  Mass.  He  is  present 
Grand  Commander  of  Knights  Templar  of 
the  State  of  Minnesota,  and  a  thirty-third 
degree  ifason.  He  was  married,  October  18, 
1887,  at  Eau  Claire,  Wis.,  to  Clara  Augusta, 
daughter  of  Martin  and  Elmina  Smithe. 
They  have  two  sons:  Rafph  Weston  and 
Harold  Smithe  Chamberlin. 


TAUBMAN.  Edward  T..  was  born  near 
Cleveland,  Ohio,  December  18,  1853.  When 
an  infant  in  arms  he  was  taken  by  his  pa- 
rents to  Clinton  county,  Iowa,  where  his  boy- 
hood was  spent.  His  father  was  Edward 
Taubman,  now  a  retired  farmer,  living  at 
Maquoketa,  Iowa.  He  was  born  and  reared 
in  the  Isle  of  Man,  where  his  progenitors 
have  lived  and  occupied  the  homestead  from 
time  immemorial.  One  of  his  mother's  fam- 
ily was  Deamster  of  the  island,  and  is  said  to 
be  the  original  character  of  Hall  Caine's 
thrilling  story  of  "The  Deamster."  He  was 
the  Deamster,  great  grandfather  of  the  sub- 
ject of  this  sketch,  whose  mother,  Margaret 
Teare,  also  a  native  of  the  Isle  of  Man.  is 
second  cousin  to  the  great  novelist,  ^^'hen 
Edward  Taubman  settled  in  Iowa  he  took  up 


iiisToKV  (IF  Till-:  (;i;i:.\'i'  xoktiiwkst. 


('i>,^lity  ai-i-i's  of  unvciiiiiifiit  hind,  lli-  \v;is  a 
successful  man  and  added  to  liis  Inddinj: 
until  file  fai-ni  was  4S()  acres  in  exient.  which 
he  still  owns.  The  hoy  Kdward  ohiained  his 
early  educalion  in  ihe  ilistcicl  scliool  hy  al 
fendinjr  winters,  when  he  conid — Ihe  sidionl 
house  bein^  nearly  three  miles  away.  In 
summer  he  worked  on  Ihe  farm,  lie  ihen 
attended  the  Clinlon  business  College  and 
f;radiialed  in  the  i-ourse  ni  hookkeejiin^.  ]ien 
nianshiii  and  aiilhmelic  afli-i-  which  lie 
taufjht  i»ennianship  one  year  in  the  Cedar 
Falls.  Iowa.  Iiijili  scliocd.  and  tai!i;hi  a  conn 
try  district  school.  lie  then  eiiien-d  the  of- 
fice (;f  Colton  \-  Wolf,  al  DeWiii.  Iowa,  to 
study  law.  He  l)Ursiied  his  coiirsi'  for  three 
years.   t«icliin<i-  at   the  same  time  a   district 

school   and   re.-idinj;-  outside  of  srl I    time. 

He  was  admitted  to  practice  and  opened  his 
lir.st  office  at  Delmar.  Iowa,  and  siilisei|iii'nt  1\ 
jiracticed  at  Sjiencer.  Iowa,  from  which 
place,  in  iss:'.,  after  about  fifteen  months,  he 
removed  to  Aberdeen,  in  Dakota  Territory. 
now  Soutli  Dakota,  where  he  has  ever  since 
resided.  In  ISSS.  after  the  adojificm  of  the 
"prohibition  law,"  Mr.  Taubman  was  ele(  led 
states  attorney  for  Hrown  county,  incliidinu 
Aberdeen,  S.  D.,  and  althoufih  not  a  ]ir(diilii 
tionist,  durinj;  his  two  years"  service  he  ]iro 
cured  more  convictions  for  the  \iolarion  of 
the  liquor  law  than  has  been  si-ciired  by  any 
other  attorney  in  the  state.  Mr.  Taubman 
has  also  been  \i-vy  successful  in  j;i'neral  crim- 
inal cases,  frequently  securiu};  acquittals  in 
apparently  hojieless  cases.  He  lias  likewise 
Iiro\ed  efficient  in  coi-jioratioii  machinery 
cases.  One  of  his  more  note(l  cases  is  that 
of  the  whole.sale  brewers"  licenses,  prosecut- 
ed ill  the  T'liited  States  Circuit  Court,  which 
held  the  act  iiiiconstiiiil  ional.  He  also  prose- 
cuted a  writ  of  error  in  the  stale  supreme 
court  with  like  effect.  He  was  also  city  al 
loriiey  of  Aberdeen,  and  in  a  case  which  i-v- 
ated  local  excitenieuf,  he  coiniielled  the  rail 
road  to  ojien  the  crossinjr  of  ^lain  sli-eet  and 
place  a  tlajiiiian  there.  .Mr.  Tanliman  was 
married,  in  isTl).  to  .Margaret  Kennedy,  a 
fanner's  dauj;liter.  of  Hamilton  county.  Ohio. 
They  have  three  children:  ( lenev  ie\  c  a  j:iad 
uate  of  the  hifili  school  and  now   librarian  of 


i;llWAl;l)    T.    T.MIl.M.V.W 

the  city  library  of  .Mi<-rdeen;  Olive,  and  Mor- 
ton .McKinley.  botli  attending;  sclioid.  .Mr. 
Taubman  is  not  only  a  promiiieiii  lawyer, 
but  a  public-spirited  cilizen.  interested  in  all 
matters  pertaiiiinj;'  to  city,  county,  and  state. 
He  is  a  stalwart.  tlioiij;li  independent,  Ke- 
piibli<aii.  attiliatinii  with  no  factions.  lie  is 
also  one  of  the  most  distinji'uished  Masons  of 
the  order.  He  joined  the  ilasonic  fraternity 
as  soon  as  he  was  ohl  enoii<;h.  ;it  Cedar  Falls, 
Iowa,  and  has  always  taken  an  active  inter- 
est in  the  work,  hohliii;;  many  ollices.  He  is 
a  Kni.uhts  Temjilar  and  a  Sliriner.  and  the 
Sover<-imi  (iiand  Insiiector  (leiieial  of  the 
Scottish  Rite  for  the  state  of  South  Dakota. 
He  was  'i-owned  an  honorary  thirty-third  de- 
uree  at  Washinjiton.  D.  <'..  in  October,  IS'.IT. 
and  coronetied  an  active  member  for  life  of 
the  Sii|ireiiie  Council,  iliirtx -Ihii-d  decree,  of 
the  .\iicient  and  Accejited  Scoltish  Kite  of 
Free  .Masonry  (;Motlier  Sujireuie  Council  of 
the  World)  for  the  S(.iilliern  jurisdiction  of 
the  Ciiited  States  of  America.  October.  ISit'l. 
hy  the  colincil  at  the  lloll.se  of  the  Temple, 
in  Washington.  D.  C.,  the  said  council  beinji 
the  ;;(i\einiiij;  body  of  all  Scottish  Kite  Ma- 
sons in  the  Fnited  States,  exciqit  for  those 
states  east   of  the  .Mississipjii  and   iiorlli   of 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


the  Ohio  river.  Mr.  Taiibman  has  had  con- 
ferred upon  him  all  the  degree-s  of  both  the 
York  and  Scottish  Rite,  as  well  as  the  Adop- 
tive Rite  of  the  Order  of  the  Eastern  Star. 
He  was  chiefly  instrumental  in  the  building 
of  the  Masonic  Temple,  of  Aberdeen — a 
noble  structure — used  exclusivelj'  by  Ma- 
sons. It  is  out  of  debt  and  so  devised  that 
it  can  never  be  mortgaged  nor  be  liable  for 
any  debt,  nor  subject  to  taxes.  He  is  also  a 
Knight  of  Pythias,  and  has  been  Chancellor 
of  the  local  lodge.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Modern  Woodmen,  and  was  for  four  years 
Consol  of  the  local  camp,  and  for  two  years 
State  Consol.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the 
subordinate  lodge  of  Odd  Fellows.  He  was 
brought  up  as  an  Episcopalian,  but  is  not  en- 
rolled as  a  member.  Mr.  Taubman  is  a  forci- 
ble speaker  and  is  always  in  demand  for 
campaign  work. 


SCHADLE,  Jacob  Evans.— Dr.  Schadle, 
of  St.  Paul,  Minn.,  the  noted  specialist  in 
diseases  of  the  nose,  throat  and  ear,  was 
early  a  very  successful  physician  in  general 
practice  after  a  thorough  preparation  for  the 
profession  of  medicine.  After  years  of  ex- 
perience he  concluded  to  limit  his  practice 
to  the  field  mentioned.  Many  of  the  best 
physicians  adopt  a  similar  coui'se.  This  is 
only  following  out  the  tendency  in  all  other 
pursuits  which  keep  pace  with  the  needs  of 
society — the  tendency  towards  specializa- 
tion. It  has  come  to  be  recognized  that  no 
man,  whatever  may  be  his  abilities,  can  cov- 
er so  efficiently  the  whole  of  any  science  or 
profession  as  to  compare  with  one  who  de- 
votes his  energies  and  skill  in  mastering 
some  division  of  the  subject.  Hence,  the 
marked  success  of  men  like  Dr.  Schadle. 
They  know  well  nigh  all  about  some  special 
things  instead  of  having  merely  a  smatter- 
ing of  things  in  general,  which  is  all  the  best 
men  can  accomplish,  when  their  efforts  are 
spread  over  a  large  field.  Therefore,  the  spe- 
cialist is  in  demand.  He  is  the  highest  evo- 
lution of  the  day.  Dr.  Schadle  was  born  neai- 
Williamsport,  Clinton  county.  Pa.,  June  23, 
1849.    His  father,  Michael  Schadle,  was  of 


(icrniiiii  descent,  his  ancestors  being  natives 
of  the  Rhine  jiroviuces.  He  was  a  well-to-do 
Pennsylvania  farmer.  His  wife  was  Phcebe 
Sallade,  of  (lerman-Swiss  extraction,  w'hose 
ancestors  came  originally  from  Strausberg, 
Germany,  and  Basel,  Switzerland.  Dr.  Scha- 
dle obtainwl  his  early  education  in  the  com- 
mon schools,  working  summers  and  going  to 
school  winters.  He  then  entered  the  State 
Normal  School,  at  Millersville,  Pa.,  to  pre- 
pare himself  for  a  teacher.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Page  Society  of  the  institution, 
and  graduated  in  1871,  having,  however, 
begun  to  teach  as  early  as  1869 — before  he 
graduated.  He  taught  in  public  and  private 
schools  until  1870,  when  he  was  made  super- 
intendent of  the  public  schools  of  MifBns- 
burg,  Pa.  The  same  year  he  took  up  the 
study  of  medicine  in  the  office  of  Dr.  Shep- 
[lard  Van  Valzah,  of  that  city,  where  he  con- 
tinued for  five  months.  He  then  entered  the 
office  of  Dr.  John  S.  Crawford,  of  Williams- 
port,  Pa.,  under  whose  direction  he  studied 
for  two  years,  and  to  whom  Dr.  Schadle  at- 
tributes much  of  the  success  of  his  early  ca- 
reer. In  the  autumn  of  1877  he  entered  the 
Jefferson  Medical  College,  Philadelphia,  an 
institution  of  the  highest  grade  in  the  pro- 
fession, and  graduated  in  1881.  He  imme- 
diately went  into  practice  in  the  city  of  Shen- 
andoah, Pa.  In  1883  an  epidemic  of  small- 
pox broke  out  in  the  Schuylkill  district  of 
the  anthi-acite  coal  region,  in  which  Shenan- 
doah was  situated.  The  city  authorities  ap- 
pointed Dr.  Schadle  "Lozaretto  Physician." 
It  was  a  trying  position  for  a  young  man, 
but  he  heroically  succeeded  in  the  work.  He 
induced  the  city  to  build  a  i>est  house  on  the 
mountain  side.  To  this,  as  fast  as  the  small- 
pox cases  arose,  the  patients  wei-e  taken, 
made  comfortable,  and  treated.  Through  a 
rigid  quarantine  on  the  pest  house  on  the 
part  of  Dr.  Schadle,  aided  by  the  hearty  co- 
operation of  the  authorities,  the  disease  was 
exterminated  in  three  months.  There  were 
forty-nine  cases  of  the  disease  in  his  juris- 
diction in  which  ten  deaths  occurred.  His 
success  in  this  work  was  so  recognized  and 
ajjpreciated  that  he  at  once  established  a 
large  and  lucrative  practice,  which  seems  to 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST, 


have  followed  him  in  ;ill  subsequent  years. 
In  1885  the  doctor  toolc  a  post-graduate 
course  at  Jefferson  Medical  ('ollege.  to  pre- 
pare himself  for  his  chosen  specialty,  laryn- 
gology and  rliinology.  The  noted  Dr.  Charles 
E.  Sajons,  of  I'hiladelphia,  was  his  special 
preceptor  in  this  department.  On  returning 
to  Shenandoah  he  could  not  well  shake  oil 
his  general  practice,  but  he  commenced  his 
si>ecialty,  and  met  with  such  immediate  suc- 
cess that  he  began  to  consider  a  jilau  to  limit 
his  practice  exclusively  to  this  departmeni. 
He  finally  settled  in  St.  Paul,  Minn.,  as  a 
suitable  place,  and  January  1,  188S,  opened 
his  ottice  for  the  practice  of  his  chosen 
branch  of  the  profession.  In  18S()  he  at- 
tended five  cases  of  toadstool,  or  mush 
room,  poisoning.  In  studying  and  experi 
menting  on  this  subject  he  discovered  an 
antidote  for  this  class  of  poisoning.  The 
remedy  is  sulphate  of  atropine.  An  account 
of  the  cases  and  the  treatment  was  publish- 
ed in  the  Surgical  Reporter,  Philadelphia,  in 
188U,  and  also  in  the  works  of  Gibson  & 
Mcllvaine,  on  "Toadstools."  The  doctors 
discovery  has  since  become  recognized  as  the 
onlj'  antidote  for  such  poisoning.  He  has 
been  an  extensive  contributor  to  the  litera- 
ture of  the  medical  profession,  which  has  not 
only  been  well  recei\ed  in  this  country,  but 
some  of  the  articles  have  been  translated 
and  published  in  foreign  journals — one,  an 
illustrated  article  on  Leprosy  iu  Palestine 
from  the  standard  of  a  personal  experience, 
having  attracted  universal  attention.  In 
1897-8  he  spent  a  year  abroad  studying,  in 
the  medical  centers  of  Europe,  his  special 
branch  of  medicine.  He  made  a  second  visit 
in  1899-1900,  traveling  iu  the  Orient,  Kussia 
and  Europe  generally,  evidently  with  his  eyes 
open.  He  has  invented  a  number  of  surgical 
instruments  for  work  in  nose  and  throat 
treatment.  Besides  being  a  member  of  the 
Minnesota  Club  and  of  the  Town  and  Coun- 
try Club,  he  is  an  active  member  of  several 
leading  ijrofessional  associations — among 
them  the  American  Medical  Association; 
American  Khinological,  Laryugological  and 
Otological  Association,  and  Ramsey  ('oiinlx 
-Medical  Society.     He  is  also  Chemical   Pro 


.lACoi!  i:.  sriiAiij.E. 

fessor  of  Laryngology  and  Rhinology  in  the 
University  of  Minnesota;  member  of  the  stall 
of  St.  Luke's  Hospital,  St.  Paul ;  chief  of  the 
staff  of  the  St.  Paul  Medical  Free  Dispfensary, 
and  was  president  of  the  Western  Section  of 
the  American  Rhinological,  Laryugological 
and  Otological  Association  in  1898.  The  doc- 
tor was  brought  up  iu  the  Lutheran  church. 
He  was  married,  October  15,  1888,  to  Miss 
Jennie  Ra\  Miller,  daughter  of  Dr.  David  II. 
Miller,  of  Miliinsburg,  Pa. 


NOYES,  Jonathan  Lovejoy. — No  Chris- 
tian duty  is  more  imperative  than  the  cai-e 
of  the  unfortunate  of  the  race.  The  glory  of 
modern  civilization  rests  largely  on  the  hu- 
mane treatment  of  those  who  are  maimed 
in  their  physical  or  mental  jwwers.  Yet  the 
labor  involved  in  this  beneficent  work  is  so 
obscure  or  so  far  removed  from  the  dramatic 
and  spectacular,  that  it  is  but  little  appre- 
ciated by  the  general  public.  The  men  and 
women  devoted  to  this  work — if  service  were  ' 
rewarded  according  to  its  worth — would  be 
plac'd  among  the  foremost  in  the  ranks  of 
bouor.  The  Northwest  is  fully  abreast  in 
Ibis  matter  with  the  most  progressive  com- 


JONATHAN    L.    NOYES. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


munities.  This  is  largely  due  to  the  ability, 
activity  and  long  service  of  J.  L.  ^"oyes,  L. 
L.  H.  D.,  superiutendent  of  the  Minnesota 
School  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  at  Faribault, 
for  thirty  years,  and  whose  fitness,  training, 
and  success  have  raised  him  to  the  very  high- 
est position  in  this  exacting  service.  He  was 
born  at  Windham,  ^'.  H.,  June  13,  1827. 
His  father  was  James  Noyis,  a  farmer,  own- 
ing one  hundred  acres  in  rhe  southwest  pari 
of  Windham,  where  he  lived  all  his  life,  clear- 
ing tlie  homestead  of  debt,  and  caring  for  his 
parents.  His  wife's  maiden  name  was  Abi- 
gal  Reed  Lovejoy,  born  at  Amherat.  She 
was  a  woman  of  cultivated  tastes  and  strong 
character,  physically  and  mentally;  the 
mother  of  eight  children,  she  left  an  endur- 
ing impression  on  their  lives  and  characters. 
She  was  born  in  a  home  near  to  that  in  which 
Horace  (Ireely  lived,  and,  all  her  days,  she 
held  him  in  great  admiration.  The  Xoyes 
family  is  of  Normau  descent.  The  name  was 
fornu^rly  "Noye.'"  The  New  England  branch 
came  from  England,  and  are  descendants 
from  James  and  ]S'icholas  Noyes,  sons  of  a 
Wiltshire,  England,  clergyman.  They  came 
to  America  in  1G34,  and  Nicholas  was  the 
first  of  the  shipload  of  emigi'ants  to  leap 
upon  the  shore.  The  elder  brother,  James, 
was  educated  at  Oxford,  and  was  a  teacher 
in  England,  and  later  in  New  England. 
Moses  Noyes,  his  descendant  and  the  ances- 
tor of  the  Windham  family,  fought  in  the 
French  Wars  and  in  the  Revolutionary  War, 
where  he  .served  as  an  orderly  sergeant.  He 
figures  in  the  published  "History  of  Wind- 
ham as  one  of  the  heroes  of  the  battles  of 
Lexington  and  Concord.  Dr.  Noyes  received 
his  early  education  in  the  common  school  at 
home.  When  fourteen  years  of  age  his 
father  sent  him  to  the  Phillips  Academy  at 
Andover,  Mass.,  for  one  year,  an  institution 
then  already  famous.  Desiring  to  complete 
the  course  and  go  to  Yale  College,  young 
Noj'es,  by  working  summers  and  teaching 
winters  continued  his  studies  there  three 
years  longer,  and  graduated.  He  taught 
school  the  next  year,  and  entered  Yale  in  1848 
and  graduated  in  1852.  Dr.  Woolsey  was 
president  of  the  institution,  and  greatly  in- 
fluenced the  young  graduate.     In  the  fall  of 


1852  he  accepted  a  position  as  teacher  in  the 
Philadelphia  Inslitution  for  the  Deaf  and 
Dumb,  to  obtain  means  to  pay  off  debts  ac- 
cumulated while  in  college,  and  to  prep;ire 
the  way  for  taking  a  theological  course  for 
the  ministry.  However,  while  there  he  be 
came  so  impressed  with  the  work  that  he 
concluded  to  make  it  a  life  profession.  He 
remained  at  Philadelphia  six  yeas,  and  then 
went  to  a  siunlar  institution  at  Baton  Rouge, 
La.,  where  he  spent  two  years  and  was  of- 
fered the  superinteudency.  The  Civil  War 
was  about  to  begin,  so  he  left  on  the  last 
steamer  ix-rmitted  to  go  up  the  river.  He 
did  not  engage  in  the  war,  but  he  supplied  a 
man  in  his  place,  and  paid  him  during  ttie 
whole  four  years,  although  the  state  of  Con- 
necticut exempted  from  service  all  attached 
to  i)ublic  institutions.  He  was  then  employed 
at  the  Hatford  school,  where  he  remained 
six  years,  resigning  to  accept  charge  of  the 
institution  at  Faribault,  September  3,  1806. 
The  school  was  then  in  its  infancy,  having 
only  27  deaf  pupils  and  four  blind,  housed 
in  a  temporary  building  that  was  a  mere 
makeshift.  The  institution  ha.<  now  an  en- 
rollment of  242,  while  the  buildings  and  ac- 
commodations are  as  good  as  any  school  need 
have.  Dr.  Noyes  has  had  (iOO  boys  and  girls 
as  pupils  for  a  longer  or  sb.orter  time  under 
his  charge.  The  best  commendation  of  his 
services  comes  from  those  who  know  him 
most  thoroughly — the  pupils.  Pages  of  their 
testimony  to  the  efficiency  of  the  school  and 
the  excellence  of  Dr.  Noyes'  administration 
could  be  published.  In  1S(;2  he  was  married 
to  Eliza  Hall  'Wadsworth,  of  Hartford,  Conn., 
a  descendant  of  the  Colonel  Joseph  \\'ads- 
worth,  who  hid  the  Connecticut  charter  in 
what  for  two  centuries  was  Ivuown  from  the 
dramatic  incident  as  the  "Charter  Oak."'  She 
has  been  a  true  helpmeet,  and  to  her  Dr. 
Noyes  attibrutes  much  of  his  success  in  his 
I)r('fession.  They  have  one  daughter,  Alice 
Wadsworth  Nojes.  Outside  of  his  special 
duties  Dr.  Noyes  has  been  a  very  useful  citi- 
zen wherever  he  has  lived.  The  Nort Invest 
particularly  has  been  greatly  benefited  by 
his  services.  In  18(i8  he  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  board  of  trustees  of  Carleton  ( "ol- 
lege,  at  Northfield,  and  was  continuously  in 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


such  serviee  for  tliiity-two  years,  beiug  for 
tweuty-oue  years  president  of  the  board.  His 
iiaiue  will  always  be  gratefully  remembered 
in  the  history  of  this  thriving  college.  On 
retiring,  because  of  broken  health,  the  board 
spread  upon  its  minutes  a  very  appreciative 
recognition  of  his  valuable  services.  ^Vhile 
in  Andover  Dr.  Xoyes  joined  the  Congrega- 
tional church;  in  Philadelphia  he  was  con- 
nected with  the  "New  School"  Presbyterian 
chui'ch;  in  Baton  Rouge  with  the  "Old 
School"  Presbyterian;  in  Hartford  with  the 
Congregational  church,  and  in  Faribault 
with  the  same  church,  in  which  he  was  a 
deacon  for  many  years  and  is  now  deacon 
emeritus.  While  compelled  by  broken  health 
to  retire  from  many  activities,  the  high  es- 
teem in  which  he  is  held  will  be  an  inspira- 
tion to  others  who  have  work  to  do,  and  his 
lifeand  example  is  a  legacy  which  will  bring 
returns  for  manv  years. 


PICKLER,  John  A. — Among  the  men 
who  have  contributed  to  the  organization 
and  development  of  South  Dakota,  the  name 
of  Major  John  A.  Pickler,  of  Faulkton,  Faulk 
county,  must  always  be  placed  in  the  front 
rank.  Coming  to  the  great  Territory  of  Da- 
kota in  1882,  when  it  was  inchoate,  his  un- 
bounded energy,  scholarship  and  experience 
in  public  affairs  made  him  at  once  an  ac- 
cepted leader.  He  was  born  in  Indiana  near 
Salem,  Washington  county,  in  1844.  His  fa- 
ther was  George  Pickler,  a  native  of  Indiana, 
a  fanner  and  merchant,  and  a  prominent 
man  in  the  community,  especially  interested 
in  educational  matters.  He  was  president  of 
the  school  board  of  the  city  of  Kirkville,  Mo., 
when  he  died.  Major  Pickler's  mother  was 
Emily  Martin,  as  a  maiden,  and  she  was  a 
native  of  Kentucky,  born  near  Shelbyville, 
in  that  state.  She  came,  at  an  early  day,  to 
^^■ashing•ton  county-,  Ind.  The  family  moved 
to  Davis  county,  Iowa,  when  John  was  nine 
years  old,  and  settled  on  a  farm  near  Bloom- 
field.  He  had  the  usual  training  of  a  young 
farmer  boy,  going  to  district  school  in  the 
winter  and  working  on  the  farm  during  the 
summer.     When  he  became  old  enough  he 


was  sent  to  the  high  school  at  Bloomfield, 
and  was  attending  that  institution  when  sev- 
enteen years  old  and  the  War  of  the  Rebel- 
lion broke  out.  When  the  news  of  the  at- 
tack on  Sumter  thrilled  the  country,  John 
was  filled  with  patriotism,  and  in  August, 
18C1,  enlisted.  His  father,  however,  inter- 
fered and  brought  him  back  home.  John 
would  not  give  up  easily — he  never  does — 
but  continued  his  solicitation  until  the  year 
following,  when  his  father  pennitted  him  to 
go  to  the  war.  He  enlisted  as  a  private  in 
Company  D,  Third  Iowa  Cavalry  Regiment, 
of  which  General  John  W.  Noble,  former  sec- 
retary of  the  interior,  was  adjutant.  Gen- 
eral Cyrus  Bussey  was  colonel.  John  was 
rapidly  promoted  and  at  the  expiration  or 
his  three  years'  term  of  service  was  muster- 
ed out  as  captain.  He  immediately  accepted 
the  commission  of  major  in  the  1.3Sth  U.  S. 
C.  T.,  raised  by  General  James  F.  Wilson, 
and  served  six  months  longer,  or  until  the 
close  of  the  war.  He  then  bought  an  interest 
in  the  Kirkville  Journal,  Adair  county.  Mo., 
but  feeling  the  need  of  a  better  educational 
equipment,  he  closed  it  out  and  entered  the 
Iowa  State  University  in  1866,  and  gradu- 
ated in  1870,  with  the  degree  of  B.  Ph.  Hav- 
ing decided  on  law  for  a  profession,  he  at- 
tended the  Chicago  Law  School  in  1871,  and 
completed  the  course  at  the  law  department 
of  the  University  of  Michigan,  graduating  at 
Ann  Arbor  in  1872.  He  began  practice  at 
Kirkville,  Mo.,  and  was  soon  elected  states 
attorney  for  Adair  county.  But  in  1874  he 
changed  his  residence  to  Muscatine,  Iowa, 
where  he  formed  a  partnership  with  former 
college  chums,  AMlliam  Hoffman  and  Thomas 
Brown,  under  the  firm  name  of  Hott'man,  Pick- 
ler &  Brown.  They  built  up  a  good  practice, 
extending  to  all  the  courts  of  the  state.  In 
1880  he  was  nominated  one  of  the  Repub- 
lican presidential  electors  for  Garfield.  He 
protested  against  the  nomination  and  made 
a  speech  before  the  Republican  state  conven- 
tion declining  it,  but  the  short  address  made 
the  convention  more  determined  than  ever 
to  have  him  .serve.  Colonel  D.  B.  Henderson, 
present  speaker  of  the  house  of  representa- 
tives, insisted  on  his  acceptance.    He  finally 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


consented  and  snbseqnently  stnniped  the  dis- 
trict. He  resigned  the  iK)sition  of  T'.  S.  (Mr 
cnit  f'onrt  Commissioner  to  accept  this  place. 
The  folh)wing  year  he  was,  without  solicita- 
tion, nominated  for  the  legislature  from 
Muscatine  county,  and  was  elected.  At  the 
close  of  the  session  of  1882,  he  came  to  Da- 
kota Territory,  as  stated,  and  has  since  been 
ji  resident  of  Faulkton,  Faulk  county,  set- 
tling- on  a  pre-emption  adjoining  Faulkton, 
where  he  still  lives  and  where  lie  has  been 
one  of  the  most  energetic  and  j)roniinent  citi 
zeus.  He  was  instrumental  in  jjrocuring  both 
the  Northwestern  and  the  Milwaukee  lines  of 
railroad  to  that  place.  In  1884  he  was  elect- 
ed to  the  territorial  legislature,  where  he 
served  as  chairman  of  the  committee  on  ap- 
propriations. He  advocated  woman  suffrage, 
and  the  bill  to  lemove  the  cajjital  from  Bis- 
marck to  I'ierre,  and  succeeded  in  getting 
both  bills  through  the  legislature,  but  both 
were  vetoed  by  the  governor.  He  was  ap- 
pointed by  Secretary  Noble  inspector  in  the 
public  land  service  in  the  spring  of  1889,  and 
represented  the  territory  in  opening  Okla- 
homa Territory  during  the  great  rush  of  that 
year.  At  the  first  Kepublican  state  conven- 
tion of  South  Dakota  he  was  nominated  for 
congress  by  acclamation,  and  was  elected  by 
31,t)()()  majority.  He  was  elected  to  the  Fif- 
ty-first, Fifty-second,  Fifty-third  and  Fifty- 
fourth  congresses.  He  served  on  the  com- 
mittees on  I'ublic  Lands,  Indian  Affairs, 
I'rivate  Claims,  Enrolled  Bills,  and  as  chair- 
man of  the  Committee  on  Invalid  Pensions  in 
the  Fifty-fourth  congress,  and  has  been  one 
of  the  most  successful  and  active  representa- 
tives from  thai  state.  He  is  an  earnest,  forci- 
ble sjjeaker,  and  rarely  fails  to  carry  his 
])<)int  before  a  large  assembly.  He  was  not  a 
candidate  for  the  Fifty-fourth  congress,  elect- 
ing to  stand  for  the  senate.  The  Kei)ublicans 
lost  the  legislature,  but  Major  Pickler  re 
ceived  the  caucus  nomination  and  for  more 
than  thirty  days  received  the  vole  of  his 
party.  He  finally,  upon  the  advice  of  the 
National  administration,  released  the  caucus, 
advising  the  election  of  J.  P.  H.  Kyle,  an  in- 
dependent. 

In  1870,  he  was  married  to  Alice  M.  Ault, 
of  Johnson  county,  Iowa,  an  educated  and 


retiiicd  \\'oiiian  of  ahilily,  .iiid  one  who  lias 
proved  to  be  a  true  hel])-iii(M'l.  They  lunc 
four  children — Lulu  A.,  a  (earlier  at  Faulk- 
ton; Madge,  Alfred  A.,  and  Dale  X.  In  re 
ligion  the  major  and  his  wife  are  Metlujdists. 
He  is  a  Mason,  a  member  of  the  Knights  of 
Pythias,  A.  ().  V .  W.,  and  (Jrand  Army  of 
the  Kcpuhlic. 

Since  retiring  from  congress  he  has  bi'en 
engaged  in  I  lie  praclicc  of  law  at  Faulkton, 
and  looking  after  his  land  and  slock  inter 
esis  ill  that  lo<-alitA'. 


HAECKKH,  Theophilus  L.— No  man  has 
done  more  to  promote  the  interests  of  the 
dair.nneu  in  America  than  Tlieophilus  L. 
Haecker,  chief  of  the  dairy  divisi(m  of  the 
University  of  Minnesota.  He  has  been  en- 
gaged in  the  scientific  investigation  of  dairy 
problems  for  the  past  ten  years,  and  during 
that  lime  has  earned  a  wide  repulatioii  for 
his  work  on  "dairy  type,"'  and  for  his  publi- 
cations on  "Feeding  Dairy  ('ows."  Mr. 
Haecker  was  born  at  Liverpool,  Medicine 
county,  Ohio,  May  4,  1840,  of  German  des- 
cent. His  parents  removed  lo  Wisconsin  and 
settled  on  a  fanii  near  Cottage  Grove  when 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


THEOPIIILT'S  L.   HAECKEH. 

he  was  hut  seven  yciu-s  old.  His  educational 
facilities  were  limited  to  an  attendance  at  the 
district  school  in  the  winter  until  he  was 
sixteen  years  of  ap:e,  his  summers  being  spent 
on  the  farm.  In  1803,  he  entered  the  state 
university  at  Madison,  Wis.,  but  was  compel- 
led to  give  up  his  studies  the  following  spring 
on  account  of  sickness.  He  then  enlisted  in 
Company  A,  Thii'tv-seventh  Wisconsin  In- 
fantry, and  was  detailed  to  clerical  work  at 
headquarters.  Tliis  did  not  prevent  him  from 
seeing  active  service,  however,  and  during 
the  siege  of  Vicksburg  he  distinguished  him- 
self for  bravery.  After  the  siege  he  was 
placed  on  detached  service  in  the  medical 
department  at  City  Point,  where  he  was  rap- 
idly promoted  until  he  had  charge  of  all  the 
quartei-master's  supi)lies  of  the  Ninth  Coi-ps 
hosiiital  department.  He  re-joined  his  regi- 
ment at  the  close  of  the  war,  and  was  placed 
in  charge  of  the  drum  corps,  participating 
in  the  great  review  at  Washington.  He  was 
discharged  with  his  regiment  at  Madison  in 
August,  1865.  His  i)arents  had  in  the  mean- 
time removed  to  Hampton,  Franklin  county, 
Iowa,  and  here  the  lad  went  after  being  mus- 
tered out,  and  spent  two  years  working  on 
his  father's  farm.  In  the  spring  of  1867  he 
re-entered  the  University  of  Wisconsin  and 


resumed  his  studies.  His  health  failing  in 
Ills  third  year  he  was  compelled  to  leave  col- 
lege, and  returned  home.  Later  he  secured 
a  position  as  a  teacher  in  the  public  schools, 
remaining  in  this  vocation  until  1870,  when 
lie  engaged  in  newspaper  business,  establish- 
ing the  Ackley  Independent  in  Hardin  coun- 
ty, Iowa.  This  venture  proved  very  success- 
ful. In  1873,  he  disposed  of  the  paper,  and 
the  following  February  settled  on  a  fai-m 
near  Cottage  Crave,  Wis.,  with  the  intention 
of  going  extensively  into  stock  raising  and 
dairying.  Shortly  afterwards,  however, 
without  any  solicitation  on  his  part,  he  was 
offered  a  position  in  the  executive  office  of 
William  R.  Taylor,  then  governor  of  Wiscon- 
sin. This  position  he  accepted  and  held  for 
five  succeeding  administrations,  covering  a 
period  of  seventeen  years.  During  his  ten- 
ure of  office.  Mr.  Haecker  had  many  respon- 
sible duties  placed  upon  him,  the  most  ini- 
j)ortant  (at  least  for  ten  years  of  the  time) 
being  the  review  of  all  pardon  cases  coming 
before  the  govei-nor.  He  also  had  charge  of 
the  adjustment  of  the  noted  St.  Croix  land 
grant  case.  His  public  duties,  however,  did 
not  cause  him  to  lose  interest  in  stockraising. 
He  usually  spent  each  evening  on  the  farm, 
personally  inspecting  every  animal  on  the 
place,  and  drove  a  distance  of  ten  miles  to 
the  office  in  the  morning.  Mr.  Haecker  be- 
came an  intimate  friend  of  Professor  Henry, 
who  was  placed  in  charge  of  the  Wisconsin 
experiment  station  when  established  in  1880, 
and  in  this  way  first  acquired  a  practical 
knowledge  of  agricultural  education  work. 
This  led  to  his  being  commissioned  by  the 
board  of  regents,  in  1882,  to  make  a  tour  of 
the  East  to  select  prize  stock  for  the  experi- 
ment station.  The  animals  he  selected 
proved  of  excellent  merit,  and  upon  the  or- 
ganization of  the  Farmers'  Institute,  he  was 
chosen  to  discuss  the  subjects  of  breeding 
and  handling  of  dairy  stock.  In  the  fall  of 
ISIIO,  Mr.  Haecker  moved  with  his  family  to 
Madison  in  order  to  afford  his  children  the 
advantages  of  the  better  educational  facili-. 
ties  nt  that  jilace.  Having  been  unexjiect- 
edly  relieved  of  his  official  duties  the  follow- 
ing January,  he  joined  the  first  class  in  the 
Wisconsin  Dairv  School.  The  second  week  he 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


was  appointed  assistant  to  the  instructor  in 
butter-making-  in  the  Minnesota  Dairy  school, 
and  on  the  resignation  of  Professor  Hays,  a 
short  time  hiter,  he  was  appointed  instructor 
in  breedins  in  the  school  of  agriculture,  in 
June,  1803,  he  was  ap])ointed  full  ])rofessoi- 
in  the  college  of  agriculture  and  ])laced  in 
charge  of  the  dairy  school.  Professor  Hacck 
er  has  contributed  invaluable  services  to  the 
farming  and  dairy  interests  of  the  state  in 
this  position.  I'erhaiis  his  most  importanl 
and  successful  work  at  the  exi)eriment  sta 
tion  has  been  along  the  line  of  feeding  and 
the  adopting  of  certain  tyj)es  of  stock  for 
special  pui"})0ses.  He  is  doing  xcry  excelleiif 
work  in  this  field,  has  held  meetings  and 
made  addresses  all  over  the  North  Star  state. 
and  in  portions  of  other  states,  arousing 
great  enthusiasm.  He  has  served  as  secre- 
tary of  the  State  Dairymen's  Association  for 
many  years.  Professor  Haeckcr  has  only 
the  good  opinions  of  the  farmers  for  his  ef- 
ficient work  at  the  experiment  station,  and 
has  made  many  warm  friends  among  the 
agricultural  classes  who  appreciate  his  ef- 
forts in  their  behalf. 


DOUGLAS,  Wallace  TJarton.— Some  men 
have  a  combination  of  qualities  making  uji 
what  is  called  "force  of  character,'"  which  ini 
pells  them  towards  success  with  a  momen- 
tum that  seems  irresistible.  Wallace  Bar- 
ton Douglas,  the  brilliant  attorney  general 
of  the  great  state  of  Minnesota,  is  a  tyj)ical 
instance  in  point.  Born  as  an  ordinary  far- 
mer boy,  September  21,  1852,  in  Leyden, 
liBwis  county,  northern  New  Yoi-k,  he  has 
risen,  while  comjiaratively  young,  to  a  com- 
manding position  in  his  chosen  profession. 
Phenomenal  as  this  achievement  seems,  every 
step  in  the  development  of  his  career  is  so 
natural  that  wonder  ceases  when  the  ster- 
ling character  of  the  man  becomes  known. 

The  Scotch  descent  of  Mr.  Douglas  is 
clearly  indicated  by  his  name,  which  runs  as 
a  conspicuous  thread  through  the  liistoi'y  of 
Scotland.  It  began  in  America  in  1040  when 
William  Douglas,  a  distinguished  son  of  that 
lineage,  came  here  to  settle.     Hence  sin-iiig 


WALLACK   1!.   DOriJLAS. 

the  subject  of  (his  sketch.  His  father  was 
Asahel  M.  Douglas,  and  his  mother's  maiden 
name  was  Alma  E.  Miller.  The  home  was  a 
small  farm,  as  were  all  the  famis  of  tliat  7'e- 
gion  because  of  the  difflculty  of  clearing  off 
the  timber.  The  chief  industry  was  dairying, 
for  it  was  necessary  to  kee])  cows  in  order  to 
iiiainfaiii  the  fertility  of  the  soil.  The  win- 
ters were  severe,  the  snow  being  for  weeks 
together  several  feet  deep,  covering  the 
fences  and  making  the  roads  alinost  impass- 
able. It  can  readily  be  imagined  that  a  boy's 
life  under  such  conditions  was  well  adajited 
to  make  him  rugged  and  vigorous  if  he  sur- 
vived the  ordeal.  To  go  to  school  in  siirh 
winlecs — when  most  of  the  teaching  was 
done — recjuircd  no  small  amount  of  courage 
and  "grit." 

Tt  was  in  (he  district  scliool  of  those  days 
that  Mi-.  Douglas  laid  the  foundation  of 
his  career.  S]ic]liiig,  arithmetic  and  geog- 
raphy were  liberally  sandwiched  with 
"chores"  morning  and  excning,  and  with 
manual  labor  al  odd  times.  The  first  shilling 
lie  earned  was  by  milking  c<i\vs. 

There  are  iiiniiv  who  tliiiik  that  such  a 
(lislricl.    or    common,    school    ruriiislies    the 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


must  solid  fDiiiiflation  for  an  educatiou,  in 
addition  to  the  boolv  learning  imbibed,  for 
the  school  is  a  real  world  in  miniature,  con- 
taining all  the  diversities  of  character  and 
social  conditions  that  will  be  met  with  in 
after  life — selfish  and  generous,  rich  and 
poor,  A'arious  nationalities  and  creeds.  Such 
a  commingling  of  interests,  it  is  said,  must  of 
necessity  tend  to  broaden  the  mind  and  to 
promote  charity  towards  others.  Tlie  public 
school  is  the  only  institution  adapted  to 
make  a  homogeneous  people,  which  is  the 
first  requisite  of  a  solid  patriotic  nation. 
Certain  it  is  that  our  best  public  men  are  the 
products  of  this  training. 

After  obtaining  his  common  school  train- 
ing JJr.  Douglas  worked  in  various  callings, 
lirst  as  clerk  to  a  railroad  agent,  then  as  a 
lather,  and  then  as  a  bank  teller  in  Momence, 
111.  He  finished  his  literary  education  at  Caz- 
enovia  Seminary,  one  of  the  oldest  and  best 
schools  for  a  higher  education  in  the  state 
of  New  York,  and  of  which  for  a  while  the 
distinguished  Bishop  Andrews  was  president. 
The  next  step  in  his  progress  was  the  choice 
of  a  profession.  Mr.  Douglas  determined  to 
be  a  lawyer,  and  entered  the  law  department 
of  Michigan  University.  After  taking  his 
degree  as  a  graduate  he  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1875,  and  began  to  practice  in  Chi- 
cago, the  best  possible  field  for  a  varied  ex- 
perience in  the  profession.  In  1881  he  was 
married  to  Ella  M.  Smith,  and  two  years 
later  set  out  to  make  a  permanent  home  in 
the  growing  state  of  Minnesota.  He  settled 
at  Moorhead,  Clay  county,  in  the  rich  Red 
river  valley,  famous  for  its  wheat,  where  he 
has  since  lived.  His  eight  years'  practice  at 
Chicago  and  his  early  business  experience 
had  thoroughly  equii)pcd  him  for  his  profes- 
sion, to  which  he  was  ardently  devoted.  But 
he  was  no  recluse,  for  he  identified  himself 
with  all  the  interests  of  the  people,  city, 
county,  and  state. 

A  man  of  his  ability  could  not  be  over- 
looked. For  his  genial  qualities  he  was 
sought  for  socially,  becoming  a  member  of 
the  fraternal  societies  of  the  Masons,  Odd 
Fellows,  and  Knights  of  Pythias,  as  well  as 
an  active  member  of  several  game  protective 
associations,  due  to  his  expert  marksman- 


shi])  and  passion  for  hunting.  Hcuioi's  came 
thick  and  fast  upon  him,  he  being  elected  city 
attoraey  of  Moorhead,  serving  five  years, 
then  county  attorney  of  Clay  county  six 
years,  besides  being  a  member  of  the  board 
of  education  of  the  city  of  Moorhead  for 
twelve  years.  These  multifarious  duties  were 
discharged  with  such  fidelity  and  <'Xception- 
al  efficiency  that  it  is  not  surprising  that  he 
should  be  selected  for  attorney  general,  the 
highest  law  office  in  the  state.  He  was  first 
elected  in  1898  and  again  in  1000.  His  able 
administration  of  this  department  has  given 
the  highest  satisfaction,  and  so  added  to  his 
professional  reputation,  that  no  public  honor 
is  l)eyond  his  reach,  should  he  desire  it.  His 
home  life  has  also  contributed  to  his  success. 
He  has  two  children,  Harold  B.  Douglas  and 
Lelia  Louise  Douglas.  The  successful  law- 
yer in  no  wise  overshadows  the  aff'ectionate 
father.  Another  element  of  success  is  his 
stalwart  Republicanism.  While  others  were 
driven  by  winds  of  political  doctrines  hither 
and  thither  in  search  of  popularity,  Mr. 
Douglas,  with  the  sturdiness  of  his  race,  was 
loyal  to  principles.  To  the  eloquence  of  the 
forum  his  added  steadfastness  was  a  tower 
of  strength,  and  it  nuide  him  a  champion  of 
resi.stless  might. 


BRYANT,  Professor  J.  C,  of  the  Madi- 
son School,  St.  Paul,  Minn.,  is  recognized 
as  one  of  the  best  qualified  and  most  success- 
ful of  the  highest  grade  teachers  in  the  state. 
His  father,  Charles  Stout  Bryant,  was  a  law- 
yer of  note  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  and  later  at 
St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul,  Minn.  His  practice 
was  general,  and  he  conducted  many  impor- 
tant cases  in  the  higher  state  and  in  the 
United  States  courts,  following  his  profes- 
sion assiduously  for  fifty  years.  He  was 
county  attorney  of  Nicollet  county,  Minn., 
for  three  terms.  He  was  a  man  of  fine  liter- 
ary taste  and  ability,  which  he  exercised 
freely  in  both  prose  and  poetry,  contributing 
chiefly  to  papers  and.  magazines.  "The  Sioux 
Massacre  in  Minnesota"  was  the  largest  of 
his  publications.  He  was  also  actively  inter- 
ested in  educational  nmtters,  and  did  much 
valuable  work,  serving  on  boards  of  educa- 


HISTOUY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


tiou  iu  Ciucinnati  and  St.  Peter.  While  liv 
ing  in  the  former  place  he  was  instrumental 
iu  securiug  the  fund  for  establishing  the 
Hughes  High  School.  His  activity  in  this 
field  continued  after  he  came  to  Minnesota 
in  1851).  He  drew  up  the  "Independent 
School  Law,"  and  the  "Law  for  the  Encour 
agementof  Higher  Education,"  which  at  once 
brought  forward  the  state  high  schools  as 
feeders  to  the  State  University'  of  Minnesota, 
and  he  served  as  first  secretary  of  the  high 
school  board,  through  which  he  inaugurated 
the  system  now  in  force.  His  sou,  Julian, 
has  inherited  much  of  his  father's  euthusi 
asm  and  practical  intuition.  Julian's  moth 
er's  maiden  name  was  Catherine  Brewer,  a 
recorded  heir  of  the  noted  Aneka  Jans  estate 
of  Manhattan  Island,  N.  Y.  Mrs.  Bryant  had 
nine  children.  Three  sons  graduated  at  the 
University  of  Minnesota;  two  took  a  theo- 
logical course  for  the  ministry,  one  of  whom 
is  in  active  woi'k;  one  son  is  a  physician,  and 
one,  Julian,  is  a  teacher.  Of  the  daughters, 
Lida  E.  Bryant  married  Hon.  A.  R.  McGill. 
She  died  in  1877.  Another  daughter  becanu^ 
the  wife  of  a  successful  merchant.  Only  four 
of  the  children  now  survive.  Julian  C.  Bry- 
ant was  born  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  February 
9,  1852.  His  early  education  was  obtained 
in  the  public  schools  of  Ciucinnati,  Wabaslia, 
to  which  the  family  moved  in  1859,  and  St. 
Peter.  He  then  entered  the  University  of 
Minnesota,  took  the  full  classical  course,  and 
graduated  in  1878,  with  the  degree  of  A.  B. 
He  was  prominent  in  his  class  for  ability, 
serving  as  its  vice  president,  and  being  chos- 
en to  pronouuce  the  "Tree  Oration"  on  "class 
day."  He  was  also  one  of  the  editors  of  the 
"Ariel,"  the  college  paper,  which  lived  for 
twenty-one  years.  He  was  at  first  inclined 
to  take  up  his  father^s  profession,  that  of 
law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  but  was 
soon  drawn  to  public  school  work,  iu  the 
atmosphere  of  which  he  had  so  long  lived, 
and  with  which  he  was  in  close  touch,  be- 
ginniug  as  a  teacher  as  early  as  1870.  He 
found  this  to  be  his  vocation,  and  he  has 
taught  almost  continuously  since  his  gradua- 
tion, taking  also  post-graduate  courses  at  the 
university  for  higher  degrees.     During   his 


I'ltOKKSSnit    .] 


three  years  of  service  as  superintendeut  of 
the  Owatonna  schools  he  built  up  the  high 
school  to  the  state  grade.  When  he  came  to 
St.  Paul  he  inaugurated  the  system  of  sepa- 
rate high  schools,  and  thereby  more  than 
doubled  the  high  school  attendance,  and  at 
the  same  time  brought  the  city  high  schools 
more  completely  in  harmony  with  the  State 
University.  He  served  for  many  years  as 
the  principal  of  the  Humboldt  High  School; 
he  graduated  two  classes  from  the  Central 
High  School,  and  declined  the  offer  of  assist- 
ant superintendent  of  the  St.  Paul  schools, 
preferring  to  be  in  the  immediate  work.  He 
has  served  as  conductor  for  eight  different 
State  Summer  Schools  for  Teachers.  His 
heart  is  iu  the  work  of  improving  the  schools 
of  the  city  and  state,  and  it  may  be  said  that 
he  devotes  his  whole  time,  ability,  and  ener- 
gy to  educational  matters  bearing  upon  this 
point.  He  is  identified  actively  with  teach- 
ers' associations.  He  has  served  for  several 
terms  as  president  of  the  St.  Paul  Teachers' 
Association,  collecting  during  the  time  a 
pedagogical  library  of  considerable  size,  now 
deposited  iu  an  alcove  of  the  city  library;  he 
has  served  several  times  as  treasurer  of  the 


HISTOUY  OF  THE  GItKAT  NORTHWEST. 


31innesota  Ediuatioual  Association;  lie  has 
been  secretary  and  treasurer  of  the  Dechima- 
tory  Association,  and  president  of  the  high 
school  section  of  the  state  educational  organ- 
ization; he  has  been  called  into  council  upon 
educational  questions  many  times  by  those 
directly  at  work  upon  educational  legislation, 
and  has  delivered  almost  innumerable  short 
and  long  speeches  and  addresses  on  various 
occasions,  relating  to  educational  affairs. 
His  jjublished  address,  delivered  in  the  housi; 
of  representatives  at  St.  Paul,  before  the 
High  School  Council,  of  which  he  was  presi- 
dent, on  the  subject,  "The  Complete  High 
School,"  elicited  great  praise  for  its  able  and 
comprehensive  treatment  of  the  subject.  Mr. 
Bryant  is  a  Mason  of  high  degree,  and  has 
been  honored  by  the  order  in  offices  many 
times,  including  those  of  Prelate  and  Gen- 
eralissimo. His  gift  of  public  speaking  and 
impromptu  address  is  highly  appreciated  in 
all  the  branches  of  the  order.  He  joined  the 
First  Baptist  church,  of  St.  Paul,  in  1ST3. 
His  wife,  to  whom  he  was  married  December 
28,  iyS2,  was  Maria  Burlingame,  a  descend- 
ant of  the  Burlingames  of  modern  political 
history,  and  of  the  \^'arrens  of  Revolutionary 
War  fame.  She  was  valedictorian  of  her  col- 
lege class,  and  for  three  years  instructor  of 
Greek,  Latin,  French  and  Khetoric  at  the 
PilLsbury  Academy. 


^^'EBSTER,  Charles  M.,  was  the  first 
white  child  born  at  Zumbrota,  Goodhue 
countj',  Minn.  He  is  of  Vermont  parentage 
and  of  early  colonial  New  England  ancestry. 
The  family  in  America  sprang  from  John 
Webster,  who  came  from  Suffolk  county, 
England,  and  settled  at  Ipswich.  Mass.,  in 
1634.  His  Grandfather,  Hon.  Alpha  Web- 
ster, was  in  his  day  one  of  the  leading  citi- 
zens of  Vermont.  Hon.  Charles  Carroll 
Webster,  born  in  Vermont  in  1824,  was  the 
father  of  Charles  M.  Webster,  and  Elizabeth 
Drew,  also  a  native  of  Vermont,  was  his 
mother.  She  was  a  woman  of  refinement 
and  culture — a  true  help-meet  to  her  hus- 
band. She  was  born  in  1831.  and  died  in 
.Montana,  at   tlie  home  of  her  sou,  in  18!tT, 


surviving  her  husband,  who  died  at  Minne- 
apolis in  1893.     They  reared  and  liberally 
educated  five  children,  whom  they  lived  to 
see  well  established   in   life  as   useful   and 
influential  members  of  society:  Mrs.  Spring, 
wife  of  W.  P.  Spring,  physician  and  surgeon, 
of  Minneapolis;  Mrs.  Fairchild,  wife  of  E. 
Iv.   Fairchild,  member  of  the  law  firm  of 
Keith,    Evans,    Thompson    &    Fairchild,    of 
Minneapolis;  Mrs.  Ware,  wife  of  J.  E.  Ware, 
cashier  of  the  St.  Anthony  Falls  Bank,  Min- 
neapolis;  W.    A.   Webster,  auditor   of   the 
Boston   &   Montana  Copper   Smelting   and 
ilining  (Company,  Great  Falls,   Mont.,  and 
(.'harles    M.    AVebster,    the   subject    of    this 
sketch.     The  father,  Hon.   Charles  Carroll 
^\'ebster,   was   a  man   of   rare  intellectual 
attainments,  a  thorough  scholar  of  fine  lit- 
erary tastes,  and  of  versatile  ability,  being 
as  a  lawyer,  distinguished  for  his  integrity 
and  capacity.     In  1897,  with  his  wife  and 
little  family,  he  moved  to  Minnesota,  and 
first  settled  at  Zumbrota.     Later  he  moved 
to  Ked  Wing,  where  he  soon  obtained  a  posi- 
tion of  high  rank  in  his  profession,  and  was 
2>rominent  and  influential  in  his  county  and 
state  for  more  than  twenty-five  years.     In 
1885,  to  be  near  his  children,  who  had  sought 
a    wider   field    at    Minneapolis,    he   left   his 
beautiful  home  at  Red  Wing,   to  be  with 
ihem.      Charles   M.   Webster  was  born  at 
Zumbrota,  April  12,  1858,  in  the  first  Min- 
nesota home.     His  school  days  began  at  Red 
Wing  in  the  public  schools.     His  collegiate 
studies  were  commenced  in  the  preparatory 
department  of  Oberlin  College,  and  complet- 
ed   in    the    University    of    Minnesota,    from 
which  he  graduated  in  the  classical  course  in 
the  class  of  1882.     While  in  the  university 
he  was  business  manager  of  the  university 
paper.     He  also  won  the  medal  for  oratory 
and  was  elected  to  deliver  the  class  day  ora- 
tion.      To  help  pay  his  way   through  his 
studies  he  taught  school  and  worked  as  a 
reporter  for  the  daily  papers.     He  had  his 
eye  all  the  time  on  the  profession  of  his  fa- 
ther, and  took  up  the  study  of  law.    He  was 
admitted  to  the  Hennepin  county  bar  in  De- 
cember, 1883,  and  became  a  member  of  the 
law  firm  of  Keith,  Thompson  &  Webster.     In 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


October,  1884,  he  was  married  to  his  ilass- 
inate  and  friend  of  his  youth,  Miss  Addie 
I'illsbury,  daughter  of  Hon.  John  S.  Pills- 
bury.  She  died  before  slie  was  six  months 
a  bride.  In  April,  188G,  Mr.  Webster  with- 
drew from  the  law  partnership  and  went  to 
Montana,  settling  at  Great  Falls,  where  he 
became  one  of  the  most  enei-getic  and  promi- 
nent men  in  building  up  that  promising 
young  city,  which  may  be  regarded  as  the 
coming  metropolis  of  the  central  2S'orthwest. 
In  1880  he  edited  the  Great  Falls  Tribune. 
From  18^7  to  1890  he  was  secretary  of  the 
Great  Falls  Water  I'ower  and  Towusite  Com- 
pany. The  city  grew  rapidly  and  Mr.  \\'el)- 
ster  made  an  ample  fortune  by  his  business 
peorations,  principally  in  real  estate.  He 
erected  the  first  stone  building  at  (Jreat 
Falls;  he  was  one  of  the  builders  of  the  beau- 
tiful opera  house  aud  of  numerous  other  sub- 
stantial structures;  he  was  one  of  the  found- 
ers of  the  public  library;  he  established  the 
extensive  tire  brick  plant  near  the  city,  and 
was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  Security 
Uank  of  Great  F'alls,  of  which  he  was  made 
president  in  18'J0.  During  the  financial 
stringency,  following  the  election  of  I'resi 
dent  Cleveland,  known  in  history  as  the 
"panic  of  1893,"  when  over  three  hundred 
banks  failed  or  suspended,  and  almost  in- 
numerable factories,  industrial  and  commer- 
cial establishments  were  ruined,  the  Security 
Bank  became  involved,  but  never  closed  its 
doors  until  every  obligation  was  paid  in  full 
and  the  institution  went  into  voluntary  liqui 
dation  in  November,  1895.  The  bank  was 
enabled  to  secure  this  honorable  record  by 
Mr.  Webster's  sacrifice  of  his  private  fortune, 
even  to  the  very  home  in  which  he  lived. 
Mr.  Webster  has  always  been  a  staunch  Re- 
publican, as  were  his  progenitors.  In  1888 
he  was  chairman  of  the  first  county  Kepub- 
lican  committee  organized  in  Cascade  coun- 
ty, Mont.  In  1S89  he  was  a  member  of  the 
state  constitutional  convention,  where  his 
scholarship  and  legal  training  were  of  spe- 
cial value.  From  1889  to  1891  he  was  presi- 
dent of  the  Great  Falls  city  council.  From 
1891  to  1892  school  trusts'.  1892-'9:{  mayor 
of  the  city  and  again  from  189o-"97.    In  1S9(; 


rirAULES    M.    WECSTKI?. 

lit-  was  nominated  for  state  treasurer  on  the 
IJe[iubli(an  ticket,  but  failed  of  an  election, 
although  he  ran  7,000  votes  ahead  of  his 
associates  on  the  ticket.  In  1897-fl)01  he 
was  United  States  collector  of  internal  reve- 
nue for  Montana.  Idaho  and  Utah.  In  1900 
he  was  made  chairman  of  the  state  Kepubli- 
can  committee,  which  position  he  still  holds. 
In  June,  1901,  he  resigned  the  collector- 
ship  of  internal  revenue,  to  accept  the  cus- 
toms coUectorship  for  Montana  and  Idaho, 
with  headquarters  at  Great  Falls.  Mr. 
Welistei-  was  married  in  May,  1892,  to  Miss 
Helen  Eloise  Pettitt,  daughter  of  S.  I.  Pet- 
titt.  of  Faribault,  Minn.  They  have  two  chil- 
dren, a  daughter  of  seven,  and  a  son  of  tluiM' 
years  of  age. 

FULLERTON,  Samuel  Fergu.son,  so  well 
known  in  connection  with  the  Game  and  Fish 
Commission  of  the  state  of  Minnesota,  is  of 
the  sturdy  Scotch-Irish  race,  that  has  been 
so  prominent  in  the  develojiment  of  the  I'nit- 
ed  States.  His  father.  Robert  Fullerton, 
was  a  farmer  aud  nu^rchant  in  the  village  of 
Charleniont,  Armagh  county,  Ireland,  where 
many  of  his  Scotch  countrymen  had  settled. 
The  town  will  be  recalled  as  the  last  place 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


SAMUEL  F.    FULLERTON. 

where  King  James"  forces  made  a  stand 
against  William  of  Orange.  His  wife  was 
Kate  Anna  Cullen,  also  of  Scotch  descent. 
The  family  was  in  comfortable  financial  cir- 
cumstances. Samuel  was  born  at  Uharle- 
mont,  Feb.  2, 1858.  He  obtained  some  school- 
ing there  as  a  child,  and,  after  coming  to  this 
country  with  his  parents,  he  attended  Bryant 
and  Stratton's  noted  business  college  at  Bal- 
timore, Md.  He  came  to  Duluth,  Minn.,  in 
1879.  He  learned  the  carriage  building 
trade,  and  followed  it  with  the  industry  and 
success  characteristic  of  his  lineage,  for  eigh- 
teen years.  But  he  did  not'  neglect  his  du- 
ties as  a  citizen.  He  was  both  interested  and 
active  in  public  affairs.  Although  a  man  of 
decided  convictions  and  aggressive  in  sup- 
porting them,  he  made  many  friends,  and 
wielded  a  strong  influence.  He  has  always 
been  a  stalwart  Kepublican.  In  recognition 
of  his  valuable  services  to  the  party, he  was 
appointed  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Game 
Hi  Fish  Commission  in  1895,  and  served  four 
years,  being  then  removed  by  an  adverse  ad- 
ministration, without  regard  for  his  expe- 
rience and  emciency.  In  1!)()1  he  was  again 
a|i|ii)iiilcd  Id  his  did  iiKsitioii.  which  lie  now 


holds.  This  was  a  deserved  compliment  for 
his  former  service.  Mr.  Fullei-ton  is  also 
interested  in  social  and  fraternal  matters. 
He  is  a  Mason  of  the  highest  degrees,  includ- 
ing the  tliirtj--second  i-ites.  Knights  Templar, 
and  the  Shrine. 

He  was  married  to  Jane  Ross,  of  Inver- 
nay,  Can.,  who  died  in  1887,  leaving  three 
children:  May,  now  eighteen  years  of  age; 
Katie,  sixteen,  and  Willie,  thirteen  yeai's  old. 
In  18!t()  he  was  married  to  Emily  C.  Jones, 
the  daughter  of  Thomas  and  Mary  Jones,  of 
St.  Cloud,  Minn.  His  home  is  in  Uuluth, 
while  his  ollicial  residence  is  at  St.  Paul, 
Minn. 


LAYBOUEN,  Charles  Guy. — Few  men  in 
professional  circles  have  had  more  experi- 
ence touching  various  walks  of  life  in  a  prac- 
tical way  than  has  Charles  G.  Laybourn,  the 
well  known  attorney  of  Minneapolis,  Minn., 
prominently  supported  at  the  primaries  of 
I'JOU  for  judge  of  the  district  court.  He  was 
a  farmer  boy,  born  at  his  father's  farm  near 
Springfield,  Clark  county,  Ohio,  March  23, 
1851.  His  father,  Joseph  Laybourn,  was 
also  born  on  a  farm  in  the  same  neighbor- 
hood and  si)ent  his  life  within  six  miles  of 
his  birthplace,  dying  at  the  age  of  sixty-three 
on  his  homestead  in  1883,  having  one  of  the 
best  improved  farms  in  central  Ohio.  The 
Laybourns  were  anciently  New  Yorkers. 
Great-grandfather  Christopher  Laybourn 
was  one  of  the  early  mayors  of  New  York 
<'ity.  He  was  noted  for  his  scholarly  attain- 
ments, particularly  in  mathematics.  At  one 
time  he  was  the  owner  of  a  large  portion  of 
the  land  now  covered  by  the  city  of  Roches- 
ter, N.  Y.  He  was  one  of  the  most  promi- 
nent men  of  his  time.  Charles  G.  Laybourn's 
mother's  maiden  name  was  Ann  Kirkley. 
Her  parents  were  natives  of  England.  They 
settled  in  central  Ohio  when  Ann  was  a 
( hild,  and  died  shortly  after,  leaving  the 
little  girl  to  be  adopted  by  one  of  the  most 
respected  families  of  the  country,  where  she 
was  properly  reared  and  educated.  Young 
Laybourn  received  his  earliest  school  train- 
ing in  the  "little  red  brick  school  house  on 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GUKAT  NdRTlIWKST, 


the  hill'"  near  his  father's  fanri — a  school 
noted  for  having  capable  teachers,  as  well 
as  for  strict  discipline.     At  fourteen,  havin<i 
completed  the  district  school  course,  he  was 
sent   to  a   select  school   of  hi<;h  reputation. 
His  advancement  was  such  that  at  sixteen 
years  of  aj;e  he  passed  an  (examination  be- 
fore  the   county   superintendent   of   schools 
and   obtained   a   "first   grade"   certificate   to 
teach.     He  then  enga^''^!  '"  teaching  in  his 
native    county.     After    some    exjierience    in 
this  work  he  learned  the  trade  of  carriage 
making,  and  followed  it  until  he  met  with 
an  accident,  which  disabled  him  from  pni- 
suing  his  trade.     He  then  took  uj)  teaching 
again.     To  fit  himself  for  a  higher  grade  of 
work  he  entered  the  Illinois  State  Normal 
University  at  Normal,  HI.,  in  the  spring  of 
1S74,  and  four  years  later  graduated  with 
honor    in    both    the    normal    and    classical 
courses  of  that  institution.     He  then  accept- 
ed   a    position    as    teacher    in    Markham's 
Academy   at   Milwaukee,    preparing   young 
men  for  Eastern  colleges.     After  two  years 
of  this  service  he  took  up  the  study  of  law 
and  entered  the  law  department  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Michigan  at  Ann  Arbor,  finishing 
his  course  in  the  spring  of  1881,  when  he 
immediately    began     practice    at     Creston, 
Iowa.     His  thorough  literary  education  and 
his  studious  habits  enabled  him  to  pass  a 
phenomenally    creditable    examination    for 
his  admission  to  the  bar.     In  proof  of  his 
thorough  equipment  for  his   chosen  profes- 
sion   it    may  be  mentioned   that   within  a 
month  of  his  leaving  school  he  was  engaged 
in  the  trial  of  cases  at  the  bar  and  soon  had 
a   practice  which  was  as  lucrative  and   as 
extensive  as  that  of  most  of  the  oldest  law- 
yers   at    the    bar.     He    however    desired    a 
larger  field.     After  four  years'  practice  at 
Preston  he  set  out  in  search  of  a  suitable 
I)lace,    visiting   Kansas    City,    Omaha,    and 
Minneapolis.     He  finally  chose  the  latter  as 
the  most  promising  and  settled  there  in  June, 
1885.     His   success  was  almost  immediate. 
Mr.  Layboum's  practice  has  been  general  in 
its  scope,  but  the  most  extensive  in  comnicr 
cial  and  insurance  law.     He  is  at  present 
legal  adviser  and  attorney  for  some  of  the 


H.Mil.KS  O.   I,.\VB(H;i!N. 


oldest  and  most  i»roniiuent  firms  in  the  city, 
and  has  a  large  practice.  Fraternal  benefit 
associations  frequently  call  upon  him*to  rep- 
resent them  in  contested  claims,  because  of 
his  success  in  this  department  of  law.  The 
Modern  Woodmen  of  America,  probably  the 
largest  of  these  associations,  has  frequently 
retained  him  and  has  honored  him  still  fur- 
tliei'  by  making  him  chairman  of  the  law 
committee  of  the  order.  His  experience  as  a 
skilled  accountant,  which  among  other  ac- 
complishments he  has  acquired,  has  no 
doubt  been  of  great  service  in  many  cases 
where  he  has  won  suits.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  leading  societies  and  fraternities  and  of 
the  Commercial  Club,  and  takes  such  an  ac 
tive  interest  in  jjublic  affairs  that  he  lias 
literally  a  "host"'  of  friends  who  are  wanii 
advocates  in  urging  him  for  a  position  on 
the  bench,  for  whii'h  he  is  so  well  (pialilied 
by  learning,  ability,  and  wide  ex]ierience  out 
side  of  his  profession.  In  1888  he  was  mar- 
ried to  Blanche  Gove,  daughter  of  Cajitain 
Cove,  of  Cres1(ni,  Iowa.  They  have  four 
children,  two  boys  .-nul  two  girls.  Their 
youngest,  twelve  years  of  age.  are  twins - 
a  boy  and  a  girl. 


HISTORY  OP  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


r.    M.    HALL. 

HALL,  P.  M.— Dr.  Hall,  so  well  known  in 
connpftion  with  the  Health  Department  of 
Minneapolis,  was  born  at  West  Jefferson, 
Ohio,  October  1!),  18G0.  His  father.  Dr.  Levi 
Hall,  was  also  a  practicinf;-  physician,  of  Eng- 
lish extraction  from  early  New  England  an- 
cestry. His  wife's  maiden  name  was  Lucinda 
Mitchell,  of  Scotch-Irish  ancestors.  The  an- 
cestors on  both  sides  were  participants  in 
the  Revolntionary  War.  The  yonng  doctor 
obtained  his  early  education  in  the  public 
schools  of  Ohio  and  Minnesota,  removing  to 
Austin,  in  the  latter  state,  in  187?..  In  L875 
he  removed  to  Minneapolis,  as  a  student. 
Having  prepared  for  college  he  attended  the 
University  of  Minnesota,  and  remained  until 
the  end  of  the  sophomore  year.  In  1880  he 
entei-ed  the  Hahnemann  Medical  College,  at 
Chicago,  and  graduated  in  1S82,  when  he  re- 
turned and  immediately  began  jiracticing  his 
profession  in  Minneapolis,  where  lie  has  since 
been  in  continuous  general  practice.  In  1884 
he  became  attending  physician  to  the  Shel- 
tering Anns,  which  position  he  still  holds. 
In  1895  he  became  attached  to  the  City  Hos- 
pital staff.  From  1887  to  1803,  he  was  a 
member  of  the  State  Board  of  Medical  Ex- 


aminers. For  the  years  1897  and  1898  he 
was  a  member  of  the  Minneapolis  Hoard  of 
Health.  The  Cit.y  Council  of  MinneajKdis 
elected  Dr.  Hall  commissioner  of  health,  Jan- 
uary 7,  1901,  where  he  is  still  serving.  He 
is  active  in  the  fraternal  orders,  being  a  Ma- 
son of  high  degi'ee,  including  the  Commaud- 
cry  and  Shrine;  a  member  of  the  Royal  Ar- 
canum, and  of  the  Ancient  Order  of  United 
^^■orkmen.  He  was  married.  May  25,  1882, 
to  Anna  C.  Depew,  the  daughter  of  John  C. 
Dejiew.  They  have  three  children :  Francis, 
aged  fifteen;  Jessie,  aged  thirteen,  and  Levi 
Hall,  eleven  vears  of  age. 


GODFREY,  Percy  Downing,  of  St. 
Paul,  Minn.,  has  been  a  resident  of 
the  North  Star  state  for  thirteen  years, 
coming  from  his  native  state.  New  Hamp- 
shire, in  1888,  the  year  following  his 
graduation  in  the  literary  course.  He  is 
of  English  extraction,  from  early  colonial 
New  England  ancestry.  The  progenitors 
of  the  Godfrey  family  settled  at  New 
IIami)ton,  N.  H.,  in  1(538,  since  which  their 
descendants  have  been  prominent  in  New 
England  affairs,  being  represented  in  civil 
jtublic  life  as  well  as  in  the  various  military 
struggles  of  the  nation — the  Colonial  Wars, 
the  Revolutionary  War,  the  War  of  1812 
and  the  War  of  the  Rebellion.  The  pub- 
lished record  may  be  found  in  the  "History 
of  Hampton.''  Percy's  father,  Jacob  T. 
(iodfrey,  was  brought  up  a  farmer,  but  later 
became  a  practical  engineer  and  settled  at 
Hampton  Beach,  N.  H.  True  to  the  martial 
and  jiatriotic  spirit  of  his  family,  he  volun- 
teered at  the  first  call  for  troops  in  the  Civil 
War,  and  served  throughout  the  Rebellion, 
winning  an  honorable  i-ecord  as  a  soldier. 
The  maiden  name  of  Percy's  mother  was 
Nettie  H.  Downing.  From  her  he  got  his 
middle  name.  She  was  a  woman  of  more 
than  ordinary  ability,  well  educated  and  re- 
fined. She  was  also  of  early  New  England 
ancestry,  born  at  Rye  Beach,  N.  H.  She 
had  fine  literary  taste  and  was  gifted  as  a 
writer,  securing  distinction  as  an  author  of 
both  prose  and  poetry.     Young  Percy  was 


HISTUKV  OF  THE   (JUEAT   NUKTHWIOST. 


born  at  Haiiiitlon,  ^■.  H..  .Mar.li  IL'.  ISTl. 
His  education  licj;aii  in  tlic  |inlili<'  scliools 
of  his  nali\('  town  and  was  continued 
throuii'h  the  Hampton  Academy  and  Hij^h 
School.  He  was  an  apt  student,  and  <;i'adu- 
ated  with  honors  in  1S87,  achievin}i'  tlie  fnr 
tlier  distinction  of  i)ein,u-  chosen  class  poet,  his 
sujierior  literary  <;ifts  undoubtedly  sprinj;- 
inf^i;  from  his  mother.  He,  iiovvever,  early 
chose  the  profession  of  law  for  his  life  work, 
for  which  he  had  a  natural  taste,  due  in  some 
defirecr",  no  doubt,  to  his  fjift  of  public  address, 
wliich  has  i)i'(ned  of  j^reat  value  to  him,  mak- 
ing him  distiufiiiished  at  the  bar  asan  advo 
cate  and  creatin<;'  a  demand  for  his  services 
as  a  political  camiiaij'n  speakei'.  In  ISSS  he 
moved  to  St.  Paul.  Minn.,  and  took  up  the 
study  of  law  in  the  office  of  Judfje  A.  ('. 
Hickman,  of  St.  Tanl.  He  then  entered  the 
law  department  of  the  T^niversity  of  Minne 
sola  and  Hn'<liii'l<'d  with  the  degree  of 
Haclielor  of  Law  in  the  class  of  l.'-!!(2,  when 
only  twenty-one  years  old.  He  received  his 
di]iloma  through  the  supreme  court  and  the 
state  board  of  examinei'S.  was  iidmitted  to 
the  bar  and  formed  a  partnershij)  on  the 
same  day,  :Nrarch  12,  isn2— his  twenty-first 
birthday.  His  iiartner  was  Arthui'  (!.  Otis, 
of  St.  I'anl.  and  the  style  of  the  firm  was 
Otis  &  (iodfi-ey,  which  succeeded  the  fliin  of 
('.  E.  i^  .\.  (i.  Otis,  dissolved  by  the  elevation 
of  the  seiiioi-  ])artner  to  the  bench  of  the 
district  court.  ^Ir.  (Jodfrey's  success  was  al- 
most immediate.  He  carried  into  his  ])ro- 
f(ssion  the  same  diligent,  studious  habits 
which  had  gained  foi-  him  a  high  standing 
at  school,  and  he  soon  secured  a  ])osition  at 
the  bar  which  brought  a  large  and  lucrative 
practice,  including  litigation  of  many  im- 
portant ones.  He  refused  the  offer  of  an  a]>- 
])ointment  of  assistant  city  attorney  to  de- 
velo])  his  ])rivate  ])ractice.  To  carry  out 
fully  his  ideas  of  devotion  to  his  jirofession, 
he  went  into  jiractice  alone,  and  has 
ailiieved  a  success  wliicli  would  be  flattering 
to  one  of  the  oldest  members  of  the  bar.  In 
])olitics  Mr.  (Jodfrey  is  an  ardeiit  T{e])nblican. 
active  in  every  movement  to  forward  the 
jirincijiles  of  his  jiarty  and  liberal  with  his 
.services  in  every  campaign,  though  j)ersisl 


ently  too  busy  in  his  [irofession  to  accei)t  a 
nomination  for  office.  Yet  he  has  seived  for 
several  years  as  commissioner  of  the  United 
States  court  of  claims  at  St.  I'aul,  this  being 
in  the  line  of  his  i)rofession.  In  1S1I2  he 
was  secretary  of  the  Kam.sey  county  congres- 
sional convention,  and  in  18'JG  he  was  chosen 
secretary  of  the  Fourth  congressional  dis- 
trict <on  vent  ion  to  select  delegates  to  the  Na- 
tional lie|Miblican  convention,  lie  is  also  in- 
terested in  fraternal  societies,  having  served 
as  vice-cliancellor  of  St.  I'aul  Lodge,  Knights 
of  I'ythias,  and  being  a  mend)er  of  the  Odd 
Fellows,  Elks,  and  the  ilasonic  Order.  In 
religion  he  is  a  Congregationalist,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Bethany  church,  and  aclixc  in 
church  work,  ser\'ing  for  several  years  as 
secretary  of  the  board  of  trustees.  Mr.  (iod 
trey  was  married  June  ;!(!,  IS!I2,  to  .Minnie 
K.  La\\ton,  of  St.  I'aul.  Tlie\'  have  two  chil 
di-en:  Otis  Kickman  and  Oladys  Elizabeth 
(iodfrev. 


J )!'>.'>.',  Howard  Harrison,  mayor  of  Al- 
bert Lea,  Minn.,  and  one  of  the  leaning  law- 
yers of  that  city,  is  an  excellent  ty](e  of  the 
self-made  man.  A  ])rodm-t  of  a  .Minnesota 
fai-ni,  he  stands  as  a  shining  example  of 
what  can  hv  accomplished  by  the  young 
man  of  eiiei'gy  and  jierseverance.  He  was 
born  at  .lacl;son.  in  .Iacl<son  county,  .Minn.. 
Oct.  2!),  1S(;7.  His  father  was  .lames  \V. 
Dunn,  a  farmer  by  occn|iation,  and  who  for 
nian.v  yeai-s  followed  the  \-ocation  of  a  school- 
teacher. His  mollier's  maiden  name  was 
Klizabi'th  M.  Seeley.  The  father  was  a  na- 
ti\-e  of  the  state  of  Maine;  llie  mollier  a  na 
ti\'e  of  \'irginia.  M.  I>.  Dunn,  a  brother  of 
the  snliject  of  this  sketch,  is  the  jiresent 
shei-itf  of  .)acl<son  county,  .Minn,  .\nother 
brother.  .\.  W.  Dunn,  is  connecled  wilh  the 
Associat^ed  I'lcss  at  \\ashington,  D.  C 
Howai'd's  early  training  was  received  in  the 
common  schools  of  his  native  count.\'.  This 
was  snpiileinented  by  a  course  at  the  La 
Crosse  r.usiness  College,  at  La  Crosse.  Wis. 
The  yonngmau  was  desirousof  making  Ihe  le- 
gal profession  his  vocation  in  life,  but  was  not 
atforded  the  privilege  of  taking  up  a  course 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


HOWARD    H.    DUNN. 

of  Study  ill  f()lle<ie.  He  entered  the  law  of- 
fice of  Hon.  T.  J.  Knox,  of  Jackson,  Minn., 
with  that  purpose  in  view,  and  applying  him- 
self industriously  to  his  studies  was  admit- 
ted to  the  bar  in  June,  1890.  He  then  formed 
a  partnership  with  Mr.  Knox,  which  lasted, 
however,  only  a  short  time.  In  1892  he  re- 
moved to  Fairmont,  Minn.,  and  opened  a  law 
ofBce,  practicing  his  profession  alone  for 
three  years.  He  then  formed  a  partnership 
with  Albert  L.  Ward  and  De  Forrest  Ward, 
under  the  firm  name  of  Ward,  Dunn  &  ^^'ard, 
which  continued  until  1898.  During  this 
time  he  served  as  city  attorney  of  Fairmont 
for  a  period  of  three  years.  In  Januarj-. 
1899,  he  removed  to  Albert  Lea,  succeeding 
to  the  law  practice  of  Hon.  John  A.  Lovely, 
who  was  elected  a  justice  of  the  supreme 
court  in  the  fall  of  the  previous  year.  Mr. 
Dunn  has  been  quite  successful  in  his  profes- 
sion, and  has  succeeded  in  building  up  an  ex- 
tensive and  lucrative  practice,  and  enjoys 
the  respect  and  esteem  of  his  fellow-mem- 
bers of  the  bar  in  a  high  degree.  He  has  al- 
ways taken  an  active  interest  in  public  af- 
fairs, and  in  189G  was  elected  on  the  Kepub- 
lican  ticket  a  member  of  the  upper  house  of 


the  state  legislature,  re])resenting  the  i-oun- 
ties  of  Watonwan  and  Martin.  His  seat  in 
the  senate  was  contested  Ity  Hon.  Frank  A. 
Day,  of  Fairmont,  but  after  a  somewhat  pro- 
tracted contest  he  was  seated  by  a  vote  of  30 
to  24.  In  April,  1900,  he  was  elected  mayor 
of  Albert  Lea,  after  a  spirited  contest,  and  in 
1901  was  re-elected  without  opposition.  Mr. 
Dunn  belongs  to  the  Masonic  order  and  is  a 
incmher  of  Ajtollo  Commandery,  No.  22, 
Knights  Templar,  of  Albert  Lea.  Oct.  4. 
1894,  he  was  married  to  Miss  Eva  Nirholas. 
Two  children  have  been  born  to  Mr.  and 
.Mrs.  Dunn — both  girls,  one  aged  five  years, 
the  other  six  months. 


HAYS.  Theodore  Lambert,  of  Minneapo- 
lis, is  one  of  the  most  popular  and  successful 
theatrical  managers  of  the  Northwest.  He 
was  born  in  that  city,  March  29.  1867.  ffis 
father,  Lambert  Hays,  one  of  Minnesota's 
pioneers,  having  located  at  St.  Anthony  in 
1855,  was  a  native  of  Germany,  born  on 
riiristmas  Day,  1842,  and  came  to  America 
when  but  eight  years  old.  He  lived  for  a 
short  time  at  Albany,  X.  Y.,  and  then  at 
K'enosha,  Wis.  He  was  apprenticed  to  the 
first  baker  doing  business  at  St.  Anthony 
and  soon  learned  the  trade,  embarking  in 
business  for  himself  in  1865.  He  built  the 
first  bakery  on  the  west  side  of  the  Missis- 
sippi river,  the  Old  Cataract,  on  the  site  of 
the  old  Central  market  house.  In  1886,  he 
built  the  People's  Theater,  the  first  popular- 
priced  theater  in  the  west,  and  rebuilt  it 
after  it  was  burned  in  3890,  at  which  time  it 
was  rechristened  the  Bijou  Opera  House,  and 
opened  under  the  management  of  Mr.  Jacob 
Litt.  Lambert  Hays  was  engaged  in  active 
business  until  1887.  He  was  a  public-spir- 
ited man  and  took  a  deep  interest  in  every 
enterprise  calculated  to  be  of  benefit  to  his 
adopted  city.  He  was  a  member  of  the  early 
volunteer  fire  department  of  the  early  60's, 
and  was  for  a  term  elected  the  first  assistant 
chief  engineer  of  the  same.  He  was  one  of 
the  charter  members  of  the  first  Turnverein 
Society  in  Minneapolis  and  assisted  in  the 
building  of  the  West  Side  Turner  Hall,  and 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


throughout  his  entire  career  contributed  iu 
a  large  measure  to  the  uiaiutenauce  of  the 
Turner  societies.  He  died  in  181)3.  His  wife, 
Mary  (iertrude  Rauen,  came  to  this  country 
from  Germany  witli  her  parents,  who  were 
among  the  early  settlers  of  Minnesota.  Theo. 
L.  Hays  received  his  education  in  the  loni- 
mou  schools  of  ^Minneapolis  and  was  a  pupil 
iu  the  high  school  up  to  the  ninth  grade. 
This  was  supplemented  by  a  complete  course 
in  the  ("urtiss  Business  College,  from  which 
institute  he  graduated  with  si)ecial  honors. 
For  a  short  time  he  was  employed  in  the 
abstract  business  by  the  Minnesota  Title  In- 
surance and  Trust  Company,  at  the  Court 
House  of  Hennepin  county. 

Iu  September,  1887,  Theo.  L.  Hays  be- 
came interested,  with  W.  E.  Sterling,  in  the 
management  of  the  then  newly  built  Peo- 
ple's Theater.  Iu  1890  the  People's  Theater 
was  burned,  and,  when  rebuilt,  was  leased 
by  Mr.  Jacob  Litt,  of  Milwaukee,  the  well- 
known  theatrical  mauager,  and  changed 
from  a  stock  theater  to  a  combination  house. 
Mr.  Hays  served  as  treasurer  for  Mr.  Litt 
with  such  success,  that  when  the  Bijou  uuin 
ager,  frank  L.  Bixby,  was  transferred  to  the 
Grand  Opera  House,  St.  I'aul,  Mr.  Hays  was 
promoted  to  the  position  of  resident  mau- 
ager. Under  his  aggressive  direction  this 
jday  house,  now  known  as  the  Bijou  Opera 
House,  became  one  of  the  most  popular  and 
best  paying  theatrical  properties  in  the 
Northwest.  In  189G  Mr.  Hays  also  took 
charge  of  the  Grand  Opera  House,  St.  I'aul, 
and  now  enjoys  the  prestige  and  resijonsibil- 
ity  of  managing  two  theaters  and  of  being  the 
accredited  personal  representative  in  the 
Northwest  for  Mr.  Jacob  Litt.  From  a  busi- 
ness point  of  vievs',  Mr.  Hays  possesses  un- 
usual abilit}'  as  an  amusement  caterer,  and 
enjoys  the  confidence  of  the  ])ublic  in  a  high 
degree.  He  not  only  exercises  rare  discrimi- 
nation in  booking  companies  to  appear  at 
these  two  houses,  but  his  theaters  are  fre- 
quently praised  for  their  cleanliness,  the  dis- 
cipline of  their  employes  and  the  thorough 
application  iu  his  management  of  up-to-date, 
progressive  business  methods.  Mr.  Hays  not 
only  directs  the  business  interests  of  Mr. 
Litt's  Twin  City  theaters,  Init  does,  as  well, 


TIIEIIIillKK    L.    HAYS. 

all  the  uewspapci-  work  f(U-  these  houses,  in 
which  branch  of  work  he  has  been  reuuirk- 
ahly  successful. 

During  the  summers  <if  18'Jtt,  ftlOO  and 
I'.iOl  Mr.  Hays  has  acted  as  the  amusement 
manager  for  the  Twin  City  Kapid  Transit 
(_"onii)any,  having  under  his  direction  the 
management  of  the  amusement  featuivs  at 
the  resorts  of  this  company  at  Harriet,  Como 
Park  and  Wildwood,  and  it  is  largely  due  to 
his  etticient  direction  and  the  provision  of 
excellent  attractions,  that  they  have  attain- 
ed the  great  poj)ularity  they  now  enjoy.  A 
man  of  admirable  social  qualities,  he  has 
many  friends  both  in  the  profession  and  out 
of  it.  ilr.  Hays  is  independent  iu  politics. 
He  is  a  life  member,  by  honor,  of  the  lodge  of 
B.  P.  <>.  E.,  No.  4-1,  and  has  been  the  recipi- 
ent of  other  marked  courtesies  at  the  hands 
of  his  brother  Elks.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Koyal  Arcanum,  the  Knights  of  I'ythias  and 
Odd  Fellows.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Com- 
mercial Club  of  liidh  Miuueapoiis  and  St. 
Paul,  and  also  of  the  Theatrical  Men's  Busi- 
ness Club  of  New  York  City.  He  is  also  an 
honorary  member  of  the  Minneapolis  I'ress 
Club.  5Ir.  Hays  is  an  ex-member  of  the  Na- 
ational    Guard    of    the   State   of   Minnesota. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GllEAT  NORTHWEST. 


was  a  inenibor  of  ("oiiii)any  A,  First  Regi- 
ment, N.  (i.  S.  Jl.,  and  is  now  the  vice  presi- 
dent of  tlie  (^aptain  Aniory  Oompanj'  A  As- 
sociation, a  social  orjianization  of  the  men 
who  served  in  Company  A  nnder  Captain 
John  Amory.  In  relif^ion  Mr.  Hays  is  a 
Catholic.  He  was  married  in  January,  18!):i, 
1o  JIary  Ellen  KoIkmIs,  of  Chicago.  Their 
union  has  been  blessed  with  one  child,  Theo- 
dore AHiMt  Edward  Hays. 


TITCOMB,  Charles  Craves. — If  the  devel- 
opment of  a  region  meant  simply  the  opening 
of  farms  and  the  building  of  houses,  the 
work  would  be  quickly  done,  and  at  a  frac- 
tion of  the  time  and  cost  really  found  neces- 
sary to  establishing  a  civilized  community 
with  interweaving  interests,  comforts,  and 
pleasures.  The  first  essentials  are,  of  course, 
the  necessities  for  existence.  Because  of 
this  many  underrate  the  value  of  music, 
painting,  literature,  and  architecture  in  con- 
tributing to  the  general  welfare.  Therefore 
those  who  follow  artistic  pursuits  are  apt 
to  be  passed  over  lightly  when  the  honors  for 
achievement  are  distnbuted  by  the  historian. 
The  influence  of  music,  of  all  these  arts,  re- 
ceives perhaps  the  greatest  recognition.  But 
this,  too,  though  complimented  by  such  say- 
ings as  "Let  me  wi'ite  the  songs  of  a  people, 
and  I  care  not  who  writes  the  laws,"  does 
not  share  its  due  proportion  of  the  credit  for 
its  civilizing  power.  Charles  G.  Titcomb, 
the  well  known  professor  of  music  at  St. 
Paul,  :Minn.,  for  nearly  twenty  years,  is  en- 
titled to  a  fair  share  of  honor  for  the  progress 
of  music  in  the  Northwest.  He  Mas  born  in 
Nashua,  N.  H.,  March  20,  1844.  His  father, 
John  rierson  Titcomb,  alive  at  the  age  of 
eighty-three  years,  is  a  native  of  Maine.  He 
removed  to  the  west  and  settled  at  Harvard, 
HI.,  in  18(J2.  He  sympathized  ardently  with 
Texas  in  its  struggle  for  independence  and 
joined  the  Texas  navy  early  in  the  contest, 
before  the  state  was  annexed  to  the  Union. 
Pierson  Titcomb,  the  grandfather  of  the  sub- 
ject of  this  sketch,  was  a  graduate  of  West 
Point.  He  was  a  man  of  fine  literary  taste 
with  a  gift  for  writing  with  some  success  in 


belles  lettres  and  poetry.  Thr  maiden  name 
of  I'rof.  Titcomb's  mother,  alive  at  the  age 
of  seventy-six,  was  Livinia  A.  Smith.  The 
young  professor  early  showed  natural  gifts 
for  music  and  his  training  took  that  direc- 
tion. After  receiving  a  good  common  school 
education,  he  chose  music  for  his  profession, 
and  received  a  musical  education  at  Boston, 
Mass.,  which  he  utilized  as  a  teacher  of  the 
piano  and  organ — except  during  the  Civil 
AVar,  when  he  enlisted  in  the  Forty-seventh 
Massachusetts  Volunteers,  and  served  in 
the  Southwest,  participating,  among  other 
events,  in  the  Bed  river  expedition  under 
General  Banks.  He  is  now  engaged  in  his 
profession  in  St.  Paul,  and  commands  a  large 
and  lucrative  patronage.  He  made  an  ex- 
tended tour  of  p]urope  during  the  summer  ot 
1894,  in  company  with  Lucian  Swift,  of  the 
Minneapolis  Journal,  from  which  he  gained 
great  ])lcasure  and  much  needed  rest. 


WUBST,  Maximilian. — The  subject  of 
this  sketch,  Rev.  Max  Wurst,  who  has  done 
such  excellent  work  for  the  Roman  Catholic 
parish  at  Wabasha,  Minn.,  and  left  the  im- 
press of  his  character  at  Le  Sueur  and  vicin- 
ity, is  of  German  parentage.  He  was  born 
at  Wilflingen,  Wurtemberg,  October  12, 
1855.  His  father,  Gabriel  Wurst,  was  born 
March  17,  1825,  and  died  May  4,  1870,  at  the 
old  home  in  Wilflingen.  His  mother's  maid- 
en name  was  Agnes  Breimayer.  She  lives 
with  her  son  at  Wabasha,  having  left  Ger- 
many in  1887.  Young  Maximilian  was  early 
designed  for  the  ministry.  His  parents 
were  able  to  give  him  superior  educational 
advantages.  He  attended  the  public  schools 
until  his  ninth  year  and  was  then  sent  to 
the  gymnasium,  or  high  school,  at  Riedlingen. 
Wurtemberg,  where  he  remained  six  years 
— from  1864  to  1870 — when  he  came  to 
this  country  and  entered  St.  John's  College. 
His  advanced  standing  enabled  him  to  finish 
the  classical  course  of  the  institution  in  1872. 
He  then  began  the  study  of  philosophy,  and 
taught  at  the  same  time  Latin  in  the  college. 
After  one  j'ear  of  this  service  he  was  sent 
by  Bishop  Grace  to  St.  Francis'  Seminary, 


HISTOUY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


at  Milwaukee,  to  study  theology,  lu  Sep 
tembei",  iy74,  Bishop  Grace  trausfeired  liiiu 
to  the  Grand  tsemiuary,  Moutieal,  to  rou- 
tinue  his  theological  studies.  He  tiually 
graduated  from  this  iustitutiou  iu  Juue, 
1877,  when  he  returned  to  tit.  I'aul,  Miun., 
and  was  ordained,  ^Vpril  20,  1878,  by  Bisliop 
Grace  in  the  tit.  i'aul  Cathedral.  He  was 
then  assigned  to  duty  as  assistant  to  Kev.  M. 
A.  Bruton,  at  Rochester,  Minn. — the  date  nt 
assignment  being  May  15,  1878.  He  contin- 
ued in  this  service  until  March  iiU,  1880, 
when  he  was  appointed  pastor  of  St.  Ann's 
church,  at  Le  tiueur,  Minn.  His  admiuistra 
tion  of  this  parish  was  noted  for  its  efficiency 
and  left  pei-maneut  results  of  an  iniporiani 
character.  He  established  a  parocliial 
school,  with  the  Sisters  of  Notre  Dauie  as 
teachers;  he  enlarged  tlie  present  church  and 
built  the  pai'ochial  residence.  But  his  en 
ergy  and  labors  were  not  confined  to  Li- 
tiueur.  From  this  place  he  attended  or  ad- 
ministered the  affairs  of  Henderson  parisli 
for  five  years,  and  in  September,  188C,  was 
also  appointed  by  Archbishop  Ireland  dean 
of  Sibley  and  Le  Sueur  counties.  In  1887 
he  was  transferred  to  \\'abasha  as  successor 
to  Bishop  Trobec,  where  his  enterprise  and 
executive  ability  were  again  brought  into 
requisition  with  a  success  which  has  won 
great  commendation.  Under  his  direction  a 
new  parsonage  was  built.  In  1893  St.  Felix 
church  was  destroyed  by  fire.  This  com- 
pelled the  rebuilding  of  the  church  with  its 
accompanying  labors.  In  1898  he  estab- 
lished the  St.  Elizabeth  Hospital  in  a  beauti- 
ful situation  on  the  bank  of  the  Mississippi 
river.  The  institution  is  in  charge  of  the 
Sisters  of  the  Sorrowful  Mother.  The  latest 
improvement  under  the  indefatigable  pastor 
is  a  new  parochial  school,  now  progressing — 
June,  1901— at  an  estimated  cost  of  |1.5.000. 
In  addition  to  his  strictly  pastoral  woik, 
-Rev.  Wurst  is  active  in  manj'  other  affairs 
contributing  to  the  welfare  of  the  peojilc. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  fraternal  order  of 
Catholic  Foresters  and  of  the  St.  Josejth's 
Society.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the  Bish- 
op's Council;  memhor  of  the  school  board; 
cxaminei-  of  ciergv,  and  defensor  of  matri- 


M.\XI.M1LIA.N    WUKS' 


monial  bond,  and  dean  of  Wabasha  county. 
His  scholarship  and  personal  attributes  make 
him  a  man  highly  esteemed  by  all  passes, 
as  a  citizen  as  well  as  pastor. 


LEE,  William  E.,  was  born  at  Alton,  111., 
-January  8,  1852.  His  father,  Samuel  Lee, 
was  of  English  birth,  and  l)y  occupation  a 
millwright  and  contractor.  He  settled  at 
Alton,  111.,  in  1851.  During  the  financial 
disturbance  which  began  in  1856  he  suf- 
fered considerable  loss,  and  removed  to 
Little  Falls,  Minn.  At  the  breaking  out  of 
tlie  Rebellion  he  enlisted  in  Hatch's  Battal- 
ion of  Minnesota  Volunteers.  Young  Will- 
iam was  educated  in  the  public  schools. 
^\'llen  his  labor  became  of  value  he  worked 
with  his  father  on  the  farm  and  in  the  mill- 
wright business,  and,  later,  supplemented  his 
public  school  training  by  a  course  of  iustruc- 
liiin  under  a  private  tutor.  While  at  work 
at  his  trade  of  millwright  he  in\ented  a 
wheat  and  cockle  separatoi'  for  use  in  mills 
grinding  s])ring  wlicat.  After  he  had  ob- 
tained a  patent  for  his  invent i((n  he  allowed 
it  to  reiiiain  dorni;inl   for  a  wliile,  for  want 


HISTORY   UF   THK   GREAT   NORTHWEST. 


WILLIAM   E.    LEE. 

of  means  to  luainifactuiL'  the  maihiue.  It 
was  taken  up  by  a  couL-eiu  without  author- 
ity, which  placed  the  inyention  in  near!;\^ 
every  mill  in  the  world  grinding  spring 
wheat.  Mr.  Lee  was  unable  to  prevent  this 
and  sought  to  obtain  redress  from  the  usurp- 
ing manufacturers,  but  without  avail.  He 
then  began  suits  against  the  users  of  the 
machine.  The  contest  became  famous  in  pat- 
ent litigation.  Mr.  Lee  was  successful  in  his 
prosecution.  In  early  life  he  was  associated 
with  Mr.  R.  H.  Ilarkens  in  the  mercantile 
business,  lirst  at  Uurnhamville,  Todd  coun- 
ty. The  business  was  subsequently  removed 
to  Long  Prairie,  and  the  establishment  be- 
came one  of  the  leading  enterprises  in  the 
country.  Mr.  Lee.  in  1S82,  organized  the 
Bank  of  Long  Prairie,  the  first  in  Todd  coun- 
ty. When,  in  IS'JfJ,  the  stockholders  elected 
Mr.  Lee  i)i"esident,  although  he  was  then 
superintendent  of  the  State  Reformatory  at 
St.  Cloud,  he  resigned  his  position  and  re- 
turned to  Long  I'rairie  to  take  charge  of  the 
bank.  Mr.  Lee  began  his  public  career  at 
the  age  of  twenty-three,  when  he  was  elected 
justice  of  the  jteace.  He  is  an  ardent  Repub- 
lican in  jjolitics.    In  1877  he  became  register 


of  deeds  of  Todd  rounly,  and  held  the  ofTice 
by  a  re-election  four  years.  In  188.5  he  was 
elected  to  the  legislature  from  Todd  county 
and  took  an  active  part  in  the  railroad  and 
warelKJUse  legislation,  which  became  promi- 
nent for  the  first  time  in  Minnesota.  So  well 
did  he  serve  the  people  tliat  they  re-elected 
him  in  18S7  and  again  in  18!»:{,  when  he  was 
made  sjieaker  of  the  house.  In  1804,  greatly 
to  his  surprise,  he  was  aiijiointed  to  the  re- 
sponsilile  jiosition  of  superintendent  of  the 
State  Reformatory  at  St.  Cloud,  which  he  re- 
signed after  nearly  two  years  of  exception- 
ally efticient  administration,  to  accept  the 
presidency  of  the  Bank  of  Long  Prairie, 
Minn.,  as  mentioned.  In  the  meantime  he 
served  six  years  on  the  State  Normal  School 
Board.  In  every  position  in  which  Mr.  Lee 
has  been  placed,  he  has  shown  a  high  orde. 
of  ability,  and — which  is  harder  still — given 
thorough  satisfaction  to  his  constituents.  In 
1901,  because  of  his  experience  and  proved 
efficiency,  he  was.  appointed  by  Governor 
^'an  Sant  as  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Con- 
trol, a  body  of  three  members,  to  supervise 
the  public  institutions  of  the  state — estab- 
lished by  the  legislature  of  1901.  Mr.  Lee 
was  married,  in  1875,  to  Miss  Eva  A.  Gibson, 
daughter  of  Ambrose  K.  and  Margaret  A. 
Gibson.  They  have  three  sons — Rudolph  A. 
Lee,  a  graduate  of  the  University  of  Minne- 
sota, and  now  cashier  of  the  Bank  of  Long 
Prairie;  Harry  W.  Lee,  now  cashier  of  the 
Bank  of  Browerville,  Minn.,  and  Raymond  A. 
Lee,  a  student  at  Hamline  University. 


DAVIS,  Cushman  Kellogg. — Since  the 
days  of  Daniel  Webster  no  orator  of  the 
United  States  has  left  so  deep  an  impress 
of  personal  intellectual  strength  on  the  pub 
lie  as  that  made  by  the  subject  of  this 
sketch,  familiarly  known  at  home  and  abroad 
as  "Senator"  Davis.  Nor  has  the  state  of 
Minnesota,  which  he  represented  continuous- 
ly for  thirteen  years,  ever  had  a  more  effi- 
cient servant.  These  are  two  strong  state- 
ments, but  the  facts  fully  sustain  them. 
Some  men  achieve  fame  through  their  single 
gift    of  public    address,    without   stamping 


IIISTOKV   UF   THE   CHEAT   M  )l;TH\VEST. 


Upon  pnlilif  att'aii-s  nuy  iirimiiilc  or  ])i>licv 
or  artion  oi-i};iiiatiiif;  within  Tliciiisclvcs. 
Tlic.v  i-isi'  to  jmhlic  distiiicl  ioii  as  advocates 
t)f  ideas  conceived  hy  otlieis.  Seiiatoi-  Davis 
was  distiufi;iiislH'<l  hi>\\\  as  an  adxocaie  and 
as  a  statesnnui  fi-erniinatinji'  fundamental 
biises  ajton  wliicli  jjernianent  jxilicies  of  ad- 
ministration could  be  founded  foi-  llie|nililic 
welfare.  Only  an  instance  or  two  need  he 
cited  in  demonstration.  The  policy  of  the 
jji'overnment  in  conductinji'  internal  imjirove- 
nients  has  been  to  limit  api)ropiiations  for 
lonj;  continued  ojierations.  to  a  sinjile  year 
or  season,  with  tlii-  resiili  that  all  jpnlilii 
work  was  intermitteiit.  and  therefoic  i  nsily 
ami  of  slow  pi-oiires-;.  When  the  inijirovennnit 
of  the  ■■Soo"  canal  was  urojerted  Senator 
Davis,  realizing'  the  iniperlai^ce  ol'  a  clianni'l 
havinji'  more  commerce  than  the  Sm-/.  canal 
and  the  whole  Mediterranean  Sea.  ad\anc(nl 
the  idea  of  makiiifi'  contracts  for  such  work 
on  the  pledjie  of  payments  as  the  work  pro- 
gressed. His  plan  was  adoi)ted.  The  deni 
onstratiou  of  its  utility  to  the  great  benefit 
of  the  Northwest  has.  probalily.  niaih'  it  a 
fixed  policy  of  the  goveniment.  He  may  be 
regarded  also  as  the  father  of  the  ]irinciple 
that  the  state  has  a  right  to  ii'gulate  railroad 
rates  for  freight  and  jiassengers.  That  issiu' 
was  first  brought  forward  in  Minnesota,  dur 
ing  Mr.  Davis"  camjiaign  for  governor.  It 
was  incoriiorated  in  the  laws  of  the  stati-  by 
bis  aid  during  his  administration.  Senator 
Davis'  speeches  on  Hawaii,  and  the  Vene 
zuela  question,  on  the  power  of  the  ])resident 
to  maintain  order,  and  on  the  (juestions  aris- 
ing in  connection  with  our  insular  j)osses- 
sions  are  treasures  of  his  originality  and 
are  pregnant  with  seed-tiaitlis  from  his  dee|i 
thinking  and  masi<'iiy  command  of  law 
principh^s.  These  ha\'e  been  iiM-orjiorated  as 
a  code  of  action  by  congress  and  the  execu- 
tive de]iartments  and  will  grow  in  apprecia 
tion  as  their  full  scojie  is  recognized  in  the 
making  of  ireatii-s  and  in  the  administration 
of  complex  domestic  atlaii-s.  He  saved  to 
the  I'nited  Stales  a  large  amount  of  land  in 
the  Canadian  bonmlary  quest  ion  by  reason 
of  his  profound  legal  knowledge.  Hence 
Senator  Davis"  greatness,  for  which  he  was 


CISH.M.W   K.    D.WIS. 

singled  out  by  the  people  as  the  one  master- 
ful man  on  whom  they  could  depend,  and 
for  whom,  no  doubt,  they  held  in»reser\'e 
the  highest  regard.  He  stands  out  lumin- 
ously in  the  front  ranks  of  the  foremost  men 
of  his  generation  in  breadth  of  view  and 
dce](  insight  of  ])rini-i]iles  underlying  true 
siatesnianshij).  He  had  als<i  scholarly  at- 
tainments of  no  nieai\  ordei-.  aiijiareut  in  his 
jiublished  works — outside  of  his  numerous 
addresses  and  sjieeches.  reciigni/,e<l  as  mod- 
t  Is  of  their  kind — "Lectures  on  International 
Law.""  -The  Law  of  Shakesjieare,""  -Madam 
Uolaiid"  and  "Hamlet."  It  is  natni-al  that 
suih  a  man  should  be  in  many  things  in  ad- 
\ani-e  of  his  tinii'.  .\n  instance  of  this  is 
shown  where  he  advocated  ami  chjimi)ioned 
ardenlly  in  a  published  essay  early  in  his 
I  aieer  the  ojieiiing  of  a  dee](  water-way  from 
Hie  head  of  Lake  Su]ierior  to  the  ocean. 
Senatm-  Davis  w.is  born  at  the  village  of 
Hendei-son.  on  till'  shnri-s  of  Lake  Dniario.  in 
.lellerson  connly.  N.  Y..  .lune  Hi.  1S3S.  His 
father.  Iloiatio  Nelson  Davis,  was  one  of 
the  early  selthi'sof  northern  New  ^■ork.  .ind 
soon  after  Senator  Da\is"  birth  moved  to 
Wisconsin.     His  molhei's  name  was  Clarissa 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


Cushmau,  from  whom  the  senator  received 
his  first  uame.  Slic  was  a  direct  descendant 
of  Thomas  Cushman  and  Mary  Allerton,  who 
lived  to  be  the  last  of  the  Mayflower  pil- 
<j;rims.  Robert  Cushman,  the  father  of 
Thomas  Cushman,  was  the  financial  agent 
who  fitted  out  the  Mayflower  and  Speedwell 
and  otherwise  aided  in  starting  the  pilgrims 
on  their  momentous  journey.  A  log  school 
house  at  Waukesha,  Wis.,  had  the  honor  of 
starting  the  senator  up  the  ladder  of  fame. 
His  next  step  was  to  enter  Carroll  College, 
at  Waukesha,  where  remained  until  the  end 
of  the  junior  year.  Here  he  had  for  class- 
mates the  noted  agnostis-.  Robert  IngersoU ; 
Jeremiah  Curtin,  widely  known  as  the  trans- 
lator of  the  great  popular  novel  "Quo  Vadis," 
and  ex-Senator  Clayton,  now  United  States 
minister  to  the  Republic  of  Mexico.  It  may 
be  mentioned  also  that  Senator  Davis'  moth- 
er attended  the  church  of  which  Robert 
Ingersoll's  father  was  pastor.  He  then  went 
to  the  University  of  Michigan,  became  a 
Delta  Phi,  and  graduated  first  in  the  classical 
course  of  1857,  and  afterwards  took  up  the 
study  of  law.  On  the  breaking  out  of  the 
War  of  the  Rebellion,  his  father,  who  was  a 
state  senator  from  Rock  county.  Wis.,  sever- 
al years,  went  into  the  army  and  served  near- 
ly four  years  as  captain.  The  son  followed 
his  example  in  1862  and  entered  the  service 
as  first  lieutenant  of  Company  B,  Twenty- 
eighth  Wisconsin  Infantry,  and  served  near- 
ly three  years,  participating  in  the  capture 
of  Little  Rock,  and  in  other  events,  among 
them  the  Vicksburg  campaign.  In  1864, 
utterly  broken  in  health,  he  resigned  and 
went  to  Minnesota  to  recuperate,  settling  at 
St.  Paul  to  practice  his  profession.  He  soon 
regained  his  strength  and  began  his  success- 
ful career,  the  steps  of  which  it  is  hardly 
necessary  to  detail.  He  was  elected  to  the 
legislature  in  1867;  made  United  States  dis- 
trict attorney  in  1868  and  served  until  1873; 
governor  in  1874  and  United  States  senator 
in  1887,  serving  by  re-elections  until  his 
death,  November  27,  1900.  His  crowning 
act  was  the  Spanish  treaty  at  Paris.  The 
world  mourned  his  loss.  Senator  Davis  was 
fortunate  in  his  law  partnership  with  Messrs. 


Kellogg  and  Severance,  who  were  able  coad- 
jutors and  contributed  in  no  small  degree  in 
various  ways  to  assist  their  chief.  In  1880 
he  was  married  to  Anna  Malcolm  Agnew,  of 
St.  Paul,  who  for  the  last  twenty  years  of 
his  life  was  conspicuous  for  her  services  in 
his  behalf  in  ways  which  only  a  loving 
woman  could  devise. 


REED,  Louis  A. — In  a  county  embracing 
a  large  city  the  office  of  county  attorney  is 
the  most  important  legal  position  in  the 
jurisdiction,  not  only  because  of  the  numer- 
ous and  complex  criminal  cases  arising,  but 
from  the  vast  business  interests  involved  in 
the  litigation  which  he  must  conduct  and 
because  of  the  large  pecuniary  sums  at  stake 
in  many  of  the  cases.  To  be  elected  to  such 
a  position  and  to  discharge  the  duties  in  a 
satisfactory  and  creditable  manner,  is  an 
honor  of  very  high  rank.  Mr.  Louis  A.  Reed, 
the  subject  of  this  sketch,  is,  perhaps,  best 
known  by  his  high  service  for  Hennepin 
county,  Minn.  He  is  a  farmer  boy,  whose 
hands  were  inured  to  toil  on  the  farm  during 
the  intervals  of  his  district  school  days.  His 
father,  Adam  Reed,  was  a  farmer  and  en- 
gaged in  milling  in  Mason  county.  111.  His 
mother's  maiden  name  was  Julia  A.  Allen. 
The  family  was  of  early  German-English  ex- 
traction. Louis  was  born  on  his  father's 
farm,  January  23,  1855.  He  was  a  studious 
boy,  and  having  obtained  an  education,  such 
as  a  common  school  affords,  he  entered  the 
Illinois  State  Normal  LTniversity  to  qualify 
himself  for  teaching.  After  a  course  in  this 
institution,  he  entered  the  State  Industrial 
University  at  Champaign,  111.,  teaching  in 
the  meantime,  but  attracted  towards  law  as 
a  profession.  He  finally  entered  upon  the 
study  in  the  office  of  George  W.  Ellsben^, 
of  Mason  City,  111.  After  searching  for  a 
suitable  place  in  which  to  practice,  he  se- 
lected Minneapolis,  Minn.,  and  settled  there 
in  July,  1880.  He  first  entered  the  office  of 
Rea,  Wolley  <&  Kitchel,  where  he  remained 
until  April  1,  1883,  when  he  went  into  prac- ' 
tice  alone.  When  Mr.  John  G.  Woolley  was 
elected  county  attorney,  he  selected  Mr.  Reed 
as   assistant  county  attorney,  but  without 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREA'L'  NORTHWEST. 


compensation  fi-oni  the  county.  Di'ceniber  1. 
1883,  Air.  Reed  entered  into  a  partneisliii) 
with  Mr.  WooUev  and  Charles  1'.  I?iddh^ 
under  the  style  of  Woolley,  Biddle  &  Reed. 
Od  the  dissolution  of  this  firm,  Mr.  Reed, 
January  1,  1880,  formed  a  partnership  with 
Robert  D.  Russell,  late  district  judge  of  Hen- 
nepin county,  and  George  L).  Emery,  former 
judge  of  the  llinneapolis  municipal  court. 
The  style  of  the  flrm  ^^■as  Russell,  Emery  & 
Reed,  and  later  went  into  partnership  with 
William  A.  Kerr,  under  the  flrm  name  of 
Reed  &  Kerr.  This  connection  was  con- 
tinued until  Mr.  Kerr  was  elected  judge  of 
the  municipal  court.  January  1,  IS!)!),  Mi-. 
Reed  associated  himself  with  F.  \'.  I>ro\vn, 
A.  Y.  Merrill  and  G.  AY.  Buftington,  under 
the  flrm  name  of  Brown,  Reed,  Merrill  & 
BulHngton,  which  ])artnership  was  termi- 
nated January  1,  1901.  In  1898  Mr.  Reed 
was  elected  county  attorney  of  Hennepin 
county,  Minn.,  and  served  two  years.  What 
is  known  as  ''the  primary  election  law"  was 
then  put  into  operation.  Among  the  peculiar 
operations  of  that  law  was  the  defeat  of  Mr. 
Reed  for  renomination  by  275  votes.  The 
administration  of  Mr.  Reed  was  one  of  the 
most  important  and  busiest  of  record.  Aside 
from  the  ordinary  duties  of  the  office,  which 
are  onerous  and  beyond  public  conce]ition, 
Mr.  Reed  had  .special  cases  in  civil  matters 
which  will  not  occur  again.  In  one  .series  of 
tax  cases  the  county  auditor  estimated  that 
Mr.  Reed  saved  the  county  |100,000.  The 
Minnetonka  dam  cases  required  an  immense 
amount  of  work.  From  April,  1899,  to  April, 
1900,  there  were — as  an  example  of  the  labor 
done — 570  civil  cases.  In  criminal  cases  the 
labor  was  also  arduous.  For  example,  from 
January',  1899,  to  June  1,  1900,  there  were 
402  cases  considered  by  the  grand  jury,  and 
;!12  indictments  drawn,  some  indictments  in- 
cluding two  or  three  persons.  The  grand 
jury  was  always  attended  personally  by  Mr. 
Reed.  When  it  is  considered  that  ejich  grand 
jury  is  composed  of  the  best  and  leading  busi 
ness  men  and  that  each  jury  during  his  term 
voted  its  thanks  to  Mr.  Reed  for  his  care  in 
preparing  and  jiresenting  the  matters  consid- 
ered, the  high  chai-acter  of  the  compliment 


LOITIS  A.   KKKI>. 

can  be  estimated.  Perhaps  the  most  noted 
criminal  case  which  came  under  Mr.  Reed's 
administration  was  the  "Hamilton  murder 
case.''  Mr.  Reed  conducted  the  examination 
before  the  grand  jury,  drew  the  indictment 
and  prepared  the  case  for  trial,  but  went  our 
of  office  before  the  trial.  Mr.  Reed  was  mar- 
ried, July  8,  1880,  to  Isabelle  Trent,  the 
daughter  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  James  P.  Trent,  of 
Manito,  111.  They  have  two  children — Al- 
bert Pi'eston,  seventeen  years  old,  and  Rus- 
sell Claude  Reed,  ten  years  old.  Previous  to 
his  election  as  county  attorney  Mr.  Reed  had 
never  held  otflce,  but  he  was  active  as  a  Re- 
publican, and  was  very  influential  in  his 
jiarty.  In  1890  he  was  made  chairman  of  the 
County  Republican  Committee  of  Hennejiin 
County,  and  in  1804  was  chosen  chairman  of 
the  .ludiciary  Rei>ublican  Committee.  He  is 
regarded  as  one  of  the  best  organiz.ers  and 
directors  of  a  cami)aign  in  the  party.  He  is 
a  member  of  the  Commercial  Club,  the  Elks, 
the  Knights  of  Pythias,  the  Modern  Wood- 
men, and  the  Masonic  ordei'.  In  religion  he 
affiliates  with  and  supports  the  Congrega- 
tional church,  and  is  held  socially,  as  well  as 
professionally,  in  the  highest  esteem. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


LYLE    C.    BACON. 

BACOX,  Dr.  Lyle  Cholwell,  of  St.  Paul, 
clinical  professoi-  of  obstetrics  lu  the  medi- 
cal department  of  Hamline  University,  and 
obstetrician  to  the  City  and  County  Hospital, 
St.  Paul,  was  born  at  Niles,  Mich.,  February 
26,  1860.  His  father — also  a  distinguished 
member  of  the  medical  profession — was 
Cyrus  Bacon,  Jr.,  assistant  surgeon  and 
brevet  major  TTnited  States  army,  l.oin 
at  Edwardsburg,  Mich.  He  died  in  the 
service  in  1868.  The  maiden  name  of  the 
doctoi-'s  mother  was  Arabella  Knox.  She. 
was  the  daughter  of  Colonel  and  Mrs.  A.  P. 
Knox,  of  Niles,  Mich.  The  family  on  both 
the  father  and  mother's  sides  is  of  early  New 
England  colonial  ancestry,  many  members 
being  cons])icuous  for  their  services  iu  the 
colonial  wars  and  in  the  Revolutionary  strug- 
gle. Among  them  may  be  mentioned  Col- 
onel Stephen  Bacon,  Captain  Moses  Lyle, 
Captain  John  Crane,  Solomon  Tarbox.  Jr., 
and  Abram  Knox— father  of  Colonel  A.  P. 
Knox — a  Revolutionary  soldier  at  the  age 
of  eighteen  wlio  had  the  misfortune  of  being 
captured  and  confined  in  the  infamous  Brit- 
ish pris(m  shij)  at  New  York  harbor.  Dr. 
L.  C.  Bacon   was  educated    in  the   public 


schools  at  Xilcs.  (•om])leting  his  course  there 
as  a  graduate  of  the  High  School.  He  then 
came  to  St.  I'aul  and  secured  work  on  the 
Pioneer  Press.  AX'hile  thus  employed,  true 
to  the  tradition  of  his  family,  he  took  up 
the  study  of  medicine,  and  for  several  years 
jiut  in  all  his  .spare  time  at  the  old  St.  Paul 
^fi'dical  College.  But  he  had  an  ambition 
to  secure  a  more  thorough  ecjuipment  for  his 
profession  before  he  began  jiractice.  There- 
fore, in  18S7,  he  returned  to  Michigan  and 
entered  the  medical  department  of  the  T'ni- 
versity  of  Jlichigan  at  Ann  Arbor,  and  took 
the  full  medic-al  course  at  that  noted  institu- 
tion. AA'hile  there  he  was  senior  president 
of  his  class  and  was  engaged  for  one  year  as 
assistant  to  the  professor  of  obsteti'ics  and 
gynaecology.  In  181(0  he  returned  to  St. 
Paul  and  commenced  practice,  achieving  a 
snc(-ess  which  has  given  him  the  prominence 
which  he  now  holds.  Since  189G  he  has 
been  associated  with  his  brother,  Dr.  Knox 
Bacon,  chief  surgeon  of  the  Chicago,  St. 
Paul,  Minneapolis  &  Omaha  Railway  com- 
pany. He  has  a  large  private  practice  and 
stands  among  the  leading  physicians  and 
surgeons  of  the  state.  He  is  a  member  of . 
the  Ramsey  County  Medical  Society;  Minne- 
sota State  Medical  Association;  Minnesota 
Academy  of  Medicine,  and  the  American 
Medical  Association.  The  doctor  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Masonic  order,  and  of  several  of 
the  benevolent  associations,  and  takes  an  in- 
terest in  charitable  work.  He  was  married 
in  1891  to  Miss  Alice  Kay.  daughter  of  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Robert  Wardlaw  Kay,  of  Niles, 
Mich.  They  have  three  children:  Elizabeth 
Lyle  Bacon,  born  September  22,  1892;  Don- 
ald Kay  Bacon,  born  July  18,  1894,  and  Lyle 
Cholwell  Bacon,  Jr.,  born  Mav  20,  1897. 


SHUTTER,  Rev.  Marion  D.,  D.  D.,  the 

pastor  of  the  First  Universallst  church,  of 
Minneapolis,  Minn.,  known  as  the  Church  of 
the  Redeemer,  and,  without  question,  the 
most  i)owerful  and  influential  "liberal 
church"  in  the  west  and  Northwest,  and  one 
of  the  mightiest  in  the  country,  was  born 
between  forty-six  and  forty-seven  years  ago. 


HISTORY  OF  TIIIO   (lUEAT  N(»RTII\VEST. 


at  New  rhiladclphia,  Oliii).  His  father,  Kev. 
Peter  K.  SluitfcT-,  a  minister  of  the  liaptist 
clnn-cli.  lias  held  various  diaries  in  Oliio  and 
-Miclii^an,  and  lie  is  still  lixinji  at  seveiil.v- 
Ihree  years  of  age  at  (Jrand  Rajiids,  ilich. 
His  ])astorates  wei-i'  always  successful,  f<n- 
he  is  a  man  of  yrcat  natural  ability  an<l  a 
very  effective  speaker.  His  father  was  of 
English  extraction,  while  his  mother  was  of 
French  descent,  a  condiination  well  ada]t1cd 
to  |iroduci'  a  sncccssfnl  orator.  His  wife. 
1)1-.  Sliutter's  iiiotlier,  was  of  early  Dutch 
descent.  Her  name  was  Alcthia  ^I.  llaag. 
Her  father  was  :i  tine  scholar,  I  hough 
deemed  impriictical.  lie  had  charge  of  the 
young  doctor's  eaily  education,  who  was 
twelve  years  of  age  before  he  was  allowed 
to  go  to  the  jiublic  schools.  In  the  mean- 
time he  had  learned,  in  the  village  priut^ing 
oftice,  to  set  type,  and  with  tliis  craft  he 
had  acquired  in  a  practical  way  a  knowledge 
of  spelling,  punctuation,  grammar  and  the 
use  of  capital  letters.  When  sixteen  years  of 
age  he  entered  the  preparatory  department 
of  the  Denison  University  at  Granville,  Ohio, 
and  attended  the  institution  until  the  dose 
of  the  soi)honiore  year.  As  he  was  thrown 
largely  on  his  own  resources  he  was  fre- 
quently obliged  to  teach  school  to  earn 
money  to  go  on  with  his  studies.  His  father 
and  mother  made  many  sacrifices  for  him, 
but  as  his  father  never  had  a  salary  of  more 
than  foOO  a  year,  they  could  assist  but  little. 
For  the  most  part  the  plucky  student  board- 
ed himself  at  college,  living  upon  less  than 
a  dollar  a  week,  and  not  infrequently  sawing 
wood  to  get  the  dollar.  Mr.  Shutter's  junior 
and  senior  years  of  tlie  college  course  were 
taken  at  the  University  of  Wooster,  Ohio, 
where  he  graduated  in  1876.  Without  funds 
to  go  further,  the  young  divine  begau  to 
preach  at  a  cioss-roads  in  the  Western  Re- 
.serve,  Ohio,  at  the  rale  of  |200  a  year.  Soon 
he  added  another  jtreaching  station,  twelve 
miles  distant,  and  used  to  drive  twenty  four 
miles,  ])i-each  three  times,  attend  a  Sunday 
school,  teach  a  class,  and  eat  his  lunch  as  he 
drove  across  the  country.  Although  hard 
work,  he  enjoyed  ii.  .\t  the  end  of  two 
years  he  left  two  liourishinji  count rv  chui'ch- 


M.\1U(1.N   L).   SHUTTER,  D.  D. 

OS.  each  supplied  with  a  pastor,  and  went  to 
Oherlin  to  take  his  theological  course.  He 
remained  there  neai-ly  two  yeai-s,  suj^iorting 
himself  by  preaching  as  he  had  ojiportunity. 
He  then  entered  the  Baptist  Seminary  at 
.Morgan  I'ark.  Chicago,  and  graduated  in 
ISSl.  In  a  humorous  sketch  of  his  career, 
published  in  the  Lombard  College  paper,  Dr. 
Shutter  presents  his  educational  equipment 
as  follows:  "My  classical  education — if  1 
have  one — was  obtainetl  in  orthodox  schools. 
However,  there  is  something  of  a  variety  in 
my  educational  experience.  I  started  in  at 
a  Baptist  college  ((iranville,  Ohio),  and  fin- 
ished at  a  I'resbyterian  one  (Wooster,  Ohio). 
U'hile  attending  tlie  Presbyterian  college  I 
li\-ed  in  a  Ponniu  Catholic  family.  After- 
wards I  took  two  years  in  the  Congrega- 
ti(Mial  Seminary  at  Oberlin,  and  finished  in 
the  J{a])tist  Seminary  at  ("hicago."  On  grad- 
uation day  theie  was  present  a  member  of 
a  )iuli)it  conmiittee  for  the  Olivet  Haiitist 
church,  of  Jlinneapolis,  .Minn.,  who  wanted 
to  secure  a  young  graduate  as  a  pasloi-  of 
that  church.  He  fixed  upon  Dr.  Shutter, 
and  invited  him  to  supply  that  pulpit  for  a 
few    Sundays.     This    was    the    beginning   of 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


what  the  doctor  consideis  his  regular  min- 
istry.    He  accepted  the  tendered  invitation, 
with  the  result  that  he  was  duly  called  to 
the  pastorate  of  Olivet  church.     The  organi- 
zation   was    small    and    discouraged.     The 
meeting-house  was  a  one-story  frame  struc- 
ture, 32  by  50    feet    in    size,   and    plainly 
equipped.     The   work,   however,    prospered. 
The    membership    increased.     ^Yithiu    less 
than  five  years  the  congregation  erected  and 
paid  for  the  finest  church  building  on  the 
east  side  of  the  river  up  to  that  time.     In 
the  meantime  Dr.  Shutter's  theological  views 
had  been  changing.     The  church  was  in  a 
flourishing  condition,  and  practically  out  of 
debt.     But  he  felt  that  he  could  no  longer 
occupy  a   Baptist   pulpit.     He  notified  his 
church  of  the  fact,  and  withdrew  from  the 
church  and  the  denomination,  having  noth- 
ing definite  in  view  as  to  his  future  course, 
and  not  even  as  to  the  classification  of  his 
views  in  the  religious  field — whether  he  was 
to  be  another  "independent"  like  Roger  Wil- 
liams, or  be  able  to  work  with  an  organiza- 
tion.    Immediately  after  the  publication  of 
his  letter  of  resignation,  the  young  pastor 
received  a  kind  note  from  Dr.  James  H.  Tut- 
tle,  pastor  of  the  Church  of  the  Redeemer, 
whom  he  knew  only  by  reputation,  inviting 
him  to  call  and  confer.     Dr.  Shutter  did  so 
and  set  forth  fully  and  frankly  the  conclu- 
sions to  which  he  had  arrived.     Dr.  Tuttle 
expressed  a   belief  that  Mr.  Shutter  could 
work  with  the  Universalists,  and  asked  him 
to  preach  in  the  pulpit  of  the  Church  of  the 
Redeemer.     He  spoke  several  times,  with  the 
result  that  he  became  Dr.  Tuttle's  assistant, 
with  the   understanding   that  either   party 
might,  at  the  end  of  six  months,  withdraw 
from  the  arrangement.     The  six  months  have 
now  lengthened  to  fifteen  years.    For    five 
years  Dr.  Shutter  was  Dr.  Tuttle's  assistant. 
On  the  completion  of  the  old  pastor's  twenty- 
fifth  year  of  service,  in  1891,  he  was  made 
I'astor  Emeritus  for  life  and  Dr.  Shutter  was 
made  pastor,  a  position  which  he  still  holds 
with  great  acceptance  to  the  people  and  with 
distinguished  success,  not  only  as  a  pastor, 
liut  as  a  public-spirited  citizen  who  is  in  the 
forefront  of  every  movement  promising  the 


■"betterment"  of  the  people  individually,  or 
as  a  body  politic,     lie  has  always  tried  to  be 
connected  with  movements  for  the  general 
good,  the  practical  side  of  religious  life.    The 
Minneapolis  Kindergarten  Association  was 
organized  in  his  study.     Dr.  Shutter  drafted 
its   constitution.      In   1897   he    founded   the 
Unity  House   Social   Settlement  and  is  at 
present  chairman  of  the  board  managing  the 
work.     He  was  one  of  a  committee  with  Su- 
perintendent Jordan  and  ex-Mayor  Gray  to 
establish  public  play-grounds  in  the  city.  He 
is  intimately  connected  with  the  Consumers' 
League,  and  is  a  director  in  the  Board  of  As- 
sociated Charities.     He  believes   that  it  is 
better  to  be  with  the  constructive  forces  in 
a  city  than  to  indulge  in  denunciations  of 
evil  from  the  pulpit.     The  estimate  in  which 
he  is  held  in  the  city  was  voiced  by  one  of 
the  leading  dailies  editorially  when  it  was 
known  that  Dr.  Shutter  had  declined  a  call 
to  Chicago.     It  said:     "The  decision  of  Dr. 
Shutter  to  remain  in  Minneapolis  is  a  source 
of  congratulation  to  the  people  of  this  city 
at  large,  as  well  as  to  his  congregation,  for 
the  doctor,  in  addition  to  being  an  excellent 
clergyman,  is  a  wide-awake  and  public-spir- 
ited citizen  whose  voice  and  influence  touch- 
es so  many  various  interests  that  it  is  about 
as  diflicult  to  separate  it  into  a  synopsis  of 
ingredients,  as  it  would  be  to  analyze  the 
aroma  of  a  flower  gai'den.     It  may  justly  be 
said  that  his  influence  has  been  the  means  of 
bringing  the  liberal  churches  of  Minneapolis 
and  St.  Paul  into  closer  fellowship  and  co- 
operation,  which   have  resulted   in  the  or- 
ganization of  the  Liberal  Union  of  Minnesota 
^yomen;  the  Liberal  Sunday  School  Union 
of  the  Twin  Cities;  the  Liberal  Ministers' 
Club,   and  the  co-operation   of    the  liberal 
churches    in  support  of    Unity  Settlement. 
He  has  been  influential  and  very  successful 
in  promoting  a  better  understanding  among 
the  various  denominations  through  a  series 
of  interdenominational  lectures  which  he  in- 
stituted in  the  fall  of  1900— the  first  attempt 
of  the  kind  in  this  country  to  bring  to  a  com- 
mon   platform    the    representatives    of    all 
schools  of  religious  thought.     In  addition  to 
his  large  and  increasing  church  work,  he  is 


HlSTOUi"  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


the  author  of  four  books  which  sell  well  aud 
steadily.  Their  titles  are:  "Wit  and  Humoi- 
of  the  Bible."  "Justice  and  Mercy,"  "A  Child 
of  Nature,"  and  "Applied  Evolution.""  He 
is  also  the  author  of  a  fifth  book,  which,  for 
some  reasons,  the  publishers  thouj^ht  best 
should  appear  anonymously.  His  work  on 
"Applied  Evolution"  attempts  to  interitret 
modern  thought  in  terms  of  religion,  aud  has 
won  the  praises  of  such  scientific  authorities 
as  John  Fiske  and  Da\id  Starr  Jordan. 


McCLOKY.  Peter  J. — Among  the  young- 
er professional  men  of  the  state  of  North 
Dakota,  Peter  J.  McClory,  of  Devils  Lake, 
must  be  placed  among  the  most  promising. 
as  his  services  in  various  positions  have  al 
ready  made  him  prominent  and  influential. 
He  is  a  Canadian  by  birth,  having  been  born 
at  Quebec,  Can.,  September  15,  1859.  He 
came  to  the  United  States  when  a  small  boy. 
with  his  parents,  who  settled  at  Erie.  Pa. 
He  obtained  his  early  education  in  the  pub- 
lic schools  of  that  city.  His  academic  train- 
ing was  received  at  the  well-known  St.  Jos- 
eph's Academy  in  the  same  city.  Having 
chosen  the  profession  of  law  as  his  life  work, 
he  entered  the  law  office  of  McGee  &  Mor- 
gan. He  came  to  the  Territory  of  Dakota, 
now  North  Dakota,  in  1882,  and  first  settled 
at  Grand  Harbor,  six  miles  west  of  Devils 
Lake,  and  subsequently  at  Devils  Lake. 
When  the  county  of  Ramsey  was  organized. 
January  1,  188;?,  Mr.  McClory  was  appointed 
first  justice  of  the  peace  in  the  county.  In 
1884  he  was  elected  clerk  of  the  district  court 
aud  judge  of  probate.  In  1886  he  was  regu- 
larly admitted  to  the  bar,  and  the  same  year 
he  was  re-elected  as  clerk  of  the  district 
court  and  judge  of  probate,  and  in  1888  he 
was  elected  to  the  same  position,  for  the  third 
term.  This  was  a  compliment  of  which  any 
young  man  might  be  proud.  He  then  accept- 
ed a  position  at  Fort  Totten,  in  the  Indian 
agency  service,  as  deputy  clerk,  where  he  re- 
mained for  several  years.  This  duty  was 
outside  of  his  professional  career,  and  in  that 
respect  was  no  doubt  a  hindrance  to  his  ad- 
vancement, although  he  gained  a  knowledge 


of  huuian  nature,  aud  acquired  a  b\isiuess  ex- 
l)erience  of  value  when  he  resumed  his  pro- 
fession, which  he  did  in  1894,  when  he  was 
elected  states  attorney  for  Ramsey  county. 
He  was  re-elected  to  this  position  in  189G. 
and  again  in  1898,  making  three  terms  also 
in  this  position.  In  the  meantime  he  was 
associated  in  law  with  John  F.  Cowan,  for- 
mei-  attorney  general  of  North  Dakota,  and 
now  judge  of  the  Second  judicial  district  of 
the  state.  The  style  of  the  firm  was  Cowan 
ifc  McClory.  During  the  session  of  the  leg- 
islature of  1889-'90,  Mr.  McClory  served  as 
assistant  clerk  of  the  house.  All  these  posi- 
tions he  filled  with  fidelity  and  ability,  show- 
ing a  versatility  and  an  aptness  not  often  so 
happily  conjoined.  He  is  a  prominent  mem- 
ber of  the  Masonic  order,  having  passed  all 
the  degrees,  including  the  thirty-second.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  North  Dakota  Consistory, 
No.  1,  of  El  Zagel  Shrine  and  the  Cyrene 
Commandery.  He  was  married  Dec.  27, 
188G,  to  Anna  M.  Adamson,  of  Kenosha, 
Wis.  They  have  two  children,  a  boy  and  a 
girl — Sherman  and  Margaret. 


WILLIS,  Henry  B.,  was  born  at  Milan, 
Kipley  county,  hid.,  February  5,  1851.  His 
father,  Robert  S.  Willis,  who  died  May  23, 
1901,  at  the  age  of  eighty-two,  was  a  native 
of  Kentucky,  born  May  4,  1819.  He  is  a  de- 
scendant of  the  ^^'allace  and  the  McHenry 
families  of  that  state,  who  subsequently  went 
to  Tennessee  and  were  long  known  as 
wealthy  stock  raisers  aud  breeders  of  fine 
horses.  Grandfather  John  L.  Willis,  in  an 
early  day,  moved  to  Indiana,  near  Versailles, 
and  was  one  of  the  organizers  of  Kipley  coun- 
ty, and  for  a  long  time, one  of  the  most  promi- 
nent men  in  that  part  of  the  state.  He  was 
born  in  "Virginia,  in  1794,  and  went  with  his 
parents  to  Kentucky  in  1808,  and  thence  to 
Indiana.  He  was  a  soldier  of  the  War  of 
1812,  and  participated  in  the  battle  of  New 
Orleans,  under  General  Jackson.  When  he 
and  his  Kentucky  comrades  were  discharged 
at  the  close  of  the  war,  at  New  Orleans,  they 
returned  to  their  homes  in  Kentucky  on  foot, 
a  distance  of  more  than   a   thousand  miles. 


HISTORY  OP  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


What  would  a  modern  soldier  say  if  treated 
in  this  manner?  He  died  at  Caledonia, 
Minn.,  January  30,  1872,  in  the  home  of  his 
son,  surrounded  by  his  six  sons  and  daugh- 
ters. He  was  a  man  remarkably  intelligent, 
well  read,  and  highly  esteemed.  His  son, 
Robert,  the  father  of  the  subject  of  this 
sketch,  operated  saw  mills  at  an  early  day 
in  Ripley  county,  Ind.  To  find  a  market  for 
his  lumbej"  he  hauled  it  twenty-five  or  thirty 
miles,  to  Aurora,  or  to  Lawrenceburg,  on  the 
Ohio  river,  but  later  shipped  it  to  Cincin- 
nati, Ohio,  by  rail.  When  the  Civil  War 
broke  out  he  enlisted  in  the  Eighty-third  In- 
diana Regiment,  and  participated  in  all  the 
battles  fought  by  that  organization — among 
them  the  battles  of  Lookout  Mountain,  Mis- 
sionary Ridge,  and  the  siege  of  Vicksburg, 
under  Grant.  At  the  latter  place  he  was  an 
orderly  of  Colonel  t^pooner,  and  was  among 
the  first  to  enter  the  captured  city.  He  was 
discharged  for  disability  after  two  years  and 
seven  months'  service.  Henry's  mother's 
maiden  name  was  Eliza  Richardson.  She 
was  a  native  of  New  York,  born  in  1821. 
She  went  w\t]\  her  jiaicnts  at  an  early  day 
to  Indiana,     llcr  lirnllier,  IJcv.  Merman  Rich- 


ardson, was  one  of  the  pioneer  Methodist 
ministers  of  the  state,  and  a  man  of  consid- 
erable wealth.  He  was  known  far  and  wide 
for  his  benev(tlence.  His  sister  was  a  woman 
of  culture  and  refinement,  of  high  Christian 
character,  and  an  ardent  church  worker. 
Young  Henry  had  early  school  advaiitages  in 
Die  district  and  select  schools  of  Indiana  and 
.Minnesota,  to  which  state  his  parents  moved 
in  ls(i7.  His  father  rented  a  farm  in  Eyota 
townshij),  Olmsted  county,  and  Henry  lived 
at  home  most  of  the  time  until  his  majority. 
He  attended  the  Rochester  high  school  for  a 
time,  and  had  in  different  schools  some  of 
the  best  teachers  in  service  in  that  part  of 
the  state.  When  qualified,  he  himself  be- 
gan to  teach,  and  was  engaged  in  district 
school  work  for  four  terms.  Such  was  his 
success  that  the  state  superintendent  of  pub- 
lic instruction,  H.  B.  Wilson,  engaged  him 
for  principal  of  the  graded  school  at  Alex- 
andria, Minn.,  the  first  graded  school  in  the 
city.  Mr.  Willis  was  very  successful  in  this 
work,  and  his  management  thoroughly  estab- 
lished the  system.  He  then  associated  with 
Mr.  A.  C.  Smith,  of  Rochester,  in  the  insur- 
ance business  for  a  time,  but  returned  to 
farming  in  1876,  and  continued  it  in  Olmsted 
county  for  ten  years.  In  188G,  in  connection 
with  Mr.  A.  Whiting,  he  went  into  the  grain 
and  elevator  business,  which  he  continued 
until  his  engagement,  in  1890,  with  the 
Northwestern  Life  Association,  which  later 
was  consolidated  with  the  National  Mutual 
Life  Association,  and  is  now  known  as  the 
Northwestern  National  Life  Insurance  Com- 
pany. In  18!)1  he  came  to  Minneapolis,  and 
was  vice  president  of  the  Northwestern  Life 
Association.'  He  terminated  this  engage- 
ment in  1890,  to  take  a  position  with  the 
Omaha  Life  Association  at  Minneapolis. 
Soon  after  he  was  elected  secretary  and 
treasurer  of  the  company.  In  the  fall  of  the 
same  year  he  was  elected  to  the  same  posi- 
tion in  the  National  Mutual  Life  Association, 
which  entered  the  consolidation  mentioned 
in  1901.  He  voluntarily  resigned  his  old  po- 
sition in  1900  to  take  charge  of  agency  work 
in  the  Twin  Cities,  and,  on  the  consolidation, 
was  elected  third  vice  president  of  the  new 


HISTORY  OP  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


orjianizalioii,  iiiul  wiis  assijiiicd  tlic  duty  of 
uiaimger  of  aj;i'nl,s  for  tlic  Twin  ("itics,  wliich 
office  be  now  holds,  ilr.  Willis  is  a  Kepiib- 
lii-an  in  polifics  and  avers  that  he  never 
knew  a  i-elative  that  was  not  also  of  (he  same 
IKilitii'al  faith,  lie  has  lu'en  moderately  ac- 
li\e,  hoidinj;'  se\i'ral  loral  oltices  where  he 
has  live(l.  lie  is  inlerested  in  an.\  oi-jianiy,a- 
tion  lo  |ir(iiii(ile  the  jicnerai  wclfai'e.  He  he- 
lonji'S  to  the  Coiimiercial  ("inli,  and  is  one  of 
the  directors  of  the  .\shnry  Hosjjital.  lie  is 
also  a  Mason  and  a  niend)er  of  the  ^lodein 
Woodman.  In  clniich  relations  he  is  .Meth- 
odist Elpiscojial  and  a  meniher  of  the  W'es- 
]('}■  M.  E.  church.  .Mi-.  \\'iHis  was  mari-ied  in 
1S7()  to  Alva  K.,  eldest  danj^hter  of  Samnel 
Hall,  of  Kork  connty,  Wis.  They  had  two 
children:  Cail  S.  \\"il!is,  now  twenty  years 
old  and  a  student  in  the  second  year  of  the 
mining  engineer  course  at  the  I^niversity  of 
Minnesota;  Mary  E.  Willis,  three  years 
younger,  a  pujjil  of  the  Central  High  School 
of  Minneapolis.  TLe  mother  died  in  18!)4. 
He  was  again  married  in  October,  lS!)o,  to 
Miss  Annie  E.  Allen,  of  Minneapolis,  whose 
father  was  for  many  years  connected  with 
the  Esterlv  FIai-\  ester  Works. 


STOWE,  Emory  C. — The  president  of  the 
Ward  &  Cadwell  Company  department  store 
at  Fairmont,  Minn.,  Emory  C.  Stowe,  was 
born  at  Sycamore,  111.,  in  1857.  His  family 
is  of  English  extraction.  William  H.  Stowe, 
his  father,  was  a  New  Yorker,  who  moved 
to  Illinois  in  1847.  He  was  a  farmer  in  good 
financial  circumstances.  In  1872  he  re- 
moved to  Minnesota,  and  settled  on  a  farm. 
His  wife's  maiden  name  was  Electa  Ward, 
and  of  the  same  lineage  as  her  husband.  He 
died  at  Fairmont  in  1899,  after  a  prosi)eious 
and  successful  career.  He  was  a  man  of  in- 
fluence and  highly  esteemed,  having  been 
mayor  of  Fairmont,  and  having  served  for 
several  years  as  county  commissioner.  '\'oung 
William  obtaiiied  his  literary  education  in 
the  common  schools.  He  remained  on  the 
farm  for  several  years,  and  then  started  on 
his  business  career  as  a  clerk,  in  1882.  In 
1884  he  became  a  member  of  the  firm,  carry- 


ing on  a  general  store  under  the  name  of 
the  Ward  i^  Cadwell  Company,  at  Fairmont. 
In  1S92  ]\lr.  Stowe  was  made  president  of 
the  company,  which  does  a  very  lai-ge  and 
varied  business,  comprising  nearly  all  the 
branches  of  trade.  It  is  also  the  jiroprietor 
of  the  Faii-mont  Opera  House,  and  it  has 
grain  elevatoi'S  on  the  Chicago.  Milwaukee  & 
St.  Paul,  and  on  the  Chicago,  St.  I'aul,  Min- 
neapolis &  Omaha  railways.  Notwithstand- 
ing his  large  business  interests,  Mr.  Stowe  is 
an  acli\('  <-itizen  in  |)ublic  affairs,  and  a 
IM-oniinenl  member  of  the  Rejiublican  jiarty. 
lie  has  ser\-e(l  several  years  in  the  village 
roiniiil,  and  is  now — 1901 — discharging  his 
duties  as  niaytn-  of  Fairmont  for  tlie  third 
term,  which  speaks  well  of  his  administra- 
tion, lie  is  also  chairman  of  the  senatorial 
district  Kepublican  committee.  In  religious 
inatters  lie  affiliates  with  the  Methodist 
church,  of  which  his  wife  is  a  jirominent  and 
active  membi-r.  In  the  fraternities,  he  is  an 
Odd  Fellow  of  liigh  degree,  being  a  member 
of  Fairmont  Lodge,  and  of  the  Encami)ment, 
through  the  chairs  of  which  he  has  passed. 
In  November,  1879,  he  was  mari-ied  t(*Cora 
A.  Snow.  They  have  four  children:  Maurice 
E.,  Lloyd  II.,  C.enevieve  K..  and  Leola  E. 
Stowe. 


TAWNEV,  James  Albertus,  rei)resents 
the  First  District  of  Minnesota  in  the  Na- 
tional house  of  representatives.  His  career 
furnishes  a  forcible  illustration  of  the  value 
of  diligence  and  jierseverance  in  the  acquire- 
ment of  an  eilucation,  when  combined  with  a 
tireless  energy  and  an  untlinching  determina- 
tion to  succeed.  He  is  a  native  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  was  born  near  Cettysburg,  in 
Mount  I'leasanl  townshiii.  .\(lams  county, 
January  :'.,  IS.'i.'i.  Jolm  Tawiiey,  his  great- 
grainlfafher,  moved  oxer  fioni  .Maryland  and 
settled  on  a  farm  in  the  vicinity  of  (iettys- 
hurg  in  the  latter  half  of  the  eighteenth  <-en- 
tury.  Abraham,  one  of  his  youngest  sons, 
leai-ned  th(>  trade  of  a  blacksinith  and  locat- 
ed on  a  farm  near  by.  when'  he  established 
a  blai-ksmilh  shop,  which  was  a  feature  of 
the   neijiliborhood    for  half  a    century.      His 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 


JAMES  A.  TAWNEY. 

oldest  sou,  John  E.,  followed  in  the  footsteps 
of  his  father.  He  was  a  well-informed  man, 
however,  and  took  an  active  interest  in  all 
public  questions,  was  a  fluent  writer  and  a 
forcible  speaker.  His  wife,  Sarah  Boblitz, 
was  an  excellent  woman  of  a  positive  and 
forcible  character.  James  A.,  their  son,  also 
learned  the  blacksmith's  trade,  and  later  that 
of  a  machinist.  In  the  summer  of  1877  he 
came  West  and  located  at  Winona,  Minn., 
and  worked  at  his  trade.  The  young  ma- 
chinist was  an  indefatigable  student;  he 
studied  into  late  hours  of  the  night,  as  well 
as  a  short  time  in  the  morning  before  going 
to  the  shop.  Januai'v  1,  1881,  he  entered  the 
office  of  Bentley  &  Vance  for  the  purpose  of 
reading  law,  though  for  two  j'eare  previous 
he  had  read  law  at  home.  Devoting  his 
whole  time  to  study,  he  made  rapid  progress, 
and  was  admitted  to  practice  July  10,  1882. 
He  then  attended  the  law  school  of  the  Uni- 
vei-sity  of  Wisconsin.  The  death  of  Mr. 
Bentley,  in  March  of  the  following  year,  left 
him  in  possession  of  a  large  business.  But 
Mr.  Tawney  rose  to  the  opportunity.  Care- 
ful and  painstaking,  his  progress  was  rapid. 


He  soon  won  for  himself  an  enviable  repu- 
tation, and  along  with  it  a  higher  and  more 
lucrative  grade  of  practice.  Meanwhile,  in 
1883,  he  was  elected  judge  advocate  of  the 
Second  Alinnesota  National  Guard,  and 
served  in  that  capacity  until  Janiiary,  1892, 
when  be  was  made  judge  advocate  general 
on  the  staff  of  Governor  Merriam.  From 
1888  to  1801  he  was  vice  president  of  the. 
State  Republican  League,  and  later  served 
for  several  years  on  the  state  central  com- 
mittee. In  18!)0  he  was  elected  a  state  sen- 
ator from  "\^'inona  county  and  served  with 
great  credit  to  himself  in  the  sessions  of 
ISUl  and  180.3.  He  was  elected  to  the  Fifty- 
third  Congress  in  the  fall  of  1802,  and  has 
been  returned  to  that  body  at  each  succeed- 
ing election  with  largely  increased  majori- 
ties. Mr.  Tawney's  congressional  recoixl  has 
been  a  particularly  bright  one.  His  maiden 
speech  was  against  the  repeal  of  the  federal 
elections  law  in  the  Fifty -third  Congress.  In 
the  Fifty-fourth,  he  was  a  member  of  the 
ways  and  means  committee,  which  prepared 
the  Dingley  tariff  bill.  He  made  a  masterly 
argument  in  the  Fifty-fifth  in  favor  of  the 
treaty  annexing  Hawaii,  and  was  influential 
ip  securing  favorable  consideration  of  the 
resolution.  In  the  oi'ganization  of  the  Fifty- 
sixth  he  took  a  more  conspicuous  part,  and 
was  a  tireless  worker  in  the  campaign  to  se- 
cure the  election  of  speaker  from  the  west. 
He  was  elected  by  the  Republicans  of  the 
caucus  of  the  house  of  representatives  as 
the  party  "whip,"  and  was  appointed  a  mem- 
ber of  the  committee  on  ways  and  means, 
and  of  the  committee  on  insular  affairs  and 
chairman  of  the  committee  on  the  Centen- 
nial of  the  Louisiana  Purchase.  He  was  a 
strong  advocate  for  the  creation  of  the  com- 
mittee on  insular  affairs  previous  to  the  or- 
ganization of  the  house.  These  committee 
appointments  evidence  the  confidence  and 
esteem  which  Mr.  Tawney  has  won  in  such 
large  measure  from  his  associates.  Decem- 
ber 10,  1883,  Mr.  Tawney  was  married  to 
Miss  Emma  B.  Newell,  of  Winona.  Five  chil- 
dren have  been  born:  Everett  Franklin, 
James  Millard,  John  Ephraim,  Maud  Jos- 
ephine and  William  Mitchell. 


CONTENTS. 


HISTORY  OF  THE  GREAT  NORTHWEST. 

Page 


Page 


The  Great  Northwest  Defined ^ 

Our  Title  to  the  Northwest (i 

The  Aborigines <> 

The  Coming  of  tlie  White  Man 10 

Territorial  Changes 14 

I'hases  of  Frontier  Life 15 

The  Fur  Trade 15 


The   Missionary 1!) 

Administration  of  Justice 21 

Education 32 

Military  History 35 

Political  I'arties 49 

I'olitics  in  the  Great  Northwest 54 


HISTORY  OF  MIXXESOT.V 

HISTORY  OF  SOUTH  U.VKOT.V  . 
HISTORY  OF  NORTH  I).\KOT.V  . 
HISTORY  OF  MONTAN.l 


63 
69 


N.  DAKOTA  AGRICULTITRAL  COLLEGE.      7( 

JMACALESTER  COLLEGE SO 

SHATTUCK  SCHOOI 81 


INDEX  TO 

Aaker.  H.  H 277 

Allien,  W.   I) 203 

Ames,  Dr.  A.  A 310 

Anderson,  Dr.  J.  I) 3S5 

Andrews,  Dr.  J.  W 348 

Ankeny,  A.  T 238 

Archibald,  A.  R 222 

Armstrong,  JI.  K 118 

Atwater,  Isaac 521 

Austin,  Z.  H 438 

Babcock,  A.  L 538 

Bacon,  Dr.  L.  C 582 

Baker,  T.,Jr 121 

Barrett,  A.  II 132 

Bartholomew,  J.   M 119 

Baxter,  L.  L 226 

Beadle,  W.  H.  H 366 

Belden,  H.  C 493 

Benton,  A.  H 505 

Berg,  O.  C 141 

Black,  J.  D 410 

Blanch,  H.  G 381 

Block.  J.  H 213 

Boutelle,  C.  M 529 

Bowler,  J.  M 522 

Brantly,  T 102 

Brass,  H.  L 220 

Bracken,  Di-.  H.  M 535 

Briggs,  A.  H 96 

Brown,  J.  W 321 

Bi-own,  C.  L 139 

Brown,  E.  0 554 

Brophy.  P.  J :',49 

Bryant,  B.  F 511 


BIOGRAPHIES. 

Bryant,  J.  C 566 

Budd,  J.  D 242 

Burnett,  W.J 311 

Byrnes,  Dr.  ^Y.  .^ 473 

Cairus,  C.  S 278 

Campbell,  J.  Vr 296 

Campbell,  Wallace 426 

Cantei-bury,  J.  R ? •  •  260 

Carlblom,  A.  N 228 

Ciirleton,  F.  H 323 

Challman,  S.  A 445 

Chamberlin,  Dr.  J.  W 555 

Choate,  A.  B 383 

Coburn,  G.  W^ 225 

Collins,  L.  W ..478 

Comstock,  W.  L 449 

Comstock,  O.  D 547 

CouLstock,  S.  G 114 

Compton,  James 288 

<  'onroy,  E.J «9 

Cooley,  G.  W 312 

Cooley.  C.  R 336 

Cooper,  John 489 

Cooper,  Walter 282 

Cotter,  Rt.  Rev.  J.  B 454 

Cotton,  J.  B 399 

(^owan,  J.  F 510 

Crawford,  C.  1 308 

Cntchetl,  E.  T 15>9 

Cross,  J.  N 332 

Dare,  A.  N 295 

Davis,  C.  K 578 

Dean,  F.  E ....■■ 427 


INDEX— Continued. 


Dean,  W.  B 370 

Dean,  W.  J 350 

Dearth,  E.  H 189 

Devine,  J.  M 25(5 

Dobbin,  James -01 

Dodge,  J.  S 123 

Donahoe,  M 441 

Donaldson,  L.  S 440 

Douglass,  W.  K 505 

Dow,  J.  J 402 

Dowling,  M.J 525 

Driver,  Eev.  J.  M 470 

Droppers,  Garrett 100 

Dunsmoor,  Dr.  F.  A 424 

Dunn,  H.  H 573 

Dunn,  Dr.  J.  H 221 

Dunn,  R.  C 2.30 

Dunn,  Dr.  J.  B 259 

Dutton,  Dr.  ( ".  E 455 

Edwards,  A.  W 194 

Eddy,  F.  M 291 

Elliott,  C.  B 200 

Eseb,  J.  J 347 

Estes,  W.  R 402 

Eustis,  W.  H 173 

Evans,  E.  G 496 

Fanner,  .J.  Q 178 

Farnsworth,  S.  A 240 

Ferris,  A.  F 552 

Fletcher,  Loren 304 

Force,  Dr.  J.  F 108 

Ford,  J.  W 170 

Fort,  G.  L 129 

Frankforter,  G.  B 455 

Franklin,  Geo.  A 423 

Freeman.  Dr.  J.  W 232 

Fritsche,  Dr.  L.  A 453 

Fullei-ton,  S.  F 569 

Funk,  W.  A 143 

Gates,  J.  A 419 

Gaughn,  Rev.  J.  H 327 

Getty,  G.  F 217 

Gjertsen,  H.  J 533 

Gjertsen,  Rev.  M.  F 437 

Godfrey,  I'.  D 577 

Grant,  Donald 408 

(Jreely,  O.  E 106 

Greer,  J.  N 340 

Grier,  T.  J 245 

Gregory,  C.  E 469 


Page 

Haecker,  T.  L 563 

Hall,  Dr.  P.  M 572 

Hall,  C.  W 550 

Hall.  Dr.  W.  A 297 

Hallam,  Oscar 266 

Hallock,   Rev.  L.  H 458 

liahoi-son,  Marcellus 378 

Hanua,  L.  B 294 

Itannaford,  J.  M 546 

Hanson,  P.  E 191 

Hare,  Rt.  Rev.  \\'.  H 286 

Harvey,  T.  E 168 

Hay<raft.  J.  E 291 

Hays,  W.  M 464 

Hays,  Tlieo.  L 474 

Healy,  Frank 261 

Heatwole,  J.  P 322 

Hedges,  Cornelius 544 

Heinrich,  J.  J 152 

Heintzeman,  C.  C 202 

Herreid,  C.  N Ill 

Heston,  J.  W 507 

Hicks,  H.  G 223 

Higgins,  Dr.  C.  W 430 

Hoag,  W.  R 318 

Houghton.  J.  G 142 

Hubbard,  L.  F 434 

Hughes,  Thomas 162 

Hnlbert,  C.  M 126 

Hunter,  Dr.  C.  H 136 

Hvde,  O.  W.  G 536 


Irwin,   Dr.   \.  F. 
Iverson,  S.  (r. .  .  . 


363 
265 


Jackson,  Dr.  R.  N 551 

Johnson,  E.  M 328 

Johnson,  W.  H 413 

Johnson,  G 382 

Jones,  Dr.  D.  N 199 

Jones,  Dr.  W.  A 249 

-Tones,  Ray  W 548 

Jordan,  C.  M 300 

Jorgens,    Jos 268 

Jovce,  F.  M 527 


Kellar,  A.  J.  . 
Kellogg.  F.  B . 
Kent.  E.  H .  .  . 
Keyes,  A.  D.  . 


148 
442 
155 
502 


Kilgore,  W.  W 247 

King-sburry,  G.  W 487 

Knox,  T.  J 274 


INDEX— Cdiiliinicd. 


Page 

Kuowlcs,   Hiram 244 

Koehlei",  H 15(! 

Kosnieil,  Kt'v.  F.  S 415 

Kuntz,  P.  J -J:?! 

l/iiuder,  E.  J 117 

Laybourn,  (_".  ( i 570 

Lee,  W.  E 577 

Leutz,  F '.>S1 

I.eviston,  Irwen 41'J 

Lewis,   C.    L 230 

r,ewis,  R.  S 188 

Libbey,  E.  D 351 

Liggett,  W.  M 422 

Lind,  John liKJ 

Lindsay,  Wni 175 

Linn,   Arthur 402 

Little,  C.  B o;U 

Loftheld,  G 428 

Lokensgaard,  Kev.  ().  () 541 

I.on^istatt',  John 257 

I^ounsbei-ry,  C   A 372 

Lugger,  Otto 204 

Lyon,  IL  R 1)1 

McCieai-y,  J.  T 208 

MiClenon,  R.  li 432 

McClory,  P.  J 585 

McUarry,  1'.  11 105 

Mc(iill,  A.   K 300 

McGillivray,  A.  C 545 

MfKinnon,  A 441 

Jhirshail,  C.  A 101 

Ahirshall,  John 470 

Martin,  E.  W 105 

Marquis,  \V.  J 258 

Masterman,  W.  C 430 

Mathews,  M.E 338 

Megaanlen,  P.  T 08 

Meier,  Rev.  J 483 

Meudeuhall,  R.  J 00 

Merrill,  H.  L 540 

Merrill,  (i.  C 113 

Merrill,  (}.  A 40U 

Merriani,  W.  R 102 

Miller,  J.  G 344 

Mitchell,  r.  L 20!) 

Molander,  H.  B 185 

Moore,  J.  B 140 

Moore,  Dr.  J.  E 400 

Morgan,  H.  A 431 

Morris,  Page 420 


Pago 

204 
290 


Morris,  W.  R 

Morrison,  R.  ( i 

.Morey,  C.  A .335 

Alott,  R.  A 509 


Nelson,  S.  A 401 

Nelson,  E.  A 403 

Nelson,  R.  R 405 

Nordin,  A.  F 100 

Norred,  Dr.  < '.  II 408 

Norton,  Dr.  .\.  K :'.(i:! 

Northrop,  ( "yrus 340 

Xoyes,  A.  H 510 

Noyes,  J.  L .550 

Nye,  C.  A 241 

0"Donnell.  John 400 

O'Gonnan,  Rt.  Rev.  'I'lioinas 170 

Olsen,  J.  ^^' :'.75 

Olson,  S.  E 110 

Olson,  C.  O.  A 212 

Painter,  J.  E 377 

Painter,  D.  II 553 

Pattee,  W.  8 254 

Peake,  A.  P 4.50 

Peterson,  John ^  .  203 

Peterson,  J.  A 271 

Perkins,  Dr.  < i.  A 207 

I'faender,    ^^'nl 500 

Pickler,  J.  A 502 

I'helau,  Dr.  F.  N 220 

Pillsbuy,  J.  S 83 

Pine,  Dr.  O.  S 171 

Pineo,  Dr.  W.  1! 115 

Porter,  Dr.  IL  R 145 

I'owers,  F.  M ;'>-5 

Preston,  H.  O 214 

Purvis,  Geo r)13> 

Quinn,  Z.  II --7 

Quist,  P.  P 405 

Ramsey,  Alexander 510 

Rand,  L.  M 107 

Randall,  E.  \V 302 

Reed,  L.  A 580 

Reynolds,  Dr.  M.  11 481 

Reynolds,  G.  H 380 

Reissbefk,  John 211 

Rhodes,  J.  M •■!37 

Richards,  W.  1> :500 

Robinson,  E.  N'an  D 180 

Kolicrls,  W.  I' 342 


INDEX- 

Page 

IJobbius,  A.  13 406 

Koddle,  W.  H 210 

Kodgers,  W .  B 317 

Rogers,  Dr.  A.  C 275 

Bohlinger,  Rev.  J.  P.  N 4G5 

Rourke,  P.  H 452 

Rowe,  A.  M 514 

Runge,  A.  H 1.31 

Russell,  B.  S 134 

Russell,  Hem-.v 397 

Russell,  John 398 

Sargent,  G.  B 305 

Sargent,  ^>'.  C 343 

Satterlund,  John 447 

Sauter,  O.   E 243 

Schlener,  J.  A 440 

Schadle,  Dr.  J.  E 558 

Schmahl,  J.  A 328 

Schultz,  C.  G 415 

Scott,  H.  R 352 

Searle,  D.  B 124 

Shaw,  Thomas 376 

Sheffield,  M.  B 421 

Sheffield,  B.  B 518 

Shevlin,  T.  H 103 

Sheehan,  T.  J 353 

Shoemaker,  W.  A 137 

Shutter,  M.  D 582 

Smead,  W.  E 542 

Smith,  W 384 

Smith,  C.  A 320 

Smith,  A.  M 404 

Smith,  L.  A 386 

Snyder,  Harry 313 

Spalding,  B.  F 93 

Spooner,  L.  C 416 

Stanton,  Geo.  A 445 

Starr,   Sol 218 

Start,  0.  M 179 

Sterling,  Thomas 294 

Stevens,  G.  Fred 539 

Stewart,  Dr.  J.  C 184 

Stockton,  A.  W 474 

Stowe,  E.  C 587 

Strickler,  Dr.  O.  C 234 

Stuart,  W.  A 246 

Sublette,  G.  W 140 

Swift,   Lee 325 

Tate,  J.  A 528 

Taubman,  E.  T gsfj 


■Continued. 

Page 

Ta wney,  J .  A 588 

Thomas,  Dr.  D.  0 208 

Thompson,  F.  J 252 

Titus,  S.  S 425 

Titcomb,  0.  B 576 

Todd,  Dr.  F.  C 97 

Tomlinson,  Dr.  H.  A 180 

Towler,  S.  H 330 

Trobec,  Rt.  Rev.  James 304 

Tryon,  C.  J 272 

Tufts,  DeW.  C 138 

Turnblad,  S.  J 160 

Turner,  R.  J 515 

Van  Sant,  S.  R 315 

Van  Tuyl,  C.  W 128 

Vander  Horck,  Dr.  M.  P 456 

Von  Baumbach,  F 270 

Wallace,  James 477 

Walker,  T.  B 484 

Washburn,  W.  D 388 

Webster,  CM 568 

Webster,  W.  F 534 

Weiser,  Dr.  G.  B 292 

Welch,  V.  J 520 

Weld,  F.  A 524 

Werner,  N.  O 125 

White,  Frank 500 

White,  F.  T 200 

Whipple,  Rt.  Rev.  H.  B 280 

"SATiipple,  A.  0 215 

Whitney,  CO 468 

Wilcox,  Dr.  H.  H 476 

Willis,  J.  W 503 

Willis,  H.  B.... 585 

Williams,  E.  A 379 

Wilson,  S.  B 153 

Winship,  G.  B 150 

Winterer,  Herman 163 

Winterer,  Edward 325 

Wirth,  Dr.  Carl 375 

Woodard,  Dr.  F.  R 248 

W^oolman,  J.  P 94 

Woody,  F.  H 472 

Worst,  J.  H 182 

Wright,  F.  B... 345 

Wulling,  F.  J 158 

Wni-st,  Rev.  Max 576 

Young,  N.  G 166 

Zoch.  Herman 250 


